WEBVTT
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Well, welcome, everybody,
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to the National Marine Sanctuaries Webinar Series.
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We're really pleased to have you joining us today.
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This series is hosted by the NOAA Office
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of National Marine Sanctuaries,
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and since 2016, when we started this series,
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we have felt that it's a great way to connect with educators
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and other interested people to provide educational
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and scientific expertise as well as resources
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and training to support ocean
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and climate literacy in your classroom
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or with your audiences.
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So with that, I want to introduce myself.
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My name is Claire Fackler,
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and I'm the National Education Liaison
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for NOAA's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries.
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I'm sitting in my office here in Santa Barbara, California,
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and we're so pleased.
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We have over 500 direct registrants for today's webinar.
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We have a large number of participants
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from the Monterey Bay Aquarium, so welcome.
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A few other aquariums around the country as well.
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So I'm glad you can all be joining us.
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Before I introduce you to our presenter today,
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I wanted to give just an overview
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of our National Marine Sanctuary System.
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So you're probably all familiar
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with the National Park System.
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These are our underwater parks
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known as national marine sanctuaries.
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We have special ocean
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and Great Lakes areas that we manage
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that cover over 629,000 square miles
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of underwater treasures.
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Each of the dots on the map, which there are currently 18,
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represent our national marine sanctuaries.
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And these are places
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that we're helping safeguard America's premier ocean
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and Great Lakes places.
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So these special underwater treasures
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are protected for a wide variety of reasons.
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In some cases it's due to the unique biodiversity.
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It also could be because of the maritime
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and cultural heritage, like this shipwreck.
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But all in all, national marine sanctuaries provide shelter
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and protection for animals
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like this Hawaiian green sea turtle.
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Now we are mandated through Congress to conduct education,
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outreach,
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research,
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and monitoring.
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And we do all of this to help protect the resources.
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And we also want people to know that these special ocean
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and Great Lakes treasures are places that you can get into.
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You can get into your sanctuary,
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you can explore it, enjoy it,
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hopefully then gain respect for it and want to protect it.
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And you can get into your sanctuary
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through activities like kayaking,
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or fishing,
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snorkeling,
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scuba diving,
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surfing,
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getting on a boat, viewing marine life.
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And all in all, we hope that people get inspired
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and actually want to participate
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and help out with volunteering
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to protect these special places now and for the future.
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So with that brief introduction,
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I wanted to welcome our guest presenter, who is Ella Kim.
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Ella is getting her PhD in biological oceanography
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from the Scripps Institute of Ocean.
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Scripps Institution of Oceanography
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in the Scripps Acoustic Ecology Lab.
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She has the Bachelor of Arts in Environmental Analysis
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from Scripps College.
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Two years after that,
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she was the applied mathematics department head
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at The Island School in Bahamas.
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And when she's not studying fish chorusing,
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you can find Ella enjoying the beach,
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surfing, swimming, et cetera.
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So with that, I will welcome you
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and give you the controls to share your screen.
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So coming right your way.
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Thanks for joining us.
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Thank you so much for the warm introduction, Claire.
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Can you all see my screen?
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I hope so.
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Well, Claire, you'll let me know.
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Yes.
Okay.
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Thanks for the warm introduction, Claire,
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and thank you so much all for being here.
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I'm really grateful to have so many people in the room.
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So like Claire said, my name is Ella Bea Kim,
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and I'm a PhD candidate and NOAA Dr. Nancy Foster Scholar
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at the Scripps Acoustic Ecology Lab
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at Scripps Oceanography in San Diego, California.
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And I'm presenting today on my work for this webinar,
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which I've called Fishy Love Songs,
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Eavesdropping on Fish Chorusing
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in California National Marine Sanctuaries.
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So today I'm just gonna be presenting a bit
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on my path to science,
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why I study fish chorusing, how we do it,
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and what I've learned from it.
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So without further ado,
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to start out, just a bit about me.
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So I'm originally from Brooklyn, New York,
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and this is the Gowanus Canal,
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which was the closest body of water to my house growing up.
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You can see there's like an oil slick on the top,
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and sometimes when I'd walk to elementary school
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in the morning,
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there'd be like floating rats at the surface of the water.
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So it was pretty gross.
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It's actually now a Superfund site,
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so it's getting cleaned up, which is really awesome.
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So even though I grew up surrounded by water,
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as a city kid I wasn't so aware
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that that water could actually be brimming with life.
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Now as an undergrad in LA County,
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I was first exposed to ocean science,
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and I was totally hooked.
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I got involved in all of the research I could
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after taking my first marine ecology class,
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from barnacle research to coral paleoceanographic work,
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oyster restoration, and dolphin acoustics.
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And then after college, like Claire mentioned,
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I moved to the Bahamas,
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where I spent two years teaching applied math.
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This was a super incredible experience
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where I became super passionate about teaching.
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You'll see this is one of my first math classes,
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a picture of on the top.
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And I also spent lots of time exploring
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the really beautiful ocean surrounding this island
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in the Bahamas.
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Here's a picture from one of my shark dives,
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which was really an incredible experience,
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but I really missed ocean science research,
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which brings me to where I am now
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in the Scripps Acoustic Ecology lab studying fish sounds.
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So first I just wanted to start out by giving my plug
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that fish are really important.
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First, they hold really critical roles
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in all levels of our ocean food webs,
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from the tiniest of baby fish plankton, or ichthyoplankton,
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which you can see on the bottom
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of this food web,
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to our biggest top predators like sharks and tuna.
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And they also help to regulate global climate
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through carbon transport to the sea floor
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through diel vertical migration pictured here.
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So taking carbon from the atmosphere
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and the sea surface at night
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and as they go down to the depths during the day,
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they transport that carbon down to the depths.
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And then fishes also provide 3 billion people worldwide
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with protein,
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with the vast majority of those dependent on this protein
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being from marginalized communities.
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And the UN Food and Agriculture Organization has estimated
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that about a third of marine fish stocks are overfished.
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And these numbers, of course, fluctuate over time,
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but the key takeaway is many fish aren't doing so hot,
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and so it's important for us to study them
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to better understand them
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and better conserve and protect them.
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So traditionally, how do we study fish?
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So as you can see here in these pictures,
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fish and their eggs are usually collected using net and tow
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and bottom trawling methods pictured here on the left,
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as well as collecting their eggs,
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which you could see on the right,
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and tagging them for acoustic telemetry
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to track movements and whatnot and distributions.
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And while these methods are really useful
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in showing fish stock for a given year,
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spawning habitats, estimating biomass,
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and tracking their movements,
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these methods can also be very invasive.
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So fish either don't make it out alive
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or undergo on-deck surgery.
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Additionally, these types of shipboard collections
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are really labor intensive and costly.
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And because of that,
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we don't get these types of collections happening
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that frequently.
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So what if I told you that we could study fish
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just through listening to them
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and we don't even have to actually be
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in the water to listen,
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like I am here in this picture.
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But that's also really fun too.
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So on the left side you'll see a HARP,
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which stands
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for a high-frequency acoustic recording package.
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And on the right side is a sound trap,
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which is kind of a smaller version of it.
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And these types of instruments include a hydrophone,
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which is an underwater microphone that sits on the sea floor
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for up to around six months at a time
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and collects underwater sound data.
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And we can deploy these instruments onto the sea floor
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and listen for many months with relatively less cost,
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less death, and more continuous coverage.
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And here's a video of me helping to deploy a HARP
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on a research cruise off of Southern California.
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(metal clanking)
(group chattering)
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Okay, and so when we retrieve our instruments,
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we are able to hear things like this.
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So this is the call of a bocaccio rockfish.
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(bocaccio warbling)
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(midshipman croaking)
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And that was the chorus of plainfin midshipmen toadfishes.
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So why do fish produce these sounds?
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So generally fish produce sound in aggression
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to express territoriality, like,
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"Hey, this is my rock nest."
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To communicate about food or for mating.
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And you may have heard me say a fish call
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versus a fish chorus.
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So what exactly is a chorus?
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If you can imagine sitting on the bottom of the sea floor
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on the bottom of the ocean
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and hearing many fish calling at the same time
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for hours at a time over the course of many months,
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much like a human chorus,
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when many fish call at the same time,
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this is called a fish chorus.
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So why exactly does this happen?
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So fish chorusing is usually associated with either mating
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and sometimes feeding.
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And for mating, often the male fish
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and largely demersal fish,
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or those living on the sea floor,
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will sing to attract females to lay their eggs in their nest
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or, more largely, for reproduction.
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And so yes, these are in fact love songs.
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And here's the happy resulting family
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of midshipmen toadfishes.
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And because fish chorusing is associated with mating,
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through studying chorusing,
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we can better understand mating or spawning seasons,
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distributions,
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and identify suitable fish reproductive habitat.
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So essentially, through studying fish chorusing,
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we can better understand who is making sound
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in a given area,
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when fish are reproducing,
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and which habitat is essential for their reproduction.
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And better understanding fish,
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especially in relationship to their reproductive behavior
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and which habitat is considered essential for their mating,
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is really important in order to better protect them.
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And this is especially important, like Claire said,
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in national marine sanctuaries,
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as they aim to provide safe habitat
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for vulnerable marine species
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and also host a cacophony of fish choruses.
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Okay, so now that we have that background on fish chorusing,
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I'm going to share a bit about my recent work
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that was just published this summer
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in Marine Ecology Progress Series
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called Fish Chorusing Patterns
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in California National Marine Sanctuaries.
