WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:38.579 --> 00:00:40.500 "- " Welcome everybody! 00:00:40.500 --> 00:00:46.000 For today's webinar we're pleased that you're joining us. 00:00:46.200 --> 00:00:51.000 And, I wanted to let you know that today's webinar is hosted 00:00:51.200 --> 00:00:55.000 by the NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. 00:00:55.295 --> 00:00:58.839 We're super excited today because this presentation 00:00:58.839 --> 00:01:04.500 on plastics in the ocean has a huge number of registrants for us. 00:01:05.000 --> 00:01:06.000 We have nearly 00:01:06.100 --> 00:01:10.000 seven-hundred people that have registered for today's webinar, 00:01:10.200 --> 00:01:11.200 which is exciting. 00:01:11.400 --> 00:01:14.520 I'm gonna do a quick shout out that we should have thirty students 00:01:14.520 --> 00:01:18.420 from the MIT Academy in Vallejo, California participating. 00:01:18.600 --> 00:01:20.200 If you're there, hello! Welcome! 00:01:20.500 --> 00:01:25.000 We have 20 students from Fullerton College in a room. 00:01:25.240 --> 00:01:30.180 And some of our friends at Aquarium of the Bay are also participating together, 00:01:30.180 --> 00:01:32.800 and maybe some of the others of you as well! 00:01:33.440 --> 00:01:35.540 So we wanted to say welcome, 00:01:35.540 --> 00:01:37.900 and we're very excited for today's topic. 00:01:38.420 --> 00:01:41.120 Now, let me just give you a little snapshot 00:01:41.120 --> 00:01:43.500 of the National Marine Sanctuary system. 00:01:43.600 --> 00:01:45.740 You're looking at a map of it right now. 00:01:46.000 --> 00:01:50.000 So I work for the NOAA Office of National marine sanctuaries, 00:01:50.000 --> 00:01:52.800 and I'm one of the two hundred and plus employees 00:01:52.800 --> 00:01:56.800 that are trustees for this system of underwater parks. 00:01:57.080 --> 00:01:59.600 This network of special ocean areas 00:01:59.700 --> 00:02:03.500 that are set aside to protect for now and future generations. 00:02:03.800 --> 00:02:05.800 So this network here that you're looking at 00:02:05.800 --> 00:02:09.660 is over six hundred thousand square miles 00:02:09.660 --> 00:02:13.000 of ocean and great lake treasures. 00:02:13.100 --> 00:02:14.800 You can see from the map 00:02:14.800 --> 00:02:16.900 that there's five along the west coast. 00:02:17.260 --> 00:02:20.140 California alone has four. 00:02:20.140 --> 00:02:22.600 We have a couple in the Hawaiian Islands 00:02:22.600 --> 00:02:26.720 including the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. 00:02:27.260 --> 00:02:31.800 We have one in the South Pacific in American Samoa, 00:02:32.280 --> 00:02:36.060 which is now our country's largest National Marine Sanctuary. 00:02:36.200 --> 00:02:39.760 And we have a scattering of them along the 00:02:39.760 --> 00:02:42.540 West, excuse me, East Coast and Gulf of Mexico, 00:02:42.540 --> 00:02:44.160 and even a Sweetwater 00:02:44.800 --> 00:02:48.400 Sanctuary in Alpena, Michigan in Lake Huron. 00:02:48.700 --> 00:02:51.880 So, these places are very special. 00:02:52.080 --> 00:02:54.360 They're primarily set aside by Congress. 00:02:55.000 --> 00:02:59.340 And these marine environments either have special conservation value, 00:02:59.340 --> 00:03:04.580 ecological, historical, recreational, aesthetic qualities 00:03:04.680 --> 00:03:07.400 that makes them important to protect like, like a 00:03:07.400 --> 00:03:09.320 national park but underwater. 00:03:09.700 --> 00:03:12.616 And we like to call these places our living classrooms, 00:03:12.616 --> 00:03:15.910 these National Marine Sanctuaries, are living classrooms where 00:03:15.910 --> 00:03:21.100 people can see, touch, and learn about these ocean and Great Lakes treasures. 00:03:21.780 --> 00:03:23.480 So, let me introduce myself. 00:03:23.860 --> 00:03:26.300 My name is Claire Fackler, 00:03:26.400 --> 00:03:28.760 and I am the National Education Liaison 00:03:28.760 --> 00:03:31.300 for the NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, 00:03:31.300 --> 00:03:32.520 I'm one of those trustees. 00:03:32.980 --> 00:03:35.700 And, we greatly appreciate any feedback 00:03:35.940 --> 00:03:39.880 you have on today's webinar to help improve the experience. 00:03:40.160 --> 00:03:42.000 Since we have such a large audience today, 00:03:42.140 --> 00:03:43.700 it's very exciting. 00:03:43.700 --> 00:03:46.271 At the end of today's presentation, 00:03:46.280 --> 00:03:49.100 we do have a very short evaluation 00:03:49.100 --> 00:03:51.480 that would take you 2 to 3 minutes to complete. 00:03:51.940 --> 00:03:54.660 And gathering this information is extremely important for us. 00:03:54.660 --> 00:03:57.160 So, we'd love for you to take those 2 or 3 minutes 00:03:57.160 --> 00:03:58.680 to answer those questions. 00:03:59.320 --> 00:04:01.220 Now, a little bit about today's webinar. 00:04:01.380 --> 00:04:04.600 All attendees will be in listen-only mode, 00:04:04.640 --> 00:04:08.180 so you actually don't have control of your mute and unmute. 00:04:09.140 --> 00:04:10.840 That way, with so many participants, 00:04:10.840 --> 00:04:13.420 we don't have unnecessary background noise. 00:04:13.960 --> 00:04:15.460 If you have any questions, 00:04:16.280 --> 00:04:18.680 you can type them into the question box, 00:04:18.960 --> 00:04:22.980 and either I will respond to them or we will save them for 00:04:23.360 --> 00:04:25.780 our presenter at the end of her presentation. 00:04:26.440 --> 00:04:28.100 If we don't get to all of the questions, 00:04:28.180 --> 00:04:30.780 we'll most certainly have Ms. Robuck 00:04:31.220 --> 00:04:34.080 respond in a follow-up email to all the participants. 00:04:34.500 --> 00:04:36.040 If you're having any technical issues, 00:04:36.040 --> 00:04:38.914 it's in the same question box that you can type in your issues, 00:04:38.920 --> 00:04:41.160 and I, on the back end, will try to resolve them 00:04:41.160 --> 00:04:43.120 while our presenter is speaking. 00:04:43.780 --> 00:04:45.640 So, we are recording today's session. 00:04:46.180 --> 00:04:49.440 We will be sharing the recording with all registered participants, 00:04:49.440 --> 00:04:52.120 and it also will live on our web page 00:04:52.280 --> 00:04:54.820 as an archive that's available to anybody. 00:04:55.380 --> 00:04:57.540 You know, we do bring this webinar series 00:04:57.980 --> 00:04:59.920 to the public free of charge, 00:04:59.920 --> 00:05:03.940 and we primarily target formal and informal educators, 00:05:04.600 --> 00:05:05.920 or other interested parties. 00:05:05.920 --> 00:05:07.320 So, you don't have to be a teacher 00:05:07.320 --> 00:05:10.080 or an informal educator to participate, 00:05:10.080 --> 00:05:11.560 but that is our target audience. 00:05:12.040 --> 00:05:14.480 And, we're always looking for ways to bring 00:05:14.540 --> 00:05:17.080 relevant science topics to these audiences 00:05:17.520 --> 00:05:20.740 to then share with their classrooms or facilities. 00:05:21.380 --> 00:05:23.040 So, with that, 00:05:23.040 --> 00:05:26.320 I will go ahead and introduce our presenter today. 00:05:26.880 --> 00:05:29.740 We are fortunate to have Anna Robuck. 00:05:29.820 --> 00:05:32.960 She's a PhD candidate in Oceanography 00:05:32.960 --> 00:05:34.820 from the University of Rhode Island 00:05:34.820 --> 00:05:37.780 Graduate School of Oceanography in the Lohmann lab. 00:05:38.320 --> 00:05:41.300 She's also one of our Dr. Nancy Foster scholars, 00:05:41.520 --> 00:05:44.600 which is a pretty coveted graduate student scholarship program. 00:05:45.260 --> 00:05:49.000 She is broadly interested in how human pollutants impact 00:05:49.000 --> 00:05:52.240 trophic ecology and organism function. 00:05:52.680 --> 00:05:55.780 Ms. Robuck is particularly interested in seabirds 00:05:55.780 --> 00:05:57.360 as study subjects 00:05:57.820 --> 00:05:59.820 due to their sensitivity to human stressors 00:06:00.500 --> 00:06:02.580 like chemicals and plastics. 00:06:03.260 --> 00:06:04.800 Now, as a Foster Scholar, 00:06:04.800 --> 00:06:08.320 her dissertation work explores the transport and 00:06:08.480 --> 00:06:12.440 fate of legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants, 00:06:12.700 --> 00:06:14.040 also known as pops, 00:06:14.400 --> 00:06:16.520 in coastal and open ocean ecosystems, 00:06:16.940 --> 00:06:18.340 while also examining the 00:06:18.340 --> 00:06:20.780 plastic ingestion in great sheer waters, 00:06:21.080 --> 00:06:23.940 which is a type of seabird found in the Gulf of Maine, 00:06:23.940 --> 00:06:24.820 and elsewhere. 00:06:25.440 --> 00:06:27.540 Prior to enrolling at University of Rhode Island, 00:06:27.660 --> 00:06:29.934 Ms. Robuck earned her master's degree 00:06:29.940 --> 00:06:32.940 studying tidal creek and coastal water quality 00:06:33.280 --> 00:06:34.580 in the Aquatic Ecology Lab 00:06:34.800 --> 00:06:36.760 at the University of North Caroline, 00:06:36.760 --> 00:06:37.720 Carolina, 00:06:37.720 --> 00:06:38.840 Wilmington. 00:06:39.100 --> 00:06:40.800 And while pursuing her master's, 00:06:41.120 --> 00:06:42.720 she has worked as an intern 00:06:42.960 --> 00:06:45.240 for the city of Wilmington, North Carolina 00:06:45.400 --> 00:06:46.540 and as a research technician 00:06:46.780 --> 00:06:49.620 in support of the Lower Cape Fear River Program. 00:06:50.100 --> 00:06:52.500 And she credits these specific opportunities 00:06:52.800 --> 00:06:55.560 as vital maturation and learning experiences 00:06:55.680 --> 00:06:58.060 that serve to reinforce how ultimately, 00:06:58.060 --> 00:06:58.560 or sorry, 00:06:58.560 --> 00:07:01.380 how intimately the health of aquatic systems 00:07:01.380 --> 00:07:05.920 is tied to adjacent human communities and inputs. 00:07:06.360 --> 00:07:10.780 So, Ms. Robuck also earned her bachelor's at UNC Wilmington 00:07:11.140 --> 00:07:14.020 exploring the chemical ecology of invertebrates 00:07:14.180 --> 00:07:17.160 via an undergraduate honors program. 00:07:17.680 --> 00:07:18.180 So, with that, 00:07:18.180 --> 00:07:22.780 I'm going to turn the presentation over to our featured guests, 00:07:23.300 --> 00:07:24.580 Anna Robuck. 00:07:24.840 --> 00:07:26.400 So, welcome Anna! 00:07:27.000 --> 00:07:28.400 "- " Hi everyone! 00:07:28.820 --> 00:07:30.260 How's it going? 00:07:30.460 --> 00:07:33.660 I'm going to share my screen with you now. 00:07:34.900 --> 00:07:36.160 Great! 00:07:36.560 --> 00:07:38.540 Looks like we are good to go. 00:07:38.940 --> 00:07:41.620 So, thank you for that kind introduction Claire. 00:07:41.700 --> 00:07:45.340 I'm really excited to be here with you all today 00:07:45.560 --> 00:07:47.220 to talk a little bit about plastics. 00:07:47.600 --> 00:07:51.480 Hopefully, we'll cover some of the basics of this huge topic. 00:07:51.860 --> 00:07:56.140 As well, I have kind of an interesting end piece for you all. 00:07:56.460 --> 00:07:58.820 I work primarily with plastics and birds, 00:07:59.100 --> 00:08:01.880 so I have a bird here to my right, 00:08:02.020 --> 00:08:03.360 out of view right now, 00:08:03.540 --> 00:08:06.140 but I'm, choping, hoping to show you how I 00:08:06.160 --> 00:08:09.960 necropsy these birds to get at the plastic in their GI tract 00:08:10.180 --> 00:08:11.480 at the end of this presentation. 00:08:13.040 --> 00:08:14.640 So, with that, 00:08:14.800 --> 00:08:17.480 I will give you a heads up when I do turn to the bird. 00:08:17.640 --> 00:08:20.540 It is a dead bird that has been cut open. 00:08:20.620 --> 00:08:22.500 There it is some blood involved with that. 00:08:22.500 --> 00:08:24.900 I'll offer some cues about when I'm doing that, 00:08:24.900 --> 00:08:28.720 so you can either turn off your screen or close your eyes. 00:08:28.720 --> 00:08:31.000 I'll let you know when we're done with that as well, 00:08:31.000 --> 00:08:34.280 so in case you don't want to see that part of the presentation. 