WEBVTT

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- Welcome to know a life.

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My name is Grace Simpkins,

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and I'm going to be
moderating today's webinar.

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This series is sponsored by NOAA's

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Regional Collaboration Network,

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which is spread across the country

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and helps connect people
to all that NOA does.

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It's also sponsored by Woods
Hole Sea Grant, where I work,

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located at the Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution

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here on Cape Cod.

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To find out about future
webinars, you can visit our

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Woods Hole Sea Grant Education page

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or just follow us on Facebook.

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This believe it or not,
is the 23rd webinar

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in the series designed to
help you get to know NOAA

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and some of our incredible experts

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during these months of school closures.

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Now, all of our speakers
work for some part of NOAA

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and that's the National Oceanic

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and Atmospheric Administration, N-O-A-A.

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Now today, I have the
pleasure of introducing you

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to Jennifer Stock, who
works at NOAA's Cordell Bank

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National Marine Sanctuary
in Alima, California.

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Well, we'll be talking about NOAA's role

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and studying seabirds and educating people

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about the health of the ocean.

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We want to recognize that
we are all coming to you

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from the traditional lands
of native communities

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who have substantial
traditional and local knowledge

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and much to share with us.

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We acknowledge that
Jennifer is coming to us

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from the land of the coastal Milwauke

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and the Southern Pomo peoples.

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We are hosting this webinar
from the ancestral lands

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of the Mashpee Wampanoag
Tribe and the Wampanoag Tribe

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of Gay Head Aquinnah.

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A few guidelines for those of you

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that haven't been with us before,

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you are all muted because
we have a lot of people

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on the line and we want
to hear the speaker.

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However, you see your question box.

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Some of you have already
written where you're from.

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Please, continue to write questions

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as we go through the talk.

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I'll be keeping track
of those for Jennifer,

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and she will stop every now
and then and answer a few.

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We may not get to all of your
questions but we'll try to get

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to as many of them as we possibly can.

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So enough of me talking at this point,

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I'm going to hand it over to Jennifer

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and it will be all yours, Jennifer.

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- Great, well good morning
everybody, and it's great to hear

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where everybody's from around the country.

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And I'm really excited to be
part of this webinar series.

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And today, we're going to
talk about Winged Ambassadors,

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these animals that are a
part of the ocean ecosystem

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but they don't live under the ocean.

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They live on top of the
ocean and soar all around

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our world ocean, which is three quarters

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of our earth's planet.

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And I find them to be fascinating animals.

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So we're going to talk a
little bit about some of their

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amazing adaptations, and
then we're going to focus on

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what we have as a winged
ambassador here in

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the North Pacific ocean, the albatrosses,

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and tell you a little bit about them.

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So we'll have time for
questions and I look forward

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to sharing this with you.

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So just a little bit about me,

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I work as the Education and
Outreach Coordinator for

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the Cordell Bank National
Marine Sanctuary in California.

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And what that means is I
get to teach people about

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the ocean through the lens of
our National Marine Sanctuary

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here off the coast of California.

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I started out loving the
ocean at a young age.

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I grew up on Long Island, New York,

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and spent time in the waters
of the Long Island Sound

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and the Atlantic ocean.

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And remember taking long
walks on the beaches

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and looking at everything that washed up

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and noticing the tides
and how exciting it was

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to find things that were really rare,

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and just had a lifelong love

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of our coastal ecology early on

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and was able to build
my career around that.

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So as part of my work, I
sometimes meet with students,

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I teach teachers, I do
talks, I do webinars.

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And one of the unique things
I do is I host a monthly

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radio program on a community
radio station out here

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about the ocean, it's
called Ocean Currents.

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And so, it's a way to
stay engaged with a lot

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of different ocean topics.

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But one of the things that I
really love about my job is

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because I get to work with
so many different audiences

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and sometimes kids is, I get
to be a little silly sometimes

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and sometimes they get to
wear fun hats like that,

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teaching about the deep sea.

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So it's a pretty exciting job

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and I'm really pleased to share some

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of the work that we have been doing here

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at the sanctuary with you all today.

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So you heard about our National
Marine Sanctuary System,

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a part of NOAA, and this is
a map showing where all these

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National Marine Sanctuaries are.

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And I heard where some
of you are from earlier,

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and I know some of you have joined since,

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and I'm curious if anyone could type in

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which National Marine Sanctuary,
if you can see on this map,

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might you be closest to, if
you can't read the sanctuary,

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just tell us the state that you're in.

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We'd just love to hear
where you're all at.

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- Okay, great question.

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And I have to say, well
folks are weighing in

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what sanctuary they're closest to.

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How excited we are to have
Jennifer here talking to us

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about the National
Marine Sanctuary System.

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She's our first sanctuary
speaker in the series,

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and we've been dying to get someone here,

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so we're so excited to have her.

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And I see that James says, he's closest

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to Stellwagen Bank as is Duncan and Eva.

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And also Avery's in Alaska,
we have Martha's closest

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to the Florida Keys
National Marine Sanctuary.

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Lisa is close to the,

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oh, I went off of it, but she's closest to

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the Olympic Coast
National Marine Sanctuary.

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We have Kyle near the Flower
Garden Banks Sanctuary.

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Mabel and Luke are near Mallows Bay.

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Annah is near the Monterey
Bay and Cordell Bank

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so she's in your area.

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And Beckett is also closest
to the Monterey Bay.

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So we've got folks from all
over that are really aware

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of their sanctuary 'cause
they're all giving me

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the sanctuary name.

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- That's great.

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Well, readily nice to hear that.

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And also if you'd like,
I'd like to encourage you

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to check out the other
sanctuaries at our website

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and that's a link that
will be after this talk.

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But each one of these has a
unique story and unique thing

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that they're protecting
either an ecosystem

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or maritime history and they're all really

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exciting places to learn about.

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They're like national parks,
but a little different

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because they're in the ocean
and in the Great Lakes.

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And for us here in California,

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there's a lot of Marine productivity,

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a lot of ocean life that
we are working to protect

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along with Maritime history,

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with four national Marine
Sanctuaries here in California.

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So I'm here at Cornell Bank,

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which is just North of San Francisco,

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and we are a National Marine Sanctuary

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that's entirely off shore

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and we have a sister
sanctuary right next to us,

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the Greater Farallones
National Marine Sanctuary,

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and just South of us,

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the Monterey Bay National
Marine Sanctuary.

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So this whole stretch of
coast was a place that people

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really thought, we really
want to protect these places

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because they're so valuable
to both our livelihoods,

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but also to all the
animals that live here.

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And so we all work together
to help protect these places.

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Cornell Bank, if you
take a look at this map,

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there's some really neat
features along the sea floor.

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So we have this light blue area

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and that's a couple hundred feet.

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And then there's this round
little thumbprint here,

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and that's the Cordell Bank,

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and a bank is a rocky
feature on the sea floor.

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Very much like Stellwagen Bank,
which I forgot to mention.

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Stellwagen Bank and Cordell
Bank were both discovered

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and mapped by the same
person, the same surveyor.

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His name was Edward Cordell.

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That's a little link we
have between our two areas

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between Massachusetts and California.

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And then we also have the Bodega Canyon,

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which you can see right here,

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this little wormy place right here

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and that's really cool deep sea habitat

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and then all these neat features here.

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So the diversity of seafloor
contours in combination

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with a really dynamic ocean
system and productivity system

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due to a process called upwelling,

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those two things combined
to make this amazing area

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where there's a ton of food in the water

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and we call this productivity.

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So we have krill on the right
there that has this red mass

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of animals and those are
little tiny uphalluses

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which are tiny little shrimp,

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and I actually have some here for you.

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I'm going to give you
a quick close up here.

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These are animals that are only about

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two centimeters wide,

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and you see those little black
dots, those are their eyes,

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and they need those eyes
for seeing down in the deep

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'cause they go down deep at night.

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But this tiny little food is
actually a really important

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food resource for a lot of animals,

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a lot of whales, a lot
of seabirds and fish.

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We also, with all that food,
have a lot of anchovies,

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a type of schooling fish
and sardines and squid.

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And I love the squid, they're really fun

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because they have this
great long body here

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with lots of little tentacles
and this fleshy part here.

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And they become a really good food,

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especially for the seabirds.

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So we have a ton of
food in the water here,

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which is why animals come from all around

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the Pacific ocean to feed here.

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We have whales coming up
from Costa Rica and Mexico,

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we have seabirds traveling
from Chile and New Zealand,

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and all the way across
from the Hawaiian Islands

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because the food is so good.

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So that is a main reason why we're working

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to protect these waters.

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So with all that food in the water,

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seabirds love Cordell Bank
National Marine Sanctuary.

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These are just a snapshot
of some of the birds

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that we've seen out there.

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And from all the research
and studies that we've done,

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we've seen 71 different
species of seabirds

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out in these waters.

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Knowing there's about 350 seabird species,

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that's quite a bit for one
tiny little area of the ocean

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so the food is really good.

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So it's an area we really
want to learn more about

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so we can best protect it to
help support these animals.

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But seabirds are to me,
really a fascinating animal

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because they travel on top of the water,

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and if you've ever been at
the ocean on a stormy day,

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and it's windy, and it's blustery,

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you can't imagine what it's like

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to be living on top of the water.

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So the adaptations of these
animals are pretty awesome,

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and we're going to dive
into those right now.

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So let's talk about what is a seabird?

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And think about all the
adaptations these animals have

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for having a successful life on the ocean.

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And adaptation is a body,
either a function or a body part

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that helps them to be most adapted

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to living in their habitat.

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And so to do this, I have
a volunteer here with me

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in the house that is
Owen from school as well.

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And where you are going to
dress him up as a seabird.

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So I want to introduce you to Owen.

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So Owen, come on over here.

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All right.

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So I want all of you
to think about some...

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00:10:55.580 --> 00:10:58.840
Here's Owen, hello Owen (laughs)

251
00:10:58.840 --> 00:11:00.700
So I want everybody to think about,

252
00:11:00.700 --> 00:11:05.040
what are things that a seabird
might need on their body

253
00:11:05.040 --> 00:11:08.950
to be worth best adapted
for living on the ocean?

254
00:11:08.950 --> 00:11:10.200
I'd like you to type those in

255
00:11:10.200 --> 00:11:12.020
and Grace will share those with us.

256
00:11:12.020 --> 00:11:15.420
And I have some prompts
here to demonstrate

257
00:11:15.420 --> 00:11:17.010
what that adaptation might be.

258
00:11:17.010 --> 00:11:19.863
And we're going to turn
Owen into a seabird.

259
00:11:23.670 --> 00:11:26.240
- Okay great, so I've already
got a lot of suggestions

260
00:11:26.240 --> 00:11:28.920
as to what adaptations seabirds have.

261
00:11:28.920 --> 00:11:31.980
So I'm going to share with
you that Sloan and Taylor

262
00:11:31.980 --> 00:11:34.640
and a variety of other people
have all said feathers,

263
00:11:34.640 --> 00:11:36.640
that sea birds have feathers.

264
00:11:36.640 --> 00:11:39.210
- Yeah, so they have
two layers of feathers.

265
00:11:39.210 --> 00:11:42.440
They have a layer of downy
feathers close to their skin,

266
00:11:42.440 --> 00:11:45.800
so Owen's going to get a
down vest to signify that,

267
00:11:45.800 --> 00:11:47.830
and that's to help keep their skin dry.

268
00:11:47.830 --> 00:11:50.270
They're living on the ocean,
they need to stay dry.

269
00:11:50.270 --> 00:11:53.960
They also have outer
feathers that are waterproof

270
00:11:53.960 --> 00:11:58.070
and really stiff for being
able to soar through the air

271
00:11:58.070 --> 00:12:02.810
as well as sometimes to dive under water.

272
00:12:02.810 --> 00:12:06.800
So he's going to get a yellow
rain jacket that's waterproof

273
00:12:06.800 --> 00:12:08.970
to signify those feathers.

274
00:12:08.970 --> 00:12:12.110
So he's got some great feathers
here, what else do we have?

275
00:12:12.110 --> 00:12:15.300
- Okay, so Connor, Daniel,
Grayson, Michael and Sloan

276
00:12:15.300 --> 00:12:17.623
all say long wings, they have wings.

277
00:12:18.786 --> 00:12:21.070
Jen, a lot of people are saying wings.

278
00:12:21.070 --> 00:12:23.000
- Excellent, they absolutely have wings

279
00:12:23.000 --> 00:12:24.000
and you're going to see later.

280
00:12:24.000 --> 00:12:27.210
Seabirds come in all shapes
and sizes, and some have really

281
00:12:27.210 --> 00:12:30.400
long wings and some
have really short wings.