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So if you're curious, there's a link here,
269
00:13:48.900 --> 00:13:52.830
and you can also find the paper with this QR code
270
00:13:52.830 --> 00:13:54.903
if you have your smartphone handy.
271
00:13:58.410 --> 00:14:02.040
Okay, so the primary objectives of this study
272
00:14:02.040 --> 00:14:05.970
were to first determine which, where,
273
00:14:05.970 --> 00:14:09.660
and when fish were chorusing in Monterey Bay,
274
00:14:09.660 --> 00:14:11.640
our new Chumash Heritage,
275
00:14:11.640 --> 00:14:15.360
and Channel Islands national marine sanctuaries.
276
00:14:15.360 --> 00:14:17.550
And then focus a bit on the how.
277
00:14:17.550 --> 00:14:19.440
It's not getting into everything on this paper
278
00:14:19.440 --> 00:14:20.550
but a highlight.
279
00:14:20.550 --> 00:14:22.740
I'll talk about this one interesting
280
00:14:22.740 --> 00:14:24.660
and weird finding we found
281
00:14:24.660 --> 00:14:27.750
with the plainfin midshipman chorus throughout our dataset
282
00:14:27.750 --> 00:14:29.850
and some of the detective work we used
283
00:14:29.850 --> 00:14:32.490
to try to figure out what was happening.
284
00:14:32.490 --> 00:14:35.283
Okay, so starting out with that first objective.
285
00:14:39.240 --> 00:14:42.300
So data for this work was collected
286
00:14:42.300 --> 00:14:44.670
through the Sanctuary Soundscape Project,
287
00:14:44.670 --> 00:14:47.340
which was a collaboration between NOAA
288
00:14:47.340 --> 00:14:51.240
and the US Navy to better understand underwater sound
289
00:14:51.240 --> 00:14:54.750
within the National Marine Sanctuary System.
290
00:14:54.750 --> 00:14:57.483
So it goes beyond just California waters.
291
00:14:58.920 --> 00:15:00.300
And for the study,
292
00:15:00.300 --> 00:15:04.050
we deployed sound traps, the instrument on the left,
293
00:15:04.050 --> 00:15:07.800
from 20 to 160 meters, so pretty shallow,
294
00:15:07.800 --> 00:15:12.150
across nine sites, which are represented by these red dots,
295
00:15:12.150 --> 00:15:15.210
each recording for around two years
296
00:15:15.210 --> 00:15:18.880
to three years from 2018 to 2022
297
00:15:19.920 --> 00:15:22.200
for around 18 cumulative years
298
00:15:22.200 --> 00:15:25.890
of acoustic data collected across all these recording sites.
299
00:15:25.890 --> 00:15:30.243
So nearly two decades cumulatively of acoustic data.
300
00:15:31.260 --> 00:15:35.400
And we can see that we had sites in Monterey Bay,
301
00:15:35.400 --> 00:15:37.860
which is encircled in green.
302
00:15:37.860 --> 00:15:39.960
Chumash Heritage is yellow.
303
00:15:39.960 --> 00:15:43.020
And Channel Islands is encircled in pink.
304
00:15:43.020 --> 00:15:45.660
And those are the sanctuary boundaries.
305
00:15:45.660 --> 00:15:48.780
And you'll see that actually for our Chumash Heritage site,
306
00:15:48.780 --> 00:15:50.670
our listening site is just north
307
00:15:50.670 --> 00:15:54.453
of what became the final sanctuary boundaries.
308
00:15:59.920 --> 00:16:02.820
Okay, and these are, to start out,
309
00:16:02.820 --> 00:16:07.110
these are long-term spectral averages, or LTSAs,
310
00:16:07.110 --> 00:16:09.570
which is a type of spectrogram,
311
00:16:09.570 --> 00:16:14.550
which is a way that we can visualize sound data over time.
312
00:16:14.550 --> 00:16:17.310
So here are our three different LTSAs,
313
00:16:17.310 --> 00:16:19.350
or three days of data.
314
00:16:19.350 --> 00:16:24.350
Where our y-axis shows frequency or the pitch of sound,
315
00:16:24.810 --> 00:16:26.610
our x-axis is time.
316
00:16:26.610 --> 00:16:29.100
Here we see 24 hours each.
317
00:16:29.100 --> 00:16:31.560
And then color is intensity,
318
00:16:31.560 --> 00:16:32.880
with our warmer colors
319
00:16:32.880 --> 00:16:37.830
or redder colors showing higher intensity sound,
320
00:16:37.830 --> 00:16:39.213
higher sound levels,
321
00:16:40.440 --> 00:16:42.240
like higher volume.
322
00:16:42.240 --> 00:16:47.240
And then on the top of each of the plot,
323
00:16:47.250 --> 00:16:50.493
the shading shows black as night,
324
00:16:51.780 --> 00:16:56.780
the gray areas show our crepuscular dusk and dawn times,
325
00:16:56.880 --> 00:16:59.313
and our white shading is for daytime.
326
00:17:00.840 --> 00:17:02.220
And so for this paper,
327
00:17:02.220 --> 00:17:04.800
fish chorus was manually logged
328
00:17:04.800 --> 00:17:08.730
using 24-hour long-term spectral averages like you see here,
329
00:17:08.730 --> 00:17:12.183
recording start and end times of each chorusing event.
330
00:17:13.290 --> 00:17:15.900
So which choruses did we find?
331
00:17:15.900 --> 00:17:20.490
So to start out, we found our plainfin midshipman chorus,
332
00:17:20.490 --> 00:17:24.120
like we played before, boxed here in orange.
333
00:17:24.120 --> 00:17:25.500
And that chorus you can see,
334
00:17:25.500 --> 00:17:29.460
it kind of looks like a ladder-like structure of harmonics
335
00:17:29.460 --> 00:17:31.170
that occurred for many hours
336
00:17:31.170 --> 00:17:32.760
continuously throughout the night.
337
00:17:32.760 --> 00:17:35.373
Here you can see almost eight hours straight.
338
00:17:36.300 --> 00:17:40.443
And then boxed in red, we have our white sea bass chorus.
339
00:17:43.170 --> 00:17:46.980
And then here in magenta, we have UF440 chorus,
340
00:17:46.980 --> 00:17:48.720
which has increased intensity
341
00:17:48.720 --> 00:17:52.920
during those crepuscular hours, around sunset and sunrise,
342
00:17:52.920 --> 00:17:56.250
and then continues with less intensity throughout the night.
343
00:17:56.250 --> 00:17:58.560
And what does UF440 mean?
344
00:17:58.560 --> 00:18:01.530
So throughout the presentation,
345
00:18:01.530 --> 00:18:03.750
you'll hear me call species
346
00:18:03.750 --> 00:18:06.000
that are unidentified fish choruses.
347
00:18:06.000 --> 00:18:08.340
So we don't yet know
348
00:18:08.340 --> 00:18:11.910
which species is responsible for producing them,
349
00:18:11.910 --> 00:18:14.310
but we know that they're fish choruses.
350
00:18:14.310 --> 00:18:16.800
So that UF stands for unidentified fish,
351
00:18:16.800 --> 00:18:17.910
followed by the number
352
00:18:17.910 --> 00:18:20.190
which corresponds to the peak frequency
353
00:18:20.190 --> 00:18:22.743
or the dominant pitch of their chorus.
354
00:18:23.940 --> 00:18:25.920
And then on the bottom boxed in blue
355
00:18:25.920 --> 00:18:28.410
we have our bocaccio chorus,
356
00:18:28.410 --> 00:18:33.210
which looks like this ball around 200 hertz
357
00:18:33.210 --> 00:18:34.980
of increased energy.
358
00:18:34.980 --> 00:18:37.440
That continues with a little bit less intensity
359
00:18:37.440 --> 00:18:39.360
throughout the rest of the night.
360
00:18:39.360 --> 00:18:41.220
This was actually a really exciting finding
361
00:18:41.220 --> 00:18:44.520
because we knew that bocaccio produced calls
362
00:18:44.520 --> 00:18:46.143
from past literature,
363
00:18:47.160 --> 00:18:49.920
but we didn't know that those calls could become so intense
364
00:18:49.920 --> 00:18:51.090
that they became a chorus.
365
00:18:51.090 --> 00:18:53.070
And so this was a really exciting finding,
366
00:18:53.070 --> 00:18:54.300
especially because these
367
00:18:54.300 --> 00:18:56.583
are really commercially important rockfish.
368
00:18:57.990 --> 00:19:02.130
And then lastly we have our UF310 chorus in green.
369
00:19:02.130 --> 00:19:06.090
So another mystery chorus here on the bottom
370
00:19:06.090 --> 00:19:07.380
that kind of looks like,
371
00:19:07.380 --> 00:19:10.080
a summer intern a couple summers ago
372
00:19:10.080 --> 00:19:11.703
said it looks like an avocado.
373
00:19:13.080 --> 00:19:14.850
So it's also important to note
374
00:19:14.850 --> 00:19:17.850
that sometimes individual calls
375
00:19:17.850 --> 00:19:19.830
within this chorus are differentiable.
376
00:19:19.830 --> 00:19:21.960
So you can see here on the right-hand side
377
00:19:21.960 --> 00:19:24.540
for white sea bass and bocaccio,
378
00:19:24.540 --> 00:19:26.130
we can see individual calls
379
00:19:26.130 --> 00:19:30.151
when we zoom into a 30-second spectrogram
380
00:19:30.151 --> 00:19:32.670
to now just showing these same types of figures
381
00:19:32.670 --> 00:19:34.470
but a shorter timestamp,
382
00:19:34.470 --> 00:19:37.410
and we can see those individual calls for those fishes.