00:08:35.400 --> 00:08:37.120 With that, let's get started! 00:08:39.500 --> 00:08:40.800 Here we go. 00:08:42.320 --> 00:08:45.540 So, we'll get started by talking about 00:08:45.800 --> 00:08:47.800 ocean plastics, just in general. 00:08:47.800 --> 00:08:50.600 We'll talk about where they come from and how much are there. 00:08:51.920 --> 00:08:53.480 From there, we're going to talk about 00:08:53.500 --> 00:08:55.460 specifically plastics and seabirds, 00:08:55.460 --> 00:08:57.040 my particular study subjects. 00:08:57.860 --> 00:09:00.320 And then we'll wrap up with some resources 00:09:00.340 --> 00:09:02.020 about plastic pollution. 00:09:02.220 --> 00:09:05.080 Today, we're only gonna cover a tiny sliver of all the 00:09:05.090 --> 00:09:08.390 literature and scientific knowledge related to this topic, 00:09:08.390 --> 00:09:11.220 so I provide you with some resources at the end. 00:09:12.760 --> 00:09:13.780 But first of all, 00:09:13.780 --> 00:09:15.760 I'd like to hear from all of you, 00:09:16.180 --> 00:09:18.900 to get a handle on where we are with plastic pollution. 00:09:19.280 --> 00:09:20.540 So right now, 00:09:20.540 --> 00:09:24.620 I'd like you to respond about your recycling habits. 00:09:24.720 --> 00:09:25.620 Do you recycle? 00:09:25.660 --> 00:09:27.960 Is it yes, no, sometimes? 00:09:28.780 --> 00:09:31.840 "- " Alright I'll go ahead and launch the poll questions 00:09:31.840 --> 00:09:36.160 so that you can actually just click on your vote here, 00:09:36.160 --> 00:09:37.980 and we'll get a quick tally. 00:09:41.260 --> 00:09:44.700 Alright, over half of you have voted in the quick poll. 00:09:49.100 --> 00:09:50.320 And if it's easier for you, 00:09:50.320 --> 00:09:52.380 you can also type in your response, but. 00:09:53.140 --> 00:09:57.020 Alright, I'll go ahead and close the poll and share the results. 00:09:57.720 --> 00:09:58.500 So, it looks like 00:09:58.500 --> 00:10:01.780 eighty five percent (yay) of our participants recycle, 00:10:01.780 --> 00:10:04.100 and there's only two percent that currently don't. 00:10:04.400 --> 00:10:05.720 We don't know why. 00:10:05.880 --> 00:10:08.520 And thirteen percent that do it sometimes. 00:10:08.520 --> 00:10:10.880 So, we'll take it back to your presentation here. 00:10:11.360 --> 00:10:12.300 "- " I love it! 00:10:12.680 --> 00:10:14.120 Those are great numbers to see, 00:10:14.120 --> 00:10:16.540 and hopefully by the end of today, 00:10:16.540 --> 00:10:20.780 that two percent will maybe consider recycling a little bit more. 00:10:22.260 --> 00:10:23.500 I have more questions. 00:10:23.500 --> 00:10:26.540 You thought I was going to do all the talking, but not yet. 00:10:27.080 --> 00:10:28.260 There we go. 00:10:29.240 --> 00:10:31.840 So, as I mentioned plastic pollution in the ocean 00:10:31.840 --> 00:10:33.500 is a really broad topic. 00:10:33.720 --> 00:10:35.240 And, I have a bunch of slides 00:10:35.240 --> 00:10:37.260 about kind of basics and seabirds, 00:10:37.260 --> 00:10:40.020 but I do have some slides, extra slides prepared 00:10:40.040 --> 00:10:41.520 just in case there's other questions. 00:10:42.000 --> 00:10:43.320 I'd like to you to, right now, 00:10:43.320 --> 00:10:45.160 if you have a particular question or topic 00:10:45.160 --> 00:10:46.920 that you want to hear addressed, 00:10:47.100 --> 00:10:49.740 I'd really like you to type that into the question section 00:10:49.740 --> 00:10:52.540 on the go to webinar control panel 00:10:52.700 --> 00:10:55.520 so that I can get a feel how fast I need to go, 00:10:55.520 --> 00:10:59.300 if I need to prepare for extra slides at the end, 00:10:59.340 --> 00:11:00.760 or anything like that. 00:11:04.240 --> 00:11:06.080 "- " Alright, waiting for those responses. 00:11:06.120 --> 00:11:08.580 Type them into the question box here. 00:11:09.120 --> 00:11:10.120 "- " Don't be shy! 00:11:10.120 --> 00:11:11.160 Go ahead and ask, 00:11:11.220 --> 00:11:13.514 or any topic you feel like you want to hear about. 00:11:14.220 --> 00:11:17.000 Also, if I can't get to it in the scope of the presentation, 00:11:17.000 --> 00:11:20.400 I can be sure to try to address it through email later. 00:11:21.220 --> 00:11:21.960 "- " Alright, we have one. 00:11:21.960 --> 00:11:24.980 What geographic area are you surveying or studying, 00:11:24.980 --> 00:11:27.320 which I imagine you'll cover in your presentation? 00:11:27.700 --> 00:11:30.160 "- " That's a good one! I got that one (laugh). 00:11:31.340 --> 00:11:33.240 "- " What international laws or treaties 00:11:33.300 --> 00:11:36.840 can be applied to the marine debris, probot, problem? 00:11:37.400 --> 00:11:38.240 "- " Okay. 00:11:39.160 --> 00:11:40.320 "- " Cleanup efforts 00:11:41.480 --> 00:11:43.960 Is there a giant floating area of plastic waste, 00:11:43.960 --> 00:11:46.880 are there are a lot of spots like that, how big are they? 00:11:47.780 --> 00:11:48.280 "- " Okay. 00:11:48.280 --> 00:11:50.580 "-" Someone's interested microbes on ocean plastic. 00:11:50.740 --> 00:11:52.580 Degradation of plastic in the ocean. 00:11:53.340 --> 00:11:55.720 Well now I'm having a hard time keeping up here. 00:11:55.840 --> 00:11:57.500 Plastic ingestion by whales. 00:11:58.420 --> 00:12:00.900 Difference between marine debris and micro plastics. 00:12:00.900 --> 00:12:03.660 How persistent are plastics in the ocean? 00:12:05.960 --> 00:12:06.620 "- " Okay. 00:12:07.260 --> 00:12:09.780 "- " What's the most frequently found plastic in the ocean? 00:12:09.780 --> 00:12:12.160 Which gyres contain the most plastic? 00:12:13.560 --> 00:12:16.200 How do we teach young children about plastic in the ocean 00:12:16.200 --> 00:12:18.320 without them becoming overwhelmed? 00:12:18.700 --> 00:12:21.340 Does refusing plastic straws make any difference, 00:12:21.340 --> 00:12:22.980 or is it only symbolic? 00:12:23.800 --> 00:12:24.480 "- " Okay. 00:12:25.320 --> 00:12:27.440 "- " Human health micro plastics. 00:12:27.480 --> 00:12:30.680 So, someone is interested in chemical toxins and pollutions. 00:12:31.340 --> 00:12:31.980 "- "Okay. 00:12:32.080 --> 00:12:34.120 "- " Now, I'm losing track because there's so many participants. 00:12:34.380 --> 00:12:36.360 We're getting lots of good questions, so thank you. 00:12:36.360 --> 00:12:37.260 "- " Ok, well awesome! 00:12:37.400 --> 00:12:39.800 So I'll try to incorporate some of that. 00:12:40.120 --> 00:12:43.080 Again, I have my email at the end of this presentation. 00:12:43.120 --> 00:12:45.560 If I don't specifically answer your question, 00:12:45.880 --> 00:12:47.920 or if I don't go into enough depth about it, 00:12:47.980 --> 00:12:49.680 please reach out to me directly. 00:12:49.840 --> 00:12:52.720 I did a lot of research for this particular presentation 00:12:52.720 --> 00:12:54.640 in addition to my background, 00:12:54.640 --> 00:12:56.640 so I have a lot of information to share, 00:12:56.640 --> 00:12:58.780 and I'd be happy to help you get those answers 00:12:59.420 --> 00:13:01.500 of your particular questions. 00:13:01.660 --> 00:13:02.600 So with that, 00:13:02.600 --> 00:13:04.920 let's go ahead and move on. 00:13:06.440 --> 00:13:08.960 So, I thought we could talk again about 00:13:08.960 --> 00:13:10.900 the big questions related to ocean plastic. 00:13:11.240 --> 00:13:13.100 So how much plastic is out there, 00:13:13.100 --> 00:13:14.400 where is it coming from, 00:13:14.400 --> 00:13:16.360 and how did it get there, 00:13:16.360 --> 00:13:18.760 and what happens when it's actually there. 00:13:19.900 --> 00:13:22.120 And to get started with this conversation, 00:13:22.120 --> 00:13:25.320 it's important that we have kind of similar definitions 00:13:25.320 --> 00:13:28.120 and an understanding of the terms that we're using here. 00:13:28.460 --> 00:13:29.940 So first and foremost, 00:13:30.100 --> 00:13:34.200 we can call marine debris the umbrella category that contains 00:13:34.320 --> 00:13:36.820 all of the plastic litter that we put into the ocean. 00:13:37.300 --> 00:13:39.440 So, marine debris is defined essentially as 00:13:39.440 --> 00:13:43.280 any persistent solid material that is human created 00:13:43.280 --> 00:13:46.120 that we put intentionally or unintentionally 00:13:46.120 --> 00:13:49.120 into the marine environment or the Great Lakes. 00:13:49.540 --> 00:13:51.440 Functionally, this translates to 00:13:51.820 --> 00:13:56.860 derelict ships, natural fibers, glass bottles, 00:13:57.620 --> 00:13:58.180 what else, 00:13:58.180 --> 00:14:02.080 junk cars, scrap metal, any marine debris 00:14:02.080 --> 00:14:05.300 or essentially solid item that shouldn't is in the ocean 00:14:05.300 --> 00:14:07.840 when it shouldn't be, classifies under marine debris. 00:14:08.340 --> 00:14:10.860 This of course includes plastic, 00:14:10.860 --> 00:14:13.340 and the degree to which marine debris 00:14:13.340 --> 00:14:15.600 in an area is made up of plastic 00:14:16.260 --> 00:14:19.860 depends on where you are in the ocean or on the coastline. 00:14:20.600 --> 00:14:21.740 In general, 00:14:22.020 --> 00:14:25.140 estimates suggest about eighty percent of marine debris 00:14:25.300 --> 00:14:27.200 comes from land-based sources, 00:14:27.200 --> 00:14:28.540 and of that eighty percent, 00:14:28.680 --> 00:14:31.840 between 60 and 90 percent is typically plastic. 00:14:32.160 --> 00:14:34.540 Again, this is very site-specific, however, 00:14:34.740 --> 00:14:37.520 so that's a generalization rather than a rule. 00:14:40.160 --> 00:14:42.820 Of this marine debris category, 00:14:42.820 --> 00:14:44.320 we have micro plastics. 00:14:44.320 --> 00:14:47.480 And, micro plastics are a big buzzword now 00:14:47.480 --> 00:14:51.020 in kind of the popular media, media and scientific literature 00:14:51.600 --> 00:14:53.760 because they're, they're really tiny. 00:14:53.760 --> 00:14:54.860 We've essentially developed 00:14:54.860 --> 00:14:56.873 technology and methods to measure them, 00:14:56.880 --> 00:14:58.960 and now we know that they are everywhere. 00:14:59.140 --> 00:14:59.700 But, 00:15:00.060 --> 00:15:03.760 I think it's important to understand that these plastics are 00:15:03.760 --> 00:15:06.980 frames within the broader marine debris continuum because 00:15:07.740 --> 00:15:10.880 any plastic marine debris that gets into the ocean 00:15:11.260 --> 00:15:13.980 will eventually become micro plastics. 00:15:14.260 --> 00:15:15.660 So, you know, 00:15:15.920 --> 00:15:18.960 a giant car bumper that is made of plastic 00:15:18.960 --> 00:15:21.040 that gets into the ocean 00:15:21.040 --> 00:15:23.520 at first will be considered a piece of marine debris; 00:15:23.520 --> 00:15:28.510 however, over time and with degradation, it gets broken up into smaller and 00:15:28.510 --> 00:15:32.820 smaller pieces until it falls into this micro plastic category. 00:15:33.520 --> 00:15:35.720 We functionally define micro plastics as 00:15:35.760 --> 00:15:40.040 any plastic bits that's less than about five millimeters 00:15:40.180 --> 00:15:42.140 in length or width. 00:15:42.960 --> 00:15:46.680 This is a good definition at the top end. 00:15:46.680 --> 00:15:50.320 So, the upper range of micro plastics is generally agreed upon. 00:15:50.640 --> 00:15:54.160 The lower range of micro plastics is, excuse me, 00:15:54.580 --> 00:15:56.880 the lower range of micro plastics depends on 00:15:56.880 --> 00:15:59.260 what research group is essentially looking at them. 00:15:59.380 --> 00:16:01.720 When you look at the literature about micro plastics, 00:16:01.800 --> 00:16:03.820 generally the researcher will define 00:16:03.940 --> 00:16:07.100 what they mean by micro plastics with a given size range. 