282
00:12:30.400 --> 00:12:32.540
So Owen, yeah, you're just
going to put these wings out.

283
00:12:32.540 --> 00:12:35.690
Awesome, and those are
his wings, his arms.

284
00:12:35.690 --> 00:12:37.370
What else do we have?

285
00:12:37.370 --> 00:12:41.400
- Okay, we have a couple of
people, Danny is saying that

286
00:12:41.400 --> 00:12:44.970
they have webbed feet
and claws on their feet.

287
00:12:44.970 --> 00:12:47.050
- Absolutely, so they have webbed feet

288
00:12:47.050 --> 00:12:50.000
because they paddle along
the surface of the water

289
00:12:50.000 --> 00:12:53.570
and sometimes some birds
need those webbed feet

290
00:12:53.570 --> 00:12:56.550
for running along the surface of the ocean

291
00:12:56.550 --> 00:12:58.630
to take flight and go.

292
00:12:58.630 --> 00:13:02.960
So if you can fit that slipper on,

293
00:13:02.960 --> 00:13:04.870
he's got his webbed feet.

294
00:13:04.870 --> 00:13:06.620
Okay, what else do we have?

295
00:13:06.620 --> 00:13:09.320
- Nice, Cameron, Connor,
Ellie and a few others

296
00:13:09.320 --> 00:13:14.320
are all saying also that they have beaks.

297
00:13:15.570 --> 00:13:18.940
- Yes, they do have beaks, and those beaks

298
00:13:18.940 --> 00:13:21.500
are really good for two things.

299
00:13:21.500 --> 00:13:23.590
They're really good for smelling

300
00:13:23.590 --> 00:13:26.710
and they're also really
good at eating their prey.

301
00:13:26.710 --> 00:13:31.330
So I have a special beef
for Owen that we have

302
00:13:31.330 --> 00:13:33.110
and there's a couple other
things about the beak

303
00:13:33.110 --> 00:13:33.990
I want to tell you about.

304
00:13:33.990 --> 00:13:37.100
So the beak not only is good at smelling

305
00:13:37.100 --> 00:13:39.090
and tearing apart food that they find,

306
00:13:39.090 --> 00:13:41.303
that's a great beak their buddy,

307
00:13:42.140 --> 00:13:47.140
they also have a salt
processing gland in their head

308
00:13:47.160 --> 00:13:49.570
that helps them remove
salt from the water.

309
00:13:49.570 --> 00:13:52.280
And I have a salt here to
show you what that looks like.

310
00:13:52.280 --> 00:13:54.300
This is an albatross' score.

311
00:13:54.300 --> 00:13:56.630
We're going to be talking a
lot about albatross later,

312
00:13:56.630 --> 00:14:00.110
and you can see that hooked
beak that it has right there

313
00:14:00.110 --> 00:14:02.210
for tearing apart prey,

314
00:14:02.210 --> 00:14:06.470
but you can also see on the beak there,

315
00:14:06.470 --> 00:14:10.690
those two holes and that's where
the salt crystals come out.

316
00:14:10.690 --> 00:14:12.010
The salt gland is in here

317
00:14:12.010 --> 00:14:14.230
and the salt crystals come out there.

318
00:14:14.230 --> 00:14:16.084
So I'm going to give Owen
another cup for that.

319
00:14:16.084 --> 00:14:18.540
You've got a salt shaker,
that's to remind us

320
00:14:18.540 --> 00:14:21.220
of the salt processing gland.

321
00:14:21.220 --> 00:14:23.000
Okay, what else do we have?

322
00:14:23.000 --> 00:14:25.480
- Okay, I have a few
people here saying that

323
00:14:25.480 --> 00:14:28.840
they have a good sense of
smell and good eyesight.

324
00:14:28.840 --> 00:14:31.040
- Absolutely a great sense of smell.

325
00:14:31.040 --> 00:14:33.580
They can smell from over 12 miles away,

326
00:14:33.580 --> 00:14:36.910
the albatrosses, so they
can really smell their food.

327
00:14:36.910 --> 00:14:39.670
And they also have really good eyesight.

328
00:14:39.670 --> 00:14:41.920
And I've learned that some seabirds

329
00:14:41.920 --> 00:14:43.580
have really good eyesight adapted

330
00:14:43.580 --> 00:14:45.970
for seeing below the water.

331
00:14:45.970 --> 00:14:47.670
And some of them have better eyesight

332
00:14:47.670 --> 00:14:49.820
for seeing just below
the surface of the water.

333
00:14:49.820 --> 00:14:51.290
So it depends on the species.

334
00:14:51.290 --> 00:14:52.970
So we have some sunglasses for Owen

335
00:14:52.970 --> 00:14:56.043
to help him see on a sunny day.

336
00:14:56.043 --> 00:14:57.960
Awesome (laughs).

337
00:14:57.960 --> 00:15:02.500
- Nice, some folks are saying that

338
00:15:02.500 --> 00:15:05.790
one of the adaptations is migration.

339
00:15:05.790 --> 00:15:08.400
They're not quite sure
what adaptation they have

340
00:15:08.400 --> 00:15:10.600
that allows them to
migrate, but they think that

341
00:15:10.600 --> 00:15:12.780
there's something they use to migrate.

342
00:15:12.780 --> 00:15:15.370
- Yeah, so they use their nose to smell,

343
00:15:15.370 --> 00:15:20.300
to help them migrate, but they
also use an internal compass

344
00:15:20.300 --> 00:15:23.750
that helps them to sense
the earth's magnetic field.

345
00:15:23.750 --> 00:15:26.140
So I have a compass here for Owen,

346
00:15:26.140 --> 00:15:29.750
and they also use the stars,

347
00:15:29.750 --> 00:15:31.960
and they can navigate by the stars.

348
00:15:31.960 --> 00:15:33.610
And so we have a star chart here

349
00:15:33.610 --> 00:15:36.830
to help Owen navigate flying.

350
00:15:36.830 --> 00:15:39.320
So if the ocean is your home,

351
00:15:39.320 --> 00:15:41.730
and the ocean is three
quarters of a earth's surface,

352
00:15:41.730 --> 00:15:44.410
that's a lot of navigation to do.

353
00:15:44.410 --> 00:15:47.120
They have an internal GPS to do all that.

354
00:15:47.120 --> 00:15:48.290
And I have one last little prop here

355
00:15:48.290 --> 00:15:52.410
and that is a layer of
insulation around their body.

356
00:15:52.410 --> 00:15:55.750
Just a little bit of
fat to keep that warmth

357
00:15:55.750 --> 00:15:59.870
and I have a little wetsuit
glove here for Owen.

358
00:15:59.870 --> 00:16:02.760
So does this look like a
seabird you've ever seen

359
00:16:02.760 --> 00:16:05.150
before on the coast?

360
00:16:05.150 --> 00:16:07.600
Everybody give Owen a round of applause

361
00:16:07.600 --> 00:16:12.300
for being our seabird
demonstration (shouts)

362
00:16:12.300 --> 00:16:13.970
- Owen looks like a great seabird.

363
00:16:13.970 --> 00:16:17.480
I have to say if I saw
you on the beach Owen,

364
00:16:17.480 --> 00:16:20.230
I would definitely take a
picture of you as a sea bird.

365
00:16:21.290 --> 00:16:23.700
- Well thank you Owen
for volunteering today

366
00:16:23.700 --> 00:16:24.910
on your school day

367
00:16:24.910 --> 00:16:28.216
and I'm going to continue
back with our (mumbles)

368
00:16:28.216 --> 00:16:30.610
And I'll simply as for you what to teach.

369
00:16:30.610 --> 00:16:33.260
- Okay, Jennifer, I just want
to mention one other thing

370
00:16:33.260 --> 00:16:35.610
that Tom said that I
thought was really great

371
00:16:35.610 --> 00:16:37.800
that we didn't say, but
it was worth mentioning.

372
00:16:37.800 --> 00:16:40.660
He mentioned that birds
have light bones too.

373
00:16:40.660 --> 00:16:44.100
- Oh, absolutely, yes,
they have very light bones

374
00:16:44.100 --> 00:16:46.090
and some of them are kind of hollow

375
00:16:46.090 --> 00:16:48.407
and just have little
straps inside for support

376
00:16:48.407 --> 00:16:51.080
and that's to help them be able to fly

377
00:16:51.080 --> 00:16:52.580
really easily and efficiently.

378
00:16:52.580 --> 00:16:55.610
If they had heavy stick bones,
it would be really hard to,

379
00:16:55.610 --> 00:16:57.400
and a lot of energy.

380
00:16:57.400 --> 00:17:00.140
Yes, that's a great
adaptation to add as well.

381
00:17:00.140 --> 00:17:02.170
So I thought we could take
some other questions right now

382
00:17:02.170 --> 00:17:03.233
before we move on.

383
00:17:04.280 --> 00:17:06.480
- Absolutely- we have some great questions

384
00:17:06.480 --> 00:17:08.100
and if you want to minimize your slide

385
00:17:08.100 --> 00:17:10.740
so we can just see you,
that would be wonderful.

386
00:17:10.740 --> 00:17:13.220
I've been keeping track of these.

387
00:17:13.220 --> 00:17:16.770
So Wam is one of our regulars
and I love this question.

388
00:17:16.770 --> 00:17:19.463
So he asked how did you get your job?

389
00:17:20.749 --> 00:17:22.740
- (clears throat) Well,
that's a great question.

390
00:17:22.740 --> 00:17:25.640
So I started out when I was in college.

391
00:17:25.640 --> 00:17:28.410
I knew that I enjoyed
teaching about nature

392
00:17:28.410 --> 00:17:29.690
and being outside.

393
00:17:29.690 --> 00:17:33.490
And I was very lucky, I
applied to work as a seasonal

394
00:17:33.490 --> 00:17:35.460
national park ranger and I worked

395
00:17:35.460 --> 00:17:37.400
at Assateague Island National Seashore

396
00:17:37.400 --> 00:17:40.650
and Fire Island National
Seashore as a ranger.

397
00:17:40.650 --> 00:17:43.670
And I got a lot of
experience teaching there

398
00:17:43.670 --> 00:17:46.400
and talking to the public
about those places.

399
00:17:46.400 --> 00:17:47.900
And then I went on and also taught

400
00:17:47.900 --> 00:17:50.473
environmental education
at a couple schools.

401
00:17:51.400 --> 00:17:53.050
And so I got all this experience,

402
00:17:53.050 --> 00:17:54.480
teaching in different places.

403
00:17:54.480 --> 00:17:56.090
And then when I found out about

404
00:17:56.090 --> 00:17:59.220
the position with the
sanctuary, I applied for it

405
00:17:59.220 --> 00:18:02.480
and I had an interview,
and eventually I was hired.

406
00:18:02.480 --> 00:18:05.940
It was a great progression for experiences

407
00:18:05.940 --> 00:18:07.663
before landing with NOAA.

408
00:18:09.010 --> 00:18:12.570
- Great, and Connor and
Daniel as well as Ellen

409
00:18:12.570 --> 00:18:17.000
are asking, what's your
favorite part of your job?

410
00:18:17.000 --> 00:18:18.080
- Oh, that's great.

411
00:18:18.080 --> 00:18:20.340
Well, you know what I really love is being

412
00:18:20.340 --> 00:18:22.700
super engaged with all
the science and research

413
00:18:22.700 --> 00:18:25.400
that we're doing in the
National Marine Sanctuaries

414
00:18:25.400 --> 00:18:27.400
and in the ocean here.

415
00:18:27.400 --> 00:18:29.530
And it keeps me learning all the time

416
00:18:29.530 --> 00:18:31.550
and that's something that
I really value, is that

417
00:18:31.550 --> 00:18:33.160
I'm constantly learning.

418
00:18:33.160 --> 00:18:35.930
And that's something
that feeds me every day

419
00:18:35.930 --> 00:18:37.810
and gives me a lot of
excitement and energy,

420
00:18:37.810 --> 00:18:39.530
is learning and being able to share

421
00:18:39.530 --> 00:18:41.410
these new learnings with everybody.

422
00:18:41.410 --> 00:18:43.410
So that's the part that I love the most.

423
00:18:44.330 --> 00:18:46.660
- Great, now we have a
couple of seabird questions.

424
00:18:46.660 --> 00:18:49.380
So Raven is asking, what's
the most common place

425
00:18:49.380 --> 00:18:51.203
where we might find seabirds?

426
00:18:52.130 --> 00:18:54.990
- Well, most seabirds are
actually out on the ocean.

