WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:07.740 --> 00:00:09.820 Alright, welcome everybody. 00:00:09.900 --> 00:00:12.280 Today, we're pleased to have you join us 00:00:12.320 --> 00:00:16.240 for the National Marine Sanctuaries webinar series. 00:00:16.560 --> 00:00:18.700 This series is hosted by 00:00:18.700 --> 00:00:22.180 the NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, 00:00:22.360 --> 00:00:24.800 and it gives us an opportunity to connect 00:00:24.860 --> 00:00:27.100 with educators and other interested parties 00:00:27.100 --> 00:00:29.400 to provide you with expertise, 00:00:29.540 --> 00:00:32.900 whether educational or scientific expertise, 00:00:32.900 --> 00:00:35.340 as well as resources and training 00:00:35.340 --> 00:00:37.760 opportunities that help support 00:00:37.760 --> 00:00:41.180 ocean and climate literacy with your different audiences. 00:00:41.980 --> 00:00:45.020 So, with that, it also gives us an opportunity 00:00:45.660 --> 00:00:47.660 , let me get this going again, 00:00:47.880 --> 00:00:51.080 an opportunity to introduce you and connect you 00:00:51.080 --> 00:00:53.080 to our country's national marine sanctuaries. 00:00:55.060 --> 00:00:57.760 So, these are our underwater treasures, 00:00:57.900 --> 00:01:00.340 or some people like to say, underwater parks. 00:01:00.760 --> 00:01:03.440 We are trustees of this system 00:01:03.580 --> 00:01:05.860 of thirteen national marine sanctuaries 00:01:06.260 --> 00:01:08.460 and the Papahānaumokuākea 00:01:08.560 --> 00:01:09.800 Marine National monument 00:01:09.860 --> 00:01:12.800 and the Rose Atoll Marine National Monument. 00:01:12.940 --> 00:01:14.960 So, this system actually encompasses 00:01:15.080 --> 00:01:17.020 more than six-hundred thousand 00:01:17.040 --> 00:01:20.600 square miles of marine and Great Lakes treasures. 00:01:20.760 --> 00:01:24.800 So, just alone in the state of California there are four, 00:01:24.820 --> 00:01:27.100 all the way up to Olympic coast 00:01:27.260 --> 00:01:28.500 in the Olympic Peninsula. 00:01:28.620 --> 00:01:30.780 We have a couple in the Hawaiian islands, 00:01:30.900 --> 00:01:32.840 all the way down to the South Pacific 00:01:32.840 --> 00:01:34.280 and American Samoa, 00:01:34.280 --> 00:01:36.380 and starting in the Gulf of Mexico, 00:01:36.380 --> 00:01:38.400 working all the way around 00:01:38.440 --> 00:01:41.360 up into Lake Huron for the 00:01:41.400 --> 00:01:43.660 Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary. 00:01:44.060 --> 00:01:47.100 So, this system of national marine sanctuaries 00:01:47.260 --> 00:01:50.680 help protect the ocean and Great Lakes. 00:01:52.380 --> 00:01:54.400 Now, national marine sanctuaries are 00:01:54.540 --> 00:01:56.360 mandated to do research 00:01:56.360 --> 00:01:58.020 and monitoring and resource protection, 00:01:58.180 --> 00:02:00.640 along with education and outreach 00:02:00.640 --> 00:02:01.900 of these underwater treasures, 00:02:02.100 --> 00:02:03.960 and the idea is to preserve them 00:02:04.120 --> 00:02:05.680 for future generations. 00:02:05.860 --> 00:02:07.480 And these areas are set aside 00:02:07.620 --> 00:02:08.880 because they're so special, 00:02:09.040 --> 00:02:10.600 either for conservation reasons 00:02:10.640 --> 00:02:15.840 or historical, cultural, maritime, archaeological reasons, 00:02:16.120 --> 00:02:20.380 recreational , aesthetics, ecological, etc. 00:02:20.580 --> 00:02:22.440 So, a wide variety of reasons that 00:02:22.480 --> 00:02:24.420 these special ocean areas 00:02:24.520 --> 00:02:25.820 are put aside to be considered 00:02:25.980 --> 00:02:27.980 national marine sanctuaries. 00:02:28.240 --> 00:02:32.180 We also like to call them "living classrooms" 00:02:32.420 --> 00:02:34.400 because these national marine sanctuaries 00:02:34.560 --> 00:02:36.840 are places that people like yourselves and 00:02:36.980 --> 00:02:39.280 your students and your visitors can 00:02:39.280 --> 00:02:42.340 touch, learn, and feel about these ocean treasures. 00:02:42.440 --> 00:02:45.260 So, a great place to immerse yourself 00:02:45.320 --> 00:02:48.200 and learn more about our underwater parks. 00:02:49.420 --> 00:02:51.680 So, with that, I'll introduce myself. 00:02:51.680 --> 00:02:53.680 My name is Claire Fackler. 00:02:53.720 --> 00:02:56.120 I'm the national education liaison for the 00:02:56.180 --> 00:02:58.980 NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. 00:02:59.360 --> 00:03:01.940 I am hosting today's webinar from my office 00:03:02.280 --> 00:03:03.940 in Santa Barbara, California. 00:03:04.780 --> 00:03:08.060 And I will be helping answer questions from attendees 00:03:08.180 --> 00:03:10.800 and running our poll questions, as well as 00:03:10.980 --> 00:03:12.940 helping with any technical issues 00:03:13.200 --> 00:03:14.940 or difficulties you might have. 00:03:15.000 --> 00:03:17.960 And of course, we always greatly appreciate feedback. 00:03:17.960 --> 00:03:20.960 So, if you have any suggestions on how we can continue 00:03:21.140 --> 00:03:23.840 to improve this webinar series and experience, 00:03:24.340 --> 00:03:27.380 please take two to three minutes at the end of the webinar 00:03:27.560 --> 00:03:31.000 when you close out to answer our evaluation survey. 00:03:31.200 --> 00:03:33.780 That was greatly appreciated for our team. 00:03:34.500 --> 00:03:36.140 And then during the presentation, 00:03:36.140 --> 00:03:38.020 all of you that are joining us, 00:03:39.020 --> 00:03:40.500 the three-hundred and twenty-nine folks 00:03:40.680 --> 00:03:41.860 that have registered, 00:03:41.860 --> 00:03:44.480 are going to be in listen-only mode. 00:03:44.820 --> 00:03:46.500 So, if you have a question, 00:03:46.680 --> 00:03:47.900 probably the easiest thing to do 00:03:48.040 --> 00:03:50.280 is to just type it into the question box. 00:03:50.620 --> 00:03:51.980 If it's an appropriate time, 00:03:52.120 --> 00:03:53.380 I'll interrupt our speaker and ask 00:03:53.580 --> 00:03:55.600 her the question, or we will do it in our 00:03:55.600 --> 00:03:56.700 five or ten minutes 00:03:56.760 --> 00:03:59.920 of Q and A at the end of today's presentation. 00:04:00.420 --> 00:04:03.100 If you're bold, at the very end you can raise your hand 00:04:03.620 --> 00:04:05.280 in the control panel, and 00:04:05.560 --> 00:04:07.400 that will give me an alert that 00:04:07.520 --> 00:04:08.420 you would like to be un-muted 00:04:08.420 --> 00:04:10.240 and to ask your question that way. 00:04:10.780 --> 00:04:14.800 So, we will be recording today's webinar presentation. 00:04:15.060 --> 00:04:18.420 It will be archived, you will get a follow-up email 00:04:18.420 --> 00:04:21.120 that lets you know where on the internet 00:04:21.120 --> 00:04:22.600 the archive will be housed. 00:04:23.120 --> 00:04:25.620 And with that, I would like to introduce 00:04:25.620 --> 00:04:27.160 a colleague of mine, 00:04:27.300 --> 00:04:31.080 who has been involved with this dungeness crab 00:04:31.080 --> 00:04:33.280 ocean acidification tool kit. 00:04:33.420 --> 00:04:36.680 Her name is Jennifer Stock, and she's a colleague 00:04:36.760 --> 00:04:38.880 that works for our NOAA's Cordell Bank 00:04:39.020 --> 00:04:40.380 National Marine Sanctuary as 00:04:40.380 --> 00:04:42.340 the education outreach coordinator. 00:04:42.660 --> 00:04:45.140 Jenny has also been sort of the lead in 00:04:45.840 --> 00:04:47.480 orchestrating the development 00:04:47.580 --> 00:04:49.600 of this dungeness crab O-A tool kit 00:04:49.740 --> 00:04:51.400 with our west coast education team. 00:04:52.380 --> 00:04:55.400 So, with that, Jenny, go ahead and 00:04:55.560 --> 00:04:58.400 I'll let you run a few more slides here 00:04:59.020 --> 00:05:00.140 for introduction. 00:05:00.500 --> 00:05:02.120 - Thanks, Claire, and thanks, 00:05:02.180 --> 00:05:04.200 everybody, for being on today. 00:05:04.860 --> 00:05:06.760 I just wanted to set the scene a little bit 00:05:06.920 --> 00:05:08.480 since we've been working on this for a while. 00:05:09.240 --> 00:05:11.620 Claire showed you an image of all 00:05:11.700 --> 00:05:14.540 the national marine sanctuaries in our program, but 00:05:14.880 --> 00:05:18.360 zooming in here to the west coast, we have five of these 00:05:18.560 --> 00:05:22.000 special places between Washington and California. 00:05:22.440 --> 00:05:26.180 And operationally, we are all five really unique places 00:05:26.420 --> 00:05:29.560 in the ocean, but the ecosystem ties us together 00:05:29.740 --> 00:05:32.340 to collaborate where it makes sense. 00:05:33.740 --> 00:05:36.560 These five national marine sanctuaries are connected, 00:05:36.740 --> 00:05:37.620 and go to the next slide, 00:05:38.920 --> 00:05:41.900 through the productive eastern boundary current, 00:05:41.900 --> 00:05:43.400 the California current, 00:05:43.520 --> 00:05:46.040 which provides incredible productivity 00:05:46.160 --> 00:05:48.700 along the west coast, but also supports 00:05:48.960 --> 00:05:50.760 a lot of the same species 00:05:50.760 --> 00:05:52.700 that we have between Washington and California, 00:05:52.820 --> 00:05:55.100 such as the great whales and sea birds 00:05:55.100 --> 00:05:56.340 and keystone species 00:05:56.380 --> 00:05:58.940 like krill and dungeness crab, 00:06:00.060 --> 00:06:02.060 supporting communities 00:06:02.060 --> 00:06:03.540 supporting culture, 00:06:03.580 --> 00:06:05.580 supporting economy throughout these 00:06:06.120 --> 00:06:07.800 states and nation-wide. 00:06:09.000 --> 00:06:11.480 So, with the California current, 00:06:11.500 --> 00:06:12.940 you can go to the next slide, 00:06:13.120 --> 00:06:16.020 with this incredible great productivity, we also see 00:06:16.160 --> 00:06:18.740 some of the highest ocean 00:06:18.740 --> 00:06:20.860 acidification rates in the world 00:06:20.860 --> 00:06:22.400 here on the west coast. 