00:16:07.440 --> 00:16:09.240 Some researchers define this as 00:16:09.240 --> 00:16:14.540 five millimeters down to about 333 mic, micrometers. 00:16:14.800 --> 00:16:17.600 Or, some go all the way down to 20 micrometers. 00:16:18.500 --> 00:16:21.200 However, there is an emerging, 00:16:21.780 --> 00:16:24.760 I guess, two sub-categorizations of micro plastics 00:16:24.840 --> 00:16:26.580 that are gaining a lot of traction, 00:16:26.580 --> 00:16:29.000 and these are the very tiniest of micro plastics. 00:16:29.680 --> 00:16:32.100 These are the nano plastics and the microfibers. 00:16:32.560 --> 00:16:35.860 Nano plastics don't have a set size classification. 00:16:36.100 --> 00:16:39.600 That's still very much kind of under debate and in research, 00:16:40.160 --> 00:16:42.780 but we can use the European Union designation here 00:16:43.260 --> 00:16:45.980 and say that nano plastics are those plastics bits 00:16:45.980 --> 00:16:50.020 which are about 100 nano-meters in some dimension. 00:16:50.220 --> 00:16:51.600 That's really, really tiny. 00:16:51.940 --> 00:16:54.320 That means they're gonna be invisible to the human eye. 00:16:54.620 --> 00:16:56.560 Means they're gonna be really difficult to measure, 00:16:56.800 --> 00:17:00.120 and that there's a lot of ambient plastic contamination. 00:17:00.360 --> 00:17:03.900 So you don't know if you're finding nano plastics in your sample, 00:17:03.980 --> 00:17:05.620 or if they just got there from the 00:17:05.620 --> 00:17:07.660 surrounding environment in your lab. 00:17:08.280 --> 00:17:11.220 They also, because they're so tiny, they can get into 00:17:11.220 --> 00:17:14.460 cells and cross membranes relatively easily, 00:17:14.460 --> 00:17:16.760 which means that they could have health effects 00:17:16.760 --> 00:17:19.020 that we don't really know about at this point. 00:17:19.480 --> 00:17:21.860 Within, again, this micro plastic categorization, 00:17:21.860 --> 00:17:24.160 there's a subcategory of micro fibers, 00:17:24.680 --> 00:17:27.320 and these are very thin plastic filaments. 00:17:27.640 --> 00:17:31.400 They can be up to a 100 times finer than a human hair 00:17:31.600 --> 00:17:32.820 and variable lengths. 00:17:33.080 --> 00:17:34.780 We get these a lot in our clothes. 00:17:34.840 --> 00:17:37.180 My, my lab jacket here is 00:17:37.480 --> 00:17:39.620 probably has a bunch of microfibers in it 00:17:39.620 --> 00:17:42.020 because it has polyester fibers in it. 00:17:42.360 --> 00:17:44.040 And, I'm not gonna talk at length about 00:17:44.040 --> 00:17:47.180 these particular categorizations, 00:17:47.180 --> 00:17:49.100 but I encourage you to look into them further. 00:17:49.540 --> 00:17:51.380 Micro fibers in particular have a lot of 00:17:51.380 --> 00:17:53.340 cool research coming out about them. 00:17:53.600 --> 00:17:57.320 They're found in air, drinking water, food, fish. 00:17:57.320 --> 00:17:58.720 They're found essentially everywhere, 00:17:58.720 --> 00:18:01.100 so they are worth consideration. 00:18:04.540 --> 00:18:08.800 This is a microscope image of some micro plastics 00:18:08.800 --> 00:18:11.280 that were isolated from the coastal zone. 00:18:11.680 --> 00:18:13.840 You can see there's no set shape or size 00:18:14.900 --> 00:18:17.900 associated with micro plastics found in the ocean. 00:18:18.300 --> 00:18:20.680 They're all colors, shapes, and sizes 00:18:20.680 --> 00:18:22.940 once we get them back into the lab. 00:18:24.840 --> 00:18:28.120 However, with all these different size classifications, 00:18:28.540 --> 00:18:31.780 they all are made of similar molecules. 00:18:31.960 --> 00:18:35.320 And I, I'm a, I'm a chemist by trade, 00:18:35.420 --> 00:18:38.080 so I had to throw in some molecular structures here. 00:18:38.080 --> 00:18:40.760 Now I try not to get too in-depth about it, 00:18:40.760 --> 00:18:41.640 but essentially, 00:18:42.360 --> 00:18:44.140 all these thousands of different plastics 00:18:44.140 --> 00:18:45.420 are, are polymers. 00:18:45.680 --> 00:18:48.260 And, a polymer is just a very large molecule 00:18:48.740 --> 00:18:51.640 that is made up of thousands of different atoms, 00:18:51.800 --> 00:18:55.300 and these are formed by linking up these monomer units, 00:18:55.300 --> 00:18:58.020 and in sequence, 00:18:58.160 --> 00:19:00.380 and the monomers can be, 00:19:00.900 --> 00:19:02.900 excuse me, one or two types of monomers can be 00:19:02.900 --> 00:19:04.540 bound up into these chains. 00:19:05.220 --> 00:19:07.540 In blue on the screen, I've isolated 00:19:07.800 --> 00:19:09.732 the monomer for polypropylene. 00:19:09.740 --> 00:19:12.420 And so, essentially, polypropylene is just 00:19:12.420 --> 00:19:14.980 chains and chains of these monomers repeated. 00:19:16.200 --> 00:19:18.900 Most plastic polymers have a carbon backbone 00:19:19.600 --> 00:19:22.520 because they are made from fossil fuels. 00:19:23.100 --> 00:19:27.640 And, we essentially take these chains of polymers 00:19:27.640 --> 00:19:30.417 and stack them up in characteristic ways 00:19:30.420 --> 00:19:33.120 to form those solids that we know as plastics. 00:19:33.720 --> 00:19:36.720 During this process of plastic formation, 00:19:36.720 --> 00:19:39.680 we add things to the layers of polymers, 00:19:40.820 --> 00:19:44.360 such as flame retardants, plasticizers, thermal stabilizers, 00:19:45.240 --> 00:19:48.320 antimicrobial agents, or color 00:19:48.680 --> 00:19:51.880 to essentially get at the final plastic consumer product 00:19:52.660 --> 00:19:54.860 that we see all around us. 00:19:56.040 --> 00:20:00.580 However, despite having thousands of different polymer makeups, 00:20:01.000 --> 00:20:03.400 we really only have contact with about 00:20:03.400 --> 00:20:06.140 seven types of plastic on a routine basis. 00:20:06.820 --> 00:20:09.560 These seven types of plastic make up about 00:20:09.660 --> 00:20:11.720 eighty-five percent of market demands, 00:20:12.220 --> 00:20:14.260 according to the American Chemical Council, 00:20:15.240 --> 00:20:18.380 and so far today I've counted I have touched 00:20:18.420 --> 00:20:21.840 two hundred and eleven items that contain these types of plastic. 00:20:22.640 --> 00:20:24.540 Granted, I work in a lab environment, 00:20:24.540 --> 00:20:28.360 and so you can kind of see around us we have a lot of different plastic and glassware. 00:20:29.260 --> 00:20:31.260 But yes, if you count during the day, 00:20:31.400 --> 00:20:35.220 you touch a lot more things of plastic than you may even realize. 00:20:36.120 --> 00:20:38.940 Because these seven types of plastic are so common, 00:20:39.260 --> 00:20:41.840 we've also defined our recycling system around them, 00:20:41.840 --> 00:20:44.840 and so that's where we have these recycling symbols at the top 00:20:44.840 --> 00:20:47.220 that you've probably seen on consumer products 00:20:47.680 --> 00:20:52.340 telling you which type of recycling bin or, or stream they should go into. 00:20:55.060 --> 00:20:58.840 Yet, despite our best efforts of having this system in place, 00:20:58.940 --> 00:21:02.480 we're actually really sucky at this whole recycling thing. 00:21:03.100 --> 00:21:07.660 This figure is from a paper by Dr. Jenna Jan Beck. 00:21:08.180 --> 00:21:10.500 Herself and her and some colleagues put together 00:21:10.540 --> 00:21:14.160 a mass balance of all the plastics we've ever produced. 00:21:14.760 --> 00:21:18.680 So essentially, they took industry data and consumer data, 00:21:19.560 --> 00:21:22.780 made some some guesstimate, estimates as they needed, 00:21:22.840 --> 00:21:25.140 and came up with the figure that we've created: 00:21:25.560 --> 00:21:32.100 8.3 billion metric tons of plastic over our industrial history. 00:21:32.840 --> 00:21:36.920 And unfortunately, we don't use a lot of this. 00:21:37.100 --> 00:21:39.380 We've discarded a huge portion of this. 00:21:39.500 --> 00:21:43.580 About 6.3 billion metric tons have been discarded 00:21:43.820 --> 00:21:48.200 for about 60% of all of the plastic ever created. 00:21:48.920 --> 00:21:50.600 Of this portion that's discarded, 00:21:50.820 --> 00:21:53.380 about 9% has been recycled. 00:21:54.600 --> 00:21:58.520 As a side note, the European Union is better overall at recycling. 00:21:58.520 --> 00:22:00.900 They have about 30% recycling rates. 00:22:02.140 --> 00:22:04.640 But in general, about 9% has been recycled, 00:22:04.640 --> 00:22:06.760 12% has been incinerated, 00:22:06.760 --> 00:22:13.000 and 79% has accumulated in landfills or been released into the natural environment. 00:22:14.140 --> 00:22:18.840 It's important to also note here that about half of everything we've produced, 00:22:18.840 --> 00:22:22.700 that 8.3 billion metric tons, 00:22:22.700 --> 00:22:26.040 was produced after 2002. 00:22:26.680 --> 00:22:31.580 Plastic production is anticipated to double over the next 20 years, 00:22:31.580 --> 00:22:33.880 and then quadruple by 2050. 00:22:34.560 --> 00:22:36.320 This is really bad news. 00:22:36.840 --> 00:22:39.960 We haven't really revamped our recycling or waste systems, 00:22:40.060 --> 00:22:43.200 considering we're losing so much of our plastic waste. 00:22:43.640 --> 00:22:47.500 We can't keep up, we can't keep up with levels of production as they are, 00:22:48.020 --> 00:22:50.060 so if they're doubling and quadrupling, 00:22:50.060 --> 00:22:52.880 we have some, some issues on our hands. 00:22:54.340 --> 00:22:57.400 The World Economic Forum has also noted this, 00:22:57.400 --> 00:22:59.440 particularly for packaging material. 00:23:00.260 --> 00:23:02.060 Of the plastic market, 00:23:02.720 --> 00:23:07.360 disposable packaging material creates about 35% of that demands. 00:23:07.780 --> 00:23:12.240 However, we lose almost all of this plastic packaging material, 00:23:12.240 --> 00:23:15.240 and with that loss, after each single loose, 00:23:15.780 --> 00:23:16.960 use, excuse me, 00:23:16.960 --> 00:23:20.160 we lose between 80 to 120 billion dollars. 00:23:21.200 --> 00:23:25.320 This is referred to as a very linear packaging cycle, 00:23:25.320 --> 00:23:27.200 is I believe the term they use. 00:23:27.340 --> 00:23:31.440 And this, this is a, just a huge waste of money and resources. 00:23:32.780 --> 00:23:36.380 So given this huge degree of waste, 00:23:36.380 --> 00:23:39.460 some of this plastic inevitably ends up in the ocean, 00:23:40.120 --> 00:23:42.840 which we see entirely too often. 00:23:43.320 --> 00:23:46.560 There are lots of different avenues for plastic to get into the ocean. 00:23:46.820 --> 00:23:51.360 This is a figure from a review paper by Cara Lavender Law. 00:23:52.320 --> 00:23:55.060 She put out a paper in 2017 00:23:55.060 --> 00:23:59.280 reviewing kind of a bunch of different facets of ocean plastic. 00:23:59.500 --> 00:24:02.300 I highly recommend it for anyone who kind of wants 00:24:02.460 --> 00:24:05.240 a general overview of the ocean plastic pollution problem. 00:24:05.440 --> 00:24:07.572 I believe it's open access, 00:24:07.580 --> 00:24:09.580 but I, don't quote me on that. 00:24:09.760 --> 00:24:12.280 But essentially, she outlines these pathways. 