427
00:18:54.990 --> 00:18:56.730
So sometimes if you go to the coast,

428
00:18:56.730 --> 00:18:58.770
you might see some birds
that are hanging out

429
00:18:58.770 --> 00:19:00.740
on the beach or on the Rocky shores,

430
00:19:00.740 --> 00:19:03.670
and those are shorebirds and
they're really fun to watch

431
00:19:03.670 --> 00:19:05.030
and study as well.

432
00:19:05.030 --> 00:19:07.240
Seabirds are away from the coast,

433
00:19:07.240 --> 00:19:09.850
so they are a couple
of miles off the coast.

434
00:19:09.850 --> 00:19:14.020
With the exception of
gals, and gals come inland.

435
00:19:14.020 --> 00:19:16.180
And so if you live in the Great Lakes area

436
00:19:16.180 --> 00:19:17.620
or anywhere in the middle
of the United States,

437
00:19:17.620 --> 00:19:19.680
there are a lot of gals inland as well

438
00:19:19.680 --> 00:19:21.900
because they hang out in your freshwater,

439
00:19:21.900 --> 00:19:23.710
but they also go to near salt water.

440
00:19:23.710 --> 00:19:26.903
So you might see some
gals as seabirds as well.

441
00:19:27.790 --> 00:19:29.947
You might live near a bay,
and if you live near a bay,

442
00:19:29.947 --> 00:19:31.540
you might see some seabirds.

443
00:19:31.540 --> 00:19:34.710
I've seen seabirds going
across the Golden Gate Bridge

444
00:19:34.710 --> 00:19:38.813
and they are hanging out
in any open body of water.

445
00:19:40.760 --> 00:19:44.570
- Great, we have a couple
of other quick questions.

446
00:19:44.570 --> 00:19:46.600
So Sloan asked,

447
00:19:46.600 --> 00:19:51.600
what shape nest do seabirds make?

448
00:19:51.700 --> 00:19:54.280
Is there a specific shape to their nest?

449
00:19:54.280 --> 00:19:55.710
- Well, it depends on the species.

450
00:19:55.710 --> 00:19:59.320
So some species of seabirds
breed on the ice like penguins

451
00:19:59.320 --> 00:20:01.920
and so they just take a
little space on the ice

452
00:20:01.920 --> 00:20:03.220
for laying an egg.

453
00:20:03.220 --> 00:20:06.120
Some will actually go
onto the rocky cliffs.

454
00:20:06.120 --> 00:20:09.090
Right off shore here, we
have the Farallon Islands,

455
00:20:09.090 --> 00:20:11.260
and we have the common murre that breeds

456
00:20:11.260 --> 00:20:13.040
on those islands with these rocky cliffs.

457
00:20:13.040 --> 00:20:15.970
And so they lay an egg
that's just tucked in right

458
00:20:15.970 --> 00:20:18.760
in those rocks that they can brood on.

459
00:20:18.760 --> 00:20:21.730
Some of them actually
will make a little nest

460
00:20:21.730 --> 00:20:24.960
with some material that's on the ground,

461
00:20:24.960 --> 00:20:27.800
and for the albatrosses, which
we're going to be talking

462
00:20:27.800 --> 00:20:29.280
about more later, they make a little divot

463
00:20:29.280 --> 00:20:31.890
in the sand and just bring
a little grass around

464
00:20:31.890 --> 00:20:33.420
to signify their nest.

465
00:20:33.420 --> 00:20:35.440
So it really depends on the species,

466
00:20:35.440 --> 00:20:38.780
and there's some that burrow underground

467
00:20:38.780 --> 00:20:40.700
and have their nest underground,

468
00:20:40.700 --> 00:20:43.200
and they're really interesting
to learn about too.

469
00:20:44.290 --> 00:20:46.310
- Great, so I'm going to
ask you one more question

470
00:20:46.310 --> 00:20:48.280
and then let you go on 'cause
I know you have some really

471
00:20:48.280 --> 00:20:49.510
interesting things to show us,

472
00:20:49.510 --> 00:20:53.010
but a lot of our attendees,
a lot of the kids

473
00:20:53.010 --> 00:20:54.620
are asking about certain species,

474
00:20:54.620 --> 00:20:56.280
if they're a seabird or not.

475
00:20:56.280 --> 00:20:58.900
So I was hoping you could just tell them

476
00:20:58.900 --> 00:21:01.160
what distinguishes a seabird
from the other birds,

477
00:21:01.160 --> 00:21:03.540
what makes something
fall in that category.

478
00:21:03.540 --> 00:21:05.420
And also maybe just what the most common

479
00:21:05.420 --> 00:21:07.928
seabird is in your area.

480
00:21:07.928 --> 00:21:09.420
(mumbles)

481
00:21:09.420 --> 00:21:10.910
- Probably the most common would be a gal

482
00:21:10.910 --> 00:21:13.030
because we have a lot of
different species of gals

483
00:21:13.030 --> 00:21:14.920
around here in California.

484
00:21:14.920 --> 00:21:18.790
But a seabird is technically
defined by an animal

485
00:21:18.790 --> 00:21:20.390
that makes its living from the ocean.

486
00:21:20.390 --> 00:21:23.510
So it eats its food from the ocean.

487
00:21:23.510 --> 00:21:26.220
So that's what makes a seabird a seabird.

488
00:21:26.220 --> 00:21:28.720
And the seabirds we're
going to focus on today

489
00:21:28.720 --> 00:21:31.660
are really birds that are offshore,

490
00:21:31.660 --> 00:21:33.730
and we don't really get to
see them from the beach.

491
00:21:33.730 --> 00:21:36.520
You have to get on a boat to see them.

492
00:21:36.520 --> 00:21:38.810
So there's really different
adaptations about them

493
00:21:38.810 --> 00:21:40.810
and how they navigate the world's ocean.

494
00:21:42.810 --> 00:21:44.880
- Great, I'm going to let you move on,

495
00:21:44.880 --> 00:21:46.780
but I'm just going to prep
you that we are going to be

496
00:21:46.780 --> 00:21:48.860
asking you what your favorite seabird is

497
00:21:48.860 --> 00:21:50.420
- Oh, well (mumbles)
at the end.

498
00:21:50.420 --> 00:21:51.794
- Or you can tell us now.

499
00:21:51.794 --> 00:21:54.910
- (laughs) My favorite
seabird is a albatross,

500
00:21:54.910 --> 00:21:57.960
the black-footed and Laysan
albatross are my favorite.

501
00:21:57.960 --> 00:21:58.793
And I'll tell you why?

502
00:21:58.793 --> 00:22:01.020
When I first came to the sanctuary,

503
00:22:01.020 --> 00:22:03.640
I got to go out on a boat off into

504
00:22:03.640 --> 00:22:06.100
the Greater Farallon
Sanctuary to learn more about

505
00:22:06.100 --> 00:22:08.180
the offshore ecosystems.

506
00:22:08.180 --> 00:22:11.360
And the naturalist on board
who became a friend of mine,

507
00:22:11.360 --> 00:22:13.527
she said, "Oh, you're
working at Cornell Bank,

508
00:22:13.527 --> 00:22:15.000
"do you know much about seabirds?"

509
00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:17.320
And at the time I was
like, "Oh, a little bit."

510
00:22:17.320 --> 00:22:19.127
And she said, "You're going
to learn a lot about seabirds.

511
00:22:19.127 --> 00:22:21.120
"Have you ever seen an albatross?"

512
00:22:21.120 --> 00:22:23.050
And I said, "No."

513
00:22:23.050 --> 00:22:25.100
And she said, "Well look,
they're on the horizon."

514
00:22:25.100 --> 00:22:29.280
And there's pretty soon this
bird with this lumbering wing

515
00:22:29.280 --> 00:22:31.430
which started coming directly towards us

516
00:22:31.430 --> 00:22:35.040
and I was completely
dumbfounded by how amazing

517
00:22:35.040 --> 00:22:37.480
the graceful they were
and just wanted to learn

518
00:22:37.480 --> 00:22:39.820
so much more about those birds.

519
00:22:39.820 --> 00:22:41.820
And then, I have since
read books about them

520
00:22:41.820 --> 00:22:45.070
and learn more about how they
have such amazing lifestyle.

521
00:22:45.070 --> 00:22:48.740
So they're my favorites and
they're also some of the hardest

522
00:22:48.740 --> 00:22:51.020
to see and I think that's
something I like in general,

523
00:22:51.020 --> 00:22:52.570
are things that are hard to see

524
00:22:52.570 --> 00:22:54.550
because I like to share them with people

525
00:22:54.550 --> 00:22:57.070
and help people see the
things that are not easy

526
00:22:57.070 --> 00:22:59.520
to see through education.

527
00:22:59.520 --> 00:23:00.620
So awesome questions.

528
00:23:00.620 --> 00:23:01.940
I can't wait to hear some more of these.

529
00:23:01.940 --> 00:23:06.283
Let's move along to a little
bit more about seabirds.

530
00:23:09.440 --> 00:23:12.010
So I wanted to just back
up with another picture,

531
00:23:12.010 --> 00:23:14.610
which were talking about the salt glands.

532
00:23:14.610 --> 00:23:16.930
And this is in the group of seabirds,

533
00:23:16.930 --> 00:23:20.030
the tube-nosed birds and
you can tell by their bill,

534
00:23:20.030 --> 00:23:23.880
this is a tube-nosed bird, it
has like a tube down its bill.

535
00:23:23.880 --> 00:23:27.020
And you can see on top
of the bird, on top here,

536
00:23:27.020 --> 00:23:28.550
this is a northern fulmar.

537
00:23:28.550 --> 00:23:31.820
It has a little area here and that's where

538
00:23:31.820 --> 00:23:33.360
the salt crystals come out.

539
00:23:33.360 --> 00:23:35.180
The gland is here in their brain,

540
00:23:35.180 --> 00:23:37.040
and then on the albatrosses here as well.

541
00:23:37.040 --> 00:23:39.220
But it's really interesting
to see how it works.

542
00:23:39.220 --> 00:23:42.430
It's here in the brain and
it extracts the salt crystals

543
00:23:42.430 --> 00:23:44.500
and they come out here this way.

544
00:23:44.500 --> 00:23:47.260
And sometimes, you might
see seabirds or gals

545
00:23:47.260 --> 00:23:48.490
shaking their head like this,

546
00:23:48.490 --> 00:23:51.180
and it might be to release
some of the salt crystals

547
00:23:51.180 --> 00:23:52.650
out of those nostrils.

548
00:23:52.650 --> 00:23:54.990
So that's just a really cool
thing I wanted to show you

549
00:23:54.990 --> 00:23:56.063
before we moved on.

550
00:23:57.200 --> 00:23:59.130
So the other neat thing about seabirds,

551
00:23:59.130 --> 00:24:03.280
they spend their entire
lives at sea except

552
00:24:03.280 --> 00:24:05.960
when they come to land to do one thing.

553
00:24:05.960 --> 00:24:07.420
And you have four choices here.

554
00:24:07.420 --> 00:24:09.480
I want you to type in what you think

555
00:24:09.480 --> 00:24:11.260
seabirds come to land to do.

556
00:24:11.260 --> 00:24:14.903
They either rest, eat,
reproduce or sleep, which one?

557
00:24:17.770 --> 00:24:19.160
- All right, great question.

558
00:24:19.160 --> 00:24:22.550
And I think I warned you that
we have a very savvy crew

559
00:24:22.550 --> 00:24:25.630
that joins us so I have to say that

560
00:24:25.630 --> 00:24:27.160
the overwhelming majority,

561
00:24:27.160 --> 00:24:30.820
Michael, Juliana, Ellie, Dawn and Bridget,

562
00:24:30.820 --> 00:24:33.570
everyone is saying C, reproduce.

563
00:24:33.570 --> 00:24:35.220
- Good job you guys, you're right.

564
00:24:35.220 --> 00:24:37.770
They come to land to reproduce
because birds can't lay

565
00:24:37.770 --> 00:24:40.400
an egg on the ocean, it would fall.

566
00:24:40.400 --> 00:24:42.350
They need it to be on land.

567
00:24:42.350 --> 00:24:45.720
So all around the world,
ocean seabirds find colonies

568
00:24:45.720 --> 00:24:47.760
where they can lay their eggs.

569
00:24:47.760 --> 00:24:49.180
Right here is a brown booby

570
00:24:49.180 --> 00:24:51.650
that's sitting on an egg right there.

571
00:24:51.650 --> 00:24:53.380
And some of them are closer to shore,

572
00:24:53.380 --> 00:24:54.750
some of them are farther away

573
00:24:54.750 --> 00:24:58.603
on remote islands to reproduce.