00:06:22.600 --> 00:06:26.620 This image shows the current and future predictions 00:06:26.620 --> 00:06:29.980 of PH surface waters, which makes it harder for a lot of 00:06:30.040 --> 00:06:33.000 organisms. So this is a shared concern amongst 00:06:33.000 --> 00:06:34.700 each of these five west coast 00:06:34.860 --> 00:06:36.440 national marine sanctuaries 00:06:36.440 --> 00:06:38.240 and of course many of the other partners and agencies 00:06:38.740 --> 00:06:41.220 that are studying the ocean. 00:06:41.900 --> 00:06:44.120 So, the education coordinators from each of these 00:06:44.120 --> 00:06:47.460 national marine sanctuaries consider this an area 00:06:47.760 --> 00:06:50.960 we could really work together to help bring tools 00:06:50.960 --> 00:06:54.120 to have more people talking about ocean acidification 00:06:54.120 --> 00:06:56.400 and focusing on species that are 00:06:56.400 --> 00:06:58.580 really iconic and valuable 00:06:58.840 --> 00:07:00.860 to people, valuable to ecosystems. 00:07:01.020 --> 00:07:05.100 So, the dungeness crab came up as a great species to 00:07:05.100 --> 00:07:07.860 focus on for the development of this case study. 00:07:08.680 --> 00:07:11.360 So, all of our national marine sanctuary education 00:07:11.360 --> 00:07:14.640 coordinators helped support this, and we looked to our 00:07:14.640 --> 00:07:17.520 other NOAA partners at NOAA fisheries and the NOAA 00:07:17.520 --> 00:07:19.760 ocean acidification program to 00:07:19.760 --> 00:07:21.900 bring together the best science 00:07:21.940 --> 00:07:24.460 and make sure things are accurate 00:07:24.460 --> 00:07:25.780 and worked very closely 00:07:25.780 --> 00:07:29.260 with them. So we really appreciate the input from them. 00:07:29.340 --> 00:07:32.400 We also are really happy to have met 00:07:32.400 --> 00:07:33.900 Doctor Shelly Trigg, 00:07:33.900 --> 00:07:36.540 who was really the lead on developing 00:07:36.540 --> 00:07:37.900 the tools of this kit, 00:07:37.900 --> 00:07:40.880 and I'm really excited to introduce Shelly today, 00:07:40.880 --> 00:07:43.280 who came in as "Shelly Trigg," but came out as 00:07:43.280 --> 00:07:46.360 "Doctor Shelly Trigg," so congratulations on that. 00:07:46.760 --> 00:07:50.240 Shelly is a molecular systems biologist by training. 00:07:50.240 --> 00:07:54.120 She obtained her Ph.D. in Biology from U.C. San Diego 00:07:54.120 --> 00:07:55.940 this past August. 00:07:55.940 --> 00:07:58.040 Her dissertation work involved mapping 00:07:58.040 --> 00:08:00.760 large protein networks in plants to better understand 00:08:00.820 --> 00:08:04.520 gene regulation and developing tools to study molecular 00:08:04.520 --> 00:08:08.460 networks in any species. During her graduate studies, 00:08:08.460 --> 00:08:11.560 Shelly became interested in applying her systems 00:08:11.560 --> 00:08:14.360 biology background to helping understand climate 00:08:14.360 --> 00:08:17.140 change effects on marine life. 00:08:17.140 --> 00:08:19.500 As a National Science Foundation graduate research 00:08:19.540 --> 00:08:23.160 fellow, she was awarded an internship opportunity 00:08:23.160 --> 00:08:26.420 with the NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center 00:08:26.420 --> 00:08:29.260 to investigate ocean acidification effects on 00:08:29.260 --> 00:08:31.720 dungness crab on the molecular level. 00:08:31.960 --> 00:08:34.400 And during her internship, she collaborated with 00:08:34.400 --> 00:08:36.320 national marine sanctuaries in preparing a 00:08:36.320 --> 00:08:39.220 dungeness crab ocean acidification toolkit. 00:08:39.220 --> 00:08:42.620 So, Shelly, I want to introduce you and thank you for 00:08:42.640 --> 00:08:45.480 leading the rest of the presentation today. 00:08:45.480 --> 00:08:48.360 And thanks, everybody else, for joining us. 00:08:48.360 --> 00:08:51.020 - Excellent. We pass the controls over to you, Shelly, 00:08:51.120 --> 00:08:53.120 and we will take off our web cameras, 00:08:53.120 --> 00:08:55.440 so all attention is on you. 00:08:55.440 --> 00:08:58.160 - Okay. Hi, everyone. 00:08:58.400 --> 00:09:00.580 This is my first webinar presentation, 00:09:00.580 --> 00:09:03.200 so I'm pretty excited. 00:09:03.200 --> 00:09:06.120 Can everyone see my screen? 00:09:06.280 --> 00:09:07.400 - (Claire Fackler speaking) It looks great. 00:09:07.400 --> 00:09:08.900 Maybe just once you get it in presentation mode. 00:09:08.900 --> 00:09:15.040 - Presentation mode. Let's see here. 00:09:16.820 --> 00:09:18.420 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Alright. Take it away. 00:09:19.040 --> 00:09:24.340 - Hey. Alright. Yeah, so like Jenny said, we've been, 00:09:24.340 --> 00:09:28.900 this project, the toolkit, has been, we've been working 00:09:28.940 --> 00:09:31.760 on it for a while, and we're very very excited to 00:09:31.760 --> 00:09:34.940 release it and make it available to all of you so that, 00:09:34.940 --> 00:09:39.960 so all of you can share this information with people. 00:09:39.960 --> 00:09:45.020 So, alright, let's see. So, today this is just the outline. 00:09:45.020 --> 00:09:49.420 I'm gonna talk about a brief 00:09:49.420 --> 00:09:51.580 ocean acidifaction background, 00:09:52.140 --> 00:09:55.920 talk about dungeness crab background, 00:09:55.920 --> 00:09:59.680 and then talk about the research 00:09:59.680 --> 00:10:01.680 that's going on at NOAA, 00:10:01.820 --> 00:10:05.760 stuff in the past, stuff that I worked on in the past year, 00:10:05.760 --> 00:10:08.160 and then stuff that's currently on-going. 00:10:08.160 --> 00:10:11.220 And then I will tell you about the toolkit and all the 00:10:11.220 --> 00:10:14.420 different pieces of it and kind of how you can use that. 00:10:15.720 --> 00:10:18.800 Okay, so here's our ocean acidification background. 00:10:19.940 --> 00:10:22.960 So, human activities like deforestation and the 00:10:22.960 --> 00:10:25.860 burning of fossil fuels has changed the amount of 00:10:25.960 --> 00:10:28.460 carbon dioxide that is in the atmosphere, with 00:10:28.460 --> 00:10:30.560 fossil fuel burning causing the most change. 00:10:32.240 --> 00:10:33.800 And when we burn fossil fuels like coal, 00:10:33.800 --> 00:10:35.220 oil, and natural gas 00:10:35.220 --> 00:10:38.400 to make energy, we are adding 00:10:38.740 --> 00:10:40.740 more carbon into the atmosphere. 00:10:43.780 --> 00:10:47.400 Okay. So, here's our first question. 00:10:50.020 --> 00:10:52.680 So, our carbon dioxide emissions 00:10:52.840 --> 00:10:54.840 go into the atmosphere. 00:10:54.840 --> 00:10:56.660 But then where do they go after that? 00:10:58.700 --> 00:11:00.860 So, I think... 00:11:02.880 --> 00:11:03.920 Claire 00:11:03.920 --> 00:11:05.020 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Alright, let me go 00:11:05.020 --> 00:11:06.200 ahead and, yep, launch that poll question. 00:11:06.200 --> 00:11:08.080 I got caught up answering a question online. 00:11:08.080 --> 00:11:10.520 So, let's launch the poll. 00:11:11.340 --> 00:11:14.560 And so now you have a chance to vote on what 00:11:14.640 --> 00:11:18.080 you think is the correct response. 00:11:23.060 --> 00:11:25.040 Alright, voting is picking up, 00:11:25.040 --> 00:11:26.600 so we've got about fifty percent 00:11:26.600 --> 00:11:30.820 of you. The rest of you go ahead and register your vote 00:11:30.820 --> 00:11:34.540 on QUICKPOLL. This is practice for early November. 00:11:41.660 --> 00:11:43.700 Alright, I will go ahead and close the poll 00:11:43.700 --> 00:11:45.700 and share the results. 00:11:46.200 --> 00:11:49.740 So, Shelly, it looks like eighty-one percent of our 00:11:49.920 --> 00:11:53.240 participants feel that a quarter of it goes into the land, 00:11:54.000 --> 00:11:55.860 a quarter of it goes back into the ocean, and 00:11:55.860 --> 00:11:58.380 fifty percent stays in the atmosphere. 00:11:58.800 --> 00:12:01.680 - Yeah, that's really impressive because that is like 00:12:02.020 --> 00:12:03.300 right on the money. 00:12:03.620 --> 00:12:08.680 So, this is an estimate, but that is the closest estimate. 00:12:09.480 --> 00:12:10.900 So, good job, everyone. 00:12:13.160 --> 00:12:18.740 Okay. So, every year the ocean is absorbing about 00:12:19.120 --> 00:12:20.700 twenty-five percent of human-caused 00:12:20.700 --> 00:12:24.040 carbon dioxide emissions and this is what's changing 00:12:24.140 --> 00:12:25.600 the ocean's chemistry. 00:12:25.600 --> 00:12:30.180 And one way we monitor this change is through pH, 00:12:30.180 --> 00:12:32.820 which is a numerical scale based on the amount of 00:12:32.820 --> 00:12:35.120 hydrogen ions that are in the water. 00:12:37.140 --> 00:12:40.440 And because hydrogen ions are so tiny, and there's 00:12:40.440 --> 00:12:43.980 lots of them, we convert to the pH scale to make it 00:12:43.980 --> 00:12:46.320 easier for us to understand the change 00:12:46.320 --> 00:12:47.620 in these hydrogen ions. 00:12:48.760 --> 00:12:51.600 So, there's this mixing of carbon dioxide with water, 00:12:51.600 --> 00:12:54.140 which forms carbonic acid, and that leads to the 00:12:54.140 --> 00:12:56.100 increase in hydrogen ions 00:12:56.100 --> 00:12:58.900 and the decrease in the ocean pH. 00:13:01.340 --> 00:13:03.940 And the decrease in the ocean pH over time is 00:13:04.240 --> 00:13:05.840 called ocean acidification. 00:13:07.120 --> 00:13:11.440 Now I'm gonna switch to dungeness crabs. 00:13:11.440 --> 00:13:13.800 And why they're important, why we care 00:13:13.800 --> 00:13:15.440 about studying them. 00:13:15.440 --> 00:13:18.880 They're an ecologically important species. 00:13:18.880 --> 00:13:22.340 There's many fish species that eat them when they're 00:13:22.560 --> 00:13:23.920 in the larval stage. 00:13:24.020 --> 00:13:28.080 And like sometimes there's been some studies 00:13:28.080 --> 00:13:31.440 where they're cutting open the bellies of some fish 00:13:31.480 --> 00:13:34.840 and all they find are these crab larvae in there. 