WEBVTT
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We'll be joining in listen only mode, which means
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that your mode of communication with us is typing questions
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or comments or concerns into the question box
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in the GoTo Webinar control panel.
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So we're excited that our webinar series,
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it brings interesting scientific topics
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to our target audience of formal and informal educators.
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Oftentimes we have students
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and other interested members of the public.
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So today we have nearly 600 direct registrants
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for the webinar.
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And I wanted to give a shout out.
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I was looking through the registration.
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We have some groups coming
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from different colleges and schools.
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So a shout out to Blinn College in Texas
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if you're attending live or will be watching the recording.
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And then three schools from the Hawaiian Islands.
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We've got St. Joseph Parish School junior high
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in Waipahu on Oahu.
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We've got Kamehameha School in Hilo
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and Paauilo School on Hawaii Island as well.
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So kind of funny 'cause I actually went
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to Paauilo Elementary through third grade.
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So fun to see
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that there's some students joining us from there.
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Well, just a quick introduction of myself.
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My name is Claire Fackler
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and I'm the National Education Liaison for NOAA's Office
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of National Marine Sanctuaries.
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So these are spectacular Premier Ocean
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and Great Lakes treasures that we're protecting now
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and for future generations.
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Were found in the ocean and the Great Lakes,
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and we're safeguarding America's premier marine places.
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So as you can see on this map from Washington state
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and the Great Lakes to the Pacific Islands,
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the National Marine Sanctuary System
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protects 18 underwater parks,
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spanning over 629,000 square miles
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of ocean and great lakes waters.
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And by investing in innovative solutions,
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we strengthen these iconic places
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to address 21st century challenges
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while supporting America's commerce and tourism.
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These unique locations inspire people to visit,
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value and steward our nation's iconic ocean
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and great lakes waters.
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So these underwater parks are set aside
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for a wide variety of reasons.
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In some cases,
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it's because of the biodiversity that's spectacular
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at the National Marine Sanctuary.
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In other cases, it's because of the historic shipwrecks
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or other cultural resources
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or maritime heritage that's found there.
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But all in all these places provide shelter for threatened
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and endangered animals like this Hawaiian green sea turtle.
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Now we are mandated by Congress to conduct education
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and outreach.
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We're also mandated to do research and monitoring.
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And we're doing these things to help protect the resource,
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protect the plants, the animals,
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the ecosystems, the habitats.
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And I've mentioned already
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these are spectacular special ocean
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and great lakes treasures.
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And so we want people to engage and appreciate
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and enjoy these places.
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So we want you to get into your sanctuary if you can.
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You can do that through activities like kayaking,
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fishing,
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snorkeling,
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scuba diving,
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surfing,
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getting on a boat, viewing marine life.
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And in some cases, by getting into your sanctuary,
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people get so inspired that they end up wanting
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to volunteer for us.
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So we encourage you to get involved
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and get into your sanctuary.
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But with that, I wanted
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to introduce our guest presenter today.
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I'm so excited to have Dr. Vanessa ZoBell.
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She is a former Dr. Nancy Foster scholar, which is a program
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that our office runs for graduate students.
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So Dr. ZoBell received her PhD in biological oceanography
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at the Scripps Institution
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of Oceanography in the Whale Acoustic Lab
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with Dr. John Hildebrand.
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For her dissertation,
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she quantified noise pollution produced from ships
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in NOAA's Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary.
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So you're gonna be learning a lot more about moving cargo
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and whales and all of that good stuff.
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So with that, I'm gonna go ahead
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and give the controls over to Vanessa
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to give her presentation.
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Thanks for joining us, Vanessa.
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Can you hear me okay?
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Yes, indeed.
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Okay, and okay, looks like you can see that too.
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Okay, thank you so much Claire.
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It's so incredible to be here today
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and to share some of this work with you.
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I, as Claire mentioned,
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I'm a postdoc here at Scripps Institution of Oceanography
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and I did my PhD in the Dr. Nancy Foster Scholar program.
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So I got to work super closely
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with the National Marine Sanctuary System
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and really dedicated a lot of my analyses to them.
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And I still continue to work with
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and monitor these locations.
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In terms of Southern California,
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we have two really long-term recording stations here.
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One in the Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary,
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which we've had underwater.
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We change the batteries every now and then,
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but it's been in the water recording almost continuously
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for over 10 years, about 12.2 years.
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And then we have another station
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near the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary,
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which has been recording for almost 15 years.
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So we've been really, you know,
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learning a lot about why animals make sounds,
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what sounds they make
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and have hearing a lot of human made noises too.
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So I'll start off this talk by giving a little intro
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to acoustics in general
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and then we'll get into some things
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that we've heard at these two recording stations.
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So why is sound important for marine animals?
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Not just whales, but fish and invertebrates too?
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It's because 90% of the ocean looks like this.
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It's pitch black, you can't see anything
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and that's including during the day.
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So animals have had
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to rely on other senses like sound to be able
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to perceive the world around them.
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Sound is a really great way
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to transfer information in the ocean
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because it can travel really far.
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With light diminishing at about 200 meters,
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it's one of their only senses that can travel far
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and be used in complete darkness.
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So they use these sounds that they produce for a variety
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of different reasons and for different functions.
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One for communication to keep in contact with each other
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during long migrations, for mating and displays,
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for predator avoidance,
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for foraging, which we'll go over too.
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How they kind of can see
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what they're shooting their sound at, and for navigation.
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So when they're in these deep oceans
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and when it's pitch black,
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how are they navigating if they can't see.
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Sound can travel far and it can also travel really fast.
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It travels about four times faster
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in seawater than it does in air.
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So 340 meters per second in air compared
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to about 1500 meters per second in seawater.
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So these sounds or these, you know, songs
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that these animals are producing can travel really fast
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even across ocean basins in the right conditions some days.
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So really, really efficient way
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to transfer information in the ocean.
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There's a couple different ways that we measure sound.
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One is in frequency,
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so high frequency versus low frequency.
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You can kind of think of high frequencies as high pitched,
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so more like a flute.
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And then low frequencies are lower pitch,
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kind of like a tuba.
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So different animals make different frequencies based
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on the shape of their bodies and their skulls
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and for different functions as well,
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which we'll take a little listen to in a little bit.
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Another way that we measure sound is the intensity
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or the loudness of the sound,
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which we do with a metric called decibels.
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So this is kind of what a decibel scale looks like in air.
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So fireworks are about 140 decibels
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while rustling leaves are about 20 decibels.
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And I'll tell you now, some of these species
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that we'll be going over today are even louder
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than fireworks.
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So they can, they're big animals,
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but they can make some really loud sounds.
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So we know it's important function for them to be,
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that's part of their evolution
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because they're using a lot of energy to make these sounds.
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So many marine organisms have evolved to use sound
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to perceive the world around them
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because it can travel fast and far,
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and not just marine mammals,
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but also fish and invertebrates.
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So we'll be listening to a couple of species
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that we've recorded in Southern California sanctuaries
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and the Chumash Heritage Sanctuary
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and the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary.
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And you're welcome
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to post in the chat if you've ever seen these animals before
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or if you'd like to see them
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or if you, if this sound reminds you of something
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that you've heard before.
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So we'd love to see on our end what you guys think
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of these sounds or if you think they're creepy
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and weird too, that's totally fine.
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Okay, so our first animal today is
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the short-beaked common dolphin.
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These animals are very common
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in the southern California area.
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They're very fast, they're found offshore
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and they're high frequency calling animals.
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So they make sounds like whistles, they echolocate,
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which means that they basically shoot sound out
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of their head and then the echo back tells them what
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that sound hit, whether it's a rock
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or a fish, they can even discriminate
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between different fish sizes.
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So it's a really good way
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to forage in the deep ocean when it's really dark.
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And these are odontocetes
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all toothed whales are called odontocetes.
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Dont means teeth, so these animals have teeth.
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So let's take a listen of what this sounds like.
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Vanessa, it worked for a second,
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so maybe play it one more time.
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Okay, playing it again.
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(dolphin crying)
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Yep.
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You heard that whole thing?
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Yes, we did.
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And if people are having issues, just make sure
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to turn the volume up on your computer or your phone.
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Oh yeah, dogs love it, I've heard.
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So these animals kind of sound like squeaky toys, right?
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So the whistles that you heard are more used
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for communication while the echolocation clicks are used
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for navigation and foraging.
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And when you hear a bunch of sounds entangled
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with each other and overlapping each other can also give us
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some information about the group size.
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So these animals usually travel
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in big pods, sometimes super pods of thousands.
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So when we hear a lot of entangled sounds all together,
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we know more information about the species.
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And then if we don't hear a bunch of entangled sounds,
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maybe this is a solitary species.
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So that also gives us some good information
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about their behavior.
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Okay, killer whale, yes, these are in Southern California.
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You don't always think of them being in Southern California.
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And yes, it's rare sometimes,
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but these are the top predators of the ocean right here.
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They eat sharks, they eat rays,
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they eat seals and they eat whales and they eat dolphins.
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And there were some up in Southern California
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this past couple years eating common dolphins.
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And so these are really, really cool animals.
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And they also are odontocetes,
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they are the largest dolphin in the dolphin family.
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And they make sounds similar to the common dolphin,
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but I'll play for you what that sounds like now.
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(orca crying)
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So top predator of the ocean sounds
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kind of like a sweet little dolphin,
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but yes, they are definitely found eating other mammals
269
00:14:24.990 --> 00:14:28.740
and sharks and they are expert hunters.
270
00:14:28.740 --> 00:14:31.110
They will, when they're hunting mammals,
271
00:14:31.110 --> 00:14:33.090
they'll actually go into stealth mode
272
00:14:33.090 --> 00:14:35.070
and won't make a lot of sound
273
00:14:35.070 --> 00:14:39.180
because what they're preying on, animals might be able
274
00:14:39.180 --> 00:14:41.550
to hear them so they don't make any sound.