00:24:12.280 --> 00:24:14.040 And I think it's important to note here, 00:24:14.040 --> 00:24:16.160 at the very top in the resin category, 00:24:16.680 --> 00:24:21.840 that is essentially as the plastic is being made and formed into these different types of plastic, 00:24:22.060 --> 00:24:26.140 already there, we have a pathway to lose that. 00:24:26.540 --> 00:24:30.580 Plastic can be lost as tiny pellets at sea as it's being transported. 00:24:30.900 --> 00:24:32.200 We see those as nurdles, 00:24:32.200 --> 00:24:33.900 some people call them mermaid tears, 00:24:33.900 --> 00:24:38.680 and they're tiny plastic pellets, and we lose a lot of those, unfortunately. 00:24:39.140 --> 00:24:42.780 Once plastic becomes a consumer product or industrial product, 00:24:43.280 --> 00:24:45.020 it can stay in use for a while, 00:24:45.020 --> 00:24:46.980 depending on the type of plastic it is, 00:24:46.980 --> 00:24:49.600 but if it's in use in the ocean, 00:24:49.640 --> 00:24:54.960 we stand to lose those as fishing nets or as different shipping containers. 00:24:56.080 --> 00:24:58.140 They can be lost and used at sea. 00:24:58.520 --> 00:25:02.360 Hurricanes can contribute a lot to plastic wastes 00:25:02.900 --> 00:25:05.700 or typhoons, or excuse me, tsunamis as well. 00:25:05.980 --> 00:25:08.120 I read one estimate that suggests that about 00:25:08.120 --> 00:25:12.140 20% of the plastic that's in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch 00:25:12.140 --> 00:25:17.140 could be traced back to the tsunami in Japan. 00:25:18.000 --> 00:25:22.240 As well, beyond kind of the use of or in use products, 00:25:22.240 --> 00:25:24.100 there's also after we're done with it. 00:25:24.300 --> 00:25:26.200 So, think of, let me find something. 00:25:26.200 --> 00:25:27.460 Oh, plastic bottle. 00:25:27.480 --> 00:25:28.880 So I have this plastic bottle, 00:25:28.880 --> 00:25:30.500 I'm done with it, I toss it, 00:25:30.500 --> 00:25:31.400 but I recycle it, 00:25:31.400 --> 00:25:33.400 and I put it in the right waste stream. 00:25:33.820 --> 00:25:37.620 If the final waste stream isn't in a confined enough environment, 00:25:37.720 --> 00:25:39.720 this can still end up in the ocean, 00:25:40.880 --> 00:25:45.000 primarily through wastewater treatment plant streams or through rivers. 00:25:45.580 --> 00:25:52.820 Rivers contribute about, I think it's 90% of global plastic to the ocean each year, 00:25:52.880 --> 00:25:56.300 with about five rivers making up most of that contribution. 00:26:00.220 --> 00:26:04.700 But, so we we know the avenues by which plastic gets into the ocean; 00:26:05.080 --> 00:26:10.460 however, the degree, or excuse me, the amount that actually gets into the ocean 00:26:10.460 --> 00:26:12.820 has been under some debate for some time. 00:26:13.120 --> 00:26:15.000 This is because we're not, you know, 00:26:15.000 --> 00:26:18.120 we're not measuring every single bit that gets into the ocean, 00:26:18.940 --> 00:26:22.680 and so it's difficult to backtrack and figure out what exactly got there. 00:26:23.540 --> 00:26:27.580 We've been working on a number for this for close to 40 years. 00:26:28.160 --> 00:26:32.880 In 1975, a National Academy of Sciences study basically guessed 00:26:32.880 --> 00:26:37.880 that, of what, about 0.1% of global plastic makes it to the sea each year. 00:26:38.160 --> 00:26:43.220 More recently, a couple studies looked at (cough) cruise data. 00:26:43.480 --> 00:26:48.860 Essentially, they took samples across the world ocean on cruises at the surface, 00:26:48.960 --> 00:26:51.780 and then analyzed these for plastic。 00:26:52.460 --> 00:26:55.360 And they suggested that the open ocean surface 00:26:55.500 --> 00:27:02.380 could contain anywhere from 7,000 tons up to 250,000 tons of plastic. 00:27:02.860 --> 00:27:08.040 However, again, Dr. Jenna Jan Beck, she came in and took a different approach. 00:27:08.440 --> 00:27:14.580 She, her and her team looked at how much plastic waste is generated by coastal countries, 00:27:15.280 --> 00:27:19.760 and then estimated how much of that has the capacity to make it into the ocean 00:27:19.920 --> 00:27:22.460 based on mismanagement of waste practices. 00:27:23.500 --> 00:27:26.220 They arrived at an estimate stating that 00:27:26.840 --> 00:27:34.560 between 5 and 13 million metric tons of plastic entered the ocean in 2000 alone. 00:27:34.980 --> 00:27:47.000 This is equivalent to between 2 and 5 percent of total plastic production in those 192 coastal countries. 00:27:47.480 --> 00:27:52.220 About 15 to 40 percent of the mismanaged wastes ended up in the ocean. 00:27:53.160 --> 00:27:56.800 This is a graph I created using data from her paper, 00:27:57.220 --> 00:28:01.860 and I wanted to highlight that the U.S. is actually 20th on this list. 00:28:02.440 --> 00:28:07.280 We contribute far less than the top 5 polluters. 00:28:07.920 --> 00:28:09.280 China is number 1. 00:28:09.660 --> 00:28:14.600 A lot of these countries that are on the top 20 of plastic marine debris generators 00:28:15.000 --> 00:28:17.700 are emerging or emerged economies, 00:28:18.000 --> 00:28:22.840 meaning that they've just started having a lot of disposability within their economy. 00:28:24.480 --> 00:28:29.460 And their, their rivers contribute a ton of plastic to the world ocean. 00:28:30.340 --> 00:28:35.880 This estimate of plastic entering the ocean was a big eye-opener for the scientific community 00:28:35.880 --> 00:28:41.600 and the public at large I think because it suggests a huge number, or excuse me, 00:28:41.620 --> 00:28:48.220 a huge amount of plastic gets into the ocean and we aren't exactly sure where all of it goes. 00:28:48.660 --> 00:28:52.160 So with that, I'm gonna ask you all one more question. 00:28:52.480 --> 00:28:55.280 Where do you think ocean plastic accumulates? 00:28:56.840 --> 00:29:02.880 "-" Okay, I've gone and launched the poll, so register your vote here on the quick poll. 00:29:04.320 --> 00:29:09.720 Do ocean plastics accumulate in ocean gyres, coastlines, ocean sediments, or all of the above? 00:29:12.920 --> 00:29:15.700 Okay we're inching up past 75% here. 00:29:15.700 --> 00:29:17.880 Alright we're getting there. 00:29:22.920 --> 00:29:27.280 Alright, looks like the majority of folks have voted, so I will close the poll. 00:29:28.380 --> 00:29:37.620 And, 82 percent of participants said that plastic, ocean plastic accumulates in all of the above locations. 00:29:38.580 --> 00:29:41.780 "-" Awesome, and 82 percent of you are correct. 00:29:42.180 --> 00:29:43.580 That's exactly right. 00:29:44.600 --> 00:29:45.940 Let me move on. 00:29:48.460 --> 00:29:49.800 "-" Alright, back to you. 00:29:50.120 --> 00:29:51.380 Thank you. 00:29:51.520 --> 00:29:53.260 So you are all correct. 00:29:53.680 --> 00:30:03.340 The ocean plastic can end up along coastlines, at the surface, in gyres at the sea floor kind of throughout the water column. 00:30:04.320 --> 00:30:08.540 The ocean gyres receive a lot of attention as plastic collectors, 00:30:08.720 --> 00:30:10.260 and this is entirely true. 00:30:10.480 --> 00:30:14.000 I know there was question asking if there's patches of garbage, 00:30:14.220 --> 00:30:15.680 and yes, this is true. 00:30:16.460 --> 00:30:20.940 So, an ocean Geyer is essentially a large system of circular currents 00:30:20.940 --> 00:30:23.500 that are driven by wind and the Earth's rotation, 00:30:24.240 --> 00:30:31.160 and these are functioning, or excuse me not functioning, these are existing, in all of the major oceans. 00:30:31.560 --> 00:30:35.640 There's 11 identified gyre systems but five really big ones. 00:30:36.100 --> 00:30:42.640 One in the North Atlantic, the South Atlantic, the Northern Pacific, the Southern Pacific, as well as the Indian Ocean. 00:30:43.780 --> 00:30:49.920 And, the circular motion of the gyre creates kind of like a vortex. 00:30:50.180 --> 00:30:52.780 The center of the Geyer is really calm and stable, 00:30:52.920 --> 00:30:57.820 so this funnels plastic debris into the center of these gyres. 00:30:58.620 --> 00:31:03.640 The gyres aren't solid surfaces by any means. 00:31:03.640 --> 00:31:05.800 They're not trash islands, if you will. 00:31:05.960 --> 00:31:07.280 You can't stand on them, 00:31:07.280 --> 00:31:11.020 but they are really soupy mixtures of plastic debris. 00:31:11.180 --> 00:31:14.660 And these are a mix of large debris fishing nets. 00:31:14.840 --> 00:31:22.140 I know the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is documented to contain about 46% fishing net debris, 00:31:22.760 --> 00:31:27.400 but there's also a lot of micro-plastics in there as different sizes of debris break down. 00:31:29.100 --> 00:31:33.500 These documented these, excuse me, these are documented across the world ocean, however, 00:31:33.800 --> 00:31:36.520 not just in that one well-known Pacific patch. 00:31:38.500 --> 00:31:43.000 This is data from the same paper by Cara Lavender Law, 00:31:43.200 --> 00:31:48.100 and she synthesized data from a number of different cruise studies and papers 00:31:48.140 --> 00:31:51.200 from across maybe the past 10 to 15 years. 00:31:51.640 --> 00:31:55.900 And, essentially, on all these cruises they took a water sample and processed it 00:31:55.900 --> 00:31:59.700 to determine the number of plastic pieces in that particular sample. 00:32:00.160 --> 00:32:07.180 On the top rocks, you can see this graph denotes the number of particles per square kilometer, 00:32:07.200 --> 00:32:10.600 while the bottom denotes the particle mass per square kilometer. 00:32:10.940 --> 00:32:13.880 The red and yellow and orange colors denotes high. 00:32:14.020 --> 00:32:17.060 That it's either a high count or a high mass. 00:32:18.340 --> 00:32:28.420 If you think back to this gyre slide and then take a look at where we have those red, those kind of hot colors, 00:32:28.540 --> 00:32:35.460 you'll notice that those patches of high mass or high density occur in, in gyres. 00:32:36.520 --> 00:32:39.000 I think it's important to note here as well that 00:32:40.080 --> 00:32:45.300 the, you know, this this data set it looks like the Northern Hemisphere has a lot more plastic. 00:32:45.780 --> 00:32:49.600 I want to point out that yes, the Northern Hemisphere has a lot more people. 00:32:50.040 --> 00:32:54.980 There's a lot more plastic entering the ocean in the Northern Hemisphere from those people. 00:32:55.500 --> 00:33:00.320 But the Southern Hemisphere has documented plastic all through it as well, 00:33:00.540 --> 00:33:04.920 and the, the lack of dots in this particular set in the Southern Hemisphere 00:33:04.920 --> 00:33:12.940 is more a lack of research data describing that particular area, rather a factor of there being no, no plastics there. 00:33:15.800 --> 00:33:21.940 So, while we're, you know, so we know that there's plastics in the ocean surface layer, 00:33:22.040 --> 00:33:27.340 but the ocean surface layer only makes up a tiny portion of the overall volume of the ocean. 00:33:27.700 --> 00:33:29.620 The ocean is very deep and very wide, 00:33:29.620 --> 00:33:34.060 and so there's this huge water column that has plastics in it that we need to consider. 00:33:34.760 --> 00:33:39.660 And here I like to think of the ocean as a piece of cake or a cake. 00:33:40.240 --> 00:33:44.380 And this particular cake looks delicious as I'm sitting here looking at it. 00:33:44.580 --> 00:33:47.220 I'm not sure where all of you are from tuning in, 00:33:47.220 --> 00:33:49.600 but it's about 6:00, 6:30 here, 00:33:49.600 --> 00:33:51.580 and I am almost ready for dinner. 00:33:52.160 --> 00:33:54.740 But regardless, so this cake analogy. 