00:13:35.760 --> 00:13:39.120 Dungeness crab are also culturally important, 00:13:39.420 --> 00:13:43.820 and west coast tribal fisheries provide food, income, 00:13:43.820 --> 00:13:46.600 and communal activity for Native Americans. 00:13:46.600 --> 00:13:51.820 And the crabs are also economically important where 00:13:51.820 --> 00:13:53.940 the dungeness crab fishery is one of the highest 00:13:53.940 --> 00:13:58.320 valued U.S. fisheries, at over, bringing in over 00:13:58.460 --> 00:14:01.300 two-hundred million dollars annually and supporting 00:14:01.320 --> 00:14:04.260 the livelihood and jobs of fisherman, 00:14:04.260 --> 00:14:06.460 restaurant workers, etc. 00:14:07.580 --> 00:14:10.180 We care about what's going to happen to them 00:14:10.180 --> 00:14:12.020 with ocean acidification. 00:14:14.000 --> 00:14:16.720 Having ocean acidification adds this environmental 00:14:16.740 --> 00:14:20.120 stress, which can make it more challenging for 00:14:20.260 --> 00:14:21.620 animals to survive. 00:14:23.600 --> 00:14:26.760 Calcifying animals are animals that use 00:14:27.540 --> 00:14:29.680 calcium carbonate. They take calcium carbonate 00:14:29.680 --> 00:14:32.840 out of the water to help make their shells, and 00:14:33.160 --> 00:14:36.580 doing that is a process that requires energy. 00:14:38.540 --> 00:14:41.660 Now I'm gonna talk a little bit about energy 00:14:41.660 --> 00:14:45.760 and cells and hopefully not get too crazy, but okay so 00:14:46.420 --> 00:14:49.060 animal cells, like cells that we have, and cells that 00:14:49.060 --> 00:14:52.960 crabs have, this is just like a blown-up picture of a cell, 00:14:54.840 --> 00:14:58.440 consume the food that we eat and convert it into energy 00:14:58.600 --> 00:15:02.800 and then they use the energy to fuel these different 00:15:02.800 --> 00:15:05.900 processes, and other processes to make, you know, 00:15:05.900 --> 00:15:07.020 to have the animal live. 00:15:08.180 --> 00:15:12.560 For example, cells make energy to fight off 00:15:12.600 --> 00:15:17.620 infection, to grow, to sense different things, and 00:15:18.640 --> 00:15:22.760 to breathe and a lot of other processes also. 00:15:24.300 --> 00:15:29.100 But cells and the machinery that's in them that make 00:15:29.100 --> 00:15:32.600 energy are, you know, they have a capacity. 00:15:32.600 --> 00:15:37.060 They only convert so much food into energy. 00:15:42.680 --> 00:15:46.440 They need to kind of like figure 00:15:46.440 --> 00:15:50.340 out how to use the energy that they have. 00:15:50.960 --> 00:15:57.360 One thing I wanted to ask people is like 00:15:57.960 --> 00:16:00.400 out of the four different processes that I just showed 00:16:00.400 --> 00:16:02.780 a picture of, which process do you think is most 00:16:03.320 --> 00:16:06.080 important for the animal to do? 00:16:06.460 --> 00:16:08.280 And maybe which, and in the next 00:16:08.340 --> 00:16:10.160 there's gonna be a follow-up question, which 00:16:10.320 --> 00:16:12.140 process do you think is the least important? 00:16:12.540 --> 00:16:13.560 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Alright, so we've 00:16:13.560 --> 00:16:15.120 gone ahead and launched the first 00:16:15.120 --> 00:16:17.440 poll in the series of the two-part question. 00:16:17.440 --> 00:16:20.240 So which processes is the most important: 00:16:20.440 --> 00:16:23.080 breathing, sensing, growing, or fighting infection? 00:16:23.540 --> 00:16:25.180 Go ahead and take your guess and then Shelly 00:16:25.180 --> 00:16:26.840 will let us know the answer. 00:16:26.840 --> 00:16:28.460 And then we'll figure out which one you think is 00:16:28.460 --> 00:16:29.900 the least important. 00:16:35.660 --> 00:16:38.260 Alright, we've got over seventy-five percent of you 00:16:38.260 --> 00:16:40.160 that have voted. We'll just wait another couple 00:16:40.160 --> 00:16:43.000 of seconds here to allow more people 00:16:43.100 --> 00:16:45.100 participation opportunity. 00:16:46.640 --> 00:16:49.420 Alright, closing the poll and sharing the results. 00:16:49.420 --> 00:16:52.760 So, we have sixty-two percent of our participants 00:16:53.280 --> 00:16:56.580 saying breathing, with the next highest being 00:16:56.580 --> 00:16:59.060 twenty-one percent saying growing. 00:17:03.480 --> 00:17:05.260 So, go ahead. Do you want to do the 00:17:05.260 --> 00:17:06.340 second part question before we - 00:17:06.340 --> 00:17:07.920 - Yeah, we can just go ahead and yeah. 00:17:07.920 --> 00:17:10.280 - Okay, ooh this is gonna be tricky, right? 00:17:10.280 --> 00:17:12.940 So, sorry about the misspelling there but go ahead 00:17:12.940 --> 00:17:15.360 and let us know which processes you think 00:17:15.360 --> 00:17:16.720 is least important. 00:17:18.140 --> 00:17:20.260 Another chance to vote. 00:17:21.820 --> 00:17:25.400 The same processes are listed, so this is tricky 00:17:25.400 --> 00:17:27.440 because we didn't get the response to the first part 00:17:27.440 --> 00:17:28.560 of the question. 00:17:32.960 --> 00:17:35.620 Alright, just over seventy percent have voted. 00:17:43.140 --> 00:17:46.160 Sharing the results. So, now least important: 00:17:46.160 --> 00:17:49.120 sensing got forty-six percent and growing got 00:17:49.120 --> 00:17:52.980 thirty-seven percent. So, now we get to hear the 00:17:52.980 --> 00:17:55.280 response, the correct answers, Shelly. 00:17:56.080 --> 00:17:59.000 - Cool, yeah. So that's, it's really, I just want to say 00:17:59.440 --> 00:18:02.140 it's really interesting where the exercise we just did, 00:18:02.300 --> 00:18:05.780 like looking at that, because that's a lot of times 00:18:05.780 --> 00:18:09.620 like what we try to do as biologists is interpret 00:18:09.960 --> 00:18:11.980 what might be these most important processes. 00:18:11.980 --> 00:18:15.320 That's how we come up with a hypothesis of what to 00:18:15.480 --> 00:18:18.260 gear our research towards. 00:18:18.260 --> 00:18:20.900 So, kind of trying to figure out what are the vital 00:18:20.900 --> 00:18:24.260 processes and then look at those to see what 00:18:24.760 --> 00:18:27.160 might be affected. 00:18:27.160 --> 00:18:30.800 Like I was saying earlier, so these 00:18:30.800 --> 00:18:34.720 environmental stress like ocean acidification 00:18:35.080 --> 00:18:40.060 can cause a diversion of cellular energy to where 00:18:42.500 --> 00:18:45.180 the animal is gonna have to decide how much 00:18:47.060 --> 00:18:49.340 energy am I gonna put towards breathing? 00:18:49.340 --> 00:18:51.320 Maybe in ocean acidification, the animal has 00:18:51.640 --> 00:18:54.780 to put more energy into breathing and can't put as 00:18:54.900 --> 00:18:57.140 much energy into other things, like growing. 00:18:57.140 --> 00:19:00.860 So maybe the animal could end up being smaller, or 00:19:02.020 --> 00:19:03.520 maybe the animal might not be able to 00:19:03.520 --> 00:19:06.640 fight off the infection as well as it could before. 00:19:07.580 --> 00:19:10.500 Or maybe it has to sacrifice some of its sensing 00:19:10.520 --> 00:19:12.860 to be able to support the energy required to deal with 00:19:13.000 --> 00:19:15.040 the environmental stress. 00:19:17.580 --> 00:19:19.700 So, the questions were kind of more 00:19:19.700 --> 00:19:23.260 meant as an exercise and were kind of investigating 00:19:23.420 --> 00:19:26.080 the processes that are most important 00:19:26.080 --> 00:19:27.880 for the animal to be doing. 00:19:27.960 --> 00:19:32.260 Definitely, breathing is an important process, though. 00:19:32.340 --> 00:19:36.020 So, I would say that's correct for the first one. 00:19:37.240 --> 00:19:40.340 Then I'm just gonna talk a little bit about 00:19:40.560 --> 00:19:45.400 where crabs live and their natural habitat. 00:19:46.480 --> 00:19:48.280 They're commonly found from Alaska to 00:19:48.280 --> 00:19:53.120 southern California, and live in sea grass beds 00:19:55.180 --> 00:19:58.220 or the sandy floor and typically from the 00:19:58.220 --> 00:20:01.200 sea shore to three-hundred feet deep. 00:20:01.200 --> 00:20:04.660 And the Pacific Northwest coast is naturally more 00:20:04.660 --> 00:20:06.580 acidic than other coastal regions, Jenny kind of 00:20:06.580 --> 00:20:09.880 alluded to that, like where the west coast of the U.S. 00:20:09.880 --> 00:20:14.660 is particularly acidic compared to other regions. 00:20:16.440 --> 00:20:19.660 Or has a typically lower pH and that is due to this 00:20:19.660 --> 00:20:21.760 regional upwelling that happens along the 00:20:21.840 --> 00:20:23.600 west coast here. 00:20:24.880 --> 00:20:28.480 So, we expect that ocean acidification in this region 00:20:28.480 --> 00:20:30.640 will lead to more extreme conditions. 00:20:30.660 --> 00:20:33.620 So, where the pH is becoming lower globally, 00:20:33.620 --> 00:20:36.760 it's becoming even lower in the west coast region, 00:20:36.760 --> 00:20:39.400 which is where the dungeness crab live. 00:20:40.540 --> 00:20:44.240 And something to think about is, like humans, 00:20:44.340 --> 00:20:46.380 crabs are sensitive to different 00:20:46.380 --> 00:20:48.240 environmental conditions. 00:20:48.240 --> 00:20:52.640 And they have these thresholds like we do. 00:20:52.640 --> 00:20:55.260 If we get pushed beyond our physical limit, 00:20:55.260 --> 00:20:57.760 we can get stressed. 00:20:58.180 --> 00:21:01.720 So, for instance, if the temperature is too warm, 00:21:01.720 --> 00:21:06.840 they can develop hypothermia, or sorry, hyperthermia. 00:21:07.100 --> 00:21:12.440 And if the sea water pH becomes too low, they 00:21:12.560 --> 00:21:16.600 could develop acidosis, and also, if the sea water 00:21:16.700 --> 00:21:19.060 oxygen saturation becomes too low, they can 00:21:19.060 --> 00:21:21.380 develop hypoxia response. 00:21:22.180 --> 00:21:27.880 And just for reference, this is today's typical ocean 00:21:28.200 --> 00:21:32.260 chemistry, and the year 2100 projections. 