574
00:25:00.110 --> 00:25:03.490
So another thing about
seabirds, one of the adaptations

575
00:25:03.490 --> 00:25:05.060
I heard someone say is they have wings,

576
00:25:05.060 --> 00:25:08.130
they have long wings, and
some seabirds have long wings.

577
00:25:08.130 --> 00:25:12.240
The wandering albatross has
a wing stand of 12 feet,

578
00:25:12.240 --> 00:25:14.050
which is probably bigger than my car.

579
00:25:14.050 --> 00:25:17.310
I have a Subaru, which is amazing.

580
00:25:17.310 --> 00:25:19.800
And then if you look at this picture here,

581
00:25:19.800 --> 00:25:21.170
there's different colors of birds

582
00:25:21.170 --> 00:25:22.170
with different sized wings.

583
00:25:22.170 --> 00:25:24.360
We have seabirds that
are everywhere in between

584
00:25:24.360 --> 00:25:27.950
and all the way down to
just like 12 inches across.

585
00:25:27.950 --> 00:25:31.310
And so the wing's fan is
a big part of determining

586
00:25:31.310 --> 00:25:32.970
how you use the ocean.

587
00:25:32.970 --> 00:25:37.090
Are you a wandering
animal that wanders across

588
00:25:37.090 --> 00:25:41.760
the entire ocean or are you
an animal that stays local

589
00:25:41.760 --> 00:25:43.470
and does a lot of quick movements

590
00:25:43.470 --> 00:25:45.500
and can dive under the water.

591
00:25:45.500 --> 00:25:48.910
Some seabirds actually feed
by diving under the water.

592
00:25:48.910 --> 00:25:50.557
And so you need some
shorter wings for that.

593
00:25:50.557 --> 00:25:53.640
It'd be a little hard with your long wings

594
00:25:53.640 --> 00:25:55.060
to swim under the water.

595
00:25:55.060 --> 00:25:57.313
So that's one of the neat things
I like to pay attention to

596
00:25:57.313 --> 00:26:00.380
when looking at seabirds,
is watching their wings,

597
00:26:00.380 --> 00:26:05.080
and the short winged
birds are usually a family

598
00:26:05.080 --> 00:26:07.020
of birds called the alcids.

599
00:26:07.020 --> 00:26:08.730
And those are the birds that are divers,

600
00:26:08.730 --> 00:26:10.200
they dive under the water.

601
00:26:10.200 --> 00:26:14.300
And then the mid birds are
petrels as well as shearwaters.

602
00:26:14.300 --> 00:26:17.580
And then the albatrosses
are those grand birds

603
00:26:17.580 --> 00:26:19.790
with the big wingspan, like the red there

604
00:26:19.790 --> 00:26:21.600
in this illustration.

605
00:26:21.600 --> 00:26:23.990
So it's all about your wing
and your wing tells you

606
00:26:23.990 --> 00:26:25.540
how you're going to use the ocean.

607
00:26:26.390 --> 00:26:28.830
So I want to move to
ambassador species here

608
00:26:28.830 --> 00:26:30.043
in the North Pacific.

609
00:26:33.300 --> 00:26:35.220
We call them an ambassador
because they have a lot

610
00:26:35.220 --> 00:26:36.920
of stories to tell, these are predators.

611
00:26:36.920 --> 00:26:40.430
All seabirds are predators
of the prey in the ocean.

612
00:26:40.430 --> 00:26:43.470
And what happens to
them is very indicative

613
00:26:43.470 --> 00:26:45.680
of the health of the ocean for all animals

614
00:26:45.680 --> 00:26:46.717
that live in the ocean.

615
00:26:46.717 --> 00:26:49.660
And so seabirds are truly
ambassadors for us learning

616
00:26:49.660 --> 00:26:51.230
about the ocean's health.

617
00:26:51.230 --> 00:26:54.320
So on the left, we have the
Laysan albatross or molly,

618
00:26:54.320 --> 00:26:57.290
and then the black-footed
albatross, the Kahuku,

619
00:26:57.290 --> 00:26:59.010
and those are the native Hawaiian names.

620
00:26:59.010 --> 00:27:00.300
These are birds that breed

621
00:27:00.300 --> 00:27:02.093
in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands.

622
00:27:03.460 --> 00:27:05.930
So here's a map showing where those are.

623
00:27:05.930 --> 00:27:07.790
Some of you might be
familiar with the main

624
00:27:07.790 --> 00:27:11.830
Hawaiian Islands here at
Hawaii and Maui and Wahoo,

625
00:27:11.830 --> 00:27:16.560
but further on, Northwest
of there is this string

626
00:27:16.560 --> 00:27:18.960
of islands and ashfalls that are just

627
00:27:18.960 --> 00:27:21.290
a couple of feet above sea level.

628
00:27:21.290 --> 00:27:23.740
They're ancient coral
reefs that have built up

629
00:27:23.740 --> 00:27:26.860
and become islands, and
they are a breeding site

630
00:27:26.860 --> 00:27:31.470
for many types of seabirds,
also sea turtles and monk seals

631
00:27:31.470 --> 00:27:33.440
and it's a really special area

632
00:27:33.440 --> 00:27:35.480
for a lot of different Marine life.

633
00:27:35.480 --> 00:27:38.620
This area is also protected by NOAA

634
00:27:38.620 --> 00:27:41.650
as the Papahanaumokuakea
Marine National Monument.

635
00:27:41.650 --> 00:27:44.240
We're going to quiz you
on how to say that later.

636
00:27:44.240 --> 00:27:47.960
And that is a partnership
with the state of Hawaii

637
00:27:47.960 --> 00:27:51.180
as well as the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service and NOAA,

638
00:27:51.180 --> 00:27:53.670
and they work together to
help protect these places.

639
00:27:53.670 --> 00:27:56.277
So these seabirds, the
albatrosses breed out here

640
00:27:56.277 --> 00:27:58.210
and some of them breed way out here

641
00:27:58.210 --> 00:28:01.340
in Kure Atoll and Midway Atoll.

642
00:28:01.340 --> 00:28:03.110
And someday I'd love to
be able to visit there,

643
00:28:03.110 --> 00:28:04.410
but it's very hard to get there.

644
00:28:04.410 --> 00:28:07.590
You have to be a biologist
and be willing to spend

645
00:28:07.590 --> 00:28:09.020
a lot of time in remote areas

646
00:28:09.020 --> 00:28:10.893
under really harsh conditions.

647
00:28:11.820 --> 00:28:13.910
So they come to these islands

648
00:28:13.910 --> 00:28:15.610
and they are in dense colonies.

649
00:28:15.610 --> 00:28:17.860
So this is Midway Island
and you can see there's some

650
00:28:17.860 --> 00:28:20.130
human history on this Island.

651
00:28:20.130 --> 00:28:22.310
There was a battle of Midway out there.

652
00:28:22.310 --> 00:28:24.310
And so there was some remnants from some

653
00:28:24.310 --> 00:28:26.610
of the early military activity.

654
00:28:26.610 --> 00:28:28.440
And the albatrosses don't care.

655
00:28:28.440 --> 00:28:29.810
This is a special place for them.

656
00:28:29.810 --> 00:28:32.103
They nest in these big, big colonies.

657
00:28:33.150 --> 00:28:36.140
And they have a lifelong pair bonds.

658
00:28:36.140 --> 00:28:38.120
These birds take a couple of years

659
00:28:38.120 --> 00:28:41.300
but they flirt with each other
and they find their mate,

660
00:28:41.300 --> 00:28:45.200
and it's a lifelong pair bond
if both birds can survive.

661
00:28:45.200 --> 00:28:48.140
These are black-footed
albatross courting each other,

662
00:28:48.140 --> 00:28:52.130
and this is a Laysan
albatross courting each other.

663
00:28:52.130 --> 00:28:56.120
And they have really fun
dances and sounds to make

664
00:28:56.120 --> 00:28:56.953
when they're doing this,

665
00:28:56.953 --> 00:28:58.530
and we have a little video to show you

666
00:28:58.530 --> 00:29:00.480
and you want to have
your volume up for this.

667
00:29:00.480 --> 00:29:03.653
So I think Grace is going
to run that video for us.

668
00:29:11.440 --> 00:29:16.440
[rhythmic music]

669
00:29:40.910 --> 00:29:42.940
Awesome, thank you for showing that video.

670
00:29:42.940 --> 00:29:46.340
They are so much fun to
watch with the bill clacking

671
00:29:46.340 --> 00:29:49.850
and the dancing and the wing movement,

672
00:29:49.850 --> 00:29:51.540
and they're just so much fun.

673
00:29:51.540 --> 00:29:53.580
And so they'll do that
until they find their mate

674
00:29:53.580 --> 00:29:56.880
and then they lay an egg after mating

675
00:29:56.880 --> 00:29:59.420
and that egg is as big as a soda can.

676
00:29:59.420 --> 00:30:00.560
It's pretty big.

677
00:30:00.560 --> 00:30:04.090
And so having an egg that
big takes a lot of energy.

678
00:30:04.090 --> 00:30:06.040
And so the parents take turns,

679
00:30:06.040 --> 00:30:08.460
what we call brooding,
where they sit on that egg

680
00:30:08.460 --> 00:30:10.300
until it hatches.

681
00:30:10.300 --> 00:30:11.710
And then when it hatches out,

682
00:30:11.710 --> 00:30:14.520
you have a little baby
albatross with these beautiful

683
00:30:14.520 --> 00:30:18.240
little downy feathers that
they eventually will have

684
00:30:18.240 --> 00:30:20.810
replaced by adult feathers as they grow.

685
00:30:20.810 --> 00:30:24.950
So once you have that chick,
there is a bit of work to do

686
00:30:24.950 --> 00:30:27.710
to feed that chick so that it can grow

687
00:30:27.710 --> 00:30:30.730
and get the energy it needs
to become an adult albatross

688
00:30:30.730 --> 00:30:32.840
and take off and live on the ocean.

689
00:30:32.840 --> 00:30:36.990
So the parents at the beginning
take turns one at a time,

690
00:30:36.990 --> 00:30:39.330
heading out to sea to find food.

691
00:30:39.330 --> 00:30:41.360
And it's incredible how far they go.

692
00:30:41.360 --> 00:30:43.980
They go really far away
from the Hawaiian islands

693
00:30:43.980 --> 00:30:44.813
to get food.

694
00:30:44.813 --> 00:30:48.700
But you heard earlier that
Cornell Bank has a lot of food,

695
00:30:48.700 --> 00:30:51.030
and so some of them come all
the way here to California

696
00:30:51.030 --> 00:30:54.570
to get food and then come
back to their chicks.

697
00:30:54.570 --> 00:30:56.420
So then when they come
back to their chicks,

698
00:30:56.420 --> 00:31:00.330
the parent here looks to the chick

699
00:31:00.330 --> 00:31:04.460
and the chick tacks out it's
bill like, feed me, feed me.

700
00:31:04.460 --> 00:31:07.260
And I don't want you to try this at home

701
00:31:07.260 --> 00:31:10.470
but the adult albatross will regurgitate

702
00:31:10.470 --> 00:31:12.860
everything that it ate into that chick.

703
00:31:12.860 --> 00:31:16.320
And if you think about it,
that's a lot of pressure

704
00:31:16.320 --> 00:31:18.330
to just line up just right.

705
00:31:18.330 --> 00:31:21.580
You can see how awkward it is
with these bills to line up.

706
00:31:21.580 --> 00:31:23.510
And that bird's been gone for two weeks

707
00:31:23.510 --> 00:31:28.140
and it has all this food and
makes the slurry oily mixture.

708
00:31:28.140 --> 00:31:30.010
And if the bird misses,

709
00:31:30.010 --> 00:31:32.010
then that chick misses
all those nutrients.

710
00:31:32.010 --> 00:31:35.180
So it's very intricate
process that they've perfected

711
00:31:35.180 --> 00:31:38.440
over time in their adaptations.

712
00:31:38.440 --> 00:31:39.860
I thought you might have
some questions here,

713
00:31:39.860 --> 00:31:41.410
so we're going to take a
quick break for questions

714
00:31:41.410 --> 00:31:42.653
before we move on.

715
00:31:43.570 --> 00:31:45.900
- Okay great, I've been keeping
track of all the questions

716
00:31:45.900 --> 00:31:47.393
and we've got a few.

717
00:31:48.280 --> 00:31:51.700
So Beckett's wondering,
how do seabirds protect

718
00:31:51.700 --> 00:31:53.283
their eyes when they dive?

719
00:31:54.540 --> 00:31:55.500
- That's a good question.

720
00:31:55.500 --> 00:31:58.270
I'm not a hundred percent sure myself.