275
00:14:41.550 --> 00:14:45.690
And then after they get the kill, they'll start celebrating
276
00:14:45.690 --> 00:14:49.980
and whistling and making a bunch of sound.
277
00:14:49.980 --> 00:14:52.560
So they're really social animals
278
00:14:52.560 --> 00:14:56.370
and they communicate with a lot of different types of calls.
279
00:14:56.370 --> 00:14:58.110
So killer whale,
280
00:14:58.110 --> 00:15:02.013
we do see them in the Southern California area, sometimes.
281
00:15:03.150 --> 00:15:07.380
Sperm whale, these are more offshore in deep water.
282
00:15:07.380 --> 00:15:09.540
We do see them sometimes more in like,
283
00:15:09.540 --> 00:15:12.900
but not in the basin very often,
284
00:15:12.900 --> 00:15:16.383
but more in the Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary.
285
00:15:19.449 --> 00:15:22.199
(whale clicking)
286
00:15:34.920 --> 00:15:35.850
Okay.
287
00:15:35.850 --> 00:15:40.260
So no whistles that we heard for the sperm whale, right?
288
00:15:40.260 --> 00:15:42.510
They make these clicks
289
00:15:42.510 --> 00:15:47.340
and the click packages that I just played are called codas.
290
00:15:47.340 --> 00:15:50.490
And they think that a lot of information
291
00:15:50.490 --> 00:15:54.210
and communication is packed into these codas
292
00:15:54.210 --> 00:15:56.850
that the spacing between the clicks
293
00:15:56.850 --> 00:15:59.790
and those different variations in the spacing
294
00:15:59.790 --> 00:16:02.310
between the clicks can actually have a lot
295
00:16:02.310 --> 00:16:03.813
of information in them.
296
00:16:04.650 --> 00:16:08.610
So I'm kind of, I kind of like scientific names
297
00:16:08.610 --> 00:16:10.710
and I think that this one's really funny.
298
00:16:10.710 --> 00:16:15.710
So macro, big, cephalus, head, big head,
299
00:16:17.820 --> 00:16:20.370
these animals are called the bigheaded animals
300
00:16:20.370 --> 00:16:23.910
because their heads are about one third of their body
301
00:16:23.910 --> 00:16:28.800
and they have a big fat structure in their heads
302
00:16:28.800 --> 00:16:33.120
that allows the sound to propagate really far
303
00:16:33.120 --> 00:16:34.410
through their heads and out.
304
00:16:34.410 --> 00:16:36.570
And that's what their clicks are doing,
305
00:16:36.570 --> 00:16:38.250
their echolocation clicks.
306
00:16:38.250 --> 00:16:42.000
And this is actually, if you record this sound close
307
00:16:42.000 --> 00:16:45.000
to the animal's head, this is considered one
308
00:16:45.000 --> 00:16:48.750
of the loudest sounds of any animal on earth.
309
00:16:48.750 --> 00:16:51.060
So if you are ever in a trivia night
310
00:16:51.060 --> 00:16:52.200
and you get that question,
311
00:16:52.200 --> 00:16:55.140
I recommend putting sperm whale down.
312
00:16:55.140 --> 00:16:59.580
These animals also sleep vertically sometimes,
313
00:16:59.580 --> 00:17:02.850
sometimes head up, sometimes head down.
314
00:17:02.850 --> 00:17:04.260
So there's a lot of behaviors
315
00:17:04.260 --> 00:17:09.260
about these deep diving animals that we're still uncovering.
316
00:17:09.330 --> 00:17:12.450
You might also have noticed that there was not really a lot
317
00:17:12.450 --> 00:17:15.180
of entanglement of clicks in that reporting.
318
00:17:15.180 --> 00:17:17.430
This might have been a solitary animal
319
00:17:17.430 --> 00:17:22.140
and that's more commonly seen with the male sperm whales.
320
00:17:22.140 --> 00:17:26.850
And in comparison to the dolphin species that we heard,
321
00:17:26.850 --> 00:17:29.430
which has a lot of entanglements in their sounds
322
00:17:29.430 --> 00:17:32.553
and they're more found in large pods.
323
00:17:34.039 --> 00:17:37.830
So moving on, those were our tooth whales, our odontocetes.
324
00:17:37.830 --> 00:17:40.980
Now we're gonna listen to some baleen whales
325
00:17:40.980 --> 00:17:43.170
or Mysticetes that we hear
326
00:17:43.170 --> 00:17:46.110
in the Southern California National Marine Sanctuaries.
327
00:17:46.110 --> 00:17:47.610
So these are different,
328
00:17:47.610 --> 00:17:50.850
you'll notice and you can write in the question box
329
00:17:50.850 --> 00:17:54.090
of the chat box what you hear is different.
330
00:17:54.090 --> 00:17:58.290
These are more low frequency groans and grumbles
331
00:17:58.290 --> 00:18:00.510
and moans and songs.
332
00:18:00.510 --> 00:18:03.930
And you won't be hearing whistles or echolocation clicks.
333
00:18:03.930 --> 00:18:06.663
These animals don't echolocate that we know of.
334
00:18:08.310 --> 00:18:09.540
So another scientific name,
335
00:18:09.540 --> 00:18:14.540
fun fact, megaptera, mega, big, ptera, wing.
336
00:18:15.630 --> 00:18:18.300
So these are the winged whales.
337
00:18:18.300 --> 00:18:20.817
Their pectoral fins are very long
338
00:18:20.817 --> 00:18:23.820
and this is unique to the baleen whales.
339
00:18:23.820 --> 00:18:25.013
So let's.
340
00:18:26.113 --> 00:18:28.780
(whale singing)
341
00:18:45.270 --> 00:18:47.340
So that's kind of the iconic whale song
342
00:18:47.340 --> 00:18:49.560
that you might think of when you think of whale song.
343
00:18:49.560 --> 00:18:50.790
That's humpbacks,
344
00:18:50.790 --> 00:18:54.960
what Dory in Finding Nemo was kind of mimicking.
345
00:18:54.960 --> 00:18:59.960
So humpback whales, they are very social animals.
346
00:19:00.060 --> 00:19:02.850
They can sing for hours and hours
347
00:19:02.850 --> 00:19:05.910
from our Channel Islands recording,
348
00:19:05.910 --> 00:19:10.350
I heard humpback whales singing for over 24 hours
349
00:19:10.350 --> 00:19:11.760
during one of our days.
350
00:19:11.760 --> 00:19:16.760
And they all sing the same song on the California coast.
351
00:19:18.480 --> 00:19:21.720
And different populations sing slightly different songs
352
00:19:21.720 --> 00:19:24.120
and they'll change it together over time,
353
00:19:24.120 --> 00:19:26.880
which this cultural transmission of learning
354
00:19:26.880 --> 00:19:30.240
where if there's one really dominant male
355
00:19:30.240 --> 00:19:33.150
and only males may sing in this way,
356
00:19:33.150 --> 00:19:36.270
but females can also make foraging calls.
357
00:19:36.270 --> 00:19:40.440
But if there's one really dominant male that might be robust
358
00:19:40.440 --> 00:19:42.376
for whatever reason, that sings
359
00:19:42.376 --> 00:19:46.170
a slightly different song then they'll all start singing
360
00:19:46.170 --> 00:19:48.000
that song over time together.
361
00:19:48.000 --> 00:19:50.130
So there's this evolution in the song
362
00:19:50.130 --> 00:19:53.760
in the population over time and the really,
363
00:19:53.760 --> 00:19:57.480
the really evolved males can even sing in a way
364
00:19:57.480 --> 00:20:00.360
that they'll breathe during a natural break in the song.
365
00:20:00.360 --> 00:20:02.700
So it sounds like they're singing
366
00:20:02.700 --> 00:20:07.590
for hours without ever taking a breath, which is a pretty,
367
00:20:07.590 --> 00:20:10.740
a pretty strong move if you're a humpback whale.
368
00:20:10.740 --> 00:20:14.730
So these animals are found in both the Chumash Heritage
369
00:20:14.730 --> 00:20:16.710
and the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary.
370
00:20:16.710 --> 00:20:18.120
They can be found there year round
371
00:20:18.120 --> 00:20:22.643
but they're really seen in great numbers there
372
00:20:22.643 --> 00:20:23.610
in the spring and fall.
373
00:20:23.610 --> 00:20:26.643
And we get a lot of them on our recording devices too.
374
00:20:27.960 --> 00:20:32.610
So the next animal, Minke whale, the smallest
375
00:20:32.610 --> 00:20:34.140
of the balinee whales,
376
00:20:34.140 --> 00:20:36.990
this white spot you see on the pectoral fin,
377
00:20:36.990 --> 00:20:40.140
this isn't unique to this Minke whale, they have this.
378
00:20:40.140 --> 00:20:43.110
And sometimes people call them Minke mittens.
379
00:20:43.110 --> 00:20:44.823
So let's take a listen.
380
00:20:47.193 --> 00:20:49.776
(whale crying)
381
00:21:06.840 --> 00:21:08.940
Sounds kind of like a foghorn, right?
382
00:21:08.940 --> 00:21:12.720
So very different from the tooth whales,
383
00:21:12.720 --> 00:21:17.160
no whistles, kind of just long duration moans.
384
00:21:17.160 --> 00:21:20.880
And back in the day when people were first figuring out
385
00:21:20.880 --> 00:21:23.100
what these sounds even were, people didn't know
386
00:21:23.100 --> 00:21:27.030
for a long time, they put recording devices out in the ocean
387
00:21:27.030 --> 00:21:29.220
for a variety of different reasons,
388
00:21:29.220 --> 00:21:31.890
you know, to measure earthquakes and stuff.
389
00:21:31.890 --> 00:21:34.410
And they would get these signals on the recordings
390
00:21:34.410 --> 00:21:36.780
and they're like, what is this?
