WEBVTT
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All right, aloha, everybody,
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and welcome to our Thursday presentation.
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Today, we have a wonderful talk for you today
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about some of the fantastic work
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being done up in Papahānaumokuākea,
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to remove marine debris and its threats to the wildlife
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and habitats up there.
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But before we get started,
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just a couple of technical details.
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If you are having problems hearing,
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or your audio generally is where some of the issues arise,
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in upper right hand corner,
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there's a control panel for the GoTo Webinar control panel.
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And just make sure that the microphone and speakers
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are set to the correct input and output devices,
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whether it's your headphones or speakers or computer audio.
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That's typically where the problems arise.
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Make sure that that's set to the right setting,
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and there's a little dropdown box there.
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But if you do continue to have problems with that
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and aren't able to hear,
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please reach out to us in the question box
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and we'll try to help you.
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But, first, just check that,
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and that's typically where the problems arise.
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But before we open, it's proper customary practice
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to create the space for our webinar here today,
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so I am going to turn it over to Malia Evans
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who is going to give us a (speaks in Hawaiian)
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before our for opening.
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So. Aloha kākou.
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Welcome too all of you.
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So, yes, I will set that space
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for that sharing of information and knowledge.
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So I'm gonna turn off my camera, and we'll begin.
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(Malia chanting in Hawaiian)
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(Malia claps)
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(Malia speaking in Hawaiian)
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Mahalo Malia, for opening up our space,
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and thank you everybody for attending.
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So both Malia and I work for the NOAA's Office
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of National Marine Sanctuary System.
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It is a system of 15 national marine sanctuaries
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across the United States,
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four proposed national marine sanctuaries,
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including our site, Papahānaumokuākea,
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Marine National Monument,
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and also includes two other marine national monuments.
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So this is your national marine sanctuary system,
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and we have some new sites that recently were designated,
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including Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast in the Lake Michigan
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and Mallows Bay on the East Coast.
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And it's exciting time for marine conservation.
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Our system's growing and we attempt to protect
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some of our nation's greatest underwater treasures,
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historic sites, ecological sites,
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some that are specifically designated
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for a particular marine mammal
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such as a Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale
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National Marine Sanctuary,
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and we are in your nation's underwater parks.
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And we are celebrating 50 years,
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so this year is half a century
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of protection of our underwater parks
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across the United States.
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And we've had events all throughout the year
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and we've put up some amazing new resources
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up on our website,
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so please check it out
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and see if there's an event in your area
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to celebrate our half a century.
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But the area that we work for
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is the northwestern Hawaiian islands
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or Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
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and World Heritage Site.
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And we are the largest fully protected area on the planet,
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582,000 square miles of islands
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and atolls and ocean habitat.
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And if you were stretch it across the United States,
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it would cover an area from Las Vegas to New Orleans.
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So it's quite a vast area that we manage,
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and these two gentlemen with us here today
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will talk about some of the challenges
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of dealing with such a vast area
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and a threat such as marine debris.
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But our hosts here today are myself, Andy Collins.
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I'm the education coordinator for Papahānaumokuākea
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and work over in Hilo at our Mokupāpapa Discovery Center.
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And Malia Evans is our education outreach person on O'ahu
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and she works in our Regional center on Fort Island.
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But in Hilo,
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we have our beautiful Mokupāpapa Discovery Center.
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And if you haven't been or if you plan to come to Hilo,
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we really hope that you can come see us.
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We're open nine to four, Tuesday through Saturday
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and often have a special events.
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We have a beautiful 3,500 gallon aquarium.
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All of our exhibits are in Olelo Hawaii
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or the Hawaiian language and English,
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and we have a lot of art, interpretive panels,
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interactive exhibits, and we're free for the public.
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So we really hope to see you if you come over to Hilo
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and you can take a virtual visit to Papahānaumokuākea.
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But our National Marine Sanctuary system
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protects these areas for many reasons,
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and one of which is incredible biodiversity
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found in these sites.
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They are unique ecological habitats.
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They also provide shelter for many protected species,
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such as this Hawaiian Green Sea Turtle
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and Hawaiian monk seal
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that are taking a moment to break
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up at French Frigate Shoals in Papahānaumokuākea,
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and also just incredible cultural heritage.
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This picture is from Mokumanamana,
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the second island up the chain
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in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands.