00:33:55.000 --> 00:33:57.600 You know we look at this cake and we see the icing on the cake, 00:33:58.380 --> 00:34:04.400 and it kind of tells us a lot about the cake, whether we think it's gonna be delicious, 00:34:04.480 --> 00:34:06.560 but when we actually slice into the cake, 00:34:06.900 --> 00:34:10.980 this is when we figure out what makes up the flavor and the bulk of the cake. 00:34:11.320 --> 00:34:14.100 The same idea kind of applies for plastics. 00:34:14.320 --> 00:34:18.400 The ocean service, surface is an obvious collection point, 00:34:18.620 --> 00:34:22.900 but there's a whole water column to consider when we're talking about ocean plastics. 00:34:24.820 --> 00:34:30.680 The interior of the ocean is likely a significant thing for plastic debris 00:34:30.680 --> 00:34:35.040 as well as the sediments or the very deep ocean, the bottom of the ocean. 00:34:35.360 --> 00:34:39.500 Some recent modeling work by the group of Albert Coleman's 00:34:39.500 --> 00:34:46.780 found that 99.8% of the plastic that we've put into the ocean since 1950 00:34:46.780 --> 00:34:50.080 has settled out of the ocean surface layer already. 00:34:50.200 --> 00:34:52.680 It settled out by 2016. 00:34:54.000 --> 00:34:59.720 His model also suggests that if we stopped putting plastic entirely into the ocean right now, 00:35:00.440 --> 00:35:05.360 most of it would have, would cycle out of the ocean surface layer within three years, 00:35:05.920 --> 00:35:09.635 meaning that a lot of the plastic that we see at the surface, 00:35:09.635 --> 00:35:11.280 it's kind of the tip of the iceberg, 00:35:11.280 --> 00:35:16.800 there's likely a lot more plastic within the deeper layers of the ocean and at the bottom of the ocean. 00:35:17.880 --> 00:35:23.117 So, I mentioned, you know I brought in that whole polymer discussion because 00:35:23.120 --> 00:35:27.200 where plastics end up depends on what kind of polymer they are. 00:35:27.660 --> 00:35:32.760 Some plastics sink out of the surface layer right away because they are denser in water. 00:35:32.760 --> 00:35:36.880 Those, those polymers are, are packed more densely and make them sink. 00:35:37.560 --> 00:35:43.400 Polyvinyl chloride, KET plastics, nylon fishing line and cellulose acetate 00:35:43.400 --> 00:35:45.980 are some that sink right away and go to the bottom. 00:35:46.520 --> 00:35:50.640 However, the plastics that float, they can also make make it to the bottom. 00:35:51.260 --> 00:35:58.180 They get broken down over time from photo degradation, from the sun beating down on them. 00:35:58.280 --> 00:36:04.460 This in combination with waves and wind stress, breaks down the plastics 00:36:04.460 --> 00:36:05.840 that makes them more and more brittle. 00:36:06.180 --> 00:36:08.860 They then break up into tinier and tinier fragments. 00:36:09.720 --> 00:36:12.960 As this mechanical and chemical wearing is going on, 00:36:12.960 --> 00:36:17.120 the plastics are also being acted on by biological communities. 00:36:17.640 --> 00:36:19.200 And so in the green on this slide, 00:36:19.700 --> 00:36:25.040 this is a representation of both the chemical and physical processes, 00:36:25.420 --> 00:36:27.820 those are the hollow blue arrows, 00:36:28.180 --> 00:36:31.560 and the green arrows represent kind of the biological processing. 00:36:31.900 --> 00:36:35.180 So plastic particles at the surface first get colonized, 00:36:35.360 --> 00:36:36.820 microbes settle on them, 00:36:36.820 --> 00:36:40.660 and, and make the surface more friendly or welcoming for other microbes, 00:36:41.320 --> 00:36:43.180 and then a bio film starts to form. 00:36:43.880 --> 00:36:49.440 This film attracts other other ocean critters to live on it or eat off of it, 00:36:49.920 --> 00:36:56.140 and from there, the plastic can further biodegrade and to smaller and smaller pieces. 00:36:57.360 --> 00:36:58.880 This is a particularly cool image. 00:36:58.880 --> 00:37:03.460 This was a study done by Kaiser et all in 2017, 00:37:03.740 --> 00:37:06.840 and they essentially took pieces of plastic 00:37:06.840 --> 00:37:11.660 and exposed them in coastal environments and estuary environments, 00:37:11.860 --> 00:37:17.440 And they found that over the course of 14 weeks, 00:37:17.440 --> 00:37:20.540 a little over three months, or yeah, three months, excuse me, 00:37:21.280 --> 00:37:25.500 that significant bio films formed readily on these pieces of plastic, 00:37:25.680 --> 00:37:30.360 and these bio films change the rate at which plastics sink. 00:37:30.860 --> 00:37:35.160 So essentially, by the end of the treatment, the floating plastics that they put in the water, 00:37:35.160 --> 00:37:36.140 the polyethylenes, 00:37:36.200 --> 00:37:38.400 were able to more readily sink. 00:37:38.600 --> 00:37:42.200 The degree to which this happened depended on where they were put, 00:37:43.400 --> 00:37:47.580 but overall, a pretty cool image of this. 00:37:47.620 --> 00:37:49.280 And as a side note, I'm sorry let me explain. 00:37:49.280 --> 00:37:52.080 This is a scanning electron microscope image. 00:37:52.520 --> 00:37:59.560 This is the type of microscopy that can get really clear resolution images of very tiny things. 00:38:02.400 --> 00:38:06.880 So, from there, now we know okay, we got plastics at the surface, 00:38:06.880 --> 00:38:10.640 we have plastic all through the water column, and in the bottom. 00:38:10.900 --> 00:38:17.100 And this gives animals, marine animals a lot of opportunities to interact with this plastic. 00:38:17.480 --> 00:38:24.320 And we can essentially kind of define animal interactions with plastic in four big categories. 00:38:24.960 --> 00:38:27.920 First of all, a lot of animals can get entangled. 00:38:27.920 --> 00:38:34.740 This is particularly evident in larger marine mega fauna, like whales and seals and, and turtles, 00:38:35.160 --> 00:38:40.400 and it can get caught up in lines or fishing gear and, and have a world of trouble. 00:38:40.780 --> 00:38:42.600 Animals can also eat plastic. 00:38:42.600 --> 00:38:48.340 They can think that it's, it's food, particularly those that are more opportunistic animals, 00:38:48.760 --> 00:38:53.420 So, birds that eat one type of fish are less likely to eat plastic 00:38:53.420 --> 00:39:00.980 than maybe a gull or a shearwater that kind of will eat anything that it can get its hands, or, beak on. 00:39:02.220 --> 00:39:05.980 Plastics also can impact marine animals by causing habitat damage. 00:39:06.300 --> 00:39:08.060 So, they can smother coral. 00:39:08.060 --> 00:39:11.960 So essentially, if the big piece of fishing net comes down on a coral reef, 00:39:12.000 --> 00:39:15.720 it's going to impact that reef by physically abrading it 00:39:15.800 --> 00:39:20.660 and blocking the sunlight for the zooxanthellae to photosynthesize. 00:39:21.000 --> 00:39:23.540 They can also transport non-native species. 00:39:23.680 --> 00:39:30.220 So, small creatures, or even large creatures, for that matter, can hitch a ride on plastics. 00:39:30.580 --> 00:39:35.980 We saw from those gyres that ocean plastic can get circulated around the course of the world ocean. 00:39:36.300 --> 00:39:41.380 So something that started in, let's say Japan, can end up on the other side of the ocean 00:39:41.380 --> 00:39:43.340 by hitching a ride on plastic. 00:39:44.900 --> 00:39:50.580 Over 700 different species of marine wildlife have documented interactions with plastic 00:39:50.580 --> 00:39:51.860 in one way shape or form, 00:39:52.380 --> 00:39:58.940 and the, the prevalence of these interactions kind of depends on the type of wildlife, 00:39:59.120 --> 00:40:02.720 With some wildlife being more prone to plastic interactions than others. 00:40:03.160 --> 00:40:06.520 For example, 83% of northern right whales 00:40:07.040 --> 00:40:11.200 were documented to have some evidence of entanglement in roper netting 00:40:11.200 --> 00:40:15.060 based on 29 years of photographic evidence. 00:40:15.480 --> 00:40:18.580 And then, there's also a really long standing study in the North Sea 00:40:18.580 --> 00:40:21.380 looking at northern full marks, a type of sea bird. 00:40:21.580 --> 00:40:28.360 And of 1295 individuals that they have cut up to look for plastic, 00:40:28.600 --> 00:40:31.520 they have found plastic in 95% of them. 00:40:32.540 --> 00:40:33.040 But, 00:40:34.160 --> 00:40:37.380 here I want to make sure to make the point that we need to be careful about 00:40:37.420 --> 00:40:42.360 distinguishing evidence of contamination versus evidence of impacts, 00:40:42.820 --> 00:40:48.040 and this, this graph that is from the, the law review paper. 00:40:48.040 --> 00:40:50.840 And you'll notice that there's a lot of white boxes, 00:40:50.840 --> 00:40:56.240 meaning that for these different levels of population, organisms, cell, 00:40:56.620 --> 00:40:59.260 all these different levels of living organization, 00:40:59.660 --> 00:41:07.280 we're not exactly sure if there are demonstrated impacts of plastic in that particular level of organization. 00:41:08.220 --> 00:41:16.680 This is because it is difficult to understand these kind of impacts when you are observing wildlife in particular. 00:41:17.100 --> 00:41:20.500 So for example, you find a bird. 00:41:20.820 --> 00:41:23.260 It has a lot of plastic in its stomach. 00:41:24.400 --> 00:41:27.020 It also has no fat reserves in it. 00:41:27.560 --> 00:41:31.040 It is not possible to say just from that individual 00:41:31.500 --> 00:41:38.920 whether the plastic killed it, or whether the bird was couldn't find enough food, 00:41:39.200 --> 00:41:43.820 it got really skinny and then started eating plastic because it was desperate. 00:41:43.960 --> 00:41:49.480 And so the scientific community is working really hard to figure out more demonstrated impacts, 00:41:49.480 --> 00:41:52.840 or disprove where plastic isn't causing impacts. 00:41:54.520 --> 00:42:00.320 I think that some of the more pronounced impacts have been found, 00:42:01.140 --> 00:42:04.460 maybe at the the cellular or tissue level, 00:42:04.820 --> 00:42:14.280 where plastics can impact the expression of, I believe it's certain, certain fats in, in liver tissue. 00:42:14.600 --> 00:42:19.100 They have been documented at very low levels of the food chain in zooplankton, 00:42:19.240 --> 00:42:25.540 but again, we're not exactly sure how this translates to organism or population level effects, 00:42:25.840 --> 00:42:31.080 or kind of the diversity of marine creatures that we we see interact with plastic. 00:42:32.780 --> 00:42:37.640 With that, I'm gonna switch gears just a little bit and talk about plastics and seabirds. 00:42:37.700 --> 00:42:41.180 And this is a subject near and dear to my own heart 00:42:41.220 --> 00:42:46.940 in that my dissertation revolves entirely around the species of seabird called great shearwaters. 00:42:49.100 --> 00:42:51.160 So, I'm gonna start off with a question though. 00:42:51.160 --> 00:42:52.420 I've been talking for a while. 00:42:52.780 --> 00:42:55.480 Where have sea birds been found to eat plastic? 00:42:57.480 --> 00:43:00.780 "-" Alright, the poll has been officially launched on your screen. 00:43:01.660 --> 00:43:05.300 I didn't let you know, Anna, but there weren't enough slots so I had the clump a few of them together. 00:43:05.300 --> 00:43:08.440 So, you'll see me Midway Atoll and Hawai'i are clumped together. 00:43:09.360 --> 00:43:14.860 So, the Hawaiian archipelago, California, New Zealand, Australia Massachusetts, or all of the above. 00:43:15.400 --> 00:43:16.060 "-" Perfect 00:43:16.060 --> 00:43:19.460 "-" Looks like we're inching towards everyone voting here. 00:43:20.060 --> 00:43:20.560 "-" Okay. 00:43:24.360 --> 00:43:27.900 I'll give you one more second to get your vote in if you haven't already. 00:43:28.740 --> 00:43:29.360 "-" Okay. 00:43:29.860 --> 00:43:31.680 Let's go ahead and share the results. 