383
00:19:37.410 --> 00:19:40.710
But a lot of the time with fish choruses,
384
00:19:40.710 --> 00:19:43.890
calls are not differentiable or discernible,
385
00:19:43.890 --> 00:19:47.850
likely due to so many individuals calling at the same time
386
00:19:47.850 --> 00:19:51.393
or those individuals being further away from the recorder.
387
00:19:56.160 --> 00:19:58.590
Okay, so now that we know who's chorusing,
388
00:19:58.590 --> 00:20:00.300
where were fish chorusing?
389
00:20:00.300 --> 00:20:02.640
So I'll dive into some of the highlights.
390
00:20:02.640 --> 00:20:04.620
This map shows both presence
391
00:20:04.620 --> 00:20:06.510
and diversity of fish chorusing,
392
00:20:06.510 --> 00:20:09.390
with our larger bubbles showing a larger proportion
393
00:20:09.390 --> 00:20:12.540
of fish chorusing within recording hours.
394
00:20:12.540 --> 00:20:14.700
And the different pieces of the pie
395
00:20:14.700 --> 00:20:16.980
showing who is chorusing.
396
00:20:16.980 --> 00:20:21.003
So you can see that at some sites, like our MB05 site,
397
00:20:22.470 --> 00:20:26.190
we had nearly 60% of the recording hours filled
398
00:20:26.190 --> 00:20:27.210
with fish chorusing.
399
00:20:27.210 --> 00:20:30.630
So more than half the time you could hear a fish chorus.
400
00:20:30.630 --> 00:20:32.520
And then at some sites
401
00:20:32.520 --> 00:20:33.660
with our smaller bubbles,
402
00:20:33.660 --> 00:20:38.223
we had less than 15% of our time filled with fish chorusing.
403
00:20:39.510 --> 00:20:43.050
And spatially there was greater fish chorusing presence
404
00:20:43.050 --> 00:20:45.660
at sites closer to shore,
405
00:20:45.660 --> 00:20:49.350
with the shallowest around 20-meter kelp forest sites,
406
00:20:49.350 --> 00:20:54.350
like MB02 and CI01, showing the most diversity,
407
00:20:54.750 --> 00:20:56.223
so more pieces of the pie.
408
00:20:57.630 --> 00:21:00.960
And then to focus on just one fish species here,
409
00:21:00.960 --> 00:21:04.803
bocaccio tended to dominate sites closest to deep water.
410
00:21:05.760 --> 00:21:10.440
And MB05, we were really interested to find out,
411
00:21:10.440 --> 00:21:14.640
was this site here at the southernmost portion
412
00:21:14.640 --> 00:21:18.900
of Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary
413
00:21:18.900 --> 00:21:21.660
was a really key site for bocaccio chorusing
414
00:21:21.660 --> 00:21:23.340
and most likely mating
415
00:21:23.340 --> 00:21:25.500
and is also appropriately adjacent
416
00:21:25.500 --> 00:21:28.860
to sanctuary ecologically significant areas,
417
00:21:28.860 --> 00:21:29.883
which is awesome.
418
00:21:31.290 --> 00:21:35.850
MB05 is also near planned offshore wind energy development,
419
00:21:35.850 --> 00:21:39.660
TBD, of course, which could potentially impact them.
420
00:21:39.660 --> 00:21:42.840
So it's good for managers to have this on their radar
421
00:21:42.840 --> 00:21:44.970
that this is a key chorusing
422
00:21:44.970 --> 00:21:46.320
and potentially mating site
423
00:21:46.320 --> 00:21:49.893
for these really commercially important rockfishes.
424
00:21:55.440 --> 00:22:00.420
Okay, and now when were these fish chorusing?
425
00:22:00.420 --> 00:22:03.720
So here I'll just focus on the midshipman,
426
00:22:03.720 --> 00:22:06.210
which you can see here on the left.
427
00:22:06.210 --> 00:22:11.070
So in this diel plot, which shows time on our x-axis,
428
00:22:11.070 --> 00:22:13.110
so we see 24 hours,
429
00:22:13.110 --> 00:22:17.250
date on the y-axis from 2019 to 2022.
430
00:22:17.250 --> 00:22:20.970
Our blue squiggly area shows nighttime,
431
00:22:20.970 --> 00:22:23.970
our gray boxed-out areas show times
432
00:22:23.970 --> 00:22:26.970
when we didn't have a recording device in the water,
433
00:22:26.970 --> 00:22:28.230
so no data there.
434
00:22:28.230 --> 00:22:30.510
And then our orange markings
435
00:22:30.510 --> 00:22:33.690
are our midshipman chorus presence.
436
00:22:33.690 --> 00:22:38.690
And you can see that midshipmen chorused at night entirely
437
00:22:39.000 --> 00:22:41.310
and were largely seasonal,
438
00:22:41.310 --> 00:22:43.860
present from late spring to late fall,
439
00:22:43.860 --> 00:22:46.830
peaking in the summer months.
440
00:22:46.830 --> 00:22:48.330
And beyond midshipman,
441
00:22:48.330 --> 00:22:52.200
most fish in our study sing during the summer
442
00:22:52.200 --> 00:22:54.423
and tended to sing at night.
443
00:22:55.620 --> 00:22:57.390
So back to midshipman here.
444
00:22:57.390 --> 00:22:59.970
I also noticed some interesting patterns.
445
00:22:59.970 --> 00:23:04.320
So if you just from a bird's-eye view, look at this plot,
446
00:23:04.320 --> 00:23:08.250
you might notice a stripy almost like tiger stripe pattern
447
00:23:08.250 --> 00:23:10.170
in the diel plots.
448
00:23:10.170 --> 00:23:11.580
And I found that this is actually due
449
00:23:11.580 --> 00:23:13.950
to impacts from the moon.
450
00:23:13.950 --> 00:23:16.980
So when the moon was most bright during full
451
00:23:16.980 --> 00:23:18.450
and gibbous phases,
452
00:23:18.450 --> 00:23:21.420
midshipman reduced their chorusing presence
453
00:23:21.420 --> 00:23:25.503
and their sound levels, likely to avoid predation.
454
00:23:26.580 --> 00:23:29.040
So that was really interesting.
455
00:23:29.040 --> 00:23:31.923
And beyond the interesting lunar patterns,
456
00:23:33.180 --> 00:23:36.360
we also noticed some other really weird things happening
457
00:23:36.360 --> 00:23:39.843
with the midshipmen chorus, which I'll jump into now.
458
00:23:44.430 --> 00:23:49.430
Okay, so male midshipman toadfish, which you can see here,
459
00:23:49.500 --> 00:23:51.360
they are definitely cute.
460
00:23:51.360 --> 00:23:54.450
They hum in their shallow, often intertidal nests
461
00:23:54.450 --> 00:23:57.363
to attract females to lay their eggs in their nest.
462
00:23:58.230 --> 00:24:00.030
And during their mating season,
463
00:24:00.030 --> 00:24:02.370
which lasts for multiple months,
464
00:24:02.370 --> 00:24:04.380
they hum for many hours straight,
465
00:24:04.380 --> 00:24:07.606
sometimes throughout the whole night like this.
466
00:24:07.606 --> 00:24:10.290
(Ella imitating midshipman humming)
467
00:24:10.290 --> 00:24:13.230
But for much, much longer.
468
00:24:13.230 --> 00:24:17.250
And while they produce sounds in a different way than we do,
469
00:24:17.250 --> 00:24:19.330
I first just wanted to hum for you all
470
00:24:20.250 --> 00:24:22.440
to just give a better appreciation
471
00:24:22.440 --> 00:24:25.833
for how much energy it takes to hum so continuously.
472
00:24:27.990 --> 00:24:29.790
And now I'll give a deep dive
473
00:24:29.790 --> 00:24:32.010
into something funky that I noticed in the data
474
00:24:32.010 --> 00:24:33.783
of these hums that we collected.
475
00:24:34.950 --> 00:24:38.820
Okay, so now here, again, we have more LTSAs,
476
00:24:38.820 --> 00:24:41.340
or images of sound data,
477
00:24:41.340 --> 00:24:43.020
and here we see a night of data.
478
00:24:43.020 --> 00:24:46.530
So you'll notice on the x-axis we have 12 hours of data,
479
00:24:46.530 --> 00:24:48.930
and this is our midshipman toadfish hum.
480
00:24:48.930 --> 00:24:52.320
So these horizontal ladder-like lines.
481
00:24:52.320 --> 00:24:53.760
And during some nights,
482
00:24:53.760 --> 00:24:57.630
these lines or tones are really neat, narrow,
483
00:24:57.630 --> 00:25:01.320
and coordinated, which you see here.
484
00:25:01.320 --> 00:25:04.620
And then on other nights, they look like this.
485
00:25:04.620 --> 00:25:08.760
These lines or tones are really wonky, they're wide,
486
00:25:08.760 --> 00:25:13.020
the bandwidth is wide, and they're uncoordinated.
487
00:25:13.020 --> 00:25:15.360
So we call this frequency modulation
488
00:25:15.360 --> 00:25:16.953
as the pitch is shifting.
489
00:25:18.450 --> 00:25:20.580
So this was really weird and cool,
490
00:25:20.580 --> 00:25:23.583
and I was curious to find out why this was happening.
491
00:25:25.920 --> 00:25:29.703
So it's well known that when you increase the temperature,
492
00:25:30.690 --> 00:25:33.990
the midshipman fundamental frequency increases.