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And these are ceremonial sites on the island.
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It has the highest concentration of ceremonial sites
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or traditional cultural sites
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anywhere in the Hawaiian archipelago
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and has great cultural significance
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and great importance to the Native Hawaiian.
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We also protect Maritime heritage.
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Many of our sites have a number of shipwrecks.
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Some are even create...
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The first National Marine Sanctuary
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was actually created around the USS Monitor,
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which is a ironclad vessel that sunk off the East Coast.
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And some of our sites are primarily focused
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around maritime heritage.
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We also conduct a lot of research
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to understand how these places are changing
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and how we can better manage them.
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And we monitor them for things like climate change
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and other impacts that are changing the dynamics
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of these ecosystems.
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In some cases, we're actually able to restore these habitats
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and there's an incredible program
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called Mission: Iconic Reefs
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going on in the Florida Keys right now
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that is looking at transplant...
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Is in the process of transplanting out corals
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and restoring some of these sites that have been damaged
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over many years of use in the Florida Keys.
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We also conduct a lot of education
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such as this webinar and program and we do outreach events
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to gauge new constituents with our programs.
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And we couldn't do any of this
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without our awesome volunteers.
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So no matter where you are, if you are near a sanctuary,
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please consider volunteering for our programs,
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or if you're in Hilo,
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we'd love to have you come volunteer
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at our Mokupāpapa Discovery Center at the doorstep.
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But again, these are special places in the world
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and I think as we found out through the pandemic,
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we all need some of these places to recharge
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and reconnect with ourselves, our soul,
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whatever way you wanna look at it.
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It's just a place to take a break,
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and to reconnect with the natural beauty.
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So today we have two awesome presenters for you.
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Their presentation is called Catch-up and Keep-up:
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A Strategy for Marine Debris Mitigation
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in Papahānaumokuākea.
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And Kevin O'Brien, the president of the Papahānaumokuākea
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Marine Debris Project,
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he spent 12 years with NOAA in Honolulu
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conducting and coordinating
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ship-based marine research missions across the Pacific
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which also included a large scale
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marine debris removal missions to Papahānaumokuākea.
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He's led NOAA's marine debris removals in the monument
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from 2016 to 2019 and he really kind of saw
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a growing need for better mechanism
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to conduct that important work.
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During his time with NOAA,
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he developed the institutional knowledge
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and field experience required to safely and effectively plan
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and execute complex missions to remote island areas
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and now brings that experience to the Marine Debris Project.
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Kevin Prioritizes building community
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and hopes to create more grassroots interest
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in helping to care for Papahānaumokuākea
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among the people of Hawaii and the nation.
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And James Morioka also worked at NOAA for a while.
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I worked a lot with James.
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Before joining Papahānaumokuākea Marine Debris Project,
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he served as the operations manager
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and vessel operations coordinator
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for the NOAA Pacific Islands Fishery Science Center,
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the Ecosystem Sciences division.
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And at NOAA,
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he coordinated large scale coral reef monitoring surveys
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in the Pacific Island region
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and marine debris removal effort in the monument.
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He spent over 10 years at NOAA Fisheries
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with the Hawaiian Monk Seal Research Program
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and Coral Reef Ecosystem Program
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and he's had the opportunity to work
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at over 40 islands and in the Pacific region,
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conducting over 1500 scientific dives,
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over 900 days in the field.
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And as executive director at the Marine Debris Project,
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he co-leads and manages
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large scale marine debris removal operations in the monument
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and support strategic growth and development
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of the marine debris programs.
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And he's most excited for the opportunity
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to continue his dedication to the monument,
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to the Hawaiian Islands,
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and help mentor and develop passionate ocean stewards
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for the next generation.
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So gentlemen, you can turn on your webcam
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and I'm going to turn over presenter to you
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for our talk today.
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Mahalo, Andy and Malia,
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thank you guys very much for having us.
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It's an honor to be here.
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I am James Morioka and I'm with Kevin O'Brien here.
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And we're gonna jump into introducing you guys
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to the Papahānaumokuākea Marine Debris Project
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and we will talk about our presentation,
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which is Catch-up and Keep-up:
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A Strategy for Marine Debris Mitigation
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in Papahānaumokuākea.
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Let me see. Is the screen?
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Yep, the screen looks like it's up.