00:21:33.460 --> 00:21:37.240 And so one thing that we're interested in is trying 00:21:37.240 --> 00:21:39.880 to understand what are the thresholds of these 00:21:39.880 --> 00:21:44.500 animals. Are these future ranges gonna push 00:21:44.500 --> 00:21:47.260 the animals past their thresholds or not? 00:21:47.260 --> 00:21:48.760 Are they gonna be able to adapt? 00:21:49.640 --> 00:21:51.420 So, those are some kinds of things we're 00:21:51.420 --> 00:21:54.280 hoping to address in the research that we do. 00:21:58.240 --> 00:22:00.200 This is just the dungeness crab 00:22:00.200 --> 00:22:04.480 life cycle here. So, they start off as these tiny eggs 00:22:05.740 --> 00:22:08.280 on the female, they carry them on the outside of 00:22:08.280 --> 00:22:10.660 their body for about three to six months. 00:22:10.660 --> 00:22:13.460 And then they hatch into this first larval stage 00:22:13.460 --> 00:22:18.020 called zoea, and during this stage, they actually have 00:22:18.840 --> 00:22:22.820 five different moltings that they go through, molts 00:22:22.820 --> 00:22:26.300 that they go through, which takes three to six months 00:22:27.140 --> 00:22:29.380 to complete all of these molts. 00:22:30.160 --> 00:22:34.160 And then they enter into this late larval stage called 00:22:35.700 --> 00:22:38.740 the megalopa stage or megalopal larvae stage. 00:22:39.200 --> 00:22:42.280 And so in both of these stages, these animals are 00:22:42.280 --> 00:22:45.180 swimming in the water column. 00:22:48.160 --> 00:22:51.660 And then after this late larval stage, they kind of 00:22:51.660 --> 00:22:55.280 settle out to the bottom and molt into these 00:22:56.240 --> 00:22:58.940 juvenile crabs. And they're juvenile crabs for about 00:22:58.940 --> 00:23:03.700 one to two years, after which they molt into adult crabs. 00:23:05.380 --> 00:23:08.960 And during the juvenile years, they molt more 00:23:09.220 --> 00:23:11.920 frequently than when they are adults. 00:23:11.920 --> 00:23:14.560 And when they're adults, they molt about once a year. 00:23:15.420 --> 00:23:20.280 And then once they're two years old, they can mate. 00:23:20.280 --> 00:23:22.640 They're sexually mature and can mate and start 00:23:22.640 --> 00:23:24.520 the cycle over again. 00:23:25.320 --> 00:23:28.460 So, I have another question: Which crab life stage 00:23:28.520 --> 00:23:31.000 do you think might be the most vulnerable 00:23:31.000 --> 00:23:32.680 to ocean acidification? 00:23:33.780 --> 00:23:35.060 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Alright, it's been launched 00:23:35.060 --> 00:23:36.720 on your screen, so 00:23:36.840 --> 00:23:38.880 we're gonna the answer for this one, 00:23:38.880 --> 00:23:41.680 I believe, after we do this poll. 00:23:42.880 --> 00:23:45.180 But you got the sense from that previous discussion 00:23:45.180 --> 00:23:48.080 with our two-part processes questions, right? 00:23:48.080 --> 00:23:50.540 The struggle of a scientist trying to figure out which 00:23:50.540 --> 00:23:53.380 processes might have the biggest influence, and 00:23:53.380 --> 00:23:54.820 which have the least. 00:23:55.460 --> 00:23:58.600 Alright, anyhow we are seventy percent, so there's 00:23:58.600 --> 00:24:03.640 still thirty percent of you that can choose to vote. 00:24:04.240 --> 00:24:05.200 So, please do. 00:24:06.240 --> 00:24:08.520 I'll go ahead and close the poll and share the results 00:24:08.520 --> 00:24:09.540 with everybody. 00:24:11.200 --> 00:24:13.020 We kind of have a mixed bag here, but almost 00:24:13.020 --> 00:24:16.620 fifty percent say the early larval stage, the zoe-ay, 00:24:16.820 --> 00:24:18.400 did I say that right? 00:24:18.400 --> 00:24:19.400 - Zoea. 00:24:19.400 --> 00:24:23.740 - Zoea. And then we have kind of an even mix 00:24:23.740 --> 00:24:26.440 between all categories but adult. 00:24:26.640 --> 00:24:29.760 So, no one, I guess two percent said adults, but 00:24:30.100 --> 00:24:32.200 seventeen to eighteen percent for the developing 00:24:32.200 --> 00:24:35.720 eggs and the late larval stage and juvenile. 00:24:37.620 --> 00:24:39.620 So, I'll let you interpret that. 00:24:41.400 --> 00:24:44.820 - Get to this one. So we so far have been thinking 00:24:44.820 --> 00:24:48.740 that the crabs are most likely 00:24:48.900 --> 00:24:52.780 vulnerable during this early larval stage because 00:24:52.780 --> 00:24:56.760 they're so small and there's a lot of pressure for 00:24:56.760 --> 00:25:00.360 them to get bigger because this is really, 00:25:00.940 --> 00:25:03.100 in their zoea stage and megalopa stage 00:25:03.100 --> 00:25:05.940 when they are vulnerable to predators 00:25:06.580 --> 00:25:08.580 more so than in an adult stage. 00:25:09.060 --> 00:25:11.940 So, there's this pressure on the animal to grow, so 00:25:11.940 --> 00:25:15.140 if the animal has all this 00:25:15.260 --> 00:25:17.560 pressure to grow, are they gonna be able to deal 00:25:17.560 --> 00:25:19.360 with the environmental stress, as well? 00:25:20.140 --> 00:25:22.680 Where, once they're an adult, 00:25:22.820 --> 00:25:25.600 and they have a hard shell 00:25:25.600 --> 00:25:27.540 they don't have to put as 00:25:27.540 --> 00:25:30.880 much energy into their defense as they do at 00:25:30.880 --> 00:25:34.560 this (zoea) stage, with their defense being like size. 00:25:35.780 --> 00:25:38.040 But we are still trying to understand 00:25:38.040 --> 00:25:40.400 all these different life stages and where ocean 00:25:40.400 --> 00:25:45.240 acidification might be affecting the animal most. 00:25:48.320 --> 00:25:51.280 So, there's two different ways that we can 00:25:51.280 --> 00:25:54.680 study how the crabs might be dealing with 00:25:55.020 --> 00:25:57.820 ocean chemistry change, and that's by doing field 00:25:57.820 --> 00:26:00.420 experiments and laboratory experiments. 00:26:00.420 --> 00:26:03.640 An example of a field experiment can be 00:26:04.420 --> 00:26:07.540 comparing two different populations of crabs 00:26:07.600 --> 00:26:11.440 maybe from regions that vary in pH. 00:26:12.800 --> 00:26:14.720 For instance, in Hood Canal, Washington there's 00:26:14.720 --> 00:26:18.540 a lower pH there than, for instance on the coast 00:26:18.540 --> 00:26:20.080 of Washington. 00:26:20.080 --> 00:26:22.120 So, we might compare two different populations 00:26:22.120 --> 00:26:26.400 from there and see what their response might be to 00:26:26.400 --> 00:26:29.140 infection, say, just as an example. 00:26:30.820 --> 00:26:33.460 One thing that's complicate about, oh and then there's 00:26:33.460 --> 00:26:38.000 these, we also have these nice buoys that record 00:26:38.160 --> 00:26:42.900 ocean chemistry data continuously so that we're 00:26:42.900 --> 00:26:46.280 able to make associations with the population and 00:26:46.280 --> 00:26:48.120 the ocean chemistry there. 00:26:48.380 --> 00:26:50.860 But one tricky thing about these field experiments 00:26:50.860 --> 00:26:54.780 is that it's not the conditions, there can be other things 00:26:54.780 --> 00:26:58.360 about the regions that influence the results 00:26:58.360 --> 00:27:01.600 that we see. So that's where laboratory experiments 00:27:01.600 --> 00:27:05.040 are really nice because we can finally control the 00:27:05.300 --> 00:27:08.600 pH, temperature, and dissolved gasses and not worry 00:27:08.600 --> 00:27:11.520 about other things that are happening in the area, 00:27:11.520 --> 00:27:14.980 such as run-off or 00:27:15.560 --> 00:27:18.620 environmental pollution and that kind of stuff. 00:27:20.020 --> 00:27:22.640 So, that's why we, these laboratory experiments 00:27:22.640 --> 00:27:25.680 kind of make it simpler to answer some 00:27:25.840 --> 00:27:28.260 questions that we have. 00:27:29.240 --> 00:27:32.100 So, one way that NOAA at the Northwest Fisheries 00:27:32.100 --> 00:27:37.140 Science Center is assessing carbon dioxide 00:27:37.300 --> 00:27:40.500 sensitivity in dungeness crab is by collecting 00:27:40.540 --> 00:27:45.320 different crabs. So, some work that I was involved in 00:27:45.320 --> 00:27:53.180 last year was looking at these, so 00:27:54.000 --> 00:27:58.960 they collect female crabs carrying fertilized eggs 00:27:58.960 --> 00:28:02.160 and then hatch the eggs in the lab and then rear 00:28:02.160 --> 00:28:06.480 these crabs, raise these crabs in different 00:28:07.280 --> 00:28:10.160 ocean acidification conditions. 00:28:10.160 --> 00:28:14.400 And then we've also collected crabs at this 00:28:14.400 --> 00:28:19.880 megalopa stage and then, so when I say rear the 00:28:19.880 --> 00:28:24.500 larvae in different conditions, they do this at the 00:28:24.500 --> 00:28:27.600 center by using these mobile ocean acidification 00:28:27.600 --> 00:28:31.140 treatment systems. So, where each one of these 00:28:31.140 --> 00:28:33.100 systems, so each one of these computers, controls 00:28:33.100 --> 00:28:36.060 a different system and there is flowing filtered sea 00:28:36.060 --> 00:28:39.840 water going through it, where you can mix different 00:28:39.840 --> 00:28:41.700 amounts of carbon dioxide and sea water 00:28:42.700 --> 00:28:45.200 and see how that is affecting the development 00:28:45.200 --> 00:28:46.700 of the crabs. 00:28:46.760 --> 00:28:49.540 So, now I'm gonna show this video kind of like 00:28:49.540 --> 00:28:52.660 the process of what that looks like. 00:28:53.940 --> 00:28:58.280 So, in this first clip, NOAA scientists are collecting 00:28:58.280 --> 00:29:00.660 the late larval stage crabs and 00:29:00.660 --> 00:29:02.180 now they're pulling them back 00:29:02.180 --> 00:29:06.100 up onto the NOAA pier in the bucket and that's all 00:29:06.100 --> 00:29:08.420 these larvae that were collected. 00:29:09.880 --> 00:29:14.040 And then each larvae is gonna go into their own jars 00:29:15.460 --> 00:29:18.580 and put onto a treatment, and this allows us to 00:29:18.580 --> 00:29:21.680 monitor the development of an individual crab. 00:29:22.460 --> 00:29:24.980 So, in the field that would be extremely hard to do, 00:29:24.980 --> 00:29:26.260 if not impossible. 00:29:27.180 --> 00:29:29.660 And then we check the development over time 00:29:29.660 --> 00:29:32.040 to see and record when they've molted. 