391
00:21:36.780 --> 00:21:39.900
So the first step in bioacoustics really is
392
00:21:39.900 --> 00:21:42.780
to figure out which animals make which sounds.
393
00:21:42.780 --> 00:21:47.310
And to do that you kind of have to have a visual validation
394
00:21:47.310 --> 00:21:50.010
that what you're hearing is what you're seeing.
395
00:21:50.010 --> 00:21:52.860
So that might be someone out on a boat
396
00:21:52.860 --> 00:21:56.490
with a dunk hydrophone that's looking with binoculars, okay,
397
00:21:56.490 --> 00:21:59.130
I see a Minke whale, put the hydrophone
398
00:21:59.130 --> 00:22:01.500
or the recording device in the water
399
00:22:01.500 --> 00:22:03.870
and hear the sound that it's making.
400
00:22:03.870 --> 00:22:06.420
And that's how we have the catalogs
401
00:22:06.420 --> 00:22:10.110
and catalogs of different animal sounds that we have today.
402
00:22:10.110 --> 00:22:14.610
We know almost every sound that these species make.
403
00:22:14.610 --> 00:22:16.530
I think there's a couple of beaked whales
404
00:22:16.530 --> 00:22:18.570
that are still unknown and that's
405
00:22:18.570 --> 00:22:22.830
because they come up to the surface for a split second
406
00:22:22.830 --> 00:22:25.710
and then they might be down underwater for hours.
407
00:22:25.710 --> 00:22:29.190
So people did a lot of work in figuring out
408
00:22:29.190 --> 00:22:31.620
what these sounds were, but it was definitely a mystery
409
00:22:31.620 --> 00:22:33.240
in the beginning when you hear something
410
00:22:33.240 --> 00:22:37.350
like a foghorn in the water and you're like, what is that?
411
00:22:37.350 --> 00:22:39.423
So a very fun,
412
00:22:40.830 --> 00:22:44.610
a very fun topic of research.
413
00:22:44.610 --> 00:22:48.963
So thin whales, these are my favorite whale,
414
00:22:49.950 --> 00:22:52.830
they are the second largest whale species on Earth
415
00:22:52.830 --> 00:22:54.540
right after the blue whale.
416
00:22:54.540 --> 00:22:57.393
And they are found in both Chumash Heritage,
417
00:22:58.530 --> 00:23:00.180
more Chumash Heritage I would say,
418
00:23:00.180 --> 00:23:01.560
than the site in the basin.
419
00:23:01.560 --> 00:23:06.090
They're more offshore, but probably on the backside
420
00:23:06.090 --> 00:23:07.980
of the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary
421
00:23:07.980 --> 00:23:09.603
more than in the basin side.
422
00:23:11.280 --> 00:23:13.650
They, we'll take a listen, we'll take a listen
423
00:23:13.650 --> 00:23:17.310
and they sing so low frequency
424
00:23:17.310 --> 00:23:21.030
that unless you have a very big speaker,
425
00:23:21.030 --> 00:23:23.190
you might not even hear them.
426
00:23:23.190 --> 00:23:25.020
So I'll play this sound,
427
00:23:25.020 --> 00:23:29.550
but I'll say it's actually sped up I think five times
428
00:23:29.550 --> 00:23:32.433
so that we can all hear it on our laptop speakers.
429
00:23:34.919 --> 00:23:37.419
(whale sings)
430
00:23:49.710 --> 00:23:51.030
Sounds like a heartbeat, right?
431
00:23:51.030 --> 00:23:51.930
I love that one.
432
00:23:51.930 --> 00:23:53.643
That one gets me every time.
433
00:23:54.600 --> 00:23:59.600
Yes, so this is the 20 hertz call, it's called 20 hertz.
434
00:23:59.700 --> 00:24:02.070
20 hertz is a frequency.
435
00:24:02.070 --> 00:24:06.960
So they make this pulse at the same frequency
436
00:24:06.960 --> 00:24:10.860
and if there's a lot of them all in the same area,
437
00:24:10.860 --> 00:24:14.850
it can just sound like a (indistinct)
438
00:24:14.850 --> 00:24:18.540
because they're just singing all together and overlapping.
439
00:24:18.540 --> 00:24:20.640
So it can be hard sometimes
440
00:24:20.640 --> 00:24:22.530
to count the calls when there are so many,
441
00:24:22.530 --> 00:24:25.860
because there are many fin whales on the California coast
442
00:24:25.860 --> 00:24:27.870
and they are very chatty.
443
00:24:27.870 --> 00:24:30.360
So that was a little sample of
444
00:24:30.360 --> 00:24:33.360
what the animals sound like on our California,
445
00:24:33.360 --> 00:24:35.730
our Southern California National Marine Sanctuaries.
446
00:24:35.730 --> 00:24:38.430
There's many more species beyond this.
447
00:24:38.430 --> 00:24:40.470
This was just a sample,
448
00:24:40.470 --> 00:24:42.720
but if you wanna hear more, you can always go
449
00:24:42.720 --> 00:24:44.580
to voicesinthesea.com.
450
00:24:44.580 --> 00:24:48.603
And there's many even beyond Southern California.
451
00:24:53.970 --> 00:24:54.803
Okay.
452
00:24:55.680 --> 00:24:59.340
So there are many animals
453
00:24:59.340 --> 00:25:01.350
that make sound in the ocean.
454
00:25:01.350 --> 00:25:05.284
Toothed whales, baleen whales, fish.
455
00:25:05.284 --> 00:25:06.607
I didn't play for you any, but there's
456
00:25:06.607 --> 00:25:10.053
so many fish coursing in the National Marine Sanctuaries.
457
00:25:11.190 --> 00:25:13.650
But in addition to animals,
458
00:25:13.650 --> 00:25:17.010
humans also use the ocean as a resource.
459
00:25:17.010 --> 00:25:20.670
And with that, inject noise into the ocean through a variety
460
00:25:20.670 --> 00:25:24.150
of activities like offshore drilling,
461
00:25:24.150 --> 00:25:26.850
commercial shipping, navy testing.
462
00:25:26.850 --> 00:25:31.850
And through decades and years of research,
463
00:25:32.070 --> 00:25:35.670
we've found that there's impacts, negative impacts
464
00:25:35.670 --> 00:25:39.390
of noise on these animals like communication masking,
465
00:25:39.390 --> 00:25:43.200
which it kind of, means kind of like if you're trying
466
00:25:43.200 --> 00:25:47.190
to talk to your friend in a heavy metal concert,
467
00:25:47.190 --> 00:25:50.430
your sound of your voice might be masked.
468
00:25:50.430 --> 00:25:53.820
That kind of happens in the ocean too with shipping
469
00:25:53.820 --> 00:25:57.660
and drilling and human made sounds.
470
00:25:57.660 --> 00:26:00.300
Physiological impacts like increases
471
00:26:00.300 --> 00:26:03.630
in stress hormone levels with increases in noise.
472
00:26:03.630 --> 00:26:07.410
And again, that can be found in marine mammals and fish
473
00:26:07.410 --> 00:26:10.110
and invertebrates, behavioral changes.
474
00:26:10.110 --> 00:26:13.500
So if a noise is really harmful to them,
475
00:26:13.500 --> 00:26:16.710
they might just leave the area, they might just say,
476
00:26:16.710 --> 00:26:19.980
this is too stressful for me, I gotta get out of here
477
00:26:19.980 --> 00:26:21.720
and go to another area.
478
00:26:21.720 --> 00:26:23.250
And that's not really ideal.
479
00:26:23.250 --> 00:26:26.670
If they're leaving a really rich foraging area
480
00:26:26.670 --> 00:26:29.130
for a lesser rich foraging area,
481
00:26:29.130 --> 00:26:31.980
then they can't get as much good food.
482
00:26:31.980 --> 00:26:36.716
And then there's more acute damage to hearing structures.
483
00:26:36.716 --> 00:26:40.860
Their hearing structures can get deformed
484
00:26:40.860 --> 00:26:42.120
or get super damaged.
485
00:26:42.120 --> 00:26:46.417
So they might have either permanent threshold shifts
486
00:26:46.417 --> 00:26:50.190
in their hearing or temporary threshold shifts in hearing.
487
00:26:50.190 --> 00:26:52.920
And you might also have had a temporary threshold shift
488
00:26:52.920 --> 00:26:55.500
before if you've been to a concert or anything.
489
00:26:55.500 --> 00:26:58.500
And then you leave and you kind of have that muffled hearing
490
00:26:58.500 --> 00:27:00.150
and you wake up in the morning
491
00:27:00.150 --> 00:27:01.110
and it's totally fine.
492
00:27:01.110 --> 00:27:02.850
That's a temporary threshold shift.
493
00:27:02.850 --> 00:27:05.370
And that happens to animals too.
494
00:27:05.370 --> 00:27:07.770
But there are also permanent threshold shifts,
495
00:27:07.770 --> 00:27:09.090
which means that your hearing
496
00:27:09.090 --> 00:27:11.580
doesn't come back unfortunately.
497
00:27:11.580 --> 00:27:16.140
So there's been hundreds of scientific papers
498
00:27:16.140 --> 00:27:20.040
on this documenting these impacts on animals,
499
00:27:20.040 --> 00:27:23.290
variety of different species in different regions
500
00:27:24.240 --> 00:27:28.860
doing different activities, feeding versus transiting
501
00:27:28.860 --> 00:27:31.500
in different texts in mammals, fish and invertebrate.
502
00:27:31.500 --> 00:27:34.020
So it's a commonly known
503
00:27:34.020 --> 00:27:37.740
or a widely known thing at this point
504
00:27:37.740 --> 00:27:39.900
that's these anthropogenic
505
00:27:39.900 --> 00:27:44.900
or human made noises are not a positive influence
506
00:27:45.600 --> 00:27:49.083
in these animals' habitats.