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So we'll get started.
You look good.
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We'll get started.
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Awesome. Well thank you very much everybody for being here.
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I'm very excited to be able to talk to you guys
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about what a special place Papahānaumokuākea is
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and the work that we get to conduct out there.
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So let me get into it.
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I have a little presentation outline right here.
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I'll be speaking to you about the place,
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about Papahānaumokuākea and the problem of marine debris.
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I'll also introduce PMDP
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and how we get up to Papahānaumokuākea and conduct our work.
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I'll be speaking about in-water
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versus shoreline removal methods.
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And then I'll be turning it over to the PMDP president,
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Kevin O'Brien, to speak upon the 2022 highlights
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and accomplishments and speak on the five to six year
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Catch-up and Keep-up strategy we have
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to catch up on the backlog of marine debris
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that has accumulated in the monument
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and keep up with the annual influx of marine debris
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that still continues to come into our reefs and shorelines.
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He'll also detail the challenges
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in marine debris removal operations in Papahānaumokuākea
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and introduce some advanced technologies
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and innovative tools and techniques
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which we are proposing for future years.
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Then he'll kind of wrap up
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with PMDP future goals and objectives, how you can help,
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and then we will turn it over to question and answers.
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All right. So first I just wanted to start off
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with just a basic geological formation
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of how the Hawaiian archipelago was created.
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So there is a hotspot near the big island of Hawaii.
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It is a fixed hotspot,
265
00:14:33.060 --> 00:14:37.830
and as a volcano or as volcanic activity happens
266
00:14:37.830 --> 00:14:42.510
beneath the sea floor, magma rises to the sea floor,
267
00:14:42.510 --> 00:14:45.780
pierces the sea floor and gets above the water's surface
268
00:14:45.780 --> 00:14:49.170
to create an island and the Pacific tectonic plates
269
00:14:49.170 --> 00:14:52.140
move in northwest direction, moving the islands.
270
00:14:52.140 --> 00:14:54.300
And that's kind of how the islands
271
00:14:54.300 --> 00:14:56.130
or the archipelago was formed.
272
00:14:56.130 --> 00:15:00.990
And so the oldest island is at the very end of the chain,
273
00:15:00.990 --> 00:15:05.310
which is Kaua'i atoll on the left side of your screen
274
00:15:05.310 --> 00:15:07.830
in the northwest side of the archipelago.
275
00:15:07.830 --> 00:15:10.860
It is estimated to be about 30 million years old,
276
00:15:10.860 --> 00:15:12.330
and the big island of Hawaii
277
00:15:12.330 --> 00:15:13.800
is on the right side of your screen
278
00:15:13.800 --> 00:15:15.930
or the southeast side of the archipelago,
279
00:15:15.930 --> 00:15:18.960
and it's estimated to be somewhere around 700,000 years old,
280
00:15:18.960 --> 00:15:20.610
the youngest of the islands.
281
00:15:20.610 --> 00:15:25.020
And the Hawaiian archipelago stretches nearly 1500 miles
282
00:15:25.020 --> 00:15:28.920
and Papahānaumokuākea or the northwestern Hawaiian islands,
283
00:15:28.920 --> 00:15:30.810
the islands and atolls that make up that area
284
00:15:30.810 --> 00:15:34.263
make up about 75% of the archipelago.
285
00:15:37.170 --> 00:15:38.520
And so this is a graphic
286
00:15:38.520 --> 00:15:41.550
that depicts how these islands were formed.
287
00:15:41.550 --> 00:15:45.780
An underwater volcano pierces the surface of the ocean,
288
00:15:45.780 --> 00:15:48.930
the coral reef forms around the volcanic island,
289
00:15:48.930 --> 00:15:51.690
the fringing reef surrounds the sinking island,
290
00:15:51.690 --> 00:15:53.640
and then a barrier reef protects a lagoon
291
00:15:53.640 --> 00:15:55.530
as the island sinks.
292
00:15:55.530 --> 00:15:58.230
And so I just wanted to show this to demonstrate
293
00:15:58.230 --> 00:16:00.390
that the characteristics of the islands and atolls
294
00:16:00.390 --> 00:16:03.240
within Papahānaumokuākea are very, very different
295
00:16:03.240 --> 00:16:06.360
from the islands of the main Hawaiian islands.