00:29:32.040 --> 00:29:33.840 Oops, sorry guys. 00:29:33.840 --> 00:29:34.560 00:29:34.560 --> 00:29:37.200 Let me go right back to there. 00:29:37.820 --> 00:29:40.680 So, you can see this crab has molted into a 00:29:40.960 --> 00:29:42.860 juvenile crab and then we write down 00:29:42.860 --> 00:29:45.580 the dates that that molting occurred on. 00:29:50.960 --> 00:29:54.720 So, in these experiments we can simulate the 00:29:54.760 --> 00:30:00.000 future ocean pH and the current ocean pH and 00:30:01.080 --> 00:30:04.360 measure how much energy the larvae are producing 00:30:05.080 --> 00:30:07.760 throughout the treatment, or the length of time that 00:30:07.760 --> 00:30:11.600 they're on these treatments by measuring their 00:30:11.600 --> 00:30:16.520 metabolic rate. We can count the number of crabs 00:30:16.760 --> 00:30:20.040 that survive in each treatment, measure the size. 00:30:21.160 --> 00:30:22.800 We can also measure the activity of different 00:30:22.800 --> 00:30:24.900 biochemical pathways happening inside 00:30:24.960 --> 00:30:27.040 the crab by doing this cool thing called 00:30:27.040 --> 00:30:30.480 metabolomics. And we can also look at the crab's DNA 00:30:30.640 --> 00:30:33.920 and compare, look and see if there's changes, 00:30:34.200 --> 00:30:37.440 if the treatment may have induced different 00:30:37.440 --> 00:30:41.000 epigenetic changes or genetic changes, which I'm 00:30:41.000 --> 00:30:44.000 gonna talk about in a couple slides. 00:30:44.200 --> 00:30:45.980 With the overall goal of being able to 00:30:45.980 --> 00:30:47.220 make more accurate 00:30:47.220 --> 00:30:50.400 predictions of whether the animal will be able to 00:30:50.540 --> 00:30:54.740 acclimate. So, this is some data that was published 00:30:54.740 --> 00:30:58.920 two years ago, it's a NOAA study, that showed low pH 00:30:59.060 --> 00:31:01.460 decreases dungeness crab larval 00:31:01.460 --> 00:31:03.460 survival and development. 00:31:04.160 --> 00:31:09.500 So, in the lower pH sea water, less larvae survived 00:31:09.600 --> 00:31:13.340 compared to the ambient pH sea water. 00:31:14.220 --> 00:31:19.100 Another measurement that was done was measuring 00:31:19.100 --> 00:31:22.720 the size of the zoea and this is just showing 00:31:22.720 --> 00:31:25.300 how you can do that. 00:31:26.460 --> 00:31:31.580 And then this is a project I worked on this past year 00:31:32.100 --> 00:31:35.460 that we just submitted for publication, and this was 00:31:35.460 --> 00:31:37.580 doing that cool technique called metabolomics, 00:31:37.580 --> 00:31:39.960 where we're able to measure all these different 00:31:39.960 --> 00:31:41.920 metabolites in the crab. 00:31:41.920 --> 00:31:44.960 So we had a couple different treatments and 00:31:45.200 --> 00:31:48.820 compared to our ambient treatment or the 00:31:49.260 --> 00:31:53.040 normal ocean conditions, we saw that in response 00:31:53.040 --> 00:31:58.280 to low pH, the animals showed citric acid cycle, 00:31:58.300 --> 00:32:02.100 increased activity. In response to low oxygen, they 00:32:02.100 --> 00:32:05.580 showed a hypoxia stress response that was common 00:32:05.580 --> 00:32:08.780 in other animals that were exposed to low oxygen. 00:32:09.820 --> 00:32:14.060 And then in a combined low oxygen and pH stress, 00:32:14.240 --> 00:32:20.020 we saw that low oxygen, the response to low oxygen 00:32:20.180 --> 00:32:23.660 dominated the pH response. 00:32:27.680 --> 00:32:29.740 I guess I want to ask this, this is the last 00:32:29.740 --> 00:32:31.160 polling question. 00:32:31.160 --> 00:32:35.720 Now, after seeing that data, what does everyone think? 00:32:35.720 --> 00:32:39.400 Are dungeness crabs affected by ocean acidification? 00:32:40.960 --> 00:32:41.860 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Alright, if you haven't 00:32:41.860 --> 00:32:43.840 seen it already, the quick poll is up there, 00:32:43.880 --> 00:32:48.300 so go ahead and vote on your prediction. 00:32:51.300 --> 00:32:52.780 We'll give folks just another couple 00:32:52.780 --> 00:32:56.540 seconds here to get us into the majority. 00:33:00.680 --> 00:33:03.180 Alright, just about eighty percent have voted, so 00:33:03.180 --> 00:33:05.880 I will close the poll and here are the results. 00:33:06.060 --> 00:33:09.320 So, ninety-three percent are saying absolutely yes, 00:33:09.320 --> 00:33:12.860 and there's seven percent saying we don't know yet. 00:33:13.300 --> 00:33:18.280 - Okay, so based on our data, those are, the 00:33:19.060 --> 00:33:23.980 experiments that I showed are laboratory results, 00:33:24.220 --> 00:33:28.100 and CO2 exposure experiments in filtered sea water. 00:33:28.100 --> 00:33:31.540 So, it's ocean acidification simulated like data. 00:33:33.340 --> 00:33:38.160 So, we don't yet know about ocean acidification, like 00:33:38.280 --> 00:33:41.580 in the actual ocean how the dungeness crab are 00:33:41.580 --> 00:33:43.200 going to respond. 00:33:43.200 --> 00:33:47.900 Based on our data, it seems like they, like in the, here 00:33:47.920 --> 00:33:51.460 I'm just gonna go back really quick just to show. 00:33:51.460 --> 00:33:55.640 So, based on this data, it seems like it might have 00:33:55.640 --> 00:33:58.640 a negative impact on them, but we don't actually 00:33:58.640 --> 00:34:01.860 know what would happen in the real ocean. 00:34:04.080 --> 00:34:07.100 So, we just have to bear that in mind in these 00:34:07.100 --> 00:34:09.580 experiments, they help kind of give us an idea of 00:34:09.580 --> 00:34:12.440 what might happen, but we still need to do some more 00:34:12.440 --> 00:34:15.960 experiments to find out, you know, get closer 00:34:16.080 --> 00:34:17.620 to the truth. 00:34:18.140 --> 00:34:21.680 So, there is ongoing research at NOAA so we can 00:34:21.680 --> 00:34:26.260 try to figure this out, and one thing is this 00:34:27.660 --> 00:34:29.640 megalopa shell quality study. 00:34:29.640 --> 00:34:32.920 So, this is, there was this cruise that went 00:34:32.920 --> 00:34:37.720 up the west coast, and 00:34:38.300 --> 00:34:40.080 these late larval stage crabs 00:34:40.080 --> 00:34:41.360 were collected in these different 00:34:41.360 --> 00:34:46.760 sites, and so what they're working on is trying to 00:34:46.760 --> 00:34:50.600 see if their shells, if the quality of their shells is 00:34:50.600 --> 00:34:53.320 different depending on the region that they were 00:34:53.320 --> 00:34:58.700 collected in, and see if that is associated with 00:34:58.700 --> 00:35:01.180 regional pH. 00:35:01.360 --> 00:35:04.500 And then, the center is also working on this 00:35:04.500 --> 00:35:06.260 multi-generational study. 00:35:06.260 --> 00:35:08.720 So, the other studies that I showed you, one was 00:35:08.720 --> 00:35:12.760 from, so the metabolomics work was in juvenile crab 00:35:13.480 --> 00:35:18.560 and the first study was in early larval stage crabs. 00:35:18.560 --> 00:35:22.120 So, this current study that's going on is looking 00:35:22.120 --> 00:35:27.460 across, the goal is to look across generations. 00:35:28.000 --> 00:35:32.220 So, where different animals can be collected, so 00:35:32.220 --> 00:35:35.480 different adult crabs can be, adult females can be 00:35:35.480 --> 00:35:42.180 collected from different regions and raise their larvae 00:35:42.640 --> 00:35:48.800 in low pH conditions or normal pH conditions over 00:35:48.900 --> 00:35:51.400 the course of their life. 00:35:51.540 --> 00:35:55.500 So, from larvae stage to juvenile and then to adult 00:35:56.100 --> 00:35:58.880 and see how the animals do over the course of 00:35:58.880 --> 00:36:00.760 their different life stages when they're in these 00:36:00.760 --> 00:36:02.360 different conditions. 00:36:02.360 --> 00:36:06.740 And then see if their region of origin is connected 00:36:06.740 --> 00:36:09.540 with how they end up doing in response to the 00:36:09.540 --> 00:36:12.780 different conditions they're put in. 00:36:15.420 --> 00:36:19.720 I feel like I kind of went fast, so I expect questions 00:36:19.720 --> 00:36:24.140 at the end, but that was kind of the end of the 00:36:24.140 --> 00:36:27.440 NOAA research part and now I'm just gonna do this 00:36:27.440 --> 00:36:30.860 overview of the national marine sanctuaries 00:36:30.860 --> 00:36:33.660 dungeness crab ocean acidification toolkit. 00:36:39.200 --> 00:36:41.060 So, I just wanted to kind of talk about, so these are 00:36:41.060 --> 00:36:43.200 the different pieces in the toolkit. 00:36:43.200 --> 00:36:48.680 If you go to this website, you can find a fact sheet, 00:36:48.680 --> 00:36:53.980 which is a double-page sheet with a lot of the 00:36:54.080 --> 00:36:57.040 information that was in this presentation. 00:36:57.240 --> 00:37:01.400 And you might want to use that for a handout at 00:37:01.400 --> 00:37:04.360 an event or something where you're just trying to 00:37:04.360 --> 00:37:07.840 convey or get this information out to people. 