493
00:25:33.990 --> 00:25:36.120
So the pitch of their sound increases
494
00:25:36.120 --> 00:25:38.490
because their sonic muscles,
495
00:25:38.490 --> 00:25:41.880
the muscles that produce sound, can move faster.
496
00:25:41.880 --> 00:25:45.100
And this is just like when we're warming up to go for a run
497
00:25:45.960 --> 00:25:47.550
or to do something athletic.
498
00:25:47.550 --> 00:25:51.630
Once we're warmed up, our muscles can twitch faster.
499
00:25:51.630 --> 00:25:53.520
So it's possible that
500
00:25:53.520 --> 00:25:56.100
if the midshipmen that we are detecting
501
00:25:56.100 --> 00:25:59.170
or hearing are really far away from each other
502
00:26:00.060 --> 00:26:02.910
or they're at really different depths from each other,
503
00:26:02.910 --> 00:26:06.150
then one fish could be experiencing really warm water
504
00:26:06.150 --> 00:26:08.850
and another could be experiencing cold water
505
00:26:08.850 --> 00:26:10.290
at the same time,
506
00:26:10.290 --> 00:26:14.340
which could lead to this divergence or this wonkiness.
507
00:26:14.340 --> 00:26:18.000
Experiencing these different conditions at the same time.
508
00:26:18.000 --> 00:26:21.090
But through sound propagation,
509
00:26:21.090 --> 00:26:24.780
with the help of my friend Vanessa ZoBell,
510
00:26:24.780 --> 00:26:26.580
shout out to her,
511
00:26:26.580 --> 00:26:29.940
we found that the midshipmen are likely pretty shallow,
512
00:26:29.940 --> 00:26:32.640
from six to 10 meters depth,
513
00:26:32.640 --> 00:26:36.420
and within hundreds of meters of the recorder.
514
00:26:36.420 --> 00:26:40.530
So they're likely experiencing really similar conditions,
515
00:26:40.530 --> 00:26:43.113
albeit there might be some microclimates.
516
00:26:44.220 --> 00:26:48.270
So temperature differences are likely not the main driver
517
00:26:48.270 --> 00:26:50.343
of this frequency modulation.
518
00:26:51.870 --> 00:26:54.720
Okay, so onto the next hypothesis,
519
00:26:54.720 --> 00:26:57.300
but first a bit more background on midshipman.
520
00:26:57.300 --> 00:27:00.930
So during their chorusing and mating seasons,
521
00:27:00.930 --> 00:27:04.353
you can see that they, in this picture on the left,
522
00:27:05.700 --> 00:27:09.720
they go for 30 to 60 days, so a month to two months,
523
00:27:09.720 --> 00:27:11.370
where they don't feed,
524
00:27:11.370 --> 00:27:15.570
only opportunistically when things float into their nest.
525
00:27:15.570 --> 00:27:18.300
During this time they're fanning their eggs
526
00:27:18.300 --> 00:27:19.800
to keep them oxygenated,
527
00:27:19.800 --> 00:27:23.490
and they can lose up to a quarter of their body weight
528
00:27:23.490 --> 00:27:24.540
during this time.
529
00:27:24.540 --> 00:27:29.540
So very energetically intensive while they're chorusing too.
530
00:27:29.940 --> 00:27:34.380
So I thought, as chorusing season wears on,
531
00:27:34.380 --> 00:27:38.430
their fitness may also decrease,
532
00:27:38.430 --> 00:27:40.743
leading to this frequency modulation.
533
00:27:41.880 --> 00:27:43.950
So now here's another LTSA,
534
00:27:43.950 --> 00:27:47.190
but now I'm showing six months of data,
535
00:27:47.190 --> 00:27:49.770
or the entire chorusing season,
536
00:27:49.770 --> 00:27:51.840
and you can see the midshipman ladders,
537
00:27:51.840 --> 00:27:55.053
or harmonics of chorus, that happen every single night.
538
00:27:57.150 --> 00:27:59.520
So fatigue is definitely a possible reason
539
00:27:59.520 --> 00:28:01.080
for this phenomenon,
540
00:28:01.080 --> 00:28:02.493
but it's strange,
541
00:28:03.720 --> 00:28:05.160
and we kind of see that seasonally
542
00:28:05.160 --> 00:28:07.170
as we go from start to end.
543
00:28:07.170 --> 00:28:10.650
But it's strange that we also have these one-off days
544
00:28:10.650 --> 00:28:14.460
where we go from wonky to neat and then back again,
545
00:28:14.460 --> 00:28:17.040
like if you zoom in looking in around August.
546
00:28:17.040 --> 00:28:18.900
Sometimes it's really narrow and coordinated,
547
00:28:18.900 --> 00:28:19.950
and sometimes it goes wonky,
548
00:28:19.950 --> 00:28:21.510
and then it goes back again
549
00:28:21.510 --> 00:28:24.690
rather than just entirely declining
550
00:28:24.690 --> 00:28:26.583
throughout the chorusing season.
551
00:28:27.660 --> 00:28:30.300
So the modulation could be due to fatigue,
552
00:28:30.300 --> 00:28:35.300
but another possible reason could be masking.
553
00:28:35.730 --> 00:28:38.730
So I found that fish choruses
554
00:28:38.730 --> 00:28:42.330
tend to happen all at the same time.
555
00:28:42.330 --> 00:28:44.890
So they're acoustically clustered in time
556
00:28:45.990 --> 00:28:49.860
more often than what we would expect by random chance,
557
00:28:49.860 --> 00:28:52.920
which you can see here in this LTSA of a night of data
558
00:28:52.920 --> 00:28:55.260
where all four of the fish choruses happen
559
00:28:55.260 --> 00:28:58.470
at the same time right after sunset.
560
00:28:58.470 --> 00:29:01.380
So in this cocktail of choruses,
561
00:29:01.380 --> 00:29:03.870
the midshipman calls might be masked
562
00:29:03.870 --> 00:29:05.520
where they can't quite hear each other,
563
00:29:05.520 --> 00:29:07.260
so there might be shifting up
564
00:29:07.260 --> 00:29:10.413
or shifting down to better be heard by mates.
565
00:29:11.400 --> 00:29:12.900
So what?
566
00:29:12.900 --> 00:29:14.460
So this is all meaningful
567
00:29:14.460 --> 00:29:17.760
because getting your hum out to your mate is important
568
00:29:17.760 --> 00:29:21.483
in order to successfully mate and reproduce.
569
00:29:23.460 --> 00:29:26.400
So through eavesdropping on fishy love songs
570
00:29:26.400 --> 00:29:29.250
in California national marine sanctuaries,
571
00:29:29.250 --> 00:29:32.970
we now better understand which, where, when,
572
00:29:32.970 --> 00:29:35.640
and how fish reproduce,
573
00:29:35.640 --> 00:29:38.820
and this vegan monitoring tool can be used
574
00:29:38.820 --> 00:29:43.530
to non-invasively track fish mating year after year
575
00:29:43.530 --> 00:29:45.780
to monitor them and their habitats,
576
00:29:45.780 --> 00:29:47.880
tracking environmental change
577
00:29:47.880 --> 00:29:51.573
and informing placement of both neritic zones and times.
578
00:29:52.410 --> 00:29:55.140
And this is all really important for protecting fishes
579
00:29:55.140 --> 00:29:56.613
and their habitats.
580
00:29:58.440 --> 00:30:00.360
So alongside this paper,
581
00:30:00.360 --> 00:30:01.350
just wanted to mention
582
00:30:01.350 --> 00:30:04.170
that I've also created an education toolkit
583
00:30:04.170 --> 00:30:07.890
called Exploring Fish Sounds in National Marine Sanctuaries.
584
00:30:07.890 --> 00:30:10.353
So going beyond just California.
585
00:30:11.400 --> 00:30:14.820
And this goes, if you can see here,
586
00:30:14.820 --> 00:30:17.160
we have both a lesson plan and slides,
587
00:30:17.160 --> 00:30:20.520
which is available publicly at the link below
588
00:30:20.520 --> 00:30:23.040
and with this QR code.
589
00:30:23.040 --> 00:30:25.800
And it has a lot of fun interactive activities
590
00:30:25.800 --> 00:30:27.480
targeted towards the fifth grade level.
591
00:30:27.480 --> 00:30:30.030
So definitely check that out if you're an educator.
592
00:30:31.080 --> 00:30:34.200
And thanks to the National Marine Sanctuary education team
593
00:30:34.200 --> 00:30:36.050
for all their support on this effort.
594
00:30:37.410 --> 00:30:39.270
And lastly, just wanted to say thank you
595
00:30:39.270 --> 00:30:41.730
to the Scripps Acoustic Ecology Lab,
596
00:30:41.730 --> 00:30:45.450
my mentor Simone, co-authors and collaborators,
597
00:30:45.450 --> 00:30:47.370
and the entire SanctSound team,
598
00:30:47.370 --> 00:30:49.740
especially Lindsey Peavey Reeves,
599
00:30:49.740 --> 00:30:51.270
national marine sanctuaries,
600
00:30:51.270 --> 00:30:53.520
and the NOAA Dr. Nancy Foster Scholarship,
601
00:30:53.520 --> 00:30:55.620
and the Navy for funding my work.
602
00:30:55.620 --> 00:30:57.300
And just a huge thank you to Claire
603
00:30:57.300 --> 00:31:00.243
for inviting me to present and for hosting this webinar.
604
00:31:01.380 --> 00:31:04.620
And with that, I'm happy to take any questions.
605
00:31:04.620 --> 00:31:06.120
I've also left my email address
606
00:31:06.120 --> 00:31:08.430
if you think of questions later.