721
00:31:58.270 --> 00:32:01.990
I know some birds have a
membrane that folds down

722
00:32:01.990 --> 00:32:05.100
over their eye to protect
their eyes diving underwater,

723
00:32:05.100 --> 00:32:06.090
I'm not sure.

724
00:32:06.090 --> 00:32:08.650
Albatrosses spend most of
the time on top of the water

725
00:32:08.650 --> 00:32:10.390
and they'll put their heads under water

726
00:32:10.390 --> 00:32:12.210
and maybe dip down a little bit.

727
00:32:12.210 --> 00:32:15.630
So I don't know if they
have a membrane or not.

728
00:32:15.630 --> 00:32:17.360
That's something good
to look up to find out.

729
00:32:17.360 --> 00:32:18.700
But some birds do have that.

730
00:32:18.700 --> 00:32:21.380
They have a whole membrane
that closes over their eyes,

731
00:32:21.380 --> 00:32:23.127
so that will be good to find out.

732
00:32:24.380 --> 00:32:27.470
- Great, Daniel's wondering at what age

733
00:32:27.470 --> 00:32:31.870
they start migrating or
flying further distances.

734
00:32:31.870 --> 00:32:34.490
- Well, from the very first age.

735
00:32:34.490 --> 00:32:36.700
First time, they fly off their islands

736
00:32:36.700 --> 00:32:39.830
that they were born on, they
take off for the open ocean.

737
00:32:39.830 --> 00:32:42.020
and they might be gone
for a couple of years

738
00:32:42.020 --> 00:32:44.930
before they come back to start breeding.

739
00:32:44.930 --> 00:32:48.180
I think that albatrosses
start breeding around age six.

740
00:32:48.180 --> 00:32:50.060
So they might be gone a couple of years,

741
00:32:50.060 --> 00:32:52.330
but they always come back to the islands.

742
00:32:52.330 --> 00:32:56.180
that they were born on and
to the general colony area

743
00:32:56.180 --> 00:32:57.470
that they were born in.

744
00:32:57.470 --> 00:32:59.860
So they have an amazing
ability to navigate

745
00:32:59.860 --> 00:33:02.233
the world ocean to find their way home.

746
00:33:03.660 --> 00:33:05.770
- Now here's an interesting
question from Don.

747
00:33:05.770 --> 00:33:08.650
How do the seabirds know
if the chick is theirs when

748
00:33:08.650 --> 00:33:12.380
they come back and there're
all these chicks on the beach?

749
00:33:12.380 --> 00:33:14.860
- Well, I think it's
predominantly about sound

750
00:33:14.860 --> 00:33:18.380
and the chicks and the
parents start communicating

751
00:33:18.380 --> 00:33:21.400
right away as soon as
that chick is hatched out.

752
00:33:21.400 --> 00:33:23.210
And so predominantly by sound.

753
00:33:23.210 --> 00:33:25.660
And also the parent has the
navigation to come right back

754
00:33:25.660 --> 00:33:27.010
to the same colony.

755
00:33:27.010 --> 00:33:29.580
There might be some other
factors involved there as well

756
00:33:29.580 --> 00:33:30.990
and some of them might be mysteries

757
00:33:30.990 --> 00:33:34.000
and I'm sure there could be
some mistakes along the way,

758
00:33:34.000 --> 00:33:37.220
but based on survival and adaptations,

759
00:33:37.220 --> 00:33:41.270
it's best for the
communication for that parent

760
00:33:41.270 --> 00:33:42.380
to come back to their chicks.

761
00:33:42.380 --> 00:33:44.700
So that's the predominant communication.

762
00:33:44.700 --> 00:33:47.150
I think it's predominantly sound,

763
00:33:47.150 --> 00:33:48.850
but that's another good thing to look up.

764
00:33:48.850 --> 00:33:51.590
Are there other ways
that that chicken parent

765
00:33:51.590 --> 00:33:53.700
get aligned back together?

766
00:33:53.700 --> 00:33:56.250
But I'm pretty pretty sure it sounds

767
00:33:56.250 --> 00:33:57.760
- Great, and there are a lot of people,

768
00:33:57.760 --> 00:33:58.850
I was going to hold this question

769
00:33:58.850 --> 00:34:00.280
but a lot of people are asking it.

770
00:34:00.280 --> 00:34:03.800
Nate's asking it and Garvey's asking it,

771
00:34:03.800 --> 00:34:06.630
how long does an albatross live?

772
00:34:06.630 --> 00:34:08.603
What's the average lifespan?

773
00:34:09.560 --> 00:34:11.640
- Well, we don't know
the average life span,

774
00:34:11.640 --> 00:34:16.210
but one thing we are learning
is through banding studies.

775
00:34:16.210 --> 00:34:18.360
And I was going to save
this for the very end,

776
00:34:18.360 --> 00:34:19.810
but I'll introduce it now.

777
00:34:19.810 --> 00:34:24.750
We know that oldest albatross
alive is 69 years old

778
00:34:24.750 --> 00:34:27.260
and it's a Laysan
albatross and we know that

779
00:34:27.260 --> 00:34:30.020
through banding, which is
putting an aluminum band

780
00:34:30.920 --> 00:34:31.753
around their foot.

781
00:34:31.753 --> 00:34:34.020
You can see right here, there's
that beautiful web foot,

782
00:34:34.020 --> 00:34:35.110
but they put a little band here.

783
00:34:35.110 --> 00:34:38.290
This one might be banded
here, I can't tell.

784
00:34:38.290 --> 00:34:39.660
And then when they come back,

785
00:34:39.660 --> 00:34:42.140
the biologists on the
Island will go to see

786
00:34:42.140 --> 00:34:45.350
which birds are back and then
they can track this over time.

787
00:34:45.350 --> 00:34:48.254
So one bird has been
tracked at coming back,

788
00:34:48.254 --> 00:34:50.900
has been tracked since she was a baby

789
00:34:50.900 --> 00:34:54.100
and she is 69 years old
and her name is Wisdom.

790
00:34:54.100 --> 00:34:56.830
She is a famous albatross.

791
00:34:56.830 --> 00:34:58.980
She even has her own Facebook page

792
00:34:58.980 --> 00:35:03.240
and she is an amazing bird
that has lived 69 years,

793
00:35:03.240 --> 00:35:07.887
and get this, she is a female
and she is still laying eggs

794
00:35:07.887 --> 00:35:10.280
but she's probably getting ready
to say goodbye to her chick

795
00:35:10.280 --> 00:35:12.890
for the year out on
midway Island right now.

796
00:35:12.890 --> 00:35:15.350
So we know that albatrosses live

797
00:35:15.350 --> 00:35:18.000
at least 69 years old, maybe longer.

798
00:35:18.000 --> 00:35:20.540
Smaller seabirds, they don't live as long,

799
00:35:20.540 --> 00:35:23.033
but these bigger birds
have a longer life span.

800
00:35:24.050 --> 00:35:26.060
- Great, I'm going to
ask you one more question

801
00:35:26.060 --> 00:35:28.620
before I let you move on.

802
00:35:28.620 --> 00:35:32.760
And that is a really interesting question

803
00:35:32.760 --> 00:35:34.190
that came in from Dylan.

804
00:35:34.190 --> 00:35:35.360
How do they sleep?

805
00:35:35.360 --> 00:35:37.967
So I think he's asking
when they're out at sea

806
00:35:37.967 --> 00:35:40.190
and they're spending so much time,

807
00:35:40.190 --> 00:35:41.593
how and where do they sleep?

808
00:35:42.440 --> 00:35:45.540
- Well, they have the ability
to rest part of their brain,

809
00:35:45.540 --> 00:35:48.640
like Marine mammals do and
they can just keep flying.

810
00:35:48.640 --> 00:35:51.513
And they're able to rest part
of their brain while flying.

811
00:35:51.513 --> 00:35:53.830
So they sleep while they're flying.

812
00:35:53.830 --> 00:35:56.540
The actual mechanics of
that, I'm not too sure,

813
00:35:56.540 --> 00:35:58.760
but I do know that they
can rest their brain

814
00:35:58.760 --> 00:36:02.250
and somewhat turn it
off and go on autopilot

815
00:36:02.250 --> 00:36:05.103
for a while while they're
soaring across the ocean.

816
00:36:08.270 --> 00:36:10.080
- Great, I know you have
a lot of really fun stuff

817
00:36:10.080 --> 00:36:11.110
to continue to show us.

818
00:36:11.110 --> 00:36:12.360
I'm going to let you go on Jennifer,

819
00:36:12.360 --> 00:36:14.000
but I'll track the questions.

820
00:36:14.000 --> 00:36:15.570
- I love these great
questions and you know what?

821
00:36:15.570 --> 00:36:18.550
Questions are awesome and
the internet can really help.

822
00:36:18.550 --> 00:36:20.440
So now that you have these
questions about these birds,

823
00:36:20.440 --> 00:36:22.320
it'll be really fun for
you to do some research

824
00:36:22.320 --> 00:36:25.500
to learn more about these amazing birds.

825
00:36:25.500 --> 00:36:27.590
So when those albatrosses head out to sea,

826
00:36:27.590 --> 00:36:28.640
they're looking for food.

827
00:36:28.640 --> 00:36:31.010
And this is a typical albatross food chain

828
00:36:31.010 --> 00:36:33.650
and it all starts with microscopic plants,

829
00:36:33.650 --> 00:36:37.570
these phytoplankton, and these
phytoplankton are in areas

830
00:36:37.570 --> 00:36:40.700
where there's a lot of cool
oceanographic processes

831
00:36:40.700 --> 00:36:42.930
called upwelling, which
is where nutrients come up

832
00:36:42.930 --> 00:36:45.810
to the surface and really
fertilize the food web.

833
00:36:45.810 --> 00:36:47.930
And so they become phytoplankton,

834
00:36:47.930 --> 00:36:50.210
take all those nutrients and grow.

835
00:36:50.210 --> 00:36:52.340
And then when you have
all these phytoplankton,

836
00:36:52.340 --> 00:36:54.680
all the zooplankton, which are animals,

837
00:36:54.680 --> 00:36:57.240
tiny little microscopic animal plankton,

838
00:36:57.240 --> 00:36:59.150
and they just float along,

839
00:36:59.150 --> 00:37:01.500
those also will explore the population

840
00:37:01.500 --> 00:37:03.550
because they like to
eat the phytoplankton.

841
00:37:03.550 --> 00:37:05.500
And then it goes on
and on up the food web,

842
00:37:05.500 --> 00:37:08.487
small fish and many different
animals feed on that

843
00:37:08.487 --> 00:37:12.010
zooplankton and then squid
feed on those small fish.

844
00:37:12.010 --> 00:37:13.460
And then wherever you have squid,

845
00:37:13.460 --> 00:37:16.060
you have seabirds like albatrosses.

846
00:37:16.060 --> 00:37:19.930
So the albatrosses are
heading to areas in the ocean

847
00:37:19.930 --> 00:37:22.720
that have a lot of this idle plankton

848
00:37:22.720 --> 00:37:24.570
because they know that's
where they're going to

849
00:37:24.570 --> 00:37:26.770
get the food that they want.

850
00:37:26.770 --> 00:37:29.540
And so where do they go then?

851
00:37:29.540 --> 00:37:31.990
Well, here's the map
that this was produced

852
00:37:31.990 --> 00:37:33.720
by a group of researchers,

853
00:37:33.720 --> 00:37:36.590
a group called Oikonos
Ecosystem Knowledge.

854
00:37:36.590 --> 00:37:38.830
They're based in Hawaii and
they work with scientists

855
00:37:38.830 --> 00:37:41.540
at Hawaii Pacific University

856
00:37:41.540 --> 00:37:44.550
and the United States Geological
Survey and other partners,

857
00:37:44.550 --> 00:37:48.090
to do a study to learn
about, where the birds go.

858
00:37:48.090 --> 00:37:51.420
And it's hard, you can't
really have a boat on the ocean

859
00:37:51.420 --> 00:37:53.110
following an albatross.

860
00:37:53.110 --> 00:37:56.050
So they actually do this with telemetry

861
00:37:56.050 --> 00:37:59.020
and they put a tag on the
bird and then they can study

862
00:37:59.020 --> 00:38:00.690
the data points that come in.

863
00:38:00.690 --> 00:38:02.120
I'm going to show you that in a second.

864
00:38:02.120 --> 00:38:04.240
But this is a map
showing some of the areas

865
00:38:04.240 --> 00:38:08.090
that albatrosses will visit
and when they're being tagged

866
00:38:08.090 --> 00:38:11.540
from their breeding
sites, so Kure Atoll here

867
00:38:11.540 --> 00:38:13.740
in Turner Island, that's
where they're breeding.