00:37:08.280 --> 00:37:11.980 There's also this powerpoint slideshow that has 00:37:11.980 --> 00:37:13.380 a script with it. 00:37:13.380 --> 00:37:17.280 A lot of the slides that I show today are part of this 00:37:17.280 --> 00:37:19.940 slideshow, I think ninety percent of the slides that 00:37:19.940 --> 00:37:25.280 I showed are from here, for classroom or whatever 00:37:25.280 --> 00:37:28.700 purposes, and if you wanted to just show part of it, 00:37:28.700 --> 00:37:31.460 because there's more slides in this slideshow that 00:37:31.460 --> 00:37:36.360 kind of talk about more about the cultural piece, the 00:37:36.360 --> 00:37:40.100 economic piece, and if you wanted to take different 00:37:40.100 --> 00:37:43.060 parts of the slideshow out and present it, you can 00:37:43.200 --> 00:37:44.520 do that. 00:37:44.640 --> 00:37:51.240 And then there's also this infographic that can be used, 00:37:51.240 --> 00:37:55.020 there are public domain photos that you can add 00:37:55.020 --> 00:37:58.540 to your presentation or create something else with. 00:37:59.120 --> 00:38:04.520 There is this eight-minute long video B-roll which 00:38:04.520 --> 00:38:08.280 shows different clips, and there's explanations 00:38:08.680 --> 00:38:13.540 for each clip, so if you wanted to cut, so the video 00:38:13.560 --> 00:38:17.200 that I showed today was from here, it was sped up 00:38:17.760 --> 00:38:21.200 but I just took little clips from this B roll, so you 00:38:21.200 --> 00:38:23.860 could something like that if you wanted to, or if you 00:38:23.900 --> 00:38:26.840 just wanted to show your classroom or whoever 00:38:26.840 --> 00:38:29.580 some information about the dungeness crab, 00:38:29.580 --> 00:38:32.920 you can go here, and then there's also this reference 00:38:32.920 --> 00:38:37.440 list, which includes all the sources that are in the 00:38:37.640 --> 00:38:40.240 presentation fact sheet, etc. 00:38:40.500 --> 00:38:43.360 So, if you want to go back to the studies that are 00:38:43.360 --> 00:38:45.660 referenced or where does this information come 00:38:45.660 --> 00:38:48.480 from about how much carbon dioxide is in the air 00:38:48.480 --> 00:38:50.980 and that kind of stuff, you can just check on this 00:38:51.280 --> 00:38:54.440 reference list and go back to the original sources. 00:38:55.160 --> 00:38:58.440 And then there's also this really nice resource list, if 00:38:58.440 --> 00:39:02.520 you're interested in more what's going on at NOAA, 00:39:02.520 --> 00:39:04.980 what's going on with the NOAA ocean acidification 00:39:04.980 --> 00:39:07.180 program, what are your national marine sanctuaries 00:39:07.180 --> 00:39:10.340 doing, what are ways that you can get involved, 00:39:10.340 --> 00:39:12.460 what are events that are happening around ocean 00:39:12.460 --> 00:39:15.320 acidification, all that kind of information you can 00:39:15.480 --> 00:39:18.460 just check out, definitely check out the resource list. 00:39:24.380 --> 00:39:26.960 And I think that's it. 00:39:27.640 --> 00:39:31.280 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Excellent, well thank you, Doctor Trigg, for your 00:39:31.280 --> 00:39:32.800 presentation. 00:39:32.800 --> 00:39:34.960 I'll pop up my web camera and join you again, and 00:39:34.960 --> 00:39:36.660 maybe Jenny, you can, too, because perhaps between 00:39:36.660 --> 00:39:37.980 the three of us, we can answer 00:39:37.980 --> 00:39:39.380 some of these questions. 00:39:39.380 --> 00:39:41.000 So, if you haven't already, go ahead and type your 00:39:41.000 --> 00:39:42.600 question into the question box. 00:39:42.600 --> 00:39:45.140 If you're feeling brave, look in your control panel, 00:39:45.340 --> 00:39:46.180 if there's a little hand 00:39:46.180 --> 00:39:49.140 there that you can raise, which means that I will 00:39:49.140 --> 00:39:52.380 un-mute you and you can actually have audio and 00:39:52.380 --> 00:39:55.160 ask your question, but I know on these webinars and 00:39:55.160 --> 00:39:57.780 past experience not too many people raise their hand. 00:39:57.780 --> 00:39:59.120 They'd much rather type it. 00:39:59.120 --> 00:40:02.060 So, our first question that has come in is, "What 00:40:02.060 --> 00:40:04.600 about the issues that oyster farms on the west 00:40:04.600 --> 00:40:06.600 coast are presently having?" 00:40:07.020 --> 00:40:10.360 So, can you shed some light onto that, Shelly? 00:40:10.360 --> 00:40:15.320 - Okay, so what I know about the oyster farms, so 00:40:15.740 --> 00:40:19.020 oyster shells, I thought about including something 00:40:19.020 --> 00:40:23.260 about this, oyster shells are calcium carbonate. 00:40:23.740 --> 00:40:25.940 A lot of bivalve shells are made 00:40:25.980 --> 00:40:27.160 out of calcium carbonate, 00:40:27.160 --> 00:40:29.320 and that's different than what crab, dungeness crab 00:40:29.320 --> 00:40:32.520 shells are made out of chitin and it's a stronger 00:40:32.780 --> 00:40:38.980 material, so the calcium carbonate shells are a little 00:40:38.980 --> 00:40:44.100 more affected by the low pH as far as we see in the 00:40:44.180 --> 00:40:51.340 lab, and I know in some of the hatcheries and stuff 00:40:51.980 --> 00:40:56.020 that had a problem when there was a natural 00:40:56.020 --> 00:41:00.880 low pH event happen, and had very low 00:41:01.380 --> 00:41:05.860 survivorship, I think there were some 00:41:05.860 --> 00:41:09.340 cases where they were able to buffer the water 00:41:09.340 --> 00:41:11.180 once they were able to figure out what that was, they 00:41:11.180 --> 00:41:14.320 were able to buffer their water that was coming in 00:41:14.600 --> 00:41:18.000 and saw increased survival to that. 00:41:18.000 --> 00:41:20.480 That's just one example, though, I'm not sure about 00:41:20.480 --> 00:41:22.360 all the problems. 00:41:23.540 --> 00:41:24.800 - Excellent. Well, yes, 00:41:24.800 --> 00:41:25.840 and your work was on the 00:41:25.840 --> 00:41:27.200 dungeness crab but you do have some insight 00:41:27.200 --> 00:41:28.580 to that, thank you. 00:41:28.940 --> 00:41:32.460 So, John Winneck, you have raised your hand, lucky 00:41:32.460 --> 00:41:33.900 you, I'm gonna un-mute you, 00:41:33.900 --> 00:41:35.500 let's see if this is gonna work. 00:41:37.240 --> 00:41:39.800 Alright, John, what's your question? 00:41:41.420 --> 00:41:43.180 Are you there? 00:41:43.640 --> 00:41:46.580 Okay, we're going to mute you, John. 00:41:46.580 --> 00:41:48.540 We'll try again if you keep your hand raised. 00:41:48.540 --> 00:41:51.040 Is there anyone else with a raised hand? 00:41:51.040 --> 00:41:52.720 If not, I'll go to one of our additional 00:41:52.720 --> 00:41:54.340 typed questions here. 00:41:54.700 --> 00:41:58.100 We have, this is one that maybe even Jenny and I 00:41:58.100 --> 00:42:01.200 can pipe in. If you were to explain ocean 00:42:01.200 --> 00:42:04.280 acidification to elementary school kids, is there 00:42:04.280 --> 00:42:07.760 one talking point or to-do or even visual from the 00:42:07.760 --> 00:42:11.200 toolkit or elsewhere that this teacher or teachers 00:42:11.280 --> 00:42:13.360 of second-graders should use? 00:42:13.980 --> 00:42:15.940 Not second-graders, elementary school students, 00:42:15.940 --> 00:42:17.940 so K through six. 00:42:18.720 --> 00:42:20.740 We'll let you start, Shelly, and then Jenny, if you have 00:42:20.740 --> 00:42:22.920 anything you'd like to add. 00:42:25.980 --> 00:42:29.020 - One piece of the toolkit that might be better at 00:42:29.080 --> 00:42:33.240 reaching young, young students. 00:42:34.140 --> 00:42:41.760 Let's see, I guess I think the visuals are really 00:42:41.760 --> 00:42:47.820 helpful, so maybe part of the video. 00:42:49.160 --> 00:42:54.560 Ocean acidification is a complex concept, so it is 00:42:54.560 --> 00:42:58.800 tricky, but I think sometimes seeing the live footage 00:42:58.800 --> 00:43:02.380 of what's happening and just thinking about it 00:43:02.380 --> 00:43:03.740 that way might help. 00:43:05.100 --> 00:43:07.760 - Yeah, and I think I would even add maybe just that 00:43:07.760 --> 00:43:12.640 life cycle visual is really helpful to discuss the life 00:43:12.640 --> 00:43:15.400 cycle, and then of course the chemistry of ocean 00:43:15.500 --> 00:43:18.580 acidification is pretty complex and for some of the 00:43:18.580 --> 00:43:21.060 younger elementary school students might be hard 00:43:21.060 --> 00:43:21.700 to grasp. 00:43:24.060 --> 00:43:30.340 - Maybe, I'm just gonna scroll back real quick, I know 00:43:30.340 --> 00:43:37.840 this is a complex figure, but it's kind of like, I tried 00:43:38.060 --> 00:43:41.720 to put it in perspective kind of like, when humans 00:43:41.720 --> 00:43:45.600 get too hot, we can not feel so good or if you have 00:43:46.500 --> 00:43:49.400 limited oxygen you don't feel so good, so I try to 00:43:49.560 --> 00:43:52.600 put it like that and I don't know, that might help. 00:43:54.420 --> 00:43:57.440 - And Jenny, you have experience in working with 00:43:57.440 --> 00:44:00.600 probably higher than elementary school teachers 00:44:00.600 --> 00:44:02.720 and students on O.A., but do you have any insight 00:44:02.720 --> 00:44:04.080 you'd like to share? 00:44:05.020 --> 00:44:08.680 - Yeah, I think ocean acidification, just like climate, 00:44:08.680 --> 00:44:12.760 is a really challenging topic, even for us adults to 00:44:12.760 --> 00:44:15.920 take it on in terms of really internalizing what the 00:44:15.920 --> 00:44:16.860 effects are to our lives. 00:44:18.140 --> 00:44:22.740 And in general, with younger students, I try not to 00:44:22.740 --> 00:44:26.300 add any traumatic information for anybody below 00:44:26.300 --> 00:44:30.060 fourth grade, and that is consistent with a lot of the 00:44:30.060 --> 00:44:33.660 early education literature that we really don't want 00:44:33.740 --> 00:44:37.960 to make it a traumatic event for younger kids. 00:44:37.960 --> 00:44:41.020 We want to them to fall in love with the mystery and 00:44:41.140 --> 00:44:43.880 the excitement and the beauty of the ocean at those 00:44:43.880 --> 00:44:46.380 younger ages. 00:44:46.380 --> 00:44:49.280 That said, I think it's safe in terms of the younger 00:44:49.280 --> 00:44:52.840 ages to talk about how the animals in the ocean 00:44:53.260 --> 00:44:55.660 need the conditions to be a certain way in order to 00:44:55.660 --> 00:44:59.100 live, they are in salt water and if it gets too hot for 00:44:59.100 --> 00:45:01.960 them, they have nowhere to go. 00:45:02.280 --> 00:45:04.660 So, I think just in terms of the younger kids, just 00:45:04.660 --> 00:45:06.640 talking about healthy environment, and the video 00:45:06.880 --> 00:45:10.740 footage is good to show what habitat crabs need 00:45:10.740 --> 00:45:12.740 and what it looks like to them. 00:45:14.740 --> 00:45:16.300 The simplest I've talked about with ocean 00:45:16.300 --> 00:45:19.740 acidification is just how the carbon dioxide in the 00:45:20.280 --> 00:45:22.600 atmosphere is being absorbed by the ocean, the 00:45:22.600 --> 00:45:25.700 ocean is the dominant habitat on our planet, and it 00:45:26.300 --> 00:45:32.280 acts like a sponge and absorbs this excess air into 00:45:32.500 --> 00:45:35.640 the ocean, and it's changing the chemistry of the 00:45:35.640 --> 00:45:38.580 ocean, making it harder for some organisms or 00:45:38.580 --> 00:45:43.280 animals to live, and just keeping it simple as that. 00:45:43.280 --> 00:45:45.920 And so we really need to conserve energy and put 00:45:45.920 --> 00:45:47.820 less of that carbon dioxide out there. 