296
00:16:06.360 --> 00:16:07.590
And so PMNM
297
00:16:07.590 --> 00:16:09.960
or the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument,
298
00:16:09.960 --> 00:16:11.580
which Andy had detailed,
299
00:16:11.580 --> 00:16:14.580
has very large expansive shallow reefs.
300
00:16:14.580 --> 00:16:18.180
They're typically within a ring of barrier reefs
301
00:16:18.180 --> 00:16:21.780
where wave energy and water movement is fairly calm
302
00:16:21.780 --> 00:16:23.700
and it has very little emergent land
303
00:16:23.700 --> 00:16:28.440
compared to the main Hawaiian islands, which are very young,
304
00:16:28.440 --> 00:16:30.690
have very young reefs that are still forming
305
00:16:30.690 --> 00:16:32.100
and expanding out from the islands
306
00:16:32.100 --> 00:16:34.560
and has a lot of high wave energy.
307
00:16:34.560 --> 00:16:37.530
And so Papahānaumokuākea and the main Hawaiian islands
308
00:16:37.530 --> 00:16:39.300
have very different characteristics
309
00:16:39.300 --> 00:16:40.620
when it comes to these islands,
310
00:16:40.620 --> 00:16:44.580
which is why where the marine debris accumulates
311
00:16:44.580 --> 00:16:45.600
is very different.
312
00:16:45.600 --> 00:16:47.790
There's a lot more expansive shallow reef
313
00:16:47.790 --> 00:16:49.488
in Papahānaumokuākea
314
00:16:49.488 --> 00:16:52.770
and there's a lot, I guess younger reefs,
315
00:16:52.770 --> 00:16:54.600
and sharper, steeper slopes over here
316
00:16:54.600 --> 00:16:55.560
in the main Hawaiian island.
317
00:16:55.560 --> 00:16:58.440
So the marine debris may get caught up on the reefs
318
00:16:58.440 --> 00:17:01.800
up in Papahānaumokuākea but it accumulates on shore
319
00:17:01.800 --> 00:17:04.383
here in the inhabited main Hawaiian islands.
320
00:17:06.660 --> 00:17:10.080
And so this is a aerial image of Manawai
321
00:17:10.080 --> 00:17:12.390
or Pearl and Hermes Atoll.
322
00:17:12.390 --> 00:17:14.160
And you can see here in your picture
323
00:17:14.160 --> 00:17:17.040
that this has a ring of fringing reef,
324
00:17:17.040 --> 00:17:20.490
which protects the interior, and inside is a shallow lagoon
325
00:17:20.490 --> 00:17:21.630
with an expansive amount
326
00:17:21.630 --> 00:17:23.493
of shallow water coral reef habitat.
327
00:17:24.570 --> 00:17:27.093
A lot of it is between zero and 30 feet.
328
00:17:29.550 --> 00:17:32.940
You can see here in the top of your screen is the deep ocean
329
00:17:32.940 --> 00:17:34.740
going into the barrier reef
330
00:17:34.740 --> 00:17:38.610
and then on the bottom of your screen is the barrier reef,
331
00:17:38.610 --> 00:17:40.113
or, sorry, the back reef.
332
00:17:43.110 --> 00:17:45.960
And this is what the interior of these outdoors looks like.
333
00:17:45.960 --> 00:17:49.143
It's a very beautiful, very special place,
334
00:17:50.122 --> 00:17:51.630
a lot of expansive reef structures
335
00:17:51.630 --> 00:17:54.363
which can stretch for hundreds of square miles.
336
00:17:56.820 --> 00:17:59.220
And it can have hundreds of square miles
337
00:17:59.220 --> 00:18:02.883
of shallow flats as well, shallow sandy flats.
338
00:18:05.280 --> 00:18:08.010
And the emergent land can be very, very small.
339
00:18:08.010 --> 00:18:10.590
They can be little islands and islets made out of sand
340
00:18:10.590 --> 00:18:12.120
or coral rubble.
341
00:18:12.120 --> 00:18:15.660
This is a picture of North island on Manawai.
342
00:18:15.660 --> 00:18:17.310
They're in the atoll of Manawai.
343
00:18:17.310 --> 00:18:20.460
And just at Manawai or the Pearl and Hermes Atoll.