507
00:27:49.980 --> 00:27:54.980
So shipping has grown substantially since its onset.
508
00:27:55.590 --> 00:27:58.353
On the right you'll see all these little dots,
509
00:28:00.000 --> 00:28:03.030
all these little dots moving here are ships today
510
00:28:03.030 --> 00:28:05.370
about 80 to 90% of the world's goods,
511
00:28:05.370 --> 00:28:09.150
including probably all the shoes on our feet today,
512
00:28:09.150 --> 00:28:11.613
were once on a container ship.
513
00:28:13.110 --> 00:28:17.280
So shipping has more than tripled since 1990
514
00:28:17.280 --> 00:28:19.530
and subsequently ship noise
515
00:28:19.530 --> 00:28:22.200
in the ocean has increased with it.
516
00:28:22.200 --> 00:28:25.260
And we were only, or not me,
517
00:28:25.260 --> 00:28:29.040
but scientists have been recording the ocean
518
00:28:29.040 --> 00:28:32.250
since the 1960s when there was already thousands
519
00:28:32.250 --> 00:28:33.480
of ships in the water.
520
00:28:33.480 --> 00:28:35.400
So it's really hard to know
521
00:28:35.400 --> 00:28:38.253
what the ocean sounded like before humans.
522
00:28:39.120 --> 00:28:41.520
I'll play a little example of
523
00:28:41.520 --> 00:28:43.653
what a container ship sounds like now.
524
00:28:45.459 --> 00:28:48.292
(engine rumbling)
525
00:28:55.770 --> 00:28:58.950
So sounds kinda like a train, big train,
526
00:28:58.950 --> 00:29:01.080
very much louder than a train though.
527
00:29:01.080 --> 00:29:04.140
And it can travel a lot farther in the ocean as well.
528
00:29:04.140 --> 00:29:06.690
In the Santa Barbara Channel
529
00:29:06.690 --> 00:29:11.040
and off of Point Conception where we have shipping lanes,
530
00:29:11.040 --> 00:29:12.960
you might hear that 15
531
00:29:12.960 --> 00:29:16.710
to 20 times a day if you are a whale in that area.
532
00:29:16.710 --> 00:29:19.053
So not super pleasant,
533
00:29:22.650 --> 00:29:25.920
but Southern California is a really interesting place
534
00:29:25.920 --> 00:29:29.610
to study because this area encompasses this.
535
00:29:29.610 --> 00:29:31.007
I'm showing here
536
00:29:31.007 --> 00:29:32.670
the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary.
537
00:29:32.670 --> 00:29:35.610
There also was the more recently designated
538
00:29:35.610 --> 00:29:38.007
Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary.
539
00:29:38.007 --> 00:29:42.240
And these sanctuaries are critical habitat for a wide array
540
00:29:42.240 --> 00:29:44.790
of biodiversity, including seals and sea lions,
541
00:29:44.790 --> 00:29:48.030
whales and dolphins and dense kelp forests
542
00:29:48.030 --> 00:29:49.440
with fish and invertebrates.
543
00:29:49.440 --> 00:29:51.300
And these areas are protected
544
00:29:51.300 --> 00:29:53.850
under the National Marine Sanctuaries Act.
545
00:29:53.850 --> 00:29:55.920
In addition to these sanctuaries,
546
00:29:55.920 --> 00:29:59.490
there's also two biologically important areas,
547
00:29:59.490 --> 00:30:02.333
or BIAs as we call it for the blue whale
548
00:30:02.333 --> 00:30:04.438
and the humpback whale.
549
00:30:04.438 --> 00:30:06.450
Blue whales are seen
550
00:30:06.450 --> 00:30:08.760
to forage on krill in this area during the summer
551
00:30:08.760 --> 00:30:12.090
to bulk up on their, before their long migrations.
552
00:30:12.090 --> 00:30:14.520
And humpback whales are seen here feeding
553
00:30:14.520 --> 00:30:16.500
on small bait fish and krill.
554
00:30:16.500 --> 00:30:19.200
And here's our two long-term recording devices
555
00:30:19.200 --> 00:30:21.303
as stars on this figure as well.
556
00:30:22.860 --> 00:30:25.830
Intersecting all of these critical habitats
557
00:30:25.830 --> 00:30:27.270
are the shipping lanes
558
00:30:27.270 --> 00:30:30.000
that transport containers to and from the first
559
00:30:30.000 --> 00:30:33.450
and second busiest shipping port in the Western hemisphere,
560
00:30:33.450 --> 00:30:36.570
the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach.
561
00:30:36.570 --> 00:30:38.460
These two ports together make up
562
00:30:38.460 --> 00:30:40.410
the San Pedro Bay port complex
563
00:30:40.410 --> 00:30:43.200
and it's a critical gateway for goods entering
564
00:30:43.200 --> 00:30:44.310
and exiting the US
565
00:30:44.310 --> 00:30:47.310
and plays a big role in our global supply chain.
566
00:30:47.310 --> 00:30:49.020
So this is a really interesting
567
00:30:49.020 --> 00:30:51.270
and important place to study wildlife
568
00:30:51.270 --> 00:30:53.133
and human activities like shipping.
569
00:30:54.510 --> 00:30:59.100
So we recently published a paper where we modeled
570
00:30:59.100 --> 00:31:00.600
what the ocean would sound like
571
00:31:00.600 --> 00:31:03.690
with no humans, pre-industrial revolution,
572
00:31:03.690 --> 00:31:05.280
which is the plot here.
573
00:31:05.280 --> 00:31:08.430
And we did that just by modeling
574
00:31:08.430 --> 00:31:11.913
what the ocean would sound like from wind without any ships.
575
00:31:12.810 --> 00:31:15.450
And you can see that the wind noise is different
576
00:31:15.450 --> 00:31:17.430
both in space and time.
577
00:31:17.430 --> 00:31:19.800
There's sometimes more wind coming from the south,
578
00:31:19.800 --> 00:31:23.133
sometimes more wind coming from the west.
579
00:31:24.269 --> 00:31:25.710
And that's just based on, you know,
580
00:31:25.710 --> 00:31:30.030
where the wind is blowing, the natural noise,
581
00:31:30.030 --> 00:31:32.010
the natural wind sounds will be higher
582
00:31:32.010 --> 00:31:34.530
as well if there's a higher wind speed.
583
00:31:34.530 --> 00:31:39.240
We also made a modern ocean noise model, which includes wind
584
00:31:39.240 --> 00:31:43.440
and ships and all these little black lines are ships
585
00:31:43.440 --> 00:31:47.970
and the noise is the color scale.
586
00:31:47.970 --> 00:31:52.140
So lower noises or quieter noises are shown in blue
587
00:31:52.140 --> 00:31:55.080
and louder noises are colored in red.
588
00:31:55.080 --> 00:31:59.250
And you can see that this noise is really propagating
589
00:31:59.250 --> 00:32:02.190
pretty far beyond the track line of these vessels.
590
00:32:02.190 --> 00:32:06.900
And that noise can travel farther if a ship is very big
591
00:32:06.900 --> 00:32:09.330
or if it's traveling very fast.
592
00:32:09.330 --> 00:32:12.930
But you can see that there's a lot more red
593
00:32:12.930 --> 00:32:15.180
in the modern ocean noise model
594
00:32:15.180 --> 00:32:17.400
than if there was no humans there
595
00:32:17.400 --> 00:32:18.900
and or when we're looking
596
00:32:18.900 --> 00:32:21.870
at the pre-industrial ocean noise model.
597
00:32:21.870 --> 00:32:26.870
So, and this is modeled at 30 meters depth,
598
00:32:27.000 --> 00:32:29.430
which is a common depth
599
00:32:29.430 --> 00:32:32.430
that blue whales are found transiting and calling at.
600
00:32:32.430 --> 00:32:36.390
So yeah, we wanted to see what the difference was
601
00:32:36.390 --> 00:32:39.120
and we noticed that it was a lot louder
602
00:32:39.120 --> 00:32:41.010
in the modern ocean, unfortunately,
603
00:32:41.010 --> 00:32:44.040
especially in this pretty heavily trafficked area,
604
00:32:44.040 --> 00:32:48.630
including in the National Marine Sanctuary unfortunately.
605
00:32:48.630 --> 00:32:53.630
So we're going to solutions now.
606
00:32:55.860 --> 00:32:59.010
So that's kind of the doom
607
00:32:59.010 --> 00:33:01.110
and gloom section of the presentation.
608
00:33:01.110 --> 00:33:04.410
But what I'll be speaking about now is that there are
609
00:33:04.410 --> 00:33:06.300
so many different solutions
610
00:33:06.300 --> 00:33:09.630
that are taking place in this area.
611
00:33:09.630 --> 00:33:11.730
One being the protecting blue whales
612
00:33:11.730 --> 00:33:15.750
and blue skies program, which has been going on
613
00:33:15.750 --> 00:33:19.290
for many years now in this gray shaded area
614
00:33:19.290 --> 00:33:23.100
in Southern California and Northern California.
615
00:33:23.100 --> 00:33:28.100
The container ships are incentivized to transit at 10 knots
616
00:33:28.170 --> 00:33:33.120
or less, so and it's all voluntary.
617
00:33:33.120 --> 00:33:35.810
And they found that, you know,
618
00:33:35.810 --> 00:33:39.540
in the beginning in 2014 there was not a lot of companies
619
00:33:39.540 --> 00:33:42.810
that wanted to voluntarily slow their speed,
620
00:33:42.810 --> 00:33:47.280
but it's growing and growing every year they're up to,
621
00:33:47.280 --> 00:33:52.280
you know, over 20 companies, over 500 almost to 700 vessels.
622
00:33:52.590 --> 00:33:57.570
And there's even more now in 2024 and going into 2025.