00:45:47.960 --> 00:45:49.920 And that's about as far as I've gotten with 00:45:49.920 --> 00:45:53.480 younger students, my son being a test case at 00:45:53.500 --> 00:45:56.860 seven years old, I try not to overdo it there. 00:45:56.920 --> 00:45:59.520 But I think it's a really good question, and I'm glad 00:45:59.520 --> 00:46:03.060 you asked it, and I just think keeping in mind not to 00:46:03.120 --> 00:46:06.200 scare younger kids but to get them excited about 00:46:06.200 --> 00:46:08.920 ecology and biodiversity is really the most important 00:46:08.920 --> 00:46:10.260 thing to do. 00:46:10.860 --> 00:46:14.160 - Excellent, yeah that definitely caught us on our toes. 00:46:14.160 --> 00:46:16.300 So, I'm gonna try the audio again because we have 00:46:16.300 --> 00:46:19.060 Paul McElheny, who has expressed interest in 00:46:19.060 --> 00:46:21.980 speaking, so you're gonna have to un-mute yourself, 00:46:21.980 --> 00:46:24.780 Paul, I've un-muted you, but now you're in control 00:46:24.780 --> 00:46:28.300 on your end, let's see, ooh I might strike out twice 00:46:28.300 --> 00:46:33.920 here; so in your control panel, Paul, you now have 00:46:33.920 --> 00:46:39.020 the capability of un-muting yourself. 00:46:40.680 --> 00:46:41.640 You're muted again, sorry. 00:46:41.640 --> 00:46:43.180 Okay, back to, we have tons of questions 00:46:43.180 --> 00:46:45.500 in the question box, so I'll stick with those for now. 00:46:46.220 --> 00:46:48.340 So, question for Shelly: What does an increase in 00:46:48.340 --> 00:46:52.100 citric acid cycle activity mean for a crab? 00:46:53.180 --> 00:47:01.240 - So, that means, in that low pH group, compared to 00:47:01.640 --> 00:47:06.740 the normal conditions, they were increasing kind of 00:47:06.740 --> 00:47:09.860 their energy production, so citric acid cycle is how 00:47:09.860 --> 00:47:15.280 the animal is making an energy molecule, which 00:47:15.280 --> 00:47:22.900 fuels a lot of biochemical reactions, and so it just 00:47:23.080 --> 00:47:27.860 means that they are trying to produce more fuel 00:47:27.860 --> 00:47:32.740 to support other things that are having to happen 00:47:32.740 --> 00:47:35.300 in the animal that are not happening in 00:47:36.160 --> 00:47:38.040 the normal conditions. 00:47:38.040 --> 00:47:40.840 I don't know if that helps. 00:47:40.840 --> 00:47:44.840 - Alright, well let's talk about, so apart from 00:47:44.840 --> 00:47:46.700 carbon emissions, what else can be eliminated 00:47:46.700 --> 00:47:49.760 to help reduce ocean acidification, so a more 00:47:49.880 --> 00:47:52.280 broad question here. 00:47:52.280 --> 00:47:54.480 - So, there's some different things, I'm just gonna 00:47:54.480 --> 00:47:58.920 talk about one example that's being pretty 00:47:58.920 --> 00:48:03.040 investigated right now, which is planting of sea 00:48:03.040 --> 00:48:07.540 grass in different regions. 00:48:08.240 --> 00:48:13.720 So, sea grass used to be more prevalent than it is 00:48:13.720 --> 00:48:17.760 in certain areas, and people are thinking if we put 00:48:18.600 --> 00:48:23.480 sea grass back, sea grass is a plant, so it will help 00:48:23.480 --> 00:48:33.060 absorb carbon and it will give off oxygen, so that's 00:48:33.480 --> 00:48:36.500 something that might help the situation that people 00:48:36.500 --> 00:48:43.640 are experimenting with trial out-plantings of it. 00:48:43.840 --> 00:48:46.480 So, we'll kind of see how that works; it's still 00:48:46.480 --> 00:48:48.640 definitely in early test phase. 00:48:50.060 --> 00:48:52.120 Something like that might work, but there's other 00:48:52.120 --> 00:48:53.900 things like that. 00:48:53.900 --> 00:48:56.520 - Alright, here's a couple questions directly related 00:48:56.520 --> 00:48:58.500 to your research: How did you manage to collect 00:48:58.500 --> 00:49:01.460 so many crab larvae from the ocean? 00:49:02.360 --> 00:49:05.420 And then, before you get there, a follow-up question 00:49:05.420 --> 00:49:07.840 is: When you finish raising the crabs in 00:49:07.840 --> 00:49:10.420 your lab study, do you release them 00:49:10.420 --> 00:49:12.800 back into the ocean? 00:49:13.100 --> 00:49:18.720 - So, the crab larvae, we have special traps to 00:49:19.180 --> 00:49:21.580 collect those, and we also have special permits 00:49:21.580 --> 00:49:28.460 that allow us to collect those, and that is just like 00:49:28.460 --> 00:49:30.000 a hit-or-miss thing. 00:49:30.000 --> 00:49:33.040 Sometimes there are no larvae for a couple weeks, 00:49:33.040 --> 00:49:38.500 and then there's this wave of lots of them, and they 00:49:38.500 --> 00:49:42.000 are attracted to light, so our traps have these light 00:49:42.000 --> 00:49:45.100 sources in them, and they just go into the trap and 00:49:45.100 --> 00:49:48.540 then can't get out. So for the larvae, for the animals, 00:49:48.540 --> 00:49:51.180 I guess this goes for the adults, too, when we take 00:49:51.180 --> 00:49:54.980 them into the lab and we're rearing them or raising 00:49:54.980 --> 00:50:00.040 them in our laboratory conditions, we don't release 00:50:00.040 --> 00:50:03.960 them back out to the wild in case anything might 00:50:03.960 --> 00:50:06.060 have happened to them in the lab. 00:50:06.060 --> 00:50:11.740 We would not want to risk if they for some reason, 00:50:11.740 --> 00:50:14.360 if they caught some infection from being in the lab, 00:50:14.360 --> 00:50:16.100 we would not want to release that back out 00:50:16.100 --> 00:50:18.860 to the wild, so we just try to, animals that we bring 00:50:18.860 --> 00:50:21.800 in we just use in our... 00:50:23.900 --> 00:50:29.000 - In the name of science. 00:50:30.100 --> 00:50:33.280 Are you collecting or receiving any data from the crab 00:50:33.280 --> 00:50:37.200 fisheries on changes in catch size or abundance? 00:50:37.240 --> 00:50:41.120 - Yeah, so there's people at the center who are doing 00:50:41.120 --> 00:50:48.140 analysis on that data that work with the 00:50:48.140 --> 00:50:54.620 Washington fish and wildlife data, or there's fish 00:50:54.620 --> 00:50:57.240 and wildlife data for the whole west coast that 00:50:57.240 --> 00:51:02.260 some people are doing analysis on to try to see if 00:51:02.260 --> 00:51:06.660 there are fluctuations in 00:51:06.660 --> 00:51:10.480 population size or estimate that. 00:51:10.960 --> 00:51:13.140 - And then have you seen population effects yet, 00:51:13.140 --> 00:51:16.700 like in recent, this is Ellen Hale saying in recent 00:51:16.700 --> 00:51:20.600 crab tissue sampling at a super fund site in 00:51:20.760 --> 00:51:24.000 Puget Sound they had a low number per effort 00:51:24.000 --> 00:51:26.060 of dungeness crabs, so have you seen any 00:51:26.060 --> 00:51:28.220 populations effects yourself? 00:51:29.980 --> 00:51:36.740 - Not that I am aware of, I know they've had to 00:51:36.740 --> 00:51:43.140 postpone season opening and that kind of stuff, 00:51:43.440 --> 00:51:47.260 I can't remember if that was last year, but sometimes 00:51:47.260 --> 00:51:50.180 that's happened, where it's like the animals, aren't 00:51:50.180 --> 00:51:51.840 it doesn't seem like they're big enough yet or their 00:51:51.840 --> 00:51:55.500 shells are too soft or too close, kind of like they 00:51:55.500 --> 00:51:59.080 molted a little later than expected. 00:51:59.840 --> 00:52:07.940 But we haven't noticed an overall population change, 00:52:09.440 --> 00:52:13.800 at least as far as I know what's been looked at. 00:52:17.320 --> 00:52:20.500 - I'll just add down in California a couple years ago, 00:52:20.500 --> 00:52:23.100 we had a very delayed crab season because of a 00:52:23.100 --> 00:52:26.820 toxic algal bloom, so that was another effect of 00:52:27.460 --> 00:52:30.340 changing ocean conditions, a very late toxic algal 00:52:30.340 --> 00:52:33.580 bloom that they had to delay crab season significantly, 00:52:33.580 --> 00:52:37.500 which really hurts the communities of folks that 00:52:37.500 --> 00:52:41.160 rely on catching crab. 00:52:41.680 --> 00:52:44.540 - Alright, we have a note from an ambitious young 00:52:44.540 --> 00:52:47.600 man, who's saying, "Hi, Dr. Trigg, can ocean 00:52:47.600 --> 00:52:50.220 acidification be generalized across crustacean 00:52:50.220 --> 00:52:53.380 species, and are there differences in bays and 00:52:53.380 --> 00:52:55.540 open ocean in terms of carbon intake and 00:52:55.540 --> 00:52:57.140 associated pH levels?" 00:52:57.140 --> 00:52:59.580 And on a side note, he's wondering if you're 00:52:59.580 --> 00:53:02.840 look for an intern. I don't know where he's based, but 00:53:02.840 --> 00:53:05.760 he's being ambitious here. 00:53:05.920 --> 00:53:07.860 - So, for the internships and stuff like that, you 00:53:07.860 --> 00:53:11.480 should definitely check out the NOAA website, 00:53:11.820 --> 00:53:16.120 the NOAA ocean acidification program, and look for 00:53:16.180 --> 00:53:17.860 opportunities that way. 00:53:18.200 --> 00:53:20.920 I'm currently at University of Washington now, I just 00:53:20.920 --> 00:53:24.080 started here, so not looking for interns yet, but 00:53:24.080 --> 00:53:27.740 maybe some time in the future. 00:53:27.740 --> 00:53:30.300 And then, so we're thinking about... 00:53:30.300 --> 00:53:33.420 - The first part of the question is ocean acidification 00:53:33.420 --> 00:53:36.300 generalized across crustacean species? 