607
00:31:08.430 --> 00:31:10.800
And then also I'm nearing the end of my PhD too,
608
00:31:10.800 --> 00:31:14.160
so if you know of any interesting opportunities,
609
00:31:14.160 --> 00:31:18.000
feel free to email me or connect with this QR code.
610
00:31:18.000 --> 00:31:20.340
It connects to my LinkedIn.
611
00:31:20.340 --> 00:31:21.213
So thank you all.
612
00:31:22.440 --> 00:31:24.060
Excellent.
613
00:31:24.060 --> 00:31:24.903
Yeah, great.
614
00:31:25.860 --> 00:31:28.080
For all of our attendees, if you have any questions,
615
00:31:28.080 --> 00:31:29.400
now is a great time
616
00:31:29.400 --> 00:31:33.030
to be putting them into the question comment box
617
00:31:33.030 --> 00:31:35.610
in the GoTo Webinar Control Panel.
618
00:31:35.610 --> 00:31:38.340
And thank you so much for an interesting webinar, Ella.
619
00:31:38.340 --> 00:31:41.970
It's fun to learn more about fish chorusing
620
00:31:41.970 --> 00:31:44.400
and all of that goodness.
Great.
621
00:31:44.400 --> 00:31:47.550
There's a couple questions that have come in early,
622
00:31:47.550 --> 00:31:49.620
so I'll go ahead and get started with those
623
00:31:49.620 --> 00:31:52.220
as we wait for additional ones.
624
00:31:52.220 --> 00:31:54.120
Totally.
So we have an attendee
625
00:31:54.120 --> 00:31:57.600
that's saying, "Under strictly
626
00:31:57.600 --> 00:32:02.220
the temperature frequency modulation hypothesis,
627
00:32:02.220 --> 00:32:03.780
would the modulation be due
628
00:32:03.780 --> 00:32:06.990
to the midshipmens changing their vocalization
629
00:32:06.990 --> 00:32:09.600
to accommodate physiological changes
630
00:32:09.600 --> 00:32:12.540
or a result of sound propagating differently
631
00:32:12.540 --> 00:32:14.697
in warmer/cooler water?"
632
00:32:16.260 --> 00:32:17.880
Great question.
633
00:32:17.880 --> 00:32:21.750
So with the temperature,
634
00:32:21.750 --> 00:32:25.650
so temperature for midshipmen is well studied
635
00:32:25.650 --> 00:32:27.494
that when you increase the temperature.
636
00:32:27.494 --> 00:32:31.050
(crackling drowns out speaker)
637
00:32:31.050 --> 00:32:32.850
So the question was,
638
00:32:32.850 --> 00:32:37.850
is it a physiological impact
639
00:32:38.040 --> 00:32:43.040
or a sound propagation impact?
640
00:32:43.050 --> 00:32:45.693
I think less likely a sound propagation impact.
641
00:32:47.250 --> 00:32:49.890
With the physiological impact,
642
00:32:49.890 --> 00:32:54.400
the key thing there is that if all
643
00:32:55.320 --> 00:32:59.580
in order to get this impact where we get this wonkiness,
644
00:32:59.580 --> 00:33:01.500
we need to have different individuals
645
00:33:01.500 --> 00:33:03.660
experiencing different conditions at the same time.
646
00:33:03.660 --> 00:33:08.100
So it goes wonky this way for those experiencing warm water
647
00:33:08.100 --> 00:33:11.560
and this for those experiencing cold water conditions
648
00:33:13.650 --> 00:33:16.083
as their frequency decreases or increases.
649
00:33:18.150 --> 00:33:20.370
And they'd have to be experiencing different conditions
650
00:33:20.370 --> 00:33:21.330
at the same time.
651
00:33:21.330 --> 00:33:24.390
But because our listening ranges were small enough
652
00:33:24.390 --> 00:33:25.890
and shallow enough,
653
00:33:25.890 --> 00:33:28.290
essentially it's unlikely that they're experiencing
654
00:33:28.290 --> 00:33:31.653
such different conditions at the same time to lead to this.
655
00:33:32.790 --> 00:33:37.790
The sound propagation question is an interesting one.
656
00:33:42.210 --> 00:33:43.830
I have to think a little bit more about that.
657
00:33:43.830 --> 00:33:45.940
But essentially sound propagates
658
00:33:48.120 --> 00:33:50.823
further in colder water than warmer water,
659
00:33:52.800 --> 00:33:54.590
but it wouldn't necessarily...
660
00:33:55.680 --> 00:33:57.540
Essentially what we found in the results
661
00:33:57.540 --> 00:33:59.550
was that actually our listening ranges
662
00:33:59.550 --> 00:34:01.380
were smallest in the summer.
663
00:34:01.380 --> 00:34:04.500
So we're listening to a smaller area during the summer,
664
00:34:04.500 --> 00:34:06.390
but we actually have the most fish chorusing
665
00:34:06.390 --> 00:34:07.380
during the summer.
666
00:34:07.380 --> 00:34:08.370
So what we're seeing
667
00:34:08.370 --> 00:34:12.000
is not actually just a result of differences in the ranges
668
00:34:12.000 --> 00:34:14.880
but rather actually what's happening biologically.
669
00:34:14.880 --> 00:34:16.580
But really, really great question.
670
00:34:17.820 --> 00:34:18.653
Excellent.
671
00:34:18.653 --> 00:34:20.197
Another attendee's asking,
672
00:34:20.197 --> 00:34:23.517
"Do other rockfish types also chorus?"
673
00:34:24.900 --> 00:34:25.733
Absolutely.
674
00:34:25.733 --> 00:34:29.400
So lots of the rockfish species chorus,
675
00:34:29.400 --> 00:34:31.083
like quillback rockfish,
676
00:34:31.950 --> 00:34:34.620
and we're learning.
677
00:34:34.620 --> 00:34:38.550
So unlike marine mammals, which are awesome,
678
00:34:38.550 --> 00:34:41.550
most of the people in my lab study marine mammals,
679
00:34:41.550 --> 00:34:43.080
a lot of those sound,
680
00:34:43.080 --> 00:34:44.580
a lot of different marine mammals,
681
00:34:44.580 --> 00:34:46.530
we know who's producing the sounds
682
00:34:46.530 --> 00:34:48.273
'cause there's just fewer mammals.
683
00:34:49.710 --> 00:34:52.860
But we have nearly 34,000 species of fish.
684
00:34:52.860 --> 00:34:55.590
So, so many species of fish.
685
00:34:55.590 --> 00:34:57.930
And to date we know
686
00:34:57.930 --> 00:35:01.320
that around a thousand of them make sounds.
687
00:35:01.320 --> 00:35:03.300
And so why this is such a cool field
688
00:35:03.300 --> 00:35:06.720
is because it's just so quickly growing,
689
00:35:06.720 --> 00:35:10.950
like, there's so many more,
690
00:35:10.950 --> 00:35:12.780
there's so many mysterious sounds
691
00:35:12.780 --> 00:35:14.400
that we're learning every day,
692
00:35:14.400 --> 00:35:16.080
different fishes who are producing sound.
693
00:35:16.080 --> 00:35:19.710
So definitely other rockfishes make sound
694
00:35:19.710 --> 00:35:22.053
and all really exciting.
695
00:35:24.180 --> 00:35:25.080
Great.
696
00:35:25.080 --> 00:35:27.570
Someone's mentioning that they saw in your graphs
697
00:35:27.570 --> 00:35:31.530
a large proportion of chorusing near the Monterey Peninsula
698
00:35:31.530 --> 00:35:33.060
that are unidentified.
699
00:35:33.060 --> 00:35:36.333
Do you have any guesses what those fish might actually be?
700
00:35:38.370 --> 00:35:40.020
Yeah, totally good question.
701
00:35:40.020 --> 00:35:44.400
So there were two different unidentified fish choruses
702
00:35:44.400 --> 00:35:48.243
in Monterey Bay, our UF310 and UF440 chorus.
703
00:35:49.080 --> 00:35:53.583
Our UF440 chorus, both of them are definitely big mysteries.
704
00:35:54.660 --> 00:35:57.810
It's tricky to figure these kinds of problems out
705
00:35:57.810 --> 00:36:01.440
because there's some scientists
706
00:36:01.440 --> 00:36:03.990
who do really cool work, like Camille Pagniell.
707
00:36:03.990 --> 00:36:06.480
She has baited cameras
708
00:36:06.480 --> 00:36:09.060
so cameras going at the same time when we're listening.
709
00:36:09.060 --> 00:36:11.580
But it's tricky because fish aren't actually,
710
00:36:11.580 --> 00:36:12.960
like, opening their mouths
711
00:36:12.960 --> 00:36:15.210
like you and me when we produce sound.
712
00:36:15.210 --> 00:36:16.440
They produce sounds,
713
00:36:16.440 --> 00:36:18.630
they're emitting sounds in different ways.
714
00:36:18.630 --> 00:36:20.670
And also when fish are producing sound at night,
715
00:36:20.670 --> 00:36:22.890
they might be very far away.
716
00:36:22.890 --> 00:36:25.410
It's hard necessarily to, like,
717
00:36:25.410 --> 00:36:28.413
match up sound with sound producer.
718
00:36:29.910 --> 00:36:32.160
But some guesses, we can make guesses,
719
00:36:32.160 --> 00:36:34.230
and if you look at my paper,
720
00:36:34.230 --> 00:36:36.450
I have some of the guesses there
721
00:36:36.450 --> 00:36:39.750
based on when the chorusing season is
722
00:36:39.750 --> 00:36:42.510
and how that lines up with different mating seasons
723
00:36:42.510 --> 00:36:43.990
of different fish in the area
724
00:36:45.120 --> 00:36:48.150
as well as their distributions and whatnot.