00:43:31.680 --> 00:43:40.100 So, 91% are saying that all of the above sea birds have been found to eat plastic in all of those locations. 00:43:40.600 --> 00:43:44.840 "-" Yes, that is exactly true and unfortunately true. 00:43:46.000 --> 00:43:50.980 So we care about this because plastics in, 00:43:52.180 --> 00:43:53.520 sorry here we go, okay, 00:43:53.920 --> 00:44:00.300 plastics in sea birds are of concern because sea birds are great environmental indicators. 00:44:00.680 --> 00:44:02.760 And I say this for a lot of reasons. 00:44:02.920 --> 00:44:07.300 A: they tell us a lot about the health of the environment itself. 00:44:07.300 --> 00:44:11.560 So they're, they're sensitive to food stocks and food webs. 00:44:11.560 --> 00:44:14.060 They're sensitive to environmental conditions, 00:44:14.060 --> 00:44:20.340 and so for example, if a region isn't healthy and supporting a lot of fish or birds to eat, 00:44:20.340 --> 00:44:23.160 you're not gonna have very healthy birds, and we'll see that. 00:44:23.800 --> 00:44:25.860 Beyond that, they're also sensitive to pollution. 00:44:26.140 --> 00:44:30.300 The cliche of canaries in the coal mine arises because of this. 00:44:31.200 --> 00:44:33.280 They have fast metabolisms, 00:44:33.280 --> 00:44:37.840 and so therefore, their body condition responds quickly to different stressors in their environment. 00:44:38.360 --> 00:44:44.080 They're also a good environmental indicators because they're like us in more ways that you would expect. 00:44:44.560 --> 00:44:51.060 They're global citizens, they're long-lived they have this, excuse me, fast metabolism like us. 00:44:51.520 --> 00:44:57.040 So by looking at what is going on with seabirds, we can get some indication of 00:44:57.040 --> 00:44:59.260 issues that we should be concerned about. 00:44:59.360 --> 00:45:05.020 And I utilize this in my research to look at chemicals and plastics in seabirds 00:45:05.220 --> 00:45:10.380 to figure out, okay, is Massachusetts Bay and the greater Gulf of Maine 00:45:10.840 --> 00:45:15.160 contributing chemicals or plastics into sea birds or humans. 00:45:17.700 --> 00:45:19.880 And so we see a lot of these pictures. 00:45:19.880 --> 00:45:24.280 And this I found out Claire, our wonderful organizer, actually took this photo, 00:45:25.380 --> 00:45:31.460 And so we see some of these grisly pictures of seabird chicks with a bunch of plastic in their stomach. 00:45:31.900 --> 00:45:35.220 And I previously reference how, okay, 00:45:35.220 --> 00:45:39.760 we can't be sure if it, you know, the impact from plastic this is definitely it. 00:45:40.020 --> 00:45:41.600 Particularly in seabird chicks, 00:45:41.880 --> 00:45:46.240 the parents will bring them back plastic bits, they'll fill up their stomach, 00:45:46.280 --> 00:45:49.340 and they won't be able to actually get any good food in there, 00:45:49.340 --> 00:45:55.140 and they'll die of starvation or from maybe infections of their GI tract 00:45:55.180 --> 00:45:58.540 as the plastic punctures their proventriculus. 00:45:58.940 --> 00:46:03.160 And this is a really nasty reminder of plastic pollution, 00:46:03.160 --> 00:46:06.080 but I wanted to highlight today, particularly with my research, 00:46:06.420 --> 00:46:12.240 that it doesn't have to come to this degree for seabirds to be impacted by plastics. 00:46:12.660 --> 00:46:13.340 Excuse me. 00:46:14.340 --> 00:46:17.280 We see plastic ingestion in birds around the world. 00:46:18.920 --> 00:46:21.680 This is data from a 2015 paper. 00:46:22.560 --> 00:46:26.580 The North Sea Fulmar study has been ongoing for decades, 00:46:26.580 --> 00:46:34.540 and they cut up fulmars, another type of seabird, and document the degree of plastic ingestion in that bird. 00:46:34.900 --> 00:46:40.880 They also have data about the number of plastics in the gyres 00:46:40.960 --> 00:46:43.860 surrounding the location where these fulmars are. 00:46:44.280 --> 00:46:50.600 And interestingly enough, they have found that as plastic production changes 00:46:50.940 --> 00:46:55.100 the plastic ingestion in fulmars changes. 00:46:55.440 --> 00:46:59.900 And so industrial plastics have gone down in the North Atlantic gyre. 00:47:00.080 --> 00:47:05.393 Those industrial plastics are indicated by the small circles on the graph, 00:47:05.700 --> 00:47:06.800 and that has decreased. 00:47:06.840 --> 00:47:11.380 And by industrial plastics, I mean it's those tiny little plastic beads mostly that 00:47:11.400 --> 00:47:13.720 the nurdles or mermaid tears have, 00:47:13.940 --> 00:47:18.800 we put less of those into the environment as we've gotten better at preventing their spills. 00:47:19.160 --> 00:47:21.460 And this has been reflected in the fulmars. 00:47:21.660 --> 00:47:24.200 The ingestion of those plastics has gone down. 00:47:24.640 --> 00:47:30.620 I'm not showing it in this particular slide but the paper also shows that user plastics, 00:47:30.620 --> 00:47:36.200 or those plastics that come from consumer products or basically us, our waste streams, 00:47:36.440 --> 00:47:40.060 those have not gone down in the Atlantic gyre. 00:47:40.060 --> 00:47:43.980 There's no obvious trend of those decreasing in that area, 00:47:43.980 --> 00:47:48.160 and as such there's no obvious trend of those decreasing in the fulmars. 00:47:50.620 --> 00:47:54.760 So my work is in Stellwagen bank. 00:47:54.760 --> 00:47:58.525 It is one of the national marine sanctuaries on the East coast. 00:47:58.525 --> 00:48:03.240 It stretches from Cape Anne in the north down to Cape Cod in the south, 00:48:03.240 --> 00:48:09.320 and it is it surrounds a really productive ecosystem off on Stellwagen bank, 00:48:09.320 --> 00:48:13.360 and this is a bank that sticks up in the middle of Massachusetts Bay 00:48:13.360 --> 00:48:15.740 and supports a really productive ecosystem. 00:48:15.740 --> 00:48:18.700 It is one of the best places in the country to see whales. 00:48:18.760 --> 00:48:22.540 There are a lot of whale populations that feed here, 00:48:22.600 --> 00:48:26.460 in addition to a lot of seabirds and sharks and large fish. 00:48:26.720 --> 00:48:28.640 It's a really beautiful area, 00:48:28.640 --> 00:48:31.200 and my study species is in the bottom right, 00:48:31.200 --> 00:48:34.700 that is a Great shearwater ardenna gravis . 00:48:34.900 --> 00:48:39.680 They eat in Stellwagen Bank over the summertime, our summertime, 00:48:39.980 --> 00:48:45.500 and then they migrate across the equator down into the south Atlantic 00:48:45.500 --> 00:48:51.260 where they breed on a, mostly on a tiny island group called the Tristan da Cunha island group, 00:48:52.380 --> 00:48:56.880 which is kind of smack dab in between Africa and South America. 00:48:59.560 --> 00:49:04.600 We have an ongoing research program surrounding these birds at Stellwagen Bank. 00:49:04.780 --> 00:49:08.960 I think one of my colleagues who this is is his data. 00:49:08.960 --> 00:49:11.280 I think he's on the webinar, so hi Kevin. 00:49:12.060 --> 00:49:15.940 But, so we put satellite tags on these birds to figure out 00:49:15.940 --> 00:49:20.000 where they are hanging out in the Gulf of Maine and in Stellwagen Bank. 00:49:20.580 --> 00:49:25.300 This is important because it gives us an idea of where the fish are essentially 00:49:25.300 --> 00:49:30.300 and where is important for us to keep track of, or excuse me, 00:49:30.300 --> 00:49:35.320 to protect as the region changes with climate change and, and fishing. 00:49:36.080 --> 00:49:42.820 As a slight bug, we have updates about where our satellite tags birds are in the Gulf of Maine. 00:49:42.820 --> 00:49:47.680 If you go on Twitter and follow Track seabirds you can see where the birds are. 00:49:48.540 --> 00:49:50.540 We post weekly updates about that, 00:49:50.540 --> 00:49:53.140 and it's pretty cool they go all over the place 00:49:55.400 --> 00:49:59.780 This population has previously been assessed for plastic. 00:50:00.520 --> 00:50:05.660 Some papers or some work in 2005 and 2008 found that 00:50:05.660 --> 00:50:13.280 71% of Great shearwaters contain plastic fragments, mostly of user plastics and hard, hard bits. 00:50:15.320 --> 00:50:20.620 Since this paper came out, there was a modelling study that has come out suggesting that 00:50:21.100 --> 00:50:26.960 by 2050 99% of the world's seabirds will have ingested plastic. 00:50:27.280 --> 00:50:31.240 So that graph I showed you about the fulmars tracking production, 00:50:32.440 --> 00:50:34.220 this is where that comes into play. 00:50:34.220 --> 00:50:36.680 So essentially, at the beginning of this presentation, 00:50:36.700 --> 00:50:41.500 I mentioned how plastic production is slated to quadruple before 2050, 00:50:41.500 --> 00:50:49.720 and as that production ramps up, the modeling work done by Wilcox and his group, Chris Wilcox in 2012, 00:50:49.720 --> 00:50:57.520 suggests that all, essentially all species of seabird are going to interact with plastic more and more and more 00:50:57.520 --> 00:50:59.400 as we put more of it into the ocean. 00:51:00.980 --> 00:51:05.240 So, I'm going to get set up here and kind of show you how I look for this. 00:51:06.160 --> 00:51:09.100 My research project is still in flux. 00:51:09.220 --> 00:51:10.360 I'm still collecting data, 00:51:10.360 --> 00:51:12.400 and so I'm going to show you how I do that. 00:51:12.660 --> 00:51:21.120 Right now, I will tell you that it looks like the, since the initial assessment of plastic in shearwaters done by that paper, 00:51:21.820 --> 00:51:24.840 I have analyzed 18 birds for plastics, 00:51:24.840 --> 00:51:27.500 and I found plastics in 17 of them. 00:51:28.540 --> 00:51:30.940 So, we'll see what the final data set looks like, 00:51:30.940 --> 00:51:32.100 but give me one second. 00:51:32.100 --> 00:51:35.640 I'm going to mute my camera for just a second and get set up. 00:51:40.000 --> 00:51:42.420 "-" Alright, while Anna's getting set up, 00:51:42.420 --> 00:51:47.640 I wanted to let you all know that we're gonna probably run some minutes over today's webinar, 00:51:47.640 --> 00:51:49.560 so it'll be a little bit longer than an hour. 00:51:49.640 --> 00:51:51.680 For those of you that are able to stay, 00:51:51.680 --> 00:51:55.920 you'll get to witness this live bird necropsy that Anna will do, 00:51:56.300 --> 00:51:59.920 and we'll also still have a brief Q&A session. 00:52:00.420 --> 00:52:07.180 I did mention that many of the questions that may not get responded to on the webinar, 00:52:07.480 --> 00:52:11.280 that we will do a follow-up via email with responses from Anna. 00:52:11.880 --> 00:52:15.020 And with that, I'm gonna let you go back because she's all set up. 00:52:15.060 --> 00:52:15.825 It looks good. 00:52:15.825 --> 00:52:17.520 Your camera's in good position. 00:52:17.680 --> 00:52:18.180 "-" Great! 00:52:18.220 --> 00:52:22.680 Claire please let me know if anything starts to get out of focus, or you can't see anything. 00:52:23.060 --> 00:52:25.620 "-" Well, what I will recommend before you start for people 00:52:25.920 --> 00:52:31.460 you have control of changing the size of the web camera versus the presentation slide. 00:52:31.640 --> 00:52:34.940 So you can go ahead and increase the size of the camera, 00:52:35.000 --> 00:52:39.540 or if you want to run back over there and turn off your presentation, either way. 00:52:39.980 --> 00:52:40.600 Sorry. 00:52:40.960 --> 00:52:42.220 Yeah, cool, let me 00:52:43.340 --> 00:52:44.780 "-" Stop sharing your slides, 00:52:44.780 --> 00:52:46.560 and then you'll get larger for everybody, 00:52:46.880 --> 00:52:48.800 and then you can everyone has control. 