00:53:37.460 --> 00:53:44.340 - So, I don't think we know that, we only kind of 00:53:44.340 --> 00:53:49.560 know what we've investigated, the dungeness crab 00:53:49.560 --> 00:53:53.740 response to, I don't know this is kind of different, 00:53:53.740 --> 00:53:56.840 low oxygen was a response that is conserved 00:53:56.840 --> 00:53:59.060 across different animals when they're in low oxygen 00:53:59.060 --> 00:54:00.940 conditions, so that is something that could be 00:54:00.940 --> 00:54:05.280 generalized, but I don't know about the ocean 00:54:05.280 --> 00:54:09.060 acidification response. I mean that has to do with 00:54:09.060 --> 00:54:12.500 kind of how the animal prioritizes which functions 00:54:12.720 --> 00:54:15.000 are important, kind of like the second question that 00:54:15.000 --> 00:54:17.900 we all thought about, and that's something that 00:54:17.960 --> 00:54:21.080 might be different, depending on the species. 00:54:22.760 --> 00:54:28.600 So, I'm not sure, and definitely bays versus offshore, 00:54:28.600 --> 00:54:33.360 off the coast, I think vary in pH, it's kind of 00:54:33.360 --> 00:54:37.760 dependent on how much river water is flowing into 00:54:38.160 --> 00:54:42.200 that and there's a lot of different variables that can 00:54:42.200 --> 00:54:44.120 change the water chemistry. 00:54:44.920 --> 00:54:48.360 - Alright, excellent. So we did have someone mention 00:54:48.360 --> 00:54:50.980 that on NOAA's website under the teacher curriculum, 00:54:50.980 --> 00:54:53.900 there's a space for O.A. curriculum coming soon, and 00:54:53.920 --> 00:54:56.380 so wanting to know more about that. 00:54:56.380 --> 00:54:58.220 And I also just wanted to just mention that initially 00:54:58.220 --> 00:55:00.380 today, on October 17th, we were going to have a 00:55:00.380 --> 00:55:03.920 presentation by Amy Dean talking about our real 00:55:03.920 --> 00:55:07.620 time data or near real time data in our NOAA data 00:55:07.620 --> 00:55:10.640 in the classroom resource on ocean acidification, 00:55:11.000 --> 00:55:13.800 and unfortunately those materials haven't yet been 00:55:13.800 --> 00:55:16.780 solidified and put onto the internet, so hence why 00:55:16.780 --> 00:55:20.220 we had to cancel that particular webinar, but there 00:55:20.600 --> 00:55:24.600 is more educational material on ocean acidification 00:55:24.600 --> 00:55:27.180 coming out from different parts of NOAA, like the 00:55:27.180 --> 00:55:29.280 Office of National Marine Sanctuaries and the 00:55:29.280 --> 00:55:32.340 ocean acidification program, and of course this 00:55:32.340 --> 00:55:35.660 collaboration with NOAA fisheries, so keep 00:55:35.800 --> 00:55:37.820 checking back because some of those curriculum 00:55:37.820 --> 00:55:40.940 materials and other educational complements 00:55:41.220 --> 00:55:43.460 will be available soon. 00:55:43.740 --> 00:55:46.580 Okay, we can ask maybe one more question, and 00:55:46.580 --> 00:55:49.060 there's so many to choose from, so... 00:55:51.560 --> 00:55:55.540 Okay, that's similar, oh goodness, okay. 00:55:55.580 --> 00:55:58.380 - While you're doing that, I just want to add that 00:55:58.380 --> 00:56:01.220 cleanet.org is a really great curriculum resource 00:56:01.260 --> 00:56:04.080 for searching for curriculum related to climate, 00:56:04.160 --> 00:56:06.200 and you can search ocean acidification. It's supported 00:56:06.200 --> 00:56:09.180 by NOAA, and it's all curriculum that's reviewed by 00:56:09.180 --> 00:56:13.740 scientists for accuracy and also the pedagogy for 00:56:13.740 --> 00:56:18.240 the standards, so cleanet.org is a really great 00:56:18.240 --> 00:56:21.440 curriculum resource. 00:56:22.600 --> 00:56:25.800 - So, this kind of goes back again to comparing 00:56:25.800 --> 00:56:28.320 crabs and other shellfish and such but can we 00:56:28.320 --> 00:56:31.620 assume that bivalves will have a more difficult time 00:56:31.620 --> 00:56:35.140 making their calcium carbonate shells than animals 00:56:35.280 --> 00:56:38.000 like crabs that use chitin for shells with 00:56:38.040 --> 00:56:41.820 ocean acidification? And your response to that, Shelly. 00:56:44.540 --> 00:56:49.660 - I think in terms of shells that bivalve shells are 00:56:49.780 --> 00:56:55.520 more vulnerable to dissolution than chitin, but there 00:56:55.680 --> 00:56:59.800 may be other processes in the dungeness crab that 00:56:59.800 --> 00:57:03.260 get compromised that might not get compromised 00:57:03.400 --> 00:57:07.440 in bivalves, and it's those kinds of underlying, so 00:57:07.440 --> 00:57:12.240 besides the shell, what other biology is affected, 00:57:12.460 --> 00:57:20.400 and how bad of a problem is it? Those are all things 00:57:20.400 --> 00:57:24.240 that we're trying to look at. 00:57:24.800 --> 00:57:28.200 - Okay, well with that, any remaining questions that 00:57:28.200 --> 00:57:31.020 haven't been answered, we'll go ahead and I'll email 00:57:31.020 --> 00:57:33.980 those to Shelly and in the next week or so, we'll get 00:57:33.980 --> 00:57:35.800 a response back to all attendees. 00:57:35.800 --> 00:57:40.220 So, I did put a link into the box there in your control 00:57:40.220 --> 00:57:43.180 panel for the ocean acidification toolkit. 00:57:44.280 --> 00:57:47.000 Jenny has also provided links for the NOAA ocean 00:57:47.000 --> 00:57:50.440 acidification program, that cleanet.org. 00:57:50.720 --> 00:57:53.360 There's also a lot of great resources available 00:57:53.900 --> 00:57:57.600 on the Understanding Ocean Acidification website, 00:57:58.200 --> 00:57:59.780 that I put a link in there, it's 00:57:59.780 --> 00:58:01.780 cisanctuary.org/acidocean. 00:58:02.940 --> 00:58:05.040 And so thanks to many of you that when we were 00:58:05.040 --> 00:58:07.100 having the discussion about teaching 00:58:07.100 --> 00:58:09.840 ocean acidification to elementary school students, 00:58:09.840 --> 00:58:12.860 a lot of you wrote in ideas of how to demonstrate 00:58:12.960 --> 00:58:15.320 the process, so appreciate that. 00:58:15.320 --> 00:58:17.900 There are some good ideas, which are similar to 00:58:17.900 --> 00:58:20.940 what many of you wrote on that acid ocean website. 00:58:21.420 --> 00:58:24.960 With that, I'll go ahead and take back the controls 00:58:24.960 --> 00:58:27.200 to wrap up today's presentation. 00:58:28.340 --> 00:58:34.900 So, let's see here, okay, thanks again, Shelly, for 00:58:35.000 --> 00:58:38.080 a great presentation, we appreciate your time being 00:58:38.080 --> 00:58:41.820 on today's call. I mentioned earlier that this webinar 00:58:41.820 --> 00:58:44.780 has been recorded and there is an archive page, 00:58:44.900 --> 00:58:47.800 there's no need to do a mad rush and write down 00:58:47.800 --> 00:58:50.340 that URL because it will be coming to you in a 00:58:50.340 --> 00:58:51.480 follow-up email. 00:58:51.480 --> 00:58:53.700 If you do have any specific questions or comments, 00:58:53.700 --> 00:58:58.500 go ahead and email sanctuary.education@noaa.gov. 00:58:58.860 --> 00:59:01.420 Based on feedback a couple years ago when we 00:59:01.420 --> 00:59:04.000 first started this webinar series, we now create a 00:59:04.000 --> 00:59:07.360 certificate of attendance, so all attendees today 00:59:07.360 --> 00:59:10.680 in the live presentation will receive this certificate 00:59:10.680 --> 00:59:13.880 that is showing one contact hour of professional 00:59:13.880 --> 00:59:17.240 development and you'll be getting that just in the 00:59:17.300 --> 00:59:20.500 few minutes here following the webinar via email. 00:59:20.500 --> 00:59:23.140 I normally like to advertise the next webinar in the 00:59:23.140 --> 00:59:26.520 series, but we are taking a hiatus for November. 00:59:26.520 --> 00:59:29.860 I think our website still shows that there is a 00:59:29.860 --> 00:59:32.940 Sinkholes in Thunder Bay Sanctuary presentation, 00:59:32.940 --> 00:59:35.640 but unfortunately that has to be cancelled , so 00:59:35.640 --> 00:59:38.340 November is off and then we'll start back in 00:59:38.340 --> 00:59:40.740 December with another presentation that is being 00:59:40.740 --> 00:59:43.900 finalized now, and as soon as possible, I'll get the 00:59:43.900 --> 00:59:48.540 calendar of events for the presentations for 2019 00:59:49.080 --> 00:59:51.080 up on our website. 00:59:51.080 --> 00:59:53.560 And lastly, I mentioned this in the beginning, but 00:59:53.560 --> 00:59:56.160 before people sign off, when you do close out from 00:59:56.160 --> 00:59:59.520 the webinar, make sure to just please spend those 00:59:59.520 --> 01:00:02.340 two or three minutes answering our questions. 01:00:02.340 --> 01:00:05.740 We take this evaluation data very seriously, we 01:00:05.820 --> 01:00:09.500 analyze all of it, and find ways to improve the series 01:00:09.500 --> 01:00:12.560 and some of our other educational opportunities. 01:00:12.560 --> 01:00:15.060 For those of you that are educators, we do ask a 01:00:15.060 --> 01:00:17.560 series of questions about bringing NOAA science 01:00:17.620 --> 01:00:20.600 into your classroom, where it's similar to a webinar, 01:00:20.600 --> 01:00:23.460 but we would do it with you as a teacher and your 01:00:23.480 --> 01:00:26.340 students, and so we are doing a needs assessment 01:00:26.340 --> 01:00:29.640 on what kind of platform and what we would do 01:00:29.640 --> 01:00:31.780 for that, so if you're an educator, feel free to answer 01:00:31.860 --> 01:00:34.020 those following questions as well. 01:00:34.740 --> 01:00:36.860 With that, we will end today's webinar, but we 01:00:36.860 --> 01:00:39.920 appreciate all of your time, for participating, and 01:00:39.920 --> 01:00:42.760 Doctor Shelly Trigg for joining us and Jennifer Stock 01:00:42.800 --> 01:00:46.380 up at Point Reyes, appreciate everyone and with 01:00:46.380 --> 01:00:49.580 that, it concludes today's webinar. Thank you.