725
00:36:48.150 --> 00:36:50.043
For the UF440 chorus,
726
00:36:51.720 --> 00:36:56.070
we think it could be queenfish from some past,
727
00:36:56.070 --> 00:36:59.970
due to those different reasons
728
00:36:59.970 --> 00:37:04.113
in terms of distribution and the timing of their season.
729
00:37:05.190 --> 00:37:08.310
And then also due to the fact that the chorus increases
730
00:37:08.310 --> 00:37:10.890
in intensity at sunset and sunrise.
731
00:37:10.890 --> 00:37:12.360
That fish is a migrator,
732
00:37:12.360 --> 00:37:15.633
so it could be changing in intensity as they go up and down.
733
00:37:16.890 --> 00:37:21.890
And then UF310 chorus was, in these sites,
734
00:37:22.320 --> 00:37:26.130
only present up in Monterey Bay.
735
00:37:26.130 --> 00:37:31.130
Since then my lab deployed a instrument near another site,
736
00:37:33.090 --> 00:37:33.930
near Chumash Heritage,
737
00:37:33.930 --> 00:37:36.630
and it seems like they might also be down there,
738
00:37:36.630 --> 00:37:40.050
but we didn't see or hear them on our most recent,
739
00:37:40.050 --> 00:37:42.153
in this paper's recorders.
740
00:37:42.990 --> 00:37:45.300
For those, it's definitely more up in the air,
741
00:37:45.300 --> 00:37:46.530
but I have some guesses
742
00:37:46.530 --> 00:37:49.110
as to the list of species that could be in the paper,
743
00:37:49.110 --> 00:37:50.613
but really cool question.
744
00:37:51.510 --> 00:37:53.610
And still-
Well, and you did.
745
00:37:53.610 --> 00:37:55.650
Oh yes, thank you. Sorry.
746
00:37:55.650 --> 00:37:57.630
You'd mentioned also, like,
747
00:37:57.630 --> 00:37:59.430
there's different ways that fish make sounds.
748
00:37:59.430 --> 00:38:03.060
That's one of the questions that have come in is like,
749
00:38:03.060 --> 00:38:04.110
what part, you know,
750
00:38:04.110 --> 00:38:07.980
do they use their vocal chords, swim bladders, you know?
751
00:38:07.980 --> 00:38:11.280
Do fish that vocalize have hearing anatomy,
752
00:38:11.280 --> 00:38:13.560
or, you know, what information do you have
753
00:38:13.560 --> 00:38:15.600
about how they make their sound?
754
00:38:15.600 --> 00:38:16.560
Totally.
755
00:38:16.560 --> 00:38:19.950
So if you can imagine, like, there's,
756
00:38:19.950 --> 00:38:22.650
like I said, there's 34,000 species of fish
757
00:38:22.650 --> 00:38:25.590
and such great diversity in fishes.
758
00:38:25.590 --> 00:38:28.707
So like a whale shark is a fish,
759
00:38:28.707 --> 00:38:30.510
and a seahorse is also a fish.
760
00:38:30.510 --> 00:38:32.220
Like, those are such different creatures.
761
00:38:32.220 --> 00:38:35.520
And if you could imagine, with such amazing diversity,
762
00:38:35.520 --> 00:38:39.570
there's also lots of diversity in sound production.
763
00:38:39.570 --> 00:38:42.720
So some of the main ways that fish produce sound
764
00:38:42.720 --> 00:38:46.530
are first through with their swim bladders,
765
00:38:46.530 --> 00:38:48.390
and this is really the most common.
766
00:38:48.390 --> 00:38:51.030
So they have, like I mentioned, these sonic muscles
767
00:38:51.030 --> 00:38:54.840
that kind of are housed around the swim bladder.
768
00:38:54.840 --> 00:38:58.860
And then if you can imagine a swim bladder's like a balloon
769
00:38:58.860 --> 00:38:59.970
or a drum,
770
00:38:59.970 --> 00:39:02.580
and then these muscles that wrap around them,
771
00:39:02.580 --> 00:39:05.580
and then when they move these muscles,
772
00:39:05.580 --> 00:39:07.533
it essentially hits this drum.
773
00:39:09.000 --> 00:39:11.010
And they do that very quickly.
774
00:39:11.010 --> 00:39:14.430
So that's one method of producing sound.
775
00:39:14.430 --> 00:39:16.020
They also can produce sound
776
00:39:16.020 --> 00:39:18.000
through something called stridulation,
777
00:39:18.000 --> 00:39:19.713
which is when they either,
778
00:39:21.510 --> 00:39:26.220
they kind of rub together their teeth, or their fins,
779
00:39:26.220 --> 00:39:27.483
or bony parts.
780
00:39:29.340 --> 00:39:33.760
And then also some of them produce sound passively
781
00:39:35.580 --> 00:39:39.210
through changing swim directions really quickly.
782
00:39:39.210 --> 00:39:42.000
And also famously in the case of herring,
783
00:39:42.000 --> 00:39:43.800
through farting, they produce sound.
784
00:39:45.960 --> 00:39:48.010
Get a chuckle out of everyone for that.
785
00:39:49.170 --> 00:39:52.500
How, like overall in the field of fish acoustics,
786
00:39:52.500 --> 00:39:54.900
how on earth did scientists first discover
787
00:39:54.900 --> 00:39:58.170
that fish were calling and making sounds,
788
00:39:58.170 --> 00:40:00.750
and how did they pair up the sounds with the species?
789
00:40:00.750 --> 00:40:02.793
Like, any idea on the history on that?
790
00:40:04.050 --> 00:40:06.720
Yeah, so actually studies
791
00:40:06.720 --> 00:40:09.243
of fish sounds goes way, way back.
792
00:40:11.490 --> 00:40:15.120
Back to, like, their earliest oceanographers
793
00:40:15.120 --> 00:40:16.290
that went out on ships.
794
00:40:16.290 --> 00:40:18.840
They pulled up fish and noticed,
795
00:40:18.840 --> 00:40:22.980
especially ones that had bladders,
796
00:40:22.980 --> 00:40:26.580
that they were like off-gassing
797
00:40:26.580 --> 00:40:30.060
and making sounds when they pulled them onto the boats.
798
00:40:30.060 --> 00:40:32.580
But actually there's a woman,
799
00:40:32.580 --> 00:40:33.510
her last name's Fish,
800
00:40:33.510 --> 00:40:35.490
I wanna say it's Marie, Marie Fish,
801
00:40:35.490 --> 00:40:37.980
but I might be getting her first name wrong,
802
00:40:37.980 --> 00:40:40.050
in the 1940s who has,
803
00:40:40.050 --> 00:40:41.250
as early as the 1940s.
804
00:40:41.250 --> 00:40:44.640
And she did really amazing work on fish sounds.
805
00:40:44.640 --> 00:40:47.940
So some, like, really early liminal work was done
806
00:40:47.940 --> 00:40:49.683
by this really amazing woman.
807
00:40:51.720 --> 00:40:54.990
And those early studies on fish sounds,
808
00:40:54.990 --> 00:40:56.850
a lot of the time it was in tanks.
809
00:40:56.850 --> 00:40:59.790
So they would take fish tanks with fish,
810
00:40:59.790 --> 00:41:03.450
and they would put microphones or hydrophones in the tank
811
00:41:03.450 --> 00:41:05.220
and listen to them.
812
00:41:05.220 --> 00:41:07.950
A lot of the time at that time like the ethics
813
00:41:07.950 --> 00:41:08.910
and science were different,
814
00:41:08.910 --> 00:41:09.743
so they would, like,
815
00:41:09.743 --> 00:41:12.240
electrocute the fish to make sounds.
816
00:41:12.240 --> 00:41:14.687
So some of those sounds are, like, usable
817
00:41:17.400 --> 00:41:18.990
and, like, defensible.
818
00:41:18.990 --> 00:41:20.310
Although, of course,
819
00:41:20.310 --> 00:41:23.640
sounds that fish are actually producing in the water,
820
00:41:23.640 --> 00:41:26.550
like we recorded in our study,
821
00:41:26.550 --> 00:41:27.570
are likely quite different
822
00:41:27.570 --> 00:41:29.790
when we're listening to them actually in the water
823
00:41:29.790 --> 00:41:34.020
versus, like, forcing a animal to make sound.
824
00:41:34.020 --> 00:41:37.440
So those are kind of some of the early experiments.
825
00:41:37.440 --> 00:41:40.110
But yeah, I think,
826
00:41:40.110 --> 00:41:43.593
and then more in the last like 20, 30 years,
827
00:41:46.170 --> 00:41:48.150
fish acoustics and studying fish through sound
828
00:41:48.150 --> 00:41:50.130
has become more popular
829
00:41:50.130 --> 00:41:54.720
just with being able to study fish non-invasively
830
00:41:54.720 --> 00:41:55.553
in this way.
831
00:42:00.720 --> 00:42:03.090
Now do the other fish hear the sound,
832
00:42:03.090 --> 00:42:04.983
or do they feel the vibrations?
833
00:42:06.000 --> 00:42:08.160
Yeah, so that's a good question.
834
00:42:08.160 --> 00:42:12.003
So do the other fish hear the sound or feel the vibrations?