623
00:33:57.570 --> 00:34:02.460
So it's well known from our research
624
00:34:02.460 --> 00:34:05.700
that if you increase the speed of your ship,
625
00:34:05.700 --> 00:34:07.140
it gets a lot louder too,
626
00:34:07.140 --> 00:34:11.760
you're increasing the radiated noise coming from your ship.
627
00:34:11.760 --> 00:34:14.130
So we saw in 2021 that
628
00:34:14.130 --> 00:34:16.980
through this vessel speed reduction program
629
00:34:16.980 --> 00:34:19.740
that was completely voluntary, vessels
630
00:34:19.740 --> 00:34:23.430
that reduced their speed, also reduced the noise
631
00:34:23.430 --> 00:34:25.500
that was being radiated from the vessels
632
00:34:25.500 --> 00:34:29.080
and hopefully reducing the negative impacts of noise
633
00:34:30.030 --> 00:34:34.560
on the marine mammals and other marine species in this area.
634
00:34:34.560 --> 00:34:38.520
So if you wanna read more about that effort,
635
00:34:38.520 --> 00:34:41.460
we do an annual report with the protecting blue whales
636
00:34:41.460 --> 00:34:42.960
and blue skies program
637
00:34:42.960 --> 00:34:47.310
and we published a paper on it back in 2021, I believe.
638
00:34:47.310 --> 00:34:49.500
So it's a very amazing effort
639
00:34:49.500 --> 00:34:53.520
and right off the coast of the Southern California
640
00:34:53.520 --> 00:34:55.560
and the National Marine Sanctuary System
641
00:34:55.560 --> 00:34:57.510
is a partner in the program.
642
00:34:57.510 --> 00:35:02.340
So it's a really cool effort where a coalition of NGOs,
643
00:35:02.340 --> 00:35:04.920
government and industry are all working together
644
00:35:04.920 --> 00:35:08.910
in a voluntary way to incentivize these big ships
645
00:35:08.910 --> 00:35:11.913
to slow their speeds to protect whales.
646
00:35:13.380 --> 00:35:17.010
So this is a really good example of a regional effort
647
00:35:17.010 --> 00:35:20.970
to reduce noise from large ships,
648
00:35:20.970 --> 00:35:23.940
but you know, they're shipping like we saw
649
00:35:23.940 --> 00:35:27.780
on that little dot map all over the world.
650
00:35:27.780 --> 00:35:32.700
And it's good to have a bigger effort in areas
651
00:35:32.700 --> 00:35:34.230
where there's a critical habitat,
652
00:35:34.230 --> 00:35:38.730
but whales may not be in that area year round.
653
00:35:38.730 --> 00:35:41.850
They don't know whether they're in California or Oregon
654
00:35:41.850 --> 00:35:45.330
or Washington, they just know that they're in the ocean.
655
00:35:45.330 --> 00:35:49.560
And these boundaries don't mean as much to the animals
656
00:35:49.560 --> 00:35:51.240
as it does to the humans that might have
657
00:35:51.240 --> 00:35:53.490
to manage these animals in this way.
658
00:35:53.490 --> 00:35:57.210
Because of that, there's now an international effort
659
00:35:57.210 --> 00:35:58.410
to reduce noise.
660
00:35:58.410 --> 00:36:00.000
So international bodies
661
00:36:00.000 --> 00:36:02.850
like the International Maritime Organization,
662
00:36:02.850 --> 00:36:05.670
International Union for Conservation of Nature
663
00:36:05.670 --> 00:36:07.860
and the International Whaling Commission
664
00:36:07.860 --> 00:36:11.460
recognize ship noise as an international threat.
665
00:36:11.460 --> 00:36:13.620
Because of that, the vessel design
666
00:36:13.620 --> 00:36:16.740
and engineering has been proposed by these entities
667
00:36:16.740 --> 00:36:17.940
as the potential method
668
00:36:17.940 --> 00:36:20.460
to reduce the underwater radiated noise
669
00:36:20.460 --> 00:36:23.013
from ships on the more international level.
670
00:36:24.750 --> 00:36:27.720
So to study this, our lab partnered with one
671
00:36:27.720 --> 00:36:31.230
of the biggest shipping companies in the world, Maersk,
672
00:36:31.230 --> 00:36:32.580
they're a Danish shipping line.
673
00:36:32.580 --> 00:36:35.100
They come into the Port of Los Angeles a lot
674
00:36:35.100 --> 00:36:38.130
and they're seen in the National Marine Sanctuaries
675
00:36:38.130 --> 00:36:40.244
in Southern California a lot.
676
00:36:40.244 --> 00:36:43.860
And we worked with them to study a design, a new design
677
00:36:43.860 --> 00:36:45.780
that they were implementing with one
678
00:36:45.780 --> 00:36:48.630
of their very large container ships.
679
00:36:48.630 --> 00:36:51.750
So our lab worked with the head of sustainability at Maersk,
680
00:36:51.750 --> 00:36:53.490
Lee Kindberg as well
681
00:36:53.490 --> 00:36:56.670
as naval architects for this effort
682
00:36:56.670 --> 00:36:59.430
in 2015 through 2018.
683
00:36:59.430 --> 00:37:02.070
They completed a $1 billion retrofitting
684
00:37:02.070 --> 00:37:04.530
or redesign effort for 12
685
00:37:04.530 --> 00:37:06.990
of their very large container ships.
686
00:37:06.990 --> 00:37:10.050
The initiative focused on improving energy efficiency
687
00:37:10.050 --> 00:37:13.020
and included modifications to the propeller,
688
00:37:13.020 --> 00:37:16.350
the bow and the engine, as well as raising the bridge
689
00:37:16.350 --> 00:37:18.840
and increasing the cargo capacity,
690
00:37:18.840 --> 00:37:22.143
allowing 11,000 more containers in one trip.
691
00:37:23.310 --> 00:37:27.540
So here is our recording site in the Santa Barbara channel.
692
00:37:27.540 --> 00:37:31.500
We recorded 111 transits from these vessels.
693
00:37:31.500 --> 00:37:34.200
So we're really lucky that we had it in the water
694
00:37:34.200 --> 00:37:38.580
for this long because we got 54 pre retrofit
695
00:37:38.580 --> 00:37:41.010
and 57 post retrofit.
696
00:37:41.010 --> 00:37:43.380
And these track lines here are,
697
00:37:43.380 --> 00:37:48.380
the pre retrofit is in blue and the post retrofit is in red.
698
00:37:49.734 --> 00:37:52.770
So after taking out speed,
699
00:37:52.770 --> 00:37:54.120
after taking out the factor of speed,
700
00:37:54.120 --> 00:37:58.140
which we know influences the radiant noise of vessels a lot,
701
00:37:58.140 --> 00:38:03.140
we estimated how the retrofit affected the vessels pre
702
00:38:04.200 --> 00:38:05.790
and post retrofitting.
703
00:38:05.790 --> 00:38:08.130
And we found that post retrofitting
704
00:38:08.130 --> 00:38:11.640
in the low frequencies in this box here,
705
00:38:11.640 --> 00:38:15.270
there was a reduction in radiated noise from these vessels
706
00:38:15.270 --> 00:38:19.560
of about one to seven, depending on the frequency
707
00:38:19.560 --> 00:38:23.400
and above a hundred hertz there wasn't as much
708
00:38:23.400 --> 00:38:25.590
or there was really no reduction.
709
00:38:25.590 --> 00:38:28.470
So this may just be a reduction that was helpful
710
00:38:28.470 --> 00:38:30.630
for the low frequency calling animals
711
00:38:30.630 --> 00:38:33.990
like the fin whale that we listened to earlier.
712
00:38:33.990 --> 00:38:36.891
There's so many more designs that are
713
00:38:36.891 --> 00:38:39.630
in the works right now.
714
00:38:39.630 --> 00:38:43.710
I saw a picture of a container ship with a big sail on it,
715
00:38:43.710 --> 00:38:46.410
you know, there's electric engines,
716
00:38:46.410 --> 00:38:48.240
hydrogen hybrid systems.
717
00:38:48.240 --> 00:38:52.170
So this is a super hot area of research
718
00:38:52.170 --> 00:38:54.360
and definitely something that we wanna look more into
719
00:38:54.360 --> 00:38:57.142
so that we can find designs that are best
720
00:38:57.142 --> 00:39:01.530
for reducing underwater radiated noise.
721
00:39:01.530 --> 00:39:04.920
You can read more about that partnership in this paper
722
00:39:04.920 --> 00:39:08.190
that we published in 2023 about all the details
723
00:39:08.190 --> 00:39:10.353
about the methods and everything.
724
00:39:11.910 --> 00:39:14.550
So in addition to the kind
725
00:39:14.550 --> 00:39:19.380
of more source centric methods, operations like speed
726
00:39:19.380 --> 00:39:22.830
and design to reduce underwater radiated noise,
727
00:39:22.830 --> 00:39:26.580
we can also think about it in terms of space
728
00:39:26.580 --> 00:39:29.160
or kind of like marine spatial planning.
729
00:39:29.160 --> 00:39:33.030
So the current traffic separation scheme is in the channel
730
00:39:33.030 --> 00:39:34.920
and there are ships that transit elsewhere,
731
00:39:34.920 --> 00:39:38.070
but this is the majority of the traffic is centered around.
732
00:39:38.070 --> 00:39:41.550
And this scheme was implemented in 1983.
733
00:39:41.550 --> 00:39:44.130
Every 10 to 20 years the Coast Guard conducts
734
00:39:44.130 --> 00:39:45.390
a port access route study
735
00:39:45.390 --> 00:39:48.720
to propose any necessary changes in lanes
736
00:39:48.720 --> 00:39:51.600
or new lanes on the Pacific West Coast.