00:52:48.800 --> 00:52:49.620 "-" Is that bigger? 00:52:49.840 --> 00:52:51.320 "-" That looks great, yep go ahead! 00:52:51.700 --> 00:52:52.780 Okay, hi everyone! 00:52:52.780 --> 00:52:54.020 Welcome to my lab! 00:52:54.100 --> 00:53:00.640 This is the like sediment and tissue lab at my university, the University of Rhode Island, 00:53:00.640 --> 00:53:03.140 and this is where I cut up all of my stuff. 00:53:03.780 --> 00:53:05.940 I'm gonna put on some lab glasses too. 00:53:06.280 --> 00:53:08.686 I'm obviously in a lab setting, I have a lab coat on, 00:53:08.686 --> 00:53:10.480 make sure I don't get stuff on me. 00:53:11.140 --> 00:53:12.540 I've already opened up my bird. 00:53:12.640 --> 00:53:15.040 When I did this, I had a respirator on. 00:53:15.200 --> 00:53:17.437 Birds can have infections in them, 00:53:17.740 --> 00:53:22.200 so you want to make sure there's no fungal stuff in there that you don't want to be breathing. 00:53:22.420 --> 00:53:23.640 This bird looks good. 00:53:23.640 --> 00:53:27.000 I typically don't find a lot of fungal infections in these birds. 00:53:27.480 --> 00:53:33.300 I get these birds from bycatch, from the NOAA observer program at the Northeast fisheries Science Center. 00:53:33.660 --> 00:53:37.160 These birds get caught in fishing nets and drown, 00:53:37.160 --> 00:53:38.500 and then they bring them in for me, 00:53:38.500 --> 00:53:39.540 and I deal with them. 00:53:40.280 --> 00:53:42.940 So over here, I have one that I haven't cut up yet, 00:53:42.940 --> 00:53:45.380 and I was going to show you this. 00:53:45.500 --> 00:53:47.820 This is, these are either actually sooty shearwaters. 00:53:47.820 --> 00:53:51.720 They're a cousin of my study species, the Great Shearwater. 00:53:52.280 --> 00:53:55.020 They don't have the characteristic white belly plumage, 00:53:56.120 --> 00:53:58.269 but they are pelagic sea birds. 00:53:58.269 --> 00:54:00.920 They have rarely ever come to shore, except to breathe. 00:54:00.920 --> 00:54:04.650 They have really long wings for such a small bird, 00:54:04.650 --> 00:54:08.440 and they use this because they just soar across the ocean 00:54:08.440 --> 00:54:16.060 and then plunge into the surface waters generally to hunt for sand lance and squid. 00:54:17.740 --> 00:54:18.800 Put this one to the side. 00:54:19.000 --> 00:54:21.740 And so, when I am doing a necropsy, 00:54:21.740 --> 00:54:24.080 you know a lot of information from these birds, 00:54:24.080 --> 00:54:29.380 and this is important stuff, or excuse me, important information to collect 00:54:29.380 --> 00:54:33.480 because at the end when you know how much many plastic pieces are in the bird, 00:54:33.480 --> 00:54:37.300 or you know how many different types of contaminants are in the bird, 00:54:38.240 --> 00:54:44.360 you want to know how much fat did they have, did their liver what was it deformed or anything like that. 00:54:44.580 --> 00:54:46.420 Today we're kind of short on time, 00:54:46.420 --> 00:54:49.800 so I just want to kind of show you how I take out this GI tract. 00:54:52.320 --> 00:54:56.240 I kind of pre-cut it up a little bit so it's easier to take out. 00:54:56.240 --> 00:54:59.560 When you open up the bird we have these layers of fat, 00:54:59.560 --> 00:55:02.640 and this is good, this means that this bird was eating well. 00:55:02.720 --> 00:55:07.340 Seabirds typically maintain thick layers of this, particularly shearwaters, 00:55:07.640 --> 00:55:11.120 and so that means this bird was eating well, which is good news for us. 00:55:12.240 --> 00:55:14.620 I've already kind of cracked open its rib cage. 00:55:14.620 --> 00:55:16.300 I'm kind of out of sight to the left. 00:55:16.300 --> 00:55:19.180 I've taken out most of its large internal organs. 00:55:19.400 --> 00:55:23.680 And at the bottom, we have this GI tract. 00:55:29.040 --> 00:55:31.400 So we take this out. 00:55:33.240 --> 00:55:39.900 Tube nose sea birds, the Procellariiformes, are, they have like a two-part stomach. 00:55:39.900 --> 00:55:46.440 And so for some sea birds, you can actually take a tube like this, 00:55:47.160 --> 00:55:52.500 stick it down their throat, and flush their stomach to get out that their stomach contents 00:55:52.540 --> 00:55:54.840 and see how much plastic is in them. 00:55:55.240 --> 00:55:59.060 However, these tube nose birds have this two-part stomach, 00:55:59.580 --> 00:56:03.600 and they don't, you can't actually flush the bottom part of their stomach. 00:56:04.540 --> 00:56:11.600 And, so you it's difficult to get the total degree of plastic ingestion in these birds 00:56:11.600 --> 00:56:14.440 without having some kind of dead sample that you can cut up. 00:56:15.460 --> 00:56:17.820 So this is the proventriculus. 00:56:17.820 --> 00:56:22.860 This up here is the what we would call maybe like the stomach, 00:56:22.860 --> 00:56:27.140 and it's a membranous kind of sack and it can stretch a lot. 00:56:27.180 --> 00:56:30.200 And so when you see those chicks on the beach, 00:56:30.200 --> 00:56:33.520 this is this is how they get that much plastic into their stomach. 00:56:33.520 --> 00:56:35.680 This part of their stomach stretches a lot. 00:56:36.440 --> 00:56:42.060 A lot of sea birds are capable of kind of throwing up a pellet to get those out of this area. 00:56:42.960 --> 00:56:45.620 If it gets to be too much, they're not going to be able to. 00:56:45.900 --> 00:56:48.000 And so we look at this part. 00:56:48.000 --> 00:56:52.640 I don't look for plastics in this particular proventriculus area 00:56:52.640 --> 00:56:58.180 because the tube nose birds typically throw up when they're under stress. 00:56:58.180 --> 00:57:00.040 So that means as these birds are drowning in the nets, 00:57:00.040 --> 00:57:01.920 they they just throw everything up, 00:57:01.920 --> 00:57:08.340 and so I don't actually get a lot of information by looking in this particular area of the stomach. 00:57:08.540 --> 00:57:09.180 However, 00:57:10.640 --> 00:57:11.900 Move this right here. 00:57:11.960 --> 00:57:14.960 At the bottom of this, we have what's known as the ventriculus. 00:57:14.960 --> 00:57:18.260 You might call this kind of like the, the gizzard. 00:57:19.260 --> 00:57:27.940 And this is a very tiny organ that serves to help grind up some of the hard parts from the birds prey. 00:57:28.260 --> 00:57:29.860 It's about this big. 00:57:30.740 --> 00:57:31.840 It's all it is, 00:57:32.060 --> 00:57:36.160 and it's very muscular and it has, let me cut it open for us to look at, 00:57:45.760 --> 00:57:48.620 has a lot of internal surface area to it 00:57:51.520 --> 00:57:55.020 so that this maximizes what they are breaking up. 00:57:55.500 --> 00:57:57.480 And, oh, we got some plastic. 00:58:01.560 --> 00:58:04.100 In these areas, we find a lot of squid beaks, 00:58:05.040 --> 00:58:11.040 and we have a piece of filamentous plastic in there. 00:58:14.720 --> 00:58:22.360 So I take some distilled water, just clean water, and I more carefully than this, 00:58:23.040 --> 00:58:28.440 flush out the contents of this organ into some kind of dish. 00:58:29.740 --> 00:58:31.180 I'm gonna leave this one to the side. 00:58:33.880 --> 00:58:37.060 From there, I take those contents and I sieve them. 00:58:37.060 --> 00:58:39.469 This can be done in a couple different ways, 00:58:39.469 --> 00:58:45.640 I just take a sieve of a millimeter or 0.5 millimeter mesh, 00:58:45.640 --> 00:58:48.060 and I take those contents and I run them over it. 00:58:48.260 --> 00:58:52.480 From there I put them into a petri dish. 00:58:52.800 --> 00:58:57.080 This is my education set, so I typically use glass. 00:58:57.620 --> 00:59:01.260 Again, when you're working with plastics you have to be careful to avoid contamination, 00:59:01.260 --> 00:59:04.800 so I'm actually looking at samples to do this under, under glass. 00:59:05.680 --> 00:59:08.960 And this is a sample that I took a couple weeks ago, 00:59:08.960 --> 00:59:14.240 and I'm gonna try to get nice and close to the camera so that you can see better. 00:59:15.320 --> 00:59:19.640 What you should see are some bright blue big chunks. 00:59:19.800 --> 00:59:25.220 This bird had 12 total pieces of plastic in that little gizzard organ, 00:59:25.220 --> 00:59:30.400 so 12 of those fit in the organ this size. 00:59:31.680 --> 00:59:36.880 And there is some data suggesting that they can pass these 00:59:36.880 --> 00:59:39.500 or get rid of them faster than we thought, 00:59:39.540 --> 00:59:42.620 but we're not exactly sure how fast that actually happens. 00:59:42.620 --> 00:59:48.560 And so the bird is flying around for months to years with these pieces of within its GI tract. 00:59:48.840 --> 00:59:54.640 Right now I don't know how that's changing over time or how it may be impacting the bird, 00:59:54.640 --> 00:59:59.180 but hopefully by the end of my dissertation, I'll be able to tell you more about that. 01:00:00.120 --> 01:00:05.940 With that, after I kind of take out the plastic, I would go on to finish from my necropsy. 01:00:05.940 --> 01:00:13.340 I have a five page data sheet to kind of just measure everything about the bird 01:00:13.340 --> 01:00:15.680 and get a lot of information about it. 01:00:17.000 --> 01:00:21.440 I want to make sure to note that if you find a dead sea bird, 01:00:21.440 --> 01:00:25.520 don't you it's, it's actually illegal unless you have a permit 01:00:25.520 --> 01:00:28.500 to take that bird or take it apart. 01:00:28.500 --> 01:00:32.000 It's covered under the Fish and Wildlife Service, 01:00:32.000 --> 01:00:35.220 so I have permits to have all of these birds and deal with them. 01:00:35.900 --> 01:00:39.400 There are a number of different programs though on the East Coast 01:00:39.400 --> 01:00:44.100 and I believe on the West Coast that take beach birds and use them for data. 01:00:44.100 --> 01:00:50.380 And I know the one close to here has a lot of citizen science work involved with it, 01:00:50.380 --> 01:00:53.080 so even though you can't take it and dissect it yourself, 01:00:53.080 --> 01:00:57.540 you can certainly get involved with programs that use sea birds as samples. 01:00:58.120 --> 01:01:03.700 So with that, I'm going to de-glove and come back and see if I can field any questions if anyone's left. 01:01:05.060 --> 01:01:09.060 "-" Yes, pretty much everyone is stayed on the webinar. 01:01:10.240 --> 01:01:12.080 I'll go ahead and join you with my web camera. 01:01:12.220 --> 01:01:14.500 Alright, I'm gonna have to go back scroll up here to the top 01:01:14.500 --> 01:01:18.960 and see what are some of these questions that we talked about asking you. 01:01:20.260 --> 01:01:24.300 Someone had a good one about what international laws or treaties can be 01:01:24.300 --> 01:01:26.600 applied to the marine debris problem. 01:01:26.680 --> 01:01:29.140 Do you have any insight into that Anna? 01:01:29.760 --> 01:01:31.520 "-" Yeah, I have a little bit, 01:01:31.520 --> 01:01:38.540 and I'm gonna answer with the caveat that policy and solutions that's not my area of research. 01:01:39.320 --> 01:01:46.000 I have seen it suggested to have plastics listed as an international pollutant of concern. 01:01:47.100 --> 01:01:51.200 There is several international treaties that kind of deal with chemicals 01:01:51.200 --> 01:01:54.880 that we internationally, we say no, we're not gonna do this. 01:01:54.940 --> 01:01:58.240 And there's been some discussion in the scientific community 01:01:58.240 --> 01:02:01.640 to have plastics listed as that type of contaminant. 01:02:01.980 --> 01:02:08.580 So to say that we are going to deal with this on an international level, 01:02:08.580 --> 01:02:12.820 whether that's adding to the Stockholm Convention or creating a new treaty. 