868
00:38:13.740 --> 00:38:15.530
This means they're coming back,

869
00:38:15.530 --> 00:38:17.710
they're going out to sea
and they're coming back

870
00:38:17.710 --> 00:38:19.310
because they have a chick there.

871
00:38:20.360 --> 00:38:23.200
And so those show you some
of the incredible migrations,

872
00:38:23.200 --> 00:38:24.560
well not really migrations but some of

873
00:38:24.560 --> 00:38:28.090
the feeding (mumbles) they
will do to feed their chick.

874
00:38:28.090 --> 00:38:29.460
So here at Turner Island,

875
00:38:29.460 --> 00:38:32.520
there are a couple of
birds that flew all the way

876
00:38:32.520 --> 00:38:37.240
across the Pacific ocean about
2,500 miles to Cordell Banks

877
00:38:37.240 --> 00:38:40.050
to get squid and then fly back.

878
00:38:40.050 --> 00:38:43.010
So that's like 5,000 miles round trip.

879
00:38:43.010 --> 00:38:45.750
That's like going across
the United States twice

880
00:38:45.750 --> 00:38:48.310
and they'll do that in about two weeks.

881
00:38:48.310 --> 00:38:51.420
So this is pretty amazing
that we have the science

882
00:38:51.420 --> 00:38:53.270
that can show us where
these birds are going

883
00:38:53.270 --> 00:38:56.600
so we can learn more about
what activities are happening

884
00:38:56.600 --> 00:38:59.340
in the waters that these
birds are going to.

885
00:38:59.340 --> 00:39:01.090
So this is how we know.

886
00:39:01.090 --> 00:39:03.570
Through science,
scientists are able to use

887
00:39:03.570 --> 00:39:06.050
the satellite tracking
with the satellite tag.

888
00:39:06.050 --> 00:39:07.630
It's a very light tag.

889
00:39:07.630 --> 00:39:11.170
They just tape it onto the
outer feathers of the bird,

890
00:39:11.170 --> 00:39:13.430
and the bird doesn't even know it's there

891
00:39:13.430 --> 00:39:16.240
and that little satellite tip here

892
00:39:16.240 --> 00:39:18.770
sends a signal to a satellite,

893
00:39:18.770 --> 00:39:22.170
which then sends a signal to our computer

894
00:39:22.170 --> 00:39:24.120
and then we're able to start making maps

895
00:39:24.120 --> 00:39:25.860
of where these animals go.

896
00:39:25.860 --> 00:39:29.410
There are also satellite tags
that are put on Marine mammals

897
00:39:29.410 --> 00:39:33.620
like whales or dolphins,
and all whales and dolphins

898
00:39:33.620 --> 00:39:36.490
eventually come up to the
surface to breathe air.

899
00:39:36.490 --> 00:39:39.320
And so when it does, it can
send a ping to the satellite.

900
00:39:39.320 --> 00:39:43.010
It has to transmit through
air to send a location.

901
00:39:43.010 --> 00:39:46.090
So this is a really fascinating
way to study the ocean,

902
00:39:46.090 --> 00:39:48.560
is by using these transmitters.

903
00:39:48.560 --> 00:39:50.840
I'm imagining you might have
some questions about this.

904
00:39:50.840 --> 00:39:53.930
So we'll take a quick
pause for some questions.

905
00:39:53.930 --> 00:39:56.110
- So we have an interesting
question from Sloan

906
00:39:56.110 --> 00:39:58.160
who must've seen one of
our previous webinars

907
00:39:58.160 --> 00:40:00.050
we had on saildrones.

908
00:40:00.050 --> 00:40:02.790
So Sloan is wondering if
you can use a saildrone

909
00:40:02.790 --> 00:40:04.873
or a drone to study seabirds.

910
00:40:06.957 --> 00:40:09.510
- I don't know.

911
00:40:09.510 --> 00:40:12.800
Maybe with cameras, but one
of the things that is hard

912
00:40:12.800 --> 00:40:16.370
about seabirds is they move really fast.

913
00:40:16.370 --> 00:40:19.430
Albatrosses can travel
up to 80 miles an hour

914
00:40:19.430 --> 00:40:21.460
when they're crossing the ocean.

915
00:40:21.460 --> 00:40:25.310
So a saildrone might, unless
it was following along it,

916
00:40:25.310 --> 00:40:26.840
that would be pretty tough.

917
00:40:26.840 --> 00:40:30.060
But there might be ways if there were

918
00:40:30.060 --> 00:40:32.470
different telemetries attachments

919
00:40:32.470 --> 00:40:34.850
to that saildrone that could track,

920
00:40:34.850 --> 00:40:38.880
maybe find still movements
every day throughout the day.

921
00:40:38.880 --> 00:40:40.710
Like how close albatross is.

922
00:40:40.710 --> 00:40:42.570
I think saildrones have been predominantly

923
00:40:42.570 --> 00:40:46.260
for ocean conditions and
air conditions out at sea

924
00:40:46.260 --> 00:40:48.350
but I don't know about animals.

925
00:40:48.350 --> 00:40:49.190
So it's tough.

926
00:40:49.190 --> 00:40:50.410
They're moving pretty quickly

927
00:40:50.410 --> 00:40:52.050
and they're going pretty far distances.

928
00:40:52.050 --> 00:40:55.080
So I think you have to
have a bigger picture

929
00:40:55.080 --> 00:40:56.963
for tracking them across the ocean.

930
00:40:57.900 --> 00:40:59.670
- Great, I love it when
we get those questions

931
00:40:59.670 --> 00:41:03.630
that cross webinars when
kids are making connections.

932
00:41:03.630 --> 00:41:07.100
So Duncan asks, do the
tags affect the birds?

933
00:41:07.100 --> 00:41:08.970
And Connor and Daniel are also wondering,

934
00:41:08.970 --> 00:41:11.590
then how long the tags last?

935
00:41:11.590 --> 00:41:14.710
- Absolutely, so one of the
neat things about science is

936
00:41:14.710 --> 00:41:16.590
they test these things to make sure that

937
00:41:16.590 --> 00:41:21.000
they're going to have as little
to no impact on the animal

938
00:41:21.000 --> 00:41:22.840
'cause otherwise they're not
going to be learning that much

939
00:41:22.840 --> 00:41:24.090
if they're impacting animal.

940
00:41:24.090 --> 00:41:26.910
They want the animal to
be living its natural life

941
00:41:26.910 --> 00:41:28.810
and these tags to somewhat be like

942
00:41:28.810 --> 00:41:30.650
a little spy on their back.

943
00:41:30.650 --> 00:41:33.650
And so they're super, super
light and they've been shown

944
00:41:33.650 --> 00:41:36.680
to show no impact on the birds' lifestyle

945
00:41:36.680 --> 00:41:39.150
in terms of flying or feeding.

946
00:41:39.150 --> 00:41:43.840
And birds have feathers and
feathers eventually get degraded

947
00:41:43.840 --> 00:41:46.780
and old and they will moult feathers,

948
00:41:46.780 --> 00:41:49.530
which means they release some
feathers a couple at a time

949
00:41:49.530 --> 00:41:52.240
and eventually are replaced by newer ones.

950
00:41:52.240 --> 00:41:55.940
So that tag will fall off at some point.

951
00:41:55.940 --> 00:41:59.420
Most of these tags are designed to go

952
00:41:59.420 --> 00:42:03.190
for about 85 to 90 days
and then they fall off.

953
00:42:03.190 --> 00:42:05.953
And it might sound sad in the sense that

954
00:42:05.953 --> 00:42:07.680
it's going to fall into the ocean,

955
00:42:07.680 --> 00:42:11.940
but the amount of information
that we learn about

956
00:42:11.940 --> 00:42:15.760
these birds and how that's
helpful for helping conserve them

957
00:42:15.760 --> 00:42:20.590
is a far greater benefit than
losing the tag to the ocean.

958
00:42:20.590 --> 00:42:22.300
I know that's a concern of a lot of people

959
00:42:22.300 --> 00:42:25.230
and it is for me too but we
have to think about the science

960
00:42:25.230 --> 00:42:29.240
and how much more we can learn
by doing studies like this.

961
00:42:29.240 --> 00:42:31.990
Some tags can be taken right
off if a bird is coming

962
00:42:31.990 --> 00:42:34.920
right back to its nesting site,
they can take the tag off.

963
00:42:34.920 --> 00:42:37.270
Some of the other animals,
they can retrieve the tag

964
00:42:37.270 --> 00:42:40.060
from some tags on some
other animals are designed

965
00:42:40.060 --> 00:42:43.160
to pop off at a certain time,
and then the researcher has

966
00:42:43.160 --> 00:42:45.920
to go to the area and collect the tag.

967
00:42:45.920 --> 00:42:48.910
So it's interesting and amazing technology

968
00:42:48.910 --> 00:42:50.360
for learning about the ocean.

969
00:42:51.890 --> 00:42:54.607
- Great, we have another
interesting question

970
00:42:54.607 --> 00:42:56.350
and that's, how do you catch the birds

971
00:42:56.350 --> 00:42:58.520
to put the tags on them?

972
00:42:58.520 --> 00:43:00.360
- Well, when they're
at the breeding sites,

973
00:43:00.360 --> 00:43:02.840
the albatrosses, they
call them gooney birds

974
00:43:02.840 --> 00:43:05.810
because they're not so great on land,

975
00:43:05.810 --> 00:43:08.500
but they are well designed
for life on the ocean.

976
00:43:08.500 --> 00:43:10.310
And so when they're on lands,

977
00:43:10.310 --> 00:43:11.970
they try to approach them very carefully

978
00:43:11.970 --> 00:43:13.420
without disturbing them too much

979
00:43:13.420 --> 00:43:14.720
and they'll grab them from behind

980
00:43:14.720 --> 00:43:16.410
and hold the wings down.

981
00:43:16.410 --> 00:43:18.620
And usually they'll put
something on its eyes

982
00:43:18.620 --> 00:43:22.330
to calm the bird so it
doesn't get overly stimulated

983
00:43:22.330 --> 00:43:25.040
with the visual cues of what's happening.

984
00:43:25.040 --> 00:43:29.050
When they tag out at sea,
so years ago the scientists

985
00:43:29.050 --> 00:43:31.930
with Oikonos Ecosystem
Knowledge, they came and tagged

986
00:43:31.930 --> 00:43:34.010
birds at Cornell Bank
National Marine Sanctuary,

987
00:43:34.010 --> 00:43:36.070
and they had to attract the bird.

988
00:43:36.070 --> 00:43:40.360
They got a permit to do this,
attract the bird with squid

989
00:43:40.360 --> 00:43:42.820
and bring that bird
really close to the boat.

990
00:43:42.820 --> 00:43:46.090
And then they would use a
giant net to scoop the bird up,

991
00:43:46.090 --> 00:43:50.690
and again, hold it close,
calm it, take that tag on,

992
00:43:50.690 --> 00:43:52.090
and then they'd let it go.

993
00:43:52.090 --> 00:43:54.253
So that's the process
of how they tag them.

994
00:43:55.760 --> 00:43:57.770
- Great, there are a few more questions

995
00:43:57.770 --> 00:43:59.720
but I'm going to let you go
on 'cause I want to hear,

996
00:43:59.720 --> 00:44:01.380
I know you have some
more interesting things

997
00:44:01.380 --> 00:44:03.610
to share with us so carry on.

998
00:44:03.610 --> 00:44:05.110
- All right, let's keep going.

999
00:44:06.294 --> 00:44:08.790
(clears throat)

1000
00:44:08.790 --> 00:44:11.530
So after the parents have come,

1001
00:44:11.530 --> 00:44:13.820
they regurgitated the
chicks a couple of times,

1002
00:44:13.820 --> 00:44:18.440
and they've brought them
this slurry of squid oil

1003
00:44:18.440 --> 00:44:20.210
from the squid they've eaten.

1004
00:44:20.210 --> 00:44:22.680
But squid have one hard
part on their body.

1005
00:44:22.680 --> 00:44:24.270
They're predominantly
a soft-bodied animal,

1006
00:44:24.270 --> 00:44:27.290
but there's one hard part on
their body and that's the beak.

1007
00:44:27.290 --> 00:44:29.980
And the beak is made
out of the same material

1008
00:44:29.980 --> 00:44:34.090
our fingernails are made out
of, and so it doesn't digest.

1009
00:44:34.090 --> 00:44:36.330
So the bird gets filled
up with these squid beaks.