344
00:18:20.460 --> 00:18:24.420
There's about only 80 acres of emergent land,
345
00:18:24.420 --> 00:18:27.960
but nearly 200,000 acres of coral reef habitat.
346
00:18:27.960 --> 00:18:32.670
So that's nearly 2,500 times as much coral reef area
347
00:18:32.670 --> 00:18:33.783
as there is land.
348
00:18:36.120 --> 00:18:37.470
And in these special places
349
00:18:37.470 --> 00:18:41.640
there's a ton of beautiful wildlife.
350
00:18:41.640 --> 00:18:45.390
There's your hawaiian green sea turtles, manta rays,
351
00:18:45.390 --> 00:18:49.173
your spools of sharks, the endangered Hawaiian monk seal,
352
00:18:51.600 --> 00:18:53.670
schools of coral reef fish,
353
00:18:53.670 --> 00:18:55.773
beautiful purple Montipora coral,
354
00:18:57.540 --> 00:19:01.170
pods of dolphins, charismatic seabirds.
355
00:19:01.170 --> 00:19:02.430
And if you look to your bottom right,
356
00:19:02.430 --> 00:19:06.240
you could even see a tiger shark 10 feet from shore
357
00:19:06.240 --> 00:19:10.083
about to eat a fledgling albatross chick.
358
00:19:12.990 --> 00:19:13.823
All right, Malia,
359
00:19:13.823 --> 00:19:16.143
can you cue up poll question number one, please?
360
00:19:18.540 --> 00:19:20.610
Absolutely.
361
00:19:20.610 --> 00:19:24.453
All right, so let us pull up number one.
362
00:19:26.700 --> 00:19:28.800
And we are gonna launch this.
363
00:19:28.800 --> 00:19:31.230
So your first question, friends, is,
364
00:19:31.230 --> 00:19:35.100
the population of endangered Hawaiian monk seals worldwide
365
00:19:35.100 --> 00:19:39.420
is estimated to be how many individuals
366
00:19:39.420 --> 00:19:43.950
and how many of which call Papahānaumokuākea home?
367
00:19:43.950 --> 00:19:47.760
So go ahead and register your vote.
368
00:19:47.760 --> 00:19:50.280
You have four options there.
369
00:19:50.280 --> 00:19:53.070
And we'll give you a few more seconds.
370
00:19:53.070 --> 00:19:55.050
I see about...
371
00:19:55.050 --> 00:19:57.330
Ooh, a lot of you are responding.
372
00:19:57.330 --> 00:20:00.810
We have almost half and we're gonna close out this poll
373
00:20:00.810 --> 00:20:03.963
in Three, two, one.
374
00:20:04.860 --> 00:20:08.970
And let us see what our audience' answers are.
375
00:20:08.970 --> 00:20:11.730
So I'm gonna share the results with you, James.
376
00:20:11.730 --> 00:20:16.350
So 21% said 800 and 500,
377
00:20:16.350 --> 00:20:19.863
59% said 1570 and 1200,
378
00:20:21.690 --> 00:20:25.110
12% at 2050, 1550
379
00:20:25.110 --> 00:20:29.790
and 8% of our audience said 3080 and 2200.
380
00:20:29.790 --> 00:20:31.923
So what is a correct answer?
381
00:20:32.940 --> 00:20:35.250
So the majority of you guys got it correct.
382
00:20:35.250 --> 00:20:40.250
There are an estimated about 1,570 individual seals
383
00:20:40.500 --> 00:20:42.930
or individual Hawaiian monk seals left in the world,
384
00:20:42.930 --> 00:20:45.840
1200 of which call Papahānaumokuākea at home.
385
00:20:45.840 --> 00:20:48.480
So that's about 75% of the population
386
00:20:48.480 --> 00:20:50.703
that resides in Papahānaumokuākea.
387
00:20:56.940 --> 00:21:00.150
So Papahānaumokuākea is a very special place.
388
00:21:00.150 --> 00:21:03.720
There's an estimated more than 7,000 species of wildlife,
389
00:21:03.720 --> 00:21:05.970
23 endangered species,
390
00:21:05.970 --> 00:21:10.970
14 million seabird of 22 bird species.