737
00:39:51.600 --> 00:39:56.310
So because of research done by the sanctuary,
738
00:39:56.310 --> 00:39:59.160
these lanes have been moved in the past
739
00:39:59.160 --> 00:40:00.990
to protect blue whales.
740
00:40:00.990 --> 00:40:05.040
They were moved a little bit northward
741
00:40:05.040 --> 00:40:07.189
to protect a blue whale feeding aggregation,
742
00:40:07.189 --> 00:40:09.450
but you know, there's been increases
743
00:40:09.450 --> 00:40:11.700
in traffic over the past couple years.
744
00:40:11.700 --> 00:40:14.670
So they are proposing an additional shipping lane
745
00:40:14.670 --> 00:40:17.610
on the southern side of the sanctuary,
746
00:40:17.610 --> 00:40:19.530
wrapping around the southern side
747
00:40:19.530 --> 00:40:21.840
and it's called the Proposed Point Mugu Fairway.
748
00:40:21.840 --> 00:40:25.290
So to see what the sound levels would be
749
00:40:25.290 --> 00:40:27.870
before this implementation is put in place,
750
00:40:27.870 --> 00:40:30.960
we did little simulations kind of
751
00:40:30.960 --> 00:40:34.500
to see if this fairway was implemented,
752
00:40:34.500 --> 00:40:36.210
what the ocean would sound like
753
00:40:36.210 --> 00:40:38.760
in the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary
754
00:40:38.760 --> 00:40:40.380
before it goes into effect
755
00:40:40.380 --> 00:40:44.700
to see if any modifications could allow it to be,
756
00:40:44.700 --> 00:40:47.400
or if any changes needed to be implemented
757
00:40:47.400 --> 00:40:50.793
to reduce noise within the sanctuary boundaries.
758
00:40:51.690 --> 00:40:53.400
We also put in ships
759
00:40:53.400 --> 00:40:55.380
that weren't necessarily on these fairways
760
00:40:55.380 --> 00:40:57.690
because smaller ships like fishing vessels
761
00:40:57.690 --> 00:41:01.443
and pleasure crafts might not always be on these fairways.
762
00:41:02.550 --> 00:41:04.530
So we first modeled
763
00:41:04.530 --> 00:41:07.140
what the traffic is now about 80%
764
00:41:07.140 --> 00:41:10.440
on the fairways within the Santa Barbara channel
765
00:41:10.440 --> 00:41:13.320
and then 20% on the southern side.
766
00:41:13.320 --> 00:41:16.888
And then we modeled the Point Mugu Fairway
767
00:41:16.888 --> 00:41:19.939
as it's proposed, the modified fairway,
768
00:41:19.939 --> 00:41:21.750
which has the fairway going just straight
769
00:41:21.750 --> 00:41:23.340
and then the buffer fairway,
770
00:41:23.340 --> 00:41:26.310
which is a 10 kilometer buffer away
771
00:41:26.310 --> 00:41:28.320
from the sanctuary boundary.
772
00:41:28.320 --> 00:41:29.700
And then just for fun,
773
00:41:29.700 --> 00:41:33.240
this is not a proposed change right now,
774
00:41:33.240 --> 00:41:36.540
I modeled a single route taking out
775
00:41:36.540 --> 00:41:38.430
the shipping lanes
776
00:41:38.430 --> 00:41:40.620
within the Santa Barbara channel
777
00:41:40.620 --> 00:41:42.870
and just having the lanes on the southern side
778
00:41:42.870 --> 00:41:45.270
of the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary.
779
00:41:45.270 --> 00:41:46.620
So we found the difference
780
00:41:46.620 --> 00:41:49.200
between all these different simulations,
781
00:41:49.200 --> 00:41:54.200
what it is now and what it could be in the future.
782
00:41:54.360 --> 00:41:58.170
And we found that, you know, some areas decreased in noise,
783
00:41:58.170 --> 00:41:59.970
which is what you'll see in blue,
784
00:41:59.970 --> 00:42:02.550
and some increased in noise, which you'll see in red.
785
00:42:02.550 --> 00:42:05.310
And then some say the same, which is the white.
786
00:42:05.310 --> 00:42:07.680
So of the multi route techniques,
787
00:42:07.680 --> 00:42:09.840
there were really comparable sound levels
788
00:42:09.840 --> 00:42:11.100
between the simulations.
789
00:42:11.100 --> 00:42:13.860
There's a slight reduction
790
00:42:13.860 --> 00:42:17.520
in noise on the southeastern corner of the sanctuary
791
00:42:17.520 --> 00:42:21.960
with the modified and the buffer fairway, the bottom two.
792
00:42:21.960 --> 00:42:24.990
So moving the traffic away from the sanctuary allowed
793
00:42:24.990 --> 00:42:29.100
for less noise pollution to be injected into the boundary.
794
00:42:29.100 --> 00:42:32.970
The greatest reductions from these different simulations
795
00:42:32.970 --> 00:42:35.610
were actually found in the single route approach
796
00:42:35.610 --> 00:42:38.040
where routing all the traffic on the southern side
797
00:42:38.040 --> 00:42:39.780
of the channel allowed for reduction,
798
00:42:39.780 --> 00:42:43.530
a large reduction within the blue whale humpback whale,
799
00:42:43.530 --> 00:42:46.350
BIA and the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary
800
00:42:46.350 --> 00:42:51.350
on the northern side by about five decibels at the expense
801
00:42:51.600 --> 00:42:53.370
of an increase in noise levels
802
00:42:53.370 --> 00:42:55.353
on the southern side of the island.
803
00:42:56.280 --> 00:42:58.050
So the modified
804
00:42:58.050 --> 00:43:00.780
and buffer fairway options allowed for the least noise
805
00:43:00.780 --> 00:43:02.670
to radiate inside the critical habitats
806
00:43:02.670 --> 00:43:04.890
in the single route options too.
807
00:43:04.890 --> 00:43:08.850
So this was kind of a marine spatial planning study
808
00:43:08.850 --> 00:43:11.220
where we were looking into
809
00:43:11.220 --> 00:43:14.700
maybe if we don't want noise in these critical habitats,
810
00:43:14.700 --> 00:43:17.610
could we move it somewhere else
811
00:43:17.610 --> 00:43:20.820
and figure out a way for all the stakeholders involved,
812
00:43:20.820 --> 00:43:23.820
including the sanctuaries, the shipping companies,
813
00:43:23.820 --> 00:43:26.790
and the animals to share this place
814
00:43:26.790 --> 00:43:29.460
as efficiently as possible.
815
00:43:29.460 --> 00:43:34.110
So that concludes this talk today.
816
00:43:34.110 --> 00:43:36.930
I hope what I was able to share
817
00:43:36.930 --> 00:43:38.940
with you showed the importance
818
00:43:38.940 --> 00:43:41.160
of studying sound in the ocean
819
00:43:41.160 --> 00:43:43.740
and how animals in the ocean use sound
820
00:43:43.740 --> 00:43:45.120
for daily life functions
821
00:43:45.120 --> 00:43:47.520
and how they make some really cool sounds.
822
00:43:47.520 --> 00:43:49.260
It's very fun to listen to
823
00:43:49.260 --> 00:43:51.930
and that noise pollution negatively impacts
824
00:43:51.930 --> 00:43:53.700
these marine organisms,
825
00:43:53.700 --> 00:43:56.160
but there's many solutions that exist
826
00:43:56.160 --> 00:43:57.960
and are currently being implemented.
827
00:43:57.960 --> 00:44:01.200
Some have already been implemented, like speed reduction
828
00:44:01.200 --> 00:44:04.080
with the blue whales, blue skies program,
829
00:44:04.080 --> 00:44:07.350
new designs that are coming out all the time,
830
00:44:07.350 --> 00:44:09.840
and marine spatial planning techniques
831
00:44:09.840 --> 00:44:13.920
that it might be important for moving noise outside
832
00:44:13.920 --> 00:44:15.750
of critical habitats.
833
00:44:15.750 --> 00:44:19.590
So I collaborate with so many different organizations
834
00:44:19.590 --> 00:44:20.423
that I owe a lot
835
00:44:20.423 --> 00:44:22.530
to the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary
836
00:44:22.530 --> 00:44:25.380
and all the National Marine Sanctuaries,
837
00:44:25.380 --> 00:44:28.020
the shipping lines that are engaged with us,
838
00:44:28.020 --> 00:44:30.840
Office of National Marine Sanctuaries in NOAA,
839
00:44:30.840 --> 00:44:32.730
Port of Vancouver.
840
00:44:32.730 --> 00:44:34.590
And my whole PhD was
841
00:44:34.590 --> 00:44:36.600
through the Dr. Nancy Foster scholarship.
842
00:44:36.600 --> 00:44:39.040
So I'm forever indebted to them
843
00:44:40.530 --> 00:44:42.480
and am at their service.
844
00:44:42.480 --> 00:44:44.130
So thank you so much for listening
845
00:44:44.130 --> 00:44:46.653
and let me know if you have any questions.
846
00:44:48.600 --> 00:44:49.950
Okay, awesome.
847
00:44:49.950 --> 00:44:53.430
Thank you so much Vanessa, for really engaging presentation.
848
00:44:53.430 --> 00:44:55.110
I appreciate it.
849
00:44:55.110 --> 00:44:58.560
There's lots of engagement with our questions.
850
00:44:58.560 --> 00:45:00.210
One that stuck out for me
851
00:45:00.210 --> 00:45:01.530
that I thought was interesting.
852
00:45:01.530 --> 00:45:02.910
Are there any idea
853
00:45:02.910 --> 00:45:06.480
or studies if the sonic booms that are caused
854
00:45:06.480 --> 00:45:09.090
by the SpaceX rocket launches off
855
00:45:09.090 --> 00:45:11.580
of Vandenberg Space Force base,
856
00:45:11.580 --> 00:45:14.400
if there's any effects on marine mammals
857
00:45:14.400 --> 00:45:17.253
that has been studied in any capacity so far?