1010
00:44:36.330 --> 00:44:38.660
They also get filled up
with other things like seeds

1011
00:44:38.660 --> 00:44:41.210
or little pieces of wood
or feathers that they might

1012
00:44:41.210 --> 00:44:43.640
have been picking at around their nests.

1013
00:44:43.640 --> 00:44:47.610
But also are showing that they
are getting filled up also

1014
00:44:47.610 --> 00:44:49.930
with human trash and plastic.

1015
00:44:49.930 --> 00:44:52.470
And that's telling us that
the parents are eating

1016
00:44:52.470 --> 00:44:55.670
plastic out at sea and
feeding it to the chicks,

1017
00:44:55.670 --> 00:44:57.130
and that's a real concern.

1018
00:44:57.130 --> 00:44:59.170
And the way we know this is that

1019
00:44:59.170 --> 00:45:01.900
the chicks will
regurgitate, they throw up.

1020
00:45:01.900 --> 00:45:03.810
There's a lot of throwing
up with seabirds.

1021
00:45:03.810 --> 00:45:07.480
It's not the most
glamorous science to study

1022
00:45:07.480 --> 00:45:09.000
'cause there's so much throwing up,

1023
00:45:09.000 --> 00:45:11.910
but they will regurgitate
what we call a bolus

1024
00:45:11.910 --> 00:45:14.270
and this is stuff that they can't digest.

1025
00:45:14.270 --> 00:45:19.270
So like an owl regurgitates
a pellet of fur and bones,

1026
00:45:19.300 --> 00:45:22.490
an albatross and some
other seabirds regurgitate

1027
00:45:22.490 --> 00:45:24.400
the stuff that they can't digest.

1028
00:45:24.400 --> 00:45:28.860
And so this is a pile of
evidence of data to study,

1029
00:45:28.860 --> 00:45:31.410
to understand what these
birds are eating out at sea,

1030
00:45:31.410 --> 00:45:33.180
and what they're being fed.

1031
00:45:33.180 --> 00:45:37.220
And the biologists that are on
the islands are seeing trash

1032
00:45:37.220 --> 00:45:40.740
in every single bolus of these birds.

1033
00:45:40.740 --> 00:45:42.410
And so that is a real concern.

1034
00:45:42.410 --> 00:45:45.370
Like I was saying, a winged
ambassador, they're telling us

1035
00:45:45.370 --> 00:45:47.730
concerns of what's happening on the ocean

1036
00:45:47.730 --> 00:45:51.110
and this is definitely one of
them, they are eating plastic.

1037
00:45:51.110 --> 00:45:54.670
So this is basically a
record of the chicks diet.

1038
00:45:54.670 --> 00:45:57.580
And scientists will actually
study that in the lab.

1039
00:45:57.580 --> 00:46:00.410
They will weigh how many squid
beaks and how many pieces

1040
00:46:00.410 --> 00:46:02.900
of plastic so they can quantify how much,

1041
00:46:02.900 --> 00:46:05.967
what percentage of prey was plastic

1042
00:46:05.967 --> 00:46:09.020
and what percentage was natural.

1043
00:46:09.020 --> 00:46:13.010
Here's a picture of a bolus
that's been regurgitated

1044
00:46:13.010 --> 00:46:15.780
by a chick that's been
picked apart and spread out

1045
00:46:15.780 --> 00:46:17.800
so you can see it really well.

1046
00:46:17.800 --> 00:46:20.750
And this specific bolus
has quite a few pieces

1047
00:46:20.750 --> 00:46:23.997
of large trash, large
pieces of plastic in it.

1048
00:46:23.997 --> 00:46:28.997
You might see a reflector
here, I see a pen cap here,

1049
00:46:29.047 --> 00:46:32.740
and this looks like a wheel from a toy.

1050
00:46:32.740 --> 00:46:34.830
And then you have some
other things that are hard

1051
00:46:34.830 --> 00:46:37.720
to describe because they're
just pieces and fragments.

1052
00:46:37.720 --> 00:46:40.330
Plastic degrades out in
the sun and the salt,

1053
00:46:40.330 --> 00:46:43.440
and it just breaks down into
smaller and smaller pieces,

1054
00:46:43.440 --> 00:46:45.280
all the way to microscopic pieces,

1055
00:46:45.280 --> 00:46:48.710
which means it still exists
that's just microscopic.

1056
00:46:48.710 --> 00:46:51.400
But the birds they think might be picking

1057
00:46:51.400 --> 00:46:52.930
at this plastic and eating it

1058
00:46:52.930 --> 00:46:56.370
because it might smell like prey to them.

1059
00:46:56.370 --> 00:46:59.800
Everything floating in the
ocean can start to pick up

1060
00:47:00.780 --> 00:47:03.340
plankton like diatoms,
and diatoms are a type

1061
00:47:03.340 --> 00:47:05.470
of phytoplankton and
they'll attach themselves

1062
00:47:05.470 --> 00:47:08.350
to that plastic and that puts off a smell

1063
00:47:08.350 --> 00:47:10.500
that the birds might want to then eat.

1064
00:47:10.500 --> 00:47:12.430
So they might eat by accident.

1065
00:47:12.430 --> 00:47:14.300
The other thing is that
when we have things floating

1066
00:47:14.300 --> 00:47:18.430
in the ocean that they call it
flotsam, there are fish eggs

1067
00:47:18.430 --> 00:47:21.640
and all of interesting
critters that attach

1068
00:47:21.640 --> 00:47:24.530
to a flotsam as part of their ecosystem.

1069
00:47:24.530 --> 00:47:27.300
And so there might be fish
eggs and things attached

1070
00:47:27.300 --> 00:47:29.070
to these pieces of plastic that

1071
00:47:29.070 --> 00:47:31.460
the albatrosses are going after.

1072
00:47:31.460 --> 00:47:34.690
Either way, we just know it's
a problem and it's really sad

1073
00:47:34.690 --> 00:47:38.483
to see these beautiful birds
being impacted by this plastic.

1074
00:47:40.210 --> 00:47:42.010
So where does it all come from?

1075
00:47:42.010 --> 00:47:45.470
And this is the part where
we really have an opportunity

1076
00:47:45.470 --> 00:47:49.160
to help support improving
the health of the Ocean

1077
00:47:49.160 --> 00:47:52.840
and helping seabirds because
it all comes from land.

1078
00:47:52.840 --> 00:47:55.900
So we have the ocean that
takes up three quarters

1079
00:47:55.900 --> 00:47:58.090
of the earth surface
and the rest of it land,

1080
00:47:58.090 --> 00:48:00.890
and the ocean is
downstream from everywhere

1081
00:48:00.890 --> 00:48:02.470
all around the planet.

1082
00:48:02.470 --> 00:48:05.530
And so when there's plastic
or trash on the ground

1083
00:48:05.530 --> 00:48:07.850
that's not picked up and disposed off,

1084
00:48:07.850 --> 00:48:11.440
eventually it will make it
down to a creek or a stream

1085
00:48:11.440 --> 00:48:15.380
or a storm drain or a river,
and then out to the ocean,

1086
00:48:15.380 --> 00:48:17.870
and then the ocean carries
it along the currents,

1087
00:48:17.870 --> 00:48:20.370
and in some areas, it
congregates really densely.

1088
00:48:20.370 --> 00:48:23.530
There's certain gyres
in the ocean that spin

1089
00:48:23.530 --> 00:48:26.510
and concentrate things in the middle.

1090
00:48:26.510 --> 00:48:29.630
And we're finding that trash
is growing in the ocean,

1091
00:48:29.630 --> 00:48:31.210
and plastic is growing in the ocean,

1092
00:48:31.210 --> 00:48:33.690
and the seabirds are telling
us, this is not good,

1093
00:48:33.690 --> 00:48:35.383
this is not a good thing,

1094
00:48:36.228 --> 00:48:37.890
but this is a really amazing opportunity

1095
00:48:37.890 --> 00:48:40.250
for all of us to figure out solutions.

1096
00:48:40.250 --> 00:48:42.200
And there are so many people working on,

1097
00:48:42.200 --> 00:48:45.430
how do we cut this, and I
know that you all probably

1098
00:48:45.430 --> 00:48:49.420
have a ton of ideas about,
how can we prevent this?

1099
00:48:49.420 --> 00:48:51.907
How can we prevent this
trash getting into the ocean?

1100
00:48:51.907 --> 00:48:53.640
And I want to hear your ideas.

1101
00:48:53.640 --> 00:48:56.740
This is an opportunity to
type in what are your ideas

1102
00:48:56.740 --> 00:48:59.120
for how do we prevent trash and plastic

1103
00:48:59.120 --> 00:49:00.520
from making it to the ocean?

1104
00:49:01.500 --> 00:49:03.970
- Okay, like I said, we have
a pretty savvy group here.

1105
00:49:03.970 --> 00:49:07.690
So what are your ideas
for how we can prevent

1106
00:49:07.690 --> 00:49:10.180
these plastics and this trash
from getting into the ocean?

1107
00:49:10.180 --> 00:49:12.173
Dylan says we should recycle.

1108
00:49:14.400 --> 00:49:16.240
I see someone says to reuse,

1109
00:49:16.240 --> 00:49:17.760
Kyle says, beach cleanups.

1110
00:49:17.760 --> 00:49:19.653
Rebecca says, spread the word.

1111
00:49:20.890 --> 00:49:22.823
Duncan says, recycle more.

1112
00:49:23.870 --> 00:49:25.970
Duncan also says to compost.

1113
00:49:25.970 --> 00:49:28.040
Rebecca says, if we pick up our trash,

1114
00:49:28.040 --> 00:49:29.440
Chris is saying the same thing.

1115
00:49:29.440 --> 00:49:32.860
So sometimes if you do
it safely with an adult,

1116
00:49:32.860 --> 00:49:35.360
you might be able to go out
and do like a beach cleanup

1117
00:49:35.360 --> 00:49:36.870
or clean up your neighborhood.

1118
00:49:36.870 --> 00:49:40.260
Ellie says you can even
make a sign for the beach.

1119
00:49:40.260 --> 00:49:42.440
Lisa says you can clean
up in your neighborhood

1120
00:49:42.440 --> 00:49:44.330
because if you live near the ocean,

1121
00:49:44.330 --> 00:49:47.210
your trash might end up in the ocean.

1122
00:49:47.210 --> 00:49:50.530
And Tom suggests going on trash walks.

1123
00:49:50.530 --> 00:49:53.250
So I think we've gotten
a lot of great ideas.

1124
00:49:53.250 --> 00:49:55.240
- Those are great ideas
and those are all things

1125
00:49:55.240 --> 00:49:57.550
that every single one
of you can be part of,

1126
00:49:57.550 --> 00:50:02.070
especially if you do it
with a lot of other people.

1127
00:50:02.070 --> 00:50:03.530
So getting your friends together,

1128
00:50:03.530 --> 00:50:04.840
getting your school together,

1129
00:50:04.840 --> 00:50:07.210
getting your whole community
together to be part

1130
00:50:07.210 --> 00:50:10.450
of those actions is much more effective

1131
00:50:10.450 --> 00:50:11.840
than just one person.

1132
00:50:11.840 --> 00:50:14.600
So those are great and definitely
get your friends engaged.

1133
00:50:14.600 --> 00:50:16.510
A couple of things that
we do in our family,

1134
00:50:16.510 --> 00:50:18.410
I've been trying to figure
out ways cut out plastic

1135
00:50:18.410 --> 00:50:19.600
'cause it's pretty hard.

1136
00:50:19.600 --> 00:50:23.340
But one of the things I
have is this little kit

1137
00:50:23.340 --> 00:50:25.020
of service ware.

1138
00:50:25.020 --> 00:50:27.830
So if I happen to be out and
about and needing a fork,

1139
00:50:27.830 --> 00:50:31.310
I got my fork, I got
chopsticks, I even have a straw.

1140
00:50:31.310 --> 00:50:33.500
And at first it was
like I would forget it,

1141
00:50:33.500 --> 00:50:34.640
but now it's just a habit,

1142
00:50:34.640 --> 00:50:37.310
and this is what I have
and I had never had

1143
00:50:37.310 --> 00:50:40.280
to pick up any utensils out and about.

1144
00:50:40.280 --> 00:50:43.340
The other thing is of
course using reusable bags.

1145
00:50:43.340 --> 00:50:45.380
I know right now we're
in a really weird time

1146
00:50:45.380 --> 00:50:46.720
and this is not being encouraged,

1147
00:50:46.720 --> 00:50:49.410
but this is another great thing we can use

1148
00:50:49.410 --> 00:50:52.220
to prevent single use plastic bags.