835
00:42:13.050 --> 00:42:15.150
Like I said, there's diversity in fish,
836
00:42:15.150 --> 00:42:19.440
so there's a number of ways that fish feel sound,
837
00:42:19.440 --> 00:42:21.240
but one through their lateral line,
838
00:42:21.240 --> 00:42:22.800
is they're able to, like,
839
00:42:22.800 --> 00:42:25.323
feel these vibrations through their entire body.
840
00:42:26.700 --> 00:42:28.350
And then some especially,
841
00:42:28.350 --> 00:42:30.750
I think there was an earlier question with sound production
842
00:42:30.750 --> 00:42:33.900
was asking about hearing too
843
00:42:33.900 --> 00:42:38.700
and especially for fishes, that species that produce sound,
844
00:42:38.700 --> 00:42:40.410
a lot of them will have, like,
845
00:42:40.410 --> 00:42:44.320
more developed hearing bones
846
00:42:46.350 --> 00:42:50.070
so that they can listen to sound better
847
00:42:50.070 --> 00:42:53.970
and often, like, larger or placed in particular ways
848
00:42:53.970 --> 00:42:56.613
that it's able to amplify sound better.
849
00:42:57.450 --> 00:43:00.810
And these fish bones, the hearing bones are also really cool
850
00:43:00.810 --> 00:43:04.260
because lots of scientists also can use them
851
00:43:04.260 --> 00:43:06.990
for dating how old fish are.
852
00:43:06.990 --> 00:43:11.990
So just like with trees, how trees have rings,
853
00:43:13.230 --> 00:43:14.943
with the fish hearing bones,
854
00:43:16.770 --> 00:43:19.110
they also produce different layers
855
00:43:19.110 --> 00:43:20.850
so they can do kind of like dating
856
00:43:20.850 --> 00:43:24.120
to learn about what's happening in the water
857
00:43:24.120 --> 00:43:26.100
and like how old these fishes are too
858
00:43:26.100 --> 00:43:29.040
through their hearing bones, so that's actually pretty cool.
859
00:43:29.040 --> 00:43:30.840
Wow, that's really intriguing.
860
00:43:30.840 --> 00:43:32.670
Now I don't wanna put you on the spot with this one,
861
00:43:32.670 --> 00:43:33.870
but it's intriguing,
862
00:43:33.870 --> 00:43:36.660
so we probably all wanna know if you don't know,
863
00:43:36.660 --> 00:43:41.660
but there was a mini crisis caused by plainfin midshipmen
864
00:43:42.390 --> 00:43:45.240
in San Francisco Bay like 50 years ago or so.
865
00:43:45.240 --> 00:43:46.800
Is that anything you heard about?
866
00:43:46.800 --> 00:43:49.600
And if it is, can you give us a snapshot of what it was?
867
00:43:50.460 --> 00:43:53.673
Did you say a mini crisis?
Yeah, a mini crisis.
868
00:43:55.020 --> 00:43:56.040
I don't know.
869
00:43:56.040 --> 00:43:58.260
I'll have to look it up, I'm really curious.
870
00:43:58.260 --> 00:44:00.780
But I don't know if this was referring,
871
00:44:00.780 --> 00:44:01.860
I don't know if it,
872
00:44:01.860 --> 00:44:04.440
I think it was more recent than 50 years ago,
873
00:44:04.440 --> 00:44:08.100
but I know that in Monterey Bay,
874
00:44:08.100 --> 00:44:09.870
and I'm forgetting the exact spot,
875
00:44:09.870 --> 00:44:13.440
but with midshipmen because they're so shallow,
876
00:44:13.440 --> 00:44:16.050
they're often nest in the intertidal.
877
00:44:16.050 --> 00:44:17.760
So like in those pictures I showed,
878
00:44:17.760 --> 00:44:19.950
like, they're sometimes, like, almost like frogs,
879
00:44:19.950 --> 00:44:21.650
like, they're barely in any water.
880
00:44:23.370 --> 00:44:24.203
Because of this
881
00:44:24.203 --> 00:44:27.060
and because their sound levels get to be so high
882
00:44:27.060 --> 00:44:27.900
when they're chorusing,
883
00:44:27.900 --> 00:44:32.900
you can actually hear them outside of the water.
884
00:44:33.000 --> 00:44:37.740
And so I know that, like, in certain areas in Monterey,
885
00:44:37.740 --> 00:44:39.450
residents were complaining
886
00:44:39.450 --> 00:44:44.010
because the chorusing was so, like, loud
887
00:44:44.010 --> 00:44:45.210
that it was disturbing them.
888
00:44:45.210 --> 00:44:46.043
So that was interesting.
889
00:44:46.043 --> 00:44:47.700
I don't know if that was the crisis,
890
00:44:49.140 --> 00:44:50.993
but I'm interested to learn more.
891
00:44:50.993 --> 00:44:54.243
Yeah, me too.
I'm super curious.
892
00:44:55.530 --> 00:44:57.990
And then you've talked about
893
00:44:57.990 --> 00:45:00.000
that fish nesting in the intertidal.
894
00:45:00.000 --> 00:45:04.833
What proportion of the plainfin midship fish do that?
895
00:45:06.150 --> 00:45:09.840
So midshipmen, they,
896
00:45:09.840 --> 00:45:11.760
so during their mating season,
897
00:45:11.760 --> 00:45:16.350
so they kind of reside at different depths up much deeper.
898
00:45:16.350 --> 00:45:18.690
I think up to, like, 300 meters.
899
00:45:18.690 --> 00:45:19.710
Don't quote me on that.
900
00:45:19.710 --> 00:45:22.830
But then they go up to shallower depths,
901
00:45:22.830 --> 00:45:26.460
like up the intertidal through around 80 meters depths
902
00:45:26.460 --> 00:45:28.020
during their mating season,
903
00:45:28.020 --> 00:45:31.090
where they create these nests where they call
904
00:45:33.840 --> 00:45:35.463
to females to lay their eggs.
905
00:45:37.372 --> 00:45:39.630
And the question was like, what depths are they at?
906
00:45:39.630 --> 00:45:42.600
I think it can range-
Or like what proportion
907
00:45:42.600 --> 00:45:44.160
of that type of fish?
908
00:45:44.160 --> 00:45:48.600
So, like, do all of 'em nest in the intertidal, or?
909
00:45:48.600 --> 00:45:49.650
Oh, great question.
910
00:45:51.375 --> 00:45:53.373
So those fish that,
911
00:45:54.420 --> 00:45:57.660
they'd have to be mature fish
912
00:45:57.660 --> 00:46:00.300
that are of reproductive age,
913
00:46:00.300 --> 00:46:04.170
but then also with midshipman it's interesting because,
914
00:46:04.170 --> 00:46:05.850
and there's lots of great work
915
00:46:05.850 --> 00:46:08.640
that's been done on midshipman fish
916
00:46:08.640 --> 00:46:13.640
because I think they're just a really interesting species
917
00:46:14.250 --> 00:46:15.083
to study.
918
00:46:15.083 --> 00:46:16.053
So lots of good work.
919
00:46:18.630 --> 00:46:21.300
Males produce sound,
920
00:46:21.300 --> 00:46:23.940
and there's two different types of males,
921
00:46:23.940 --> 00:46:26.040
a type one and type two male.
922
00:46:26.040 --> 00:46:28.360
The type one male are the males
923
00:46:29.790 --> 00:46:34.790
that nest in shallower water in the intertidal and chorus.
924
00:46:34.860 --> 00:46:37.200
And then there's these type two males,
925
00:46:37.200 --> 00:46:38.250
which are smaller,
926
00:46:38.250 --> 00:46:42.210
and they're like, they don't produce sound,
927
00:46:42.210 --> 00:46:44.043
at least not as much, I think.
928
00:46:46.405 --> 00:46:49.530
But they don't produce these choruses essentially,
929
00:46:49.530 --> 00:46:52.110
but those type two males are called, like, sneaker males
930
00:46:52.110 --> 00:46:55.950
because they will sneak into these nests
931
00:46:55.950 --> 00:46:58.410
and, like, fertilize the nests,
932
00:46:58.410 --> 00:47:01.230
while the type one males are the ones that are chorusing
933
00:47:01.230 --> 00:47:04.680
and going into shallower water to create these nests.
934
00:47:04.680 --> 00:47:06.750
Oh, super interesting.
935
00:47:06.750 --> 00:47:09.630
And we have a response to the mini crisis.
936
00:47:09.630 --> 00:47:12.300
So a couple of attendees have shared
937
00:47:12.300 --> 00:47:13.800
what that was related to,
938
00:47:13.800 --> 00:47:17.310
and so it was due to strange sounds
939
00:47:17.310 --> 00:47:21.450
that I think like in the Sausalito area near a dock,
940
00:47:21.450 --> 00:47:22.560
and people were not aware
941
00:47:22.560 --> 00:47:24.180
that the sounds were coming from fish,
942
00:47:24.180 --> 00:47:25.290
and they thought it was related
943
00:47:25.290 --> 00:47:27.540
to some kind of like military activity
944
00:47:27.540 --> 00:47:31.080
or secret thing going on that was something bad.
945
00:47:31.080 --> 00:47:33.870
And so someone's saying maybe about 20 years ago,
946
00:47:33.870 --> 00:47:34.920
and you can search articles
947
00:47:34.920 --> 00:47:36.600
in the "San Francisco Chronicle" about it,
948
00:47:36.600 --> 00:47:38.970
but it was a little uproar in the community
949
00:47:38.970 --> 00:47:41.040
about what's going on that's secret,
950
00:47:41.040 --> 00:47:42.960
that's making that little humming sound
951
00:47:42.960 --> 00:47:45.510
when it, in fact, ended up being the fish.