858
00:45:18.270 --> 00:45:19.770
Super good question.
859
00:45:19.770 --> 00:45:22.200
I'm wondering if this person lives in Santa Barbara,
860
00:45:22.200 --> 00:45:25.140
because I've heard from my friends in Santa Barbara
861
00:45:25.140 --> 00:45:28.230
that these booms are shaking their houses
862
00:45:28.230 --> 00:45:30.570
and they are so loud.
863
00:45:30.570 --> 00:45:32.730
So very interesting question.
864
00:45:32.730 --> 00:45:34.650
We're definitely looking into it.
865
00:45:34.650 --> 00:45:37.800
The sonic booms will probably be heard more
866
00:45:37.800 --> 00:45:41.610
in the shallow water because the air sea interface, a lot
867
00:45:41.610 --> 00:45:46.200
of energy is lost when the sound goes from air to ocean.
868
00:45:46.200 --> 00:45:48.780
So it will penetrate more in the shallow waters.
869
00:45:48.780 --> 00:45:50.010
We probably,
870
00:45:50.010 --> 00:45:54.600
I haven't seen it at our Santa Barbara channel site
871
00:45:54.600 --> 00:45:58.110
because that site is actually about 600 meters deep
872
00:45:58.110 --> 00:46:00.420
and the sound doesn't penetrate that far,
873
00:46:00.420 --> 00:46:03.998
or at least not at high intensities,
874
00:46:03.998 --> 00:46:07.500
but the shallower sites we're looking for the sonic booms
875
00:46:07.500 --> 00:46:09.450
and we definitely have that on our radar
876
00:46:09.450 --> 00:46:11.040
and it's something that we're interested in.
877
00:46:11.040 --> 00:46:13.740
So, great, timely question.
878
00:46:13.740 --> 00:46:15.900
Yeah, well, I mean I'm in Santa Barbara so I was like,
879
00:46:15.900 --> 00:46:17.703
that's why I gravitated to that one.
880
00:46:19.302 --> 00:46:20.297
I'm like, oh that, yeah,
881
00:46:20.297 --> 00:46:21.270
that's something I'm interested in as well.
882
00:46:21.270 --> 00:46:24.270
A couple of questions came in about the incentives.
883
00:46:24.270 --> 00:46:27.960
What are the incentives for the ships to reduce speed
884
00:46:27.960 --> 00:46:30.570
and do you think that just having those incentives is enough
885
00:46:30.570 --> 00:46:32.070
for ships to comply?
886
00:46:32.070 --> 00:46:35.223
Or do we need more strong legislation?
887
00:46:36.120 --> 00:46:37.530
Really good question.
888
00:46:37.530 --> 00:46:42.530
So in 2024, the incentives are positive public recognition
889
00:46:44.370 --> 00:46:45.360
in media outlets.
890
00:46:45.360 --> 00:46:48.270
There's been recognition in the New York Times
891
00:46:48.270 --> 00:46:50.490
through this program, through
892
00:46:50.490 --> 00:46:52.800
so many different media outlets giving
893
00:46:52.800 --> 00:46:55.920
these shipping companies positive public recognition.
894
00:46:55.920 --> 00:46:59.820
In the past they have gotten small financial rewards
895
00:46:59.820 --> 00:47:02.250
up to about like a couple thousand
896
00:47:02.250 --> 00:47:06.570
to a couple $10,000 based on the level of participation.
897
00:47:06.570 --> 00:47:08.770
But I believe that the shipping companies
898
00:47:11.220 --> 00:47:15.600
didn't really say that they were doing it
899
00:47:15.600 --> 00:47:17.520
because of the financial incentives.
900
00:47:17.520 --> 00:47:21.570
So they actually are just doing positive recognition now
901
00:47:21.570 --> 00:47:23.280
and press for them.
902
00:47:23.280 --> 00:47:27.633
And there's participation now more than ever.
903
00:47:31.536 --> 00:47:34.890
And the award ceremony is actually next week in LA
904
00:47:34.890 --> 00:47:38.070
and all the shipping companies representatives come,
905
00:47:38.070 --> 00:47:42.060
they get a trophy and they're really proud of their trophies
906
00:47:42.060 --> 00:47:44.430
and have them on display in their office.
907
00:47:44.430 --> 00:47:47.550
So really it's taken a long time though it's taken,
908
00:47:47.550 --> 00:47:51.900
you know, decades to make these partnerships and engagement.
909
00:47:51.900 --> 00:47:53.220
But it's amazing
910
00:47:53.220 --> 00:47:57.570
what positive public recognition can do.
911
00:47:57.570 --> 00:48:00.660
There is legislation being proposed
912
00:48:00.660 --> 00:48:04.350
and it has been proposed in the past.
913
00:48:04.350 --> 00:48:06.570
All the bills that have been proposed have
914
00:48:06.570 --> 00:48:08.520
unfortunately not made it through,
915
00:48:08.520 --> 00:48:12.390
but there's one in the works right now.
916
00:48:12.390 --> 00:48:16.740
So if you are interested in supporting that, you're always,
917
00:48:16.740 --> 00:48:18.960
you know, welcome to call your representatives
918
00:48:18.960 --> 00:48:21.240
and say, hey, I heard about this program.
919
00:48:21.240 --> 00:48:24.243
I would love to see it in action on the California coast.
920
00:48:26.040 --> 00:48:27.030
Excellent.
921
00:48:27.030 --> 00:48:31.470
Now just a couple of questions about whales and sound.
922
00:48:31.470 --> 00:48:35.850
Why do lower frequency sounds travel farther?
923
00:48:35.850 --> 00:48:36.810
Good question.
924
00:48:36.810 --> 00:48:41.790
So the wavelength of these frequencies are longer
925
00:48:41.790 --> 00:48:46.470
and as well, low frequencies don't attenuate
926
00:48:46.470 --> 00:48:48.120
as fast in sea water.
927
00:48:48.120 --> 00:48:51.953
High frequencies, if we go back to our, yeah,
928
00:48:55.260 --> 00:48:56.580
so our high frequencies,
929
00:48:56.580 --> 00:48:58.980
they're rattling around in the ocean a lot
930
00:48:58.980 --> 00:49:00.930
and so they're hitting the bottom, hitting the surface,
931
00:49:00.930 --> 00:49:03.840
hitting, being absorbed by chemicals.
932
00:49:03.840 --> 00:49:06.690
Whereas the low frequency, since the wavelengths are longer,
933
00:49:06.690 --> 00:49:09.000
they might hit the floor, hit the surface
934
00:49:09.000 --> 00:49:13.110
and they attenuate slower than these higher frequencies.
935
00:49:13.110 --> 00:49:17.970
So lower frequencies can travel tens
936
00:49:17.970 --> 00:49:20.700
to hundreds of kilometers based on the conditions.
937
00:49:20.700 --> 00:49:23.850
Higher frequencies might travel maybe a kilometer,
938
00:49:23.850 --> 00:49:28.680
maybe, depending on the amplitude of the signal too.
939
00:49:28.680 --> 00:49:31.620
If you're a common dolphin,
940
00:49:31.620 --> 00:49:33.960
your sound will probably travel not as far
941
00:49:33.960 --> 00:49:36.660
as the sperm whale, because the sperm whales are
942
00:49:36.660 --> 00:49:38.370
a lot louder than the common dolphin.
943
00:49:38.370 --> 00:49:41.670
So it depends on the frequency as well
944
00:49:41.670 --> 00:49:46.410
as the amplitude of the sound determines
945
00:49:46.410 --> 00:49:50.070
how far it can be propagated in the ocean
946
00:49:50.070 --> 00:49:51.840
or detected by our equipment.
947
00:49:51.840 --> 00:49:52.673
Yeah.
948
00:49:54.180 --> 00:49:57.720
And then what about the male humpbacks that do the singing?
949
00:49:57.720 --> 00:49:59.160
Do they sing all year round
950
00:49:59.160 --> 00:50:01.230
or only during mating season?
951
00:50:01.230 --> 00:50:02.480
Is that something you're?
952
00:50:03.410 --> 00:50:06.483
That's a really good question.
953
00:50:08.748 --> 00:50:13.748
I'm not sure, but I know that when they go to Hawaii
954
00:50:14.490 --> 00:50:16.500
during their breeding season there,
955
00:50:16.500 --> 00:50:17.857
there's literally a book called
956
00:50:17.857 --> 00:50:19.530
"Why Does The Winged Whale Sing?"
957
00:50:19.530 --> 00:50:22.230
Because these animals are so mysterious
958
00:50:22.230 --> 00:50:26.370
and we're still cracking the code about why they sing,
959
00:50:26.370 --> 00:50:29.490
where they sing, who sings.
960
00:50:29.490 --> 00:50:32.760
So maybe someone in the audience even knows
961
00:50:32.760 --> 00:50:35.275
that more than me, but we definitely hear them singing
962
00:50:35.275 --> 00:50:37.920
in the Santa Barbara channel in addition
963
00:50:37.920 --> 00:50:40.920
to making a whole lot of other sounds.
964
00:50:40.920 --> 00:50:42.030
They're very dynamic.
965
00:50:42.030 --> 00:50:45.180
But I know that when they're in their breeding regions,
966
00:50:45.180 --> 00:50:48.210
like in Hawaii, they're really focused
967
00:50:48.210 --> 00:50:49.500
on making these songs.
968
00:50:49.500 --> 00:50:51.870
So that's kind of how we figured out
969
00:50:51.870 --> 00:50:55.620
that these songs are tied to mating
970
00:50:55.620 --> 00:50:58.563
or a display for breeding.
971
00:51:01.530 --> 00:51:03.450
Question from some of the students.
972
00:51:03.450 --> 00:51:06.720
Does the sound affect other marine life
973
00:51:06.720 --> 00:51:09.510
or sea creatures like sea stars?