391
00:21:12.330 --> 00:21:15.750
90% of the Hawaiian green sea turtle population
392
00:21:15.750 --> 00:21:16.950
lives up there,
393
00:21:16.950 --> 00:21:20.940
about 75% to 80% of the Hawaiian monk seal population
394
00:21:20.940 --> 00:21:23.943
and 3.5 million acres of coral reef.
395
00:21:27.120 --> 00:21:30.930
And the Hawaiian archipelago is the most isolated land mass
396
00:21:30.930 --> 00:21:32.037
in all of the world.
397
00:21:32.037 --> 00:21:36.750
And Papahānaumokuākea makes up 75% of this archipelago.
398
00:21:36.750 --> 00:21:39.540
It's also a positioned in the world's largest gyre,
399
00:21:39.540 --> 00:21:41.696
the North Pacific Gyre,
400
00:21:41.696 --> 00:21:46.200
which is essentially located in the North Pacific Ocean.
401
00:21:46.200 --> 00:21:49.380
And it's made up of a system of currents
402
00:21:49.380 --> 00:21:52.200
which really move a lot of water
403
00:21:52.200 --> 00:21:53.997
around the North Pacific Ocean.
404
00:21:53.997 --> 00:21:57.480
And so with the help of wind, currents, waves
405
00:21:57.480 --> 00:22:00.840
and seasonal patterns, a lot of it forms convergence zones
406
00:22:00.840 --> 00:22:02.790
where marine debris tends to accumulate.
407
00:22:02.790 --> 00:22:06.720
And then the islands, specifically in Papahānaumokuākea,
408
00:22:06.720 --> 00:22:08.010
tend to act as a comb
409
00:22:08.010 --> 00:22:10.910
which filter out the floating marine debris from all over.
410
00:22:16.798 --> 00:22:19.260
And this is a map that Andy had shared too.
411
00:22:19.260 --> 00:22:20.370
It has the names
412
00:22:20.370 --> 00:22:24.330
of the Papahānaumokuākea Islands and atolls.
413
00:22:24.330 --> 00:22:27.510
We work specifically at seven islands in atolls.
414
00:22:27.510 --> 00:22:29.760
So if you start from the left side of your map,
415
00:22:29.760 --> 00:22:33.335
we start at Holaniku at the very northwest,
416
00:22:33.335 --> 00:22:35.463
Kauaihelani, Manawai, Kapou,
417
00:22:37.627 --> 00:22:40.953
Kamole, Kamokoukamohoali'i, Lalo,
418
00:22:42.660 --> 00:22:45.483
and those make up the seven.
419
00:22:48.900 --> 00:22:51.570
And it's a beautiful place from an aerial image.
420
00:22:51.570 --> 00:22:52.830
You may not even be able to see
421
00:22:52.830 --> 00:22:55.260
what the islands and atolls actually look like,
422
00:22:55.260 --> 00:22:56.760
but upon arrival,
423
00:22:56.760 --> 00:23:00.150
you'll see that there's a a lot of marine debris
424
00:23:00.150 --> 00:23:02.970
and that becomes a problem here in Papahānaumokuākea,
425
00:23:02.970 --> 00:23:06.720
specifically because of the position of the archipelago
426
00:23:06.720 --> 00:23:08.193
in the North Pacific Gyre.
427
00:23:09.600 --> 00:23:10.950
And so this could be the norm
428
00:23:10.950 --> 00:23:13.890
where there's monk seals and seabirds
429
00:23:13.890 --> 00:23:15.933
residing among this marine debris.
430
00:23:17.910 --> 00:23:19.410
And a lot of these curious animals
431
00:23:19.410 --> 00:23:21.213
tend to play with the marine debris.
432
00:23:24.360 --> 00:23:27.600
And this marine debris either makes it on shore,
433
00:23:27.600 --> 00:23:29.490
gets caught up on the reef,
434
00:23:29.490 --> 00:23:32.490
but it does have hazards and threats
435
00:23:32.490 --> 00:23:35.103
which they pose to the wildlife there.
436
00:23:51.510 --> 00:23:55.110
And just beneath the water surface, it's the same issue,
437
00:23:55.110 --> 00:23:56.790
there's marine debris.
438
00:23:56.790 --> 00:23:59.880
And you can see here, here are four historical pictures
439
00:23:59.880 --> 00:24:02.700
of some of the nets that we have removed here
440
00:24:02.700 --> 00:24:04.143
from Papahānaumokuākea.