952
00:47:45.510 --> 00:47:47.610
Yeah, that's actually happened too.
953
00:47:47.610 --> 00:47:50.820
That's what I thought that the crisis was.
954
00:47:50.820 --> 00:47:54.450
And there's also lots of cool,
955
00:47:54.450 --> 00:47:56.130
I can't remember if it's on NPR,
956
00:47:56.130 --> 00:47:58.770
but like different podcasts about
957
00:47:58.770 --> 00:48:01.563
historically a lot of the time in the military,
958
00:48:05.220 --> 00:48:06.873
in submarines and whatnot,
959
00:48:08.100 --> 00:48:13.020
or defer like wartime studies,
960
00:48:13.020 --> 00:48:16.200
and, not studies, but during wartime when they're listening,
961
00:48:16.200 --> 00:48:18.330
they've heard fish sounds
962
00:48:18.330 --> 00:48:20.490
and thought like, "Oh my gosh, what is this?"
963
00:48:20.490 --> 00:48:22.050
And it turns out it's a fish.
964
00:48:22.050 --> 00:48:24.753
So that's happened, like, a number of times.
965
00:48:26.220 --> 00:48:30.120
Now humans, what kind of impact are humans having on fish
966
00:48:30.120 --> 00:48:33.333
and their singing, if at all?
967
00:48:34.710 --> 00:48:35.543
Good question.
968
00:48:35.543 --> 00:48:38.550
So humans, that's a big question.
969
00:48:38.550 --> 00:48:41.970
In terms of the biggest thing I'd say with that
970
00:48:41.970 --> 00:48:44.670
is when we think of noise
971
00:48:44.670 --> 00:48:46.920
and human-produced noise in the ocean,
972
00:48:46.920 --> 00:48:49.380
so that comes from a number of different sources,
973
00:48:49.380 --> 00:48:53.253
like shipping noise and whatnot.
974
00:48:55.320 --> 00:48:56.153
Whoa.
975
00:48:56.153 --> 00:49:00.980
And there's lots of interesting studies on the impacts
976
00:49:03.690 --> 00:49:06.210
of boat noise on fish,
977
00:49:06.210 --> 00:49:09.810
which tends to have, like, very different mixed results
978
00:49:09.810 --> 00:49:12.333
but depending on the species in the study.
979
00:49:14.190 --> 00:49:15.840
More recently too,
980
00:49:15.840 --> 00:49:17.520
there's really good work coming out
981
00:49:17.520 --> 00:49:22.520
of WHOI in Aran Mooney's lab about impacts of pile driving,
982
00:49:24.210 --> 00:49:28.110
or really intense noise that's associated
983
00:49:28.110 --> 00:49:30.900
with building offshore wind turbines
984
00:49:30.900 --> 00:49:33.003
during that, like, building phase,
985
00:49:34.920 --> 00:49:39.920
which I think impacts fish in different ways
986
00:49:40.440 --> 00:49:42.933
than it impacts invertebrates and whatnot.
987
00:49:45.060 --> 00:49:46.200
And then also more recently
988
00:49:46.200 --> 00:49:49.530
with, like, the hot topic in fish acoustics right now
989
00:49:49.530 --> 00:49:52.020
is with offshore wind energy.
990
00:49:52.020 --> 00:49:53.880
And so with these wind turbines,
991
00:49:53.880 --> 00:49:56.790
like, how might they impact fish sounds
992
00:49:56.790 --> 00:49:58.830
when we have this introduction
993
00:49:58.830 --> 00:50:02.100
of this, like, chronic noise being introduced.
994
00:50:02.100 --> 00:50:05.520
And kind of studies so far there's not too many of them
995
00:50:05.520 --> 00:50:08.610
'cause there's not that many wind farms
996
00:50:08.610 --> 00:50:12.540
that have been fully operational for that long.
997
00:50:12.540 --> 00:50:13.620
But kind of mixed results.
998
00:50:13.620 --> 00:50:17.040
Like, some think that it might have negative impacts,
999
00:50:17.040 --> 00:50:18.570
but for some it might,
1000
00:50:18.570 --> 00:50:21.360
these farms might actually attract fish
1001
00:50:21.360 --> 00:50:24.480
and act as a FAD, or fish aggregating device,
1002
00:50:24.480 --> 00:50:28.290
and could be like mini safe events for these fish too,
1003
00:50:28.290 --> 00:50:29.280
like artificial reefs.
1004
00:50:29.280 --> 00:50:32.280
So, yeah.
1005
00:50:32.280 --> 00:50:36.930
And then the list goes on in terms of with climate change
1006
00:50:36.930 --> 00:50:38.370
and waters getting warm
1007
00:50:38.370 --> 00:50:41.023
and how that might impact fish mating,
1008
00:50:44.040 --> 00:50:47.430
and then we can hear that through their changes
1009
00:50:47.430 --> 00:50:48.963
to their chorusing as well.
1010
00:50:53.310 --> 00:50:54.390
Well, excellent, thank you.
1011
00:50:54.390 --> 00:50:55.860
That was a really engaging Q&A.
1012
00:50:55.860 --> 00:50:57.900
I'm sure all of our attendees appreciate that.
1013
00:50:57.900 --> 00:51:01.020
We got to, not all the questions, but most of them.
1014
00:51:01.020 --> 00:51:03.600
Ella already covered her exploring fish sounds
1015
00:51:03.600 --> 00:51:07.170
in National Marine Sanctuary's lesson materials
1016
00:51:07.170 --> 00:51:09.213
that I put the link into the chat.
1017
00:51:10.080 --> 00:51:11.730
So yes, if you're an educator,
1018
00:51:11.730 --> 00:51:16.290
that's a great resource to consider.
1019
00:51:16.290 --> 00:51:20.250
I wanted to also point out that we have Ocean Sound
1020
00:51:20.250 --> 00:51:23.430
and Impact of Noise resource collection.
1021
00:51:23.430 --> 00:51:26.280
So Ella's lesson on fish chorusing can be found in here
1022
00:51:26.280 --> 00:51:29.670
as well as other lesson plans related to ocean sound
1023
00:51:29.670 --> 00:51:31.533
and the impact of noise.
1024
00:51:32.370 --> 00:51:35.643
And let's see, we keep moving here.
1025
00:51:36.840 --> 00:51:39.120
For all of you that might want
1026
00:51:39.120 --> 00:51:41.580
to either share this webinar recording
1027
00:51:41.580 --> 00:51:42.960
or watch it again,
1028
00:51:42.960 --> 00:51:44.670
it will be archived online
1029
00:51:44.670 --> 00:51:49.650
in our National Marine Sanctuary's Webinar Series Archive.
1030
00:51:49.650 --> 00:51:51.180
No need to copy that link.
1031
00:51:51.180 --> 00:51:53.310
You will receive an email
1032
00:51:53.310 --> 00:51:55.500
letting you know when it's been captioned
1033
00:51:55.500 --> 00:51:57.060
and put online.
1034
00:51:57.060 --> 00:51:58.950
If you have any follow-up questions,
1035
00:51:58.950 --> 00:52:00.540
you can go directly to the source
1036
00:52:00.540 --> 00:52:02.220
if you copied down Ella's email,
1037
00:52:02.220 --> 00:52:07.220
or you can reach out to sanctuary.education@noaa.gov.
1038
00:52:08.070 --> 00:52:10.350
All attendees that are here live today
1039
00:52:10.350 --> 00:52:12.900
will receive a certificate of attendance,
1040
00:52:12.900 --> 00:52:16.980
giving you one hour of professional development.
1041
00:52:16.980 --> 00:52:18.600
For anyone that's watching the recording
1042
00:52:18.600 --> 00:52:21.630
that has gotten to this point and you want a certificate,
1043
00:52:21.630 --> 00:52:25.320
go ahead and email that sanctuary.education@noaa.gov
1044
00:52:25.320 --> 00:52:26.883
and I'll get that to you.
1045
00:52:27.780 --> 00:52:30.120
As we wrap up today's presentation,
1046
00:52:30.120 --> 00:52:31.950
when you close out of GoTo Webinar,
1047
00:52:31.950 --> 00:52:34.080
there's a very short evaluation
1048
00:52:34.080 --> 00:52:36.000
that's really helpful for us.
1049
00:52:36.000 --> 00:52:36.833
It pops up.
1050
00:52:36.833 --> 00:52:38.970
If you can just take maybe less than a minute
1051
00:52:38.970 --> 00:52:40.980
to respond to the questions
1052
00:52:40.980 --> 00:52:43.080
and then also provide some other topics
1053
00:52:43.080 --> 00:52:45.180
for us to consider for our webinar series.
1054
00:52:45.180 --> 00:52:46.413
We would appreciate it.
1055
00:52:47.280 --> 00:52:50.520
So with that, I wanna thank Ella Kim,
1056
00:52:50.520 --> 00:52:53.160
one of our current Dr. Nancy Foster scholars
1057
00:52:53.160 --> 00:52:57.570
and PhD candidate at Scripps Institute of Oceanography.
1058
00:52:57.570 --> 00:52:58.620
Thank you for joining us.
1059
00:52:58.620 --> 00:53:00.540
We appreciate your time,
1060
00:53:00.540 --> 00:53:03.420
and we'll conclude today's presentation.
1061
00:53:03.420 --> 00:53:05.640
So thanks so much, everyone.
1062
00:53:05.640 --> 00:53:07.203
Take care.
Thanks, Claire.
1063
00:53:08.190 --> 00:53:09.640
Thanks, everyone, for coming.