1149
00:50:52.220 --> 00:50:55.510
Also our water bottles and
coffee cups, things like that,

1150
00:50:55.510 --> 00:50:58.820
they really add up if we're
able to reduce those things

1151
00:50:58.820 --> 00:51:02.290
by having our own that is a huge thing.

1152
00:51:02.290 --> 00:51:04.670
And not only that you are being an example

1153
00:51:04.670 --> 00:51:07.270
to everybody else that
this is important to do.

1154
00:51:07.270 --> 00:51:10.230
And that's something I
noticed when I'm doing it,

1155
00:51:10.230 --> 00:51:12.660
I feel really good that I'm
showing this as an example.

1156
00:51:12.660 --> 00:51:14.480
This is what we should be doing.

1157
00:51:14.480 --> 00:51:17.340
The other thing is getting
people involved in helping

1158
00:51:17.340 --> 00:51:18.840
to make change at the larger level,

1159
00:51:18.840 --> 00:51:22.280
and writing letters to our communities

1160
00:51:22.280 --> 00:51:24.850
as well as our legislators
and the government about,

1161
00:51:24.850 --> 00:51:28.720
we need to find solutions for
preventing plastic pollution,

1162
00:51:28.720 --> 00:51:31.530
and creating things that are reusable

1163
00:51:31.530 --> 00:51:33.800
and recyclable much more easier.

1164
00:51:33.800 --> 00:51:35.930
So it takes multiple actions.

1165
00:51:35.930 --> 00:51:37.350
You guys are on the right track,

1166
00:51:37.350 --> 00:51:39.620
and I hope that these
are all things you do.

1167
00:51:39.620 --> 00:51:41.690
And I want to encourage specifically

1168
00:51:41.690 --> 00:51:43.930
to be really safe about it.

1169
00:51:43.930 --> 00:51:46.070
Being really safe when
you're picking up trash,

1170
00:51:46.070 --> 00:51:49.670
especially right now since
we're in such a bizarre time.

1171
00:51:49.670 --> 00:51:51.900
But these are all great
things we can do on land

1172
00:51:51.900 --> 00:51:54.990
to help protect seabirds,
but also other types

1173
00:51:54.990 --> 00:51:57.270
of animals in the ocean from everything,

1174
00:51:57.270 --> 00:52:00.270
from the tiny microscopic
plankton to the great whales,

1175
00:52:00.270 --> 00:52:02.850
keeping plastic and trash
out of the ocean is one

1176
00:52:02.850 --> 00:52:05.470
of the number one things
every single one of you

1177
00:52:05.470 --> 00:52:07.070
can be part of that solution on.

1178
00:52:08.769 --> 00:52:11.020
Now I want to end with just another story.

1179
00:52:11.020 --> 00:52:13.100
We talked about Wisdom
a little bit earlier,

1180
00:52:13.100 --> 00:52:16.290
but I want to just end with
her because we're hearing

1181
00:52:16.290 --> 00:52:18.720
about these challenges that we're having.

1182
00:52:18.720 --> 00:52:22.360
Wisdom the albatross, she is a survivor,

1183
00:52:22.360 --> 00:52:25.200
and she is 69 years old as you heard,

1184
00:52:25.200 --> 00:52:29.060
and she is still coming
back to Midway Islands

1185
00:52:29.060 --> 00:52:33.730
and breeding and laying
eggs with her mates.

1186
00:52:33.730 --> 00:52:37.090
And she did breed this year and it's May,

1187
00:52:37.090 --> 00:52:39.850
so her chicks probably
getting ready to sail

1188
00:52:39.850 --> 00:52:42.100
and become an adult albatross.

1189
00:52:42.100 --> 00:52:44.830
And if you think about
some of the challenges

1190
00:52:44.830 --> 00:52:46.900
we have on the ocean right now,

1191
00:52:46.900 --> 00:52:49.400
she's made it through
with all these things.

1192
00:52:49.400 --> 00:52:51.340
And so there's some incredible adaptations

1193
00:52:51.340 --> 00:52:54.370
she had that she's passing on to her young

1194
00:52:54.370 --> 00:52:56.150
as she makes chicks,

1195
00:52:56.150 --> 00:52:59.760
and so she's truly a symbol
of hope and resilience.

1196
00:52:59.760 --> 00:53:01.450
And again as an ambassador,

1197
00:53:01.450 --> 00:53:04.140
we can be helping to support that.

1198
00:53:04.140 --> 00:53:07.640
She sends us a message to
you helping to help keep

1199
00:53:07.640 --> 00:53:10.950
plastic out of the ocean, and
I hope that you'll consider

1200
00:53:10.950 --> 00:53:13.870
what things you can do
from here on out to help

1201
00:53:13.870 --> 00:53:17.053
Wisdom and all her family
members out on the ocean.

1202
00:53:18.450 --> 00:53:19.770
I want to share one little story

1203
00:53:19.770 --> 00:53:22.763
as I'm wearing my albatross bands here.

1204
00:53:24.070 --> 00:53:24.903
Well, let's see.

1205
00:53:24.903 --> 00:53:27.000
Do this, right here.

1206
00:53:27.000 --> 00:53:28.940
This is my albatross band

1207
00:53:28.940 --> 00:53:31.410
and it was actually a gift from my husband

1208
00:53:31.410 --> 00:53:33.240
because he knows I love albatrosses,

1209
00:53:33.240 --> 00:53:35.650
but banding is a big part of the story

1210
00:53:35.650 --> 00:53:38.030
for helping protect albatrosses
and learn about them.

1211
00:53:38.030 --> 00:53:40.290
And so this was a fundraiser for a group

1212
00:53:40.290 --> 00:53:43.280
that is helping to support
the funding for banding

1213
00:53:43.280 --> 00:53:45.460
and learning about birds like Wisdom.

1214
00:53:45.460 --> 00:53:49.050
And I always wear this as
a remembrance to remember

1215
00:53:49.050 --> 00:53:52.230
that we can do hard things
and we can help do better

1216
00:53:52.230 --> 00:53:56.510
by continuing to help protect
animals and learn about them.

1217
00:53:56.510 --> 00:54:00.200
And it helps me remember to
keep sharing that story as well.

1218
00:54:00.200 --> 00:54:02.770
But I want to just take this opportunity

1219
00:54:02.770 --> 00:54:05.550
to answer any last questions
that you might have.

1220
00:54:05.550 --> 00:54:07.990
And thank you so much for
your really good questions,

1221
00:54:07.990 --> 00:54:11.560
and I want to encourage you
to please spend some time

1222
00:54:11.560 --> 00:54:13.950
learning more about seabirds in your area

1223
00:54:13.950 --> 00:54:15.690
and also learning about Wisdom.

1224
00:54:15.690 --> 00:54:19.723
She has a Facebook page and
she's an amazing animal.

1225
00:54:21.150 --> 00:54:23.200
- Great, well we do have a few questions.

1226
00:54:25.460 --> 00:54:27.800
So we have a few questions
that I'm going to ask

1227
00:54:27.800 --> 00:54:29.450
what I think is a really fun one.

1228
00:54:29.450 --> 00:54:32.410
Taylor asks, what's the weirdest thing

1229
00:54:32.410 --> 00:54:36.218
you have learned while studying seabirds?

1230
00:54:36.218 --> 00:54:38.223
- (laughs) What's the weirdest thing?

1231
00:54:39.560 --> 00:54:43.590
Well, I think the
regurgitation is kind of weird.

1232
00:54:43.590 --> 00:54:46.033
It's a cool adaptation and
that's what I love about that.

1233
00:54:46.033 --> 00:54:48.870
There's so many fascinating
things about seabirds

1234
00:54:48.870 --> 00:54:52.963
and the fact that they regurgitate
to their chicks is weird.

1235
00:54:54.100 --> 00:54:58.050
I also think that the
treasure trove of information

1236
00:54:58.050 --> 00:55:01.100
that they have in their
boluses is really neat.

1237
00:55:01.100 --> 00:55:02.900
because there's so much we can learn about

1238
00:55:02.900 --> 00:55:05.280
the health of the ocean
by studying the diet.

1239
00:55:05.280 --> 00:55:07.550
And they are giving us
a perfect data sample

1240
00:55:07.550 --> 00:55:08.780
to be able to learn about.

1241
00:55:08.780 --> 00:55:11.640
So a little weird but kind of cool.

1242
00:55:11.640 --> 00:55:12.930
- So I'm glad you mentioned that.

1243
00:55:12.930 --> 00:55:15.830
And I just want to also
highlight the fact that

1244
00:55:15.830 --> 00:55:17.480
if you go to the NOAA Live website,

1245
00:55:17.480 --> 00:55:20.850
we have a virtual bolus
dissection activity there

1246
00:55:20.850 --> 00:55:21.903
that you can do.

1247
00:55:23.702 --> 00:55:25.400
If anyone wants to email me,

1248
00:55:25.400 --> 00:55:28.210
again, I'm one of your moderators.

1249
00:55:28.210 --> 00:55:30.470
I'm Grace Simpkins, I
also have an activity on

1250
00:55:30.470 --> 00:55:34.340
how you can make your own
bolus and then dissect it.

1251
00:55:34.340 --> 00:55:37.190
So if you are interested in
learning more about the bolus,

1252
00:55:37.190 --> 00:55:38.740
I encourage you to do that.

1253
00:55:38.740 --> 00:55:42.660
Unfortunately, we're out of
time because there are some

1254
00:55:42.660 --> 00:55:45.000
really great questions
that are still coming in.

1255
00:55:45.000 --> 00:55:47.050
But what I want to do is
I want to highlight a few

1256
00:55:47.050 --> 00:55:48.970
of this things that Jennifer talked on.

1257
00:55:48.970 --> 00:55:51.890
She talked about the
National Monument in Hawaii,

1258
00:55:51.890 --> 00:55:54.890
we are going to Hawaii next
week with our NOAA Live series

1259
00:55:54.890 --> 00:55:57.160
so we'll be hearing
someone from the monument

1260
00:55:57.160 --> 00:55:59.850
talking to us on Monday.

1261
00:55:59.850 --> 00:56:02.560
She also mentioned using
satellite technology

1262
00:56:02.560 --> 00:56:04.620
one of our early talks with Kyle Wilson

1263
00:56:04.620 --> 00:56:06.210
was about satellite technology,

1264
00:56:06.210 --> 00:56:08.770
you can take a look at that webinar.

1265
00:56:08.770 --> 00:56:12.790
She also, I'm trying to
think talked about...

1266
00:56:13.840 --> 00:56:15.110
we talked about the saildrone.

1267
00:56:15.110 --> 00:56:16.490
Someone asked a saildrone question.

1268
00:56:16.490 --> 00:56:18.910
So you can look through some
of our previous webinars

1269
00:56:18.910 --> 00:56:21.810
if something Jennifer
said piqued your interest

1270
00:56:21.810 --> 00:56:24.600
and the video that she played
that showed the clacking

1271
00:56:24.600 --> 00:56:26.250
and the dancing, which was really fun,

1272
00:56:26.250 --> 00:56:28.160
is also on the website if you want to take

1273
00:56:28.160 --> 00:56:29.450
a look at it and see it.

1274
00:56:29.450 --> 00:56:32.430
It's a little bit longer, you
can see it in its entirety.

1275
00:56:32.430 --> 00:56:34.670
But we want to thank you all
for coming to the webinar.

1276
00:56:34.670 --> 00:56:35.503
Thank you, Jennifer.

1277
00:56:35.503 --> 00:56:36.740
It was so amazing.

1278
00:56:36.740 --> 00:56:38.380
I studied seabirds in grad school,

1279
00:56:38.380 --> 00:56:41.040
so I have to say that I was very excited

1280
00:56:41.040 --> 00:56:44.390
to have our seabird expert on our series.

1281
00:56:44.390 --> 00:56:46.510
So thank you so much for
sharing your expertise.

1282
00:56:46.510 --> 00:56:49.400
On Friday, we're going to
hear all about tornadoes.

1283
00:56:49.400 --> 00:56:51.350
So I encourage you to tune in

1284
00:56:51.350 --> 00:56:53.670
if you want to learn more about tornadoes.

1285
00:56:53.670 --> 00:56:56.630
And yeah, just really excited.

1286
00:56:56.630 --> 00:56:57.660
Have a great day.

1287
00:56:57.660 --> 00:57:00.700
We'll see you Friday and
thanks for all your help

1288
00:57:00.700 --> 00:57:02.410
and your assistance, Jennifer.

1289
00:57:02.410 --> 00:57:04.340
- No problem, thanks everybody.

1290
00:57:04.340 --> 00:57:06.830
Keep learning, take care.

1291
00:57:06.830 --> 00:57:07.663
- See you.