974
00:51:09.510 --> 00:51:13.620
What about other marine life like seabirds?
975
00:51:13.620 --> 00:51:16.530
What kind of impacts, I know not quite your area
976
00:51:16.530 --> 00:51:19.230
of expertise, but you might have some thoughts.
977
00:51:19.230 --> 00:51:22.333
Does the human noise affect sea stars and birds?
978
00:51:22.333 --> 00:51:23.300
Yeah.
979
00:51:23.300 --> 00:51:25.020
Oh really good question.
980
00:51:25.020 --> 00:51:27.660
I'm not sure about sea stars specifically,
981
00:51:27.660 --> 00:51:28.980
I'll have to look that up.
982
00:51:28.980 --> 00:51:31.705
But I definitely know that they can affect
983
00:51:31.705 --> 00:51:34.620
other invertebrates like lobsters,
984
00:51:34.620 --> 00:51:37.590
they've seen that playing human made
985
00:51:37.590 --> 00:51:39.475
or ship noise at lobsters,
986
00:51:39.475 --> 00:51:42.300
they'll have a behavioral response, they'll kind
987
00:51:42.300 --> 00:51:44.820
of like shake their arms in the air.
988
00:51:44.820 --> 00:51:49.260
So I would consider that maybe a stress response.
989
00:51:49.260 --> 00:51:52.470
So different animals like that, marine species are seen
990
00:51:52.470 --> 00:51:56.043
to be affected by noise and birds as well.
991
00:51:57.120 --> 00:52:01.290
Traffic, maybe not as much from underwater noise,
992
00:52:01.290 --> 00:52:03.180
but there was a study
993
00:52:03.180 --> 00:52:07.600
during COVID in San Francisco which saw that
994
00:52:08.460 --> 00:52:11.623
when there was a decrease in car traffic,
995
00:52:11.623 --> 00:52:15.060
the birds actually could sing softer.
996
00:52:15.060 --> 00:52:18.000
And what they found with that was that the traffic noise was
997
00:52:18.000 --> 00:52:22.890
so loud that they had to really scream over the noise.
998
00:52:22.890 --> 00:52:24.360
And that's called the Lombard effect,
999
00:52:24.360 --> 00:52:26.280
which is seen in whales too.
1000
00:52:26.280 --> 00:52:28.380
So that when there was no traffic, they didn't have
1001
00:52:28.380 --> 00:52:31.620
to scream as much and they could just, you know,
1002
00:52:31.620 --> 00:52:33.300
go at their natural sound levels.
1003
00:52:33.300 --> 00:52:36.120
So it definitely, noise definitely affects birds.
1004
00:52:36.120 --> 00:52:40.950
And there's a whole whole, that's a whole area
1005
00:52:40.950 --> 00:52:42.723
of study that's super interesting.
1006
00:52:44.490 --> 00:52:46.530
Awesome, well we did have one of our researchers,
1007
00:52:46.530 --> 00:52:50.220
NOAA researchers respond about the male humpback singing.
1008
00:52:50.220 --> 00:52:53.223
I'll put in a link, but they do sing year round.
1009
00:52:54.797 --> 00:52:56.601
Thank you.
1010
00:52:56.601 --> 00:52:58.650
And our, yeah, we're investigating why.
1011
00:52:58.650 --> 00:53:03.120
So here is the link for more information
1012
00:53:03.120 --> 00:53:05.373
about the humpback whales.
1013
00:53:06.750 --> 00:53:10.110
Let's see, we have time for maybe one or two more questions.
1014
00:53:10.110 --> 00:53:11.790
There's gonna be a few follow up questions,
1015
00:53:11.790 --> 00:53:13.500
I'll send over email to Vanessa
1016
00:53:13.500 --> 00:53:16.710
and we'll hopefully sometime next week get a response back.
1017
00:53:16.710 --> 00:53:19.110
That'll go to all attendees.
1018
00:53:19.110 --> 00:53:20.610
There's people that's saying they wanna go
1019
00:53:20.610 --> 00:53:24.150
to the award ceremony to clap, to let the crew,
1020
00:53:24.150 --> 00:53:27.512
not the cruise ships, let the container ships know that,
1021
00:53:27.512 --> 00:53:30.840
you know, interested members of the public support
1022
00:53:30.840 --> 00:53:34.173
that they're helping with whale conservation and clean air.
1023
00:53:35.460 --> 00:53:39.480
Let's see, do we know why whales are struck by ships
1024
00:53:39.480 --> 00:53:42.303
and not able to move away safely?
1025
00:53:43.230 --> 00:53:44.520
What are your thoughts on that?
1026
00:53:44.520 --> 00:53:49.520
Yeah, so these animals have been in the ocean for so long
1027
00:53:53.700 --> 00:53:56.280
and we've really only had container shipping
1028
00:53:56.280 --> 00:53:58.380
and shipping since like,
1029
00:53:58.380 --> 00:54:01.710
or large ships like that since, you know,
1030
00:54:01.710 --> 00:54:03.090
what did this plot say?
1031
00:54:03.090 --> 00:54:06.605
They've been widespread in the ocean for not that long.
1032
00:54:06.605 --> 00:54:11.460
So I just don't know if these animals have evolved
1033
00:54:11.460 --> 00:54:14.400
to be able to respond
1034
00:54:14.400 --> 00:54:18.180
to a container ship transiting at 20 knots, if, you know,
1035
00:54:18.180 --> 00:54:21.060
they've never really seen anything like that
1036
00:54:21.060 --> 00:54:24.390
in their evolution in the ocean
1037
00:54:24.390 --> 00:54:26.160
and being in the ocean for so long.
1038
00:54:26.160 --> 00:54:30.090
So, and there's not a lot of opportunity for learning.
1039
00:54:30.090 --> 00:54:31.830
If a whale gets struck,
1040
00:54:31.830 --> 00:54:33.450
a lot of the times they don't make it.
1041
00:54:33.450 --> 00:54:36.420
So it's not like if you get struck now I know what to do.
1042
00:54:36.420 --> 00:54:40.080
So, but yeah,
1043
00:54:40.080 --> 00:54:44.190
some whales they found are able to slightly avoid it.
1044
00:54:44.190 --> 00:54:46.710
And it also might depend on what the animal is doing,
1045
00:54:46.710 --> 00:54:48.480
feeding versus transiting.
1046
00:54:48.480 --> 00:54:51.120
If they're feeding, they might just do anything to get
1047
00:54:51.120 --> 00:54:52.620
that big gulp of food.
1048
00:54:52.620 --> 00:54:56.370
So it depends on the situation
1049
00:54:56.370 --> 00:54:59.493
that the animal is into, if they're able to respond or not.
1050
00:55:01.590 --> 00:55:02.910
Excellent, okay.
1051
00:55:02.910 --> 00:55:05.940
I'm just about to bring up my closing slides.
1052
00:55:05.940 --> 00:55:08.820
I had another sort of funny thing happen
1053
00:55:08.820 --> 00:55:10.890
just like it happened during our test,
1054
00:55:10.890 --> 00:55:12.843
but let me pull these up here.
1055
00:55:14.580 --> 00:55:18.033
Get back on my screen, all right.
1056
00:55:19.080 --> 00:55:20.880
Okay, gimme a second.
1057
00:55:20.880 --> 00:55:23.040
Thanks everyone for your attendance
1058
00:55:23.040 --> 00:55:25.533
in today's webinar.
1059
00:55:27.201 --> 00:55:29.580
Oh, it happened again, that's so strange.
1060
00:55:29.580 --> 00:55:31.020
Okay, hold on a second.
1061
00:55:31.020 --> 00:55:33.633
See, they keep vanishing and sliding off my screen.
1062
00:55:36.360 --> 00:55:37.503
Okay, trying again.
1063
00:55:44.070 --> 00:55:45.660
Okay, so an archive
1064
00:55:45.660 --> 00:55:49.260
of the webinar will be available online.
1065
00:55:49.260 --> 00:55:51.843
You'll receive it, see,
1066
00:55:52.980 --> 00:55:56.250
it doesn't want me to show the slides.
1067
00:55:56.250 --> 00:56:00.840
Okay, you will also receive a certificate of attendance
1068
00:56:00.840 --> 00:56:02.220
that will come over email
1069
00:56:02.220 --> 00:56:05.190
shortly following today's live presentation.
1070
00:56:05.190 --> 00:56:07.140
And then the last thing I wanted to share is
1071
00:56:07.140 --> 00:56:10.920
that since 2016 when we started this webinar series,
1072
00:56:10.920 --> 00:56:14.730
we have evaluation that it's four
1073
00:56:14.730 --> 00:56:16.800
or five questions, it takes under a minute.
1074
00:56:16.800 --> 00:56:19.530
But we'd love to hear your thoughts on today's webinar
1075
00:56:19.530 --> 00:56:22.020
and what you've learned and if you're interested
1076
00:56:22.020 --> 00:56:24.985
or in sharing our webinar series with others
1077
00:56:24.985 --> 00:56:27.810
and getting more people educated about the science
1078
00:56:27.810 --> 00:56:29.490
that NOAA and our partners
1079
00:56:29.490 --> 00:56:33.030
and Dr. Nancy Foster scholars all contribute to.
1080
00:56:33.030 --> 00:56:35.100
So with that, we will go ahead
1081
00:56:35.100 --> 00:56:37.890
and conclude today's live presentation
1082
00:56:37.890 --> 00:56:40.080
with Dr. Vanessa ZoBell.
1083
00:56:40.080 --> 00:56:43.770
We appreciate your time, very engaging.
1084
00:56:43.770 --> 00:56:45.720
Thank you so much, and with that,
1085
00:56:45.720 --> 00:56:48.330
it concludes today's live presentation.
1086
00:56:48.330 --> 00:56:49.533
Thanks for joining us.