441
00:24:06.390 --> 00:24:08.160
And not only nets on the reefs,
442
00:24:08.160 --> 00:24:13.160
but they have significant threats to the wildlife there.
443
00:24:13.650 --> 00:24:16.320
So you can see right here there's a shark
444
00:24:16.320 --> 00:24:18.990
entangled in derelict fishing net,
445
00:24:18.990 --> 00:24:22.203
a Hawaiian green sea turtle and a Hawaiian monk seal.
446
00:24:24.900 --> 00:24:27.963
And it's also an issue on land, as you can see here.
447
00:24:30.990 --> 00:24:33.360
And marine debris, specifically ghost nets,
448
00:24:33.360 --> 00:24:36.420
can cause significant damage to coral reef habitats.
449
00:24:36.420 --> 00:24:38.340
And so this picture shows a net
450
00:24:38.340 --> 00:24:42.300
which had completely covered and smothered a coral
451
00:24:42.300 --> 00:24:45.780
completely shading and abrading the living substrate
452
00:24:45.780 --> 00:24:47.190
beneath the net
453
00:24:47.190 --> 00:24:49.410
and you can see the diver here peeling it off
454
00:24:49.410 --> 00:24:52.203
and exposing the bear substrate which lies beneath.
455
00:24:55.980 --> 00:24:57.330
And along the way,
456
00:24:57.330 --> 00:25:00.420
a lot of these nets snag on coral heads
457
00:25:00.420 --> 00:25:03.330
ripping them off of the coral or off of the reef
458
00:25:03.330 --> 00:25:05.910
and kind of capturing it in the in the nets
459
00:25:05.910 --> 00:25:08.643
as they tumble and decimate habitat around.
460
00:25:09.886 --> 00:25:12.636
(water gurgling)
461
00:25:13.770 --> 00:25:14.603
All right, Malia,
462
00:25:14.603 --> 00:25:17.523
can you cue up poll question number two please?
463
00:25:19.200 --> 00:25:20.490
Yes, I will.
464
00:25:20.490 --> 00:25:23.280
So let's go ahead, friends, to...
465
00:25:23.280 --> 00:25:25.710
The question is how many pounds of ghost nets
466
00:25:25.710 --> 00:25:27.870
are estimated to accumulate
467
00:25:27.870 --> 00:25:31.320
on the reefs of Papahānaumokuākea annually?
468
00:25:31.320 --> 00:25:33.600
So you have four choices there,
469
00:25:33.600 --> 00:25:36.120
go ahead and register your vote.
470
00:25:36.120 --> 00:25:40.887
Either is it 29,000 pounds, 57,000 pounds,
471
00:25:40.887 --> 00:25:45.887
115,000 pounds or 160,000 pounds?
472
00:25:46.980 --> 00:25:49.350
So about half of you have voted
473
00:25:49.350 --> 00:25:54.350
and we are gonna close this poll up in three, two, and one.
474
00:25:57.240 --> 00:25:59.673
And let's share the results with you, James.
475
00:26:01.410 --> 00:26:06.410
So the majority of our audience said 115,000 pounds.
476
00:26:10.110 --> 00:26:11.793
Are they pretty accurate, James?
477
00:26:12.900 --> 00:26:15.300
That's correct again, Malia.
478
00:26:15.300 --> 00:26:18.690
It sounds like a lot of you guys have done your research.
479
00:26:18.690 --> 00:26:23.430
It's 115,000 pounds of specifically derelict fishing nets
480
00:26:23.430 --> 00:26:27.120
accumulate on the reefs of Papahānaumokuākea each year.
481
00:26:27.120 --> 00:26:32.120
And so that's 57 US tons or 52 metric tons.
482
00:26:32.220 --> 00:26:33.220
There's a lot of it.
483
00:26:35.100 --> 00:26:36.570
First, I also wanted to acknowledge
484
00:26:36.570 --> 00:26:40.830
that all of this work was started by NOAA back in 1996
485
00:26:40.830 --> 00:26:43.140
and we wanna make sure that they are known
486
00:26:43.140 --> 00:26:46.140
and acknowledge that this work that we do here at PMDP
487
00:26:46.140 --> 00:26:49.140
is all made possible because of all the the work
488
00:26:49.140 --> 00:26:51.810
that they had done historically, previously to us.