01:02:13.220 --> 01:02:19.480 Again I am not an expert on that, but I know that that solution has been floated around several times, 01:02:19.480 --> 01:02:21.040 particularly in recent years. 01:02:21.800 --> 01:02:23.200 "-" Great, thank you for that. 01:02:23.300 --> 01:02:26.860 A couple people brought up issues about plastic-eating bacteria. 01:02:26.860 --> 01:02:29.780 Is that such a thing, is it viable, what do you know about that? 01:02:30.880 --> 01:02:32.340 I know a little bit about that. 01:02:32.340 --> 01:02:39.100 There are some some plastic, excuse me, some bacteria that have been identified to degrade plastic, 01:02:39.100 --> 01:02:46.900 and my answer to that is the law of unintended consequences could be at play. 01:02:46.900 --> 01:02:52.640 And so while that is a great solution and that's awesome discovery in a laboratory setting, 01:02:52.860 --> 01:02:58.820 the scale of the plastic pollution problem suggests that bacteria can't deal with all of that, 01:02:58.820 --> 01:03:04.860 nor do we know if those bacteria could live in all the habitats that we know plastic lives in. 01:03:05.100 --> 01:03:07.300 So today, we just talked about ocean plastics, 01:03:07.300 --> 01:03:10.900 but plastics are also a freshwater problem, a terrestrial problem. 01:03:11.200 --> 01:03:15.220 And so while that does sound like a promising initial discovery, 01:03:15.240 --> 01:03:20.100 I think a lot of work has to be done to make something like that a viable solution to the problem. 01:03:21.140 --> 01:03:22.200 "-" Excellent! 01:03:22.520 --> 01:03:24.280 We have someone that asked about 01:03:24.280 --> 01:03:27.800 do you happen to know what percent of plastics are now part of plankton, 01:03:27.800 --> 01:03:32.840 like what's how, compared to plankton how much plastic debris is there. 01:03:35.320 --> 01:03:36.820 So I don't know. 01:03:37.160 --> 01:03:43.540 I think that we, so some of these estimates that I told you about today are pretty recent, 01:03:43.540 --> 01:03:47.260 and I don't think that there are great estimates about what, 01:03:49.040 --> 01:03:55.640 what amount of that plastic is in the the micro plastic or the nano plastic size classification. 01:03:55.640 --> 01:03:58.380 So if I'm I'm interpreting your question correctly, 01:03:58.920 --> 01:04:03.520 I don't I don't know if we're looking at the plankton how much of it is plastic. 01:04:03.620 --> 01:04:08.040 I think that would vary a lot depending on where you are, how close you are to sources 01:04:08.040 --> 01:04:11.200 if you're in a gyre, if you're not out of the gyre. 01:04:11.640 --> 01:04:15.700 That's a great question though, I know that deserves a lot more research attention to figure that out. 01:04:15.960 --> 01:04:20.260 "-" You know and I think 5 gyres based in Los Angeles has done some work on that. 01:04:20.260 --> 01:04:21.980 So for whoever asked answer that question, 01:04:21.980 --> 01:04:27.020 that might be a good source to get an accurate response based on the areas. 01:04:27.540 --> 01:04:31.440 Now what about that ocean project, cleanup project that's just launched. 01:04:31.620 --> 01:04:37.340 It's that young gentleman is it boy, Bowlin Slat, or something like that. 01:04:37.680 --> 01:04:39.660 What and what are your thoughts on that project. 01:04:40.860 --> 01:04:47.720 I think that is really exciting that someone is tackling that particular patch. 01:04:48.200 --> 01:04:57.760 Again, I want to highlight that we have put 6.3 billion metric tons of plastic into the ocean, 01:04:58.160 --> 01:05:01.780 and I hope I demonstrated for you here today, 01:05:01.820 --> 01:05:05.620 probably only about 1% of that is actually sitting at the ocean surface. 01:05:05.640 --> 01:05:10.000 And so I really applaud that project's cleanup efforts, 01:05:10.000 --> 01:05:16.960 but it is kind of just just one one finger of a hand that is needed to deal with the ocean plastics project 01:05:17.260 --> 01:05:19.520 or excuse me, ocean plastics problem. 01:05:20.460 --> 01:05:23.700 And so while I think it we should absolutely support his efforts, 01:05:23.700 --> 01:05:29.400 there needs to be more of a systemic approach to deal with ocean plastic pollution. 01:05:29.640 --> 01:05:36.180 I was, I was trying to find an analogy for how much plastic so we put, 01:05:36.180 --> 01:05:38.280 estimated to have put into the environment. 01:05:38.280 --> 01:05:43.740 And so essentially, it's every human being on the planet leave. 01:05:43.740 --> 01:05:48.000 We have seven point seven billion people on the planet. 01:05:48.240 --> 01:05:52.380 If every human being on the planet weighed a metric ton, 01:05:52.940 --> 01:06:00.200 we would still not equal the amount of plastic that we have hypothesized to put into the ocean 01:06:00.200 --> 01:06:03.720 or we'd just be approaching how much plastic we put into the ocean. 01:06:04.180 --> 01:06:06.600 So the scale of the problem is enormous. 01:06:07.140 --> 01:06:11.300 Not to say that we can't do something about it because that's what's so great about plastics, 01:06:11.300 --> 01:06:14.200 it's really an actionable problem. 01:06:15.160 --> 01:06:17.720 A lot of my other work as I mentioned deals with chemicals, 01:06:17.720 --> 01:06:19.460 and that's so much harder to deal with. 01:06:19.460 --> 01:06:21.600 Where as plastics, we can see a lot of it. 01:06:21.600 --> 01:06:26.620 We can see the large plastics that become the small plastics and deal with them 01:06:27.280 --> 01:06:29.080 before they even enter the ocean. 01:06:29.120 --> 01:06:31.680 And so the scale of the problem is huge, 01:06:31.680 --> 01:06:33.740 but we can make huge solutions too. 01:06:34.920 --> 01:06:35.900 "-" Yeah absolutely, 01:06:35.900 --> 01:06:37.271 and a lot of people were typing in. 01:06:37.280 --> 01:06:39.760 Some were saying they were upset with their local community 01:06:39.760 --> 01:06:43.140 because they're so picky on what can and can't be recycled. 01:06:43.480 --> 01:06:46.660 How do we educate the youth about this issue without overwhelming them? 01:06:47.060 --> 01:06:51.280 So I've been trying to send some responses back, at least from my own perspective. 01:06:51.580 --> 01:06:53.360 There are tons of questions. 01:06:53.360 --> 01:06:55.440 We're clearly not going to get to all of them. 01:06:56.020 --> 01:07:02.420 We will we will get a data sheet that gets produced from this webinar that shows 01:07:02.420 --> 01:07:04.820 all the questions that were asked that weren't answered. 01:07:04.820 --> 01:07:07.240 And so, it might be a big daunting task, 01:07:07.240 --> 01:07:12.480 but I'll certainly see if some of them are prominent questions can be answered by Anna 01:07:12.480 --> 01:07:15.780 and then emailed out to all of today's participants. 01:07:16.220 --> 01:07:23.040 So with that, I'm going to go ahead and take control back and go ahead and share my screen. 01:07:24.820 --> 01:07:26.500 I have to find myself on this list. 01:07:26.500 --> 01:07:27.680 Here I am. 01:07:31.040 --> 01:07:34.000 Okay, so just to wrap things up, 01:07:34.000 --> 01:07:37.960 there's also been a lot of questions and chatting about an archive. 01:07:37.960 --> 01:07:41.340 So where do you watch a recording if you wanted to watch this again 01:07:41.340 --> 01:07:43.540 or share it with a friend or a colleague. 01:07:43.940 --> 01:07:48.360 We do put an archive together of all the webinar recordings. 01:07:48.360 --> 01:07:49.600 They're at that website. 01:07:49.600 --> 01:07:51.020 I will type it into the box. 01:07:51.020 --> 01:07:57.660 It is going to be shared with you over email just shortly following this live presentation. 01:07:58.160 --> 01:08:01.440 There is an email there to sanctuary.education@noaa.gov. 01:08:01.440 --> 01:08:04.420 If you have any follow-up questions, that comes to me, 01:08:04.420 --> 01:08:06.640 and I'll get response to you. 01:08:07.180 --> 01:08:12.320 Everyone that participated today will receive a certificate of attendance that looks just like this 01:08:12.320 --> 01:08:15.720 but with different date and presentation title and presenter. 01:08:16.160 --> 01:08:20.560 And you can use this as a way to show proof of continuing education. 01:08:20.960 --> 01:08:22.640 There are some students participating, 01:08:22.640 --> 01:08:27.440 and you only receive this if you participated in today's live presentation. 01:08:27.820 --> 01:08:30.920 So, that'll be coming shortly in an email. 01:08:31.620 --> 01:08:38.780 Now I am sad to announce that our October webinar presentation on understanding ocean acidification 01:08:39.140 --> 01:08:41.080 has been cancelled. 01:08:41.800 --> 01:08:46.580 Unfortunately, the data in the classroom.noaa.gov resource that's available, 01:08:46.580 --> 01:08:52.560 we still have yet to get the near real-time, in real time ocean acidification data into that system. 01:08:52.900 --> 01:08:56.500 So we hope in the future we'll be able to offer this webinar. 01:08:56.620 --> 01:08:59.500 There were already about 184 people registered, 01:08:59.500 --> 01:09:02.280 so I'm sorry if some of you were registered. 01:09:02.800 --> 01:09:05.560 You will be getting a notification shortly that it's been cancelled. 01:09:05.800 --> 01:09:09.440 But, the good news is we're sticking with the same date and time, 01:09:09.740 --> 01:09:14.000 but we're gonna be offering a different different ocean acidification presentation. 01:09:14.000 --> 01:09:16.841 So still October 17th at 3:00 p.m. Pacific, 01:09:16.841 --> 01:09:18.760 which is 6:00 p.m. Eastern. 01:09:19.760 --> 01:09:21.240 Still ocean acidification, 01:09:21.240 --> 01:09:26.060 but we're gonna be talking with Dr. Shelly Trigg from the NOAA Northwest fisheries Science Center, 01:09:26.440 --> 01:09:31.240 and she's going to share some of her research on how ocean acidification could impact 01:09:31.240 --> 01:09:34.420 one of our favorite seafoods, the Dungeness crab. 01:09:34.820 --> 01:09:40.140 So you would have to register for this webinar separate from the previous OA one. 01:09:40.680 --> 01:09:42.500 So if this interests you, 01:09:43.180 --> 01:09:45.840 the link will be shared in a follow-up email. 01:09:46.480 --> 01:09:52.680 And I already had mentioned that we do a short short evaluation that pops up the minute this webinar ends. 01:09:52.840 --> 01:09:55.780 It would take you two to three minutes to answer these questions. 01:09:55.940 --> 01:10:00.540 It's really important to the NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries that we get this data, 01:10:00.540 --> 01:10:04.840 this evaluation data, from people that have participated in this webinar series 01:10:04.840 --> 01:10:08.940 so we can see how to make it better and improve it for the future. 01:10:08.940 --> 01:10:12.400 And we also ask if there's specific topics you're interested in 01:10:12.660 --> 01:10:16.200 and perhaps we can find relevant speakers to present on those topics. 01:10:16.720 --> 01:10:17.980 So as a last reminder, 01:10:17.980 --> 01:10:21.480 national marine sanctuaries help protect the ocean and Great Lakes, 01:10:21.740 --> 01:10:25.060 and I hope to see you on one of our future webinar series. 01:10:25.480 --> 01:10:29.320 With this, this concludes today's live presentation. 01:10:29.560 --> 01:10:34.120 Thank you Anna for a great presentation and a hands-on demonstration of the bird necropsy, 01:10:34.480 --> 01:10:37.960 and we look forward to seeing some of you in the future. 01:10:38.440 --> 01:10:39.200 Thank you. 01:10:39.200 --> 01:10:40.120 "-" Thanks everyone!