489
00:26:51.810 --> 00:26:53.280
And so as Andy mentioned,
490
00:26:53.280 --> 00:26:55.830
Kevin and I both co-led and managed
491
00:26:55.830 --> 00:26:57.510
this successful project at NOAA,
492
00:26:57.510 --> 00:27:01.650
but we unfortunately saw that it was not a sustainable model
493
00:27:01.650 --> 00:27:06.060
for throughout the future due to diminishing resources.
494
00:27:06.060 --> 00:27:08.880
And so PMDP was created in 2019
495
00:27:08.880 --> 00:27:11.910
so we can continue to assist the monument
496
00:27:11.910 --> 00:27:13.890
and to continue our efforts
497
00:27:13.890 --> 00:27:15.570
to protect the sensitive wildlife
498
00:27:15.570 --> 00:27:18.150
and critical habitats of Papahānaumokuākea
499
00:27:18.150 --> 00:27:19.850
from the threats of marine debris.
500
00:27:22.230 --> 00:27:25.950
And so I'm just gonna briefly talk about how we do our work
501
00:27:25.950 --> 00:27:28.680
and the different methods that we utilize
502
00:27:28.680 --> 00:27:33.300
to detect the nets and get them back out of the environment
503
00:27:33.300 --> 00:27:36.540
and onto the ship to transport back to Honolulu
504
00:27:36.540 --> 00:27:37.860
for disposal.
505
00:27:37.860 --> 00:27:41.010
And so first we charter a platform supply vessel.
506
00:27:41.010 --> 00:27:42.480
This one that you see here in this picture
507
00:27:42.480 --> 00:27:45.990
is 185 foot vessel called the Inua,
508
00:27:45.990 --> 00:27:49.263
which is owned and operated by the Hawaii Resource Group.
509
00:27:50.340 --> 00:27:53.250
And for us it serves like a large flatbed truck.
510
00:27:53.250 --> 00:27:56.430
It's very suitable for our marine debris removal operations.
511
00:27:56.430 --> 00:27:59.550
It's large enough to carry our 16 divers,
512
00:27:59.550 --> 00:28:02.040
four of our small boats and more marine debris
513
00:28:02.040 --> 00:28:03.240
than we can actually remove
514
00:28:03.240 --> 00:28:05.883
in the days that we are out there.
515
00:28:08.550 --> 00:28:10.770
And we utilize three different methods
516
00:28:10.770 --> 00:28:12.630
to locate and remove marine debris,
517
00:28:12.630 --> 00:28:15.270
two which are in-water and one on shore.
518
00:28:15.270 --> 00:28:19.140
And the ones in-water we use a towboarding method,
519
00:28:19.140 --> 00:28:20.610
which I will detail shortly,
520
00:28:20.610 --> 00:28:22.713
and then also a swim/snorkel method.
521
00:28:25.170 --> 00:28:28.530
This is a picture here of a fringing reef
522
00:28:28.530 --> 00:28:30.420
and you can see on the left side of your screen
523
00:28:30.420 --> 00:28:31.740
is the back reef area
524
00:28:31.740 --> 00:28:34.140
where all the marine debris tends to accumulate,
525
00:28:34.140 --> 00:28:37.320
and to the right is the deep ocean blue.
526
00:28:37.320 --> 00:28:40.680
And so a lot of the nets will make it from the deep ocean
527
00:28:40.680 --> 00:28:43.140
over the exposed reef into the back reef area
528
00:28:43.140 --> 00:28:44.690
where we are able to remove it.
529
00:28:46.715 --> 00:28:49.465
(water gurgling)
530
00:28:51.450 --> 00:28:52.650
And this is what a video
531
00:28:52.650 --> 00:28:55.920
or this is a video of what free dive towboarding looks like.
532
00:28:55.920 --> 00:28:59.730
And so we use all free diving methods, breath hold methods.
533
00:28:59.730 --> 00:29:02.250
And what you see here are two free divers that are towed
534
00:29:02.250 --> 00:29:05.823
50 feet behind our inflatable 17 foot Zodiacs,
535
00:29:08.940 --> 00:29:09.900
which are powered
536
00:29:09.900 --> 00:29:14.550
by twin Tohatsu 40 horsepower outboard engines.
537
00:29:14.550 --> 00:29:18.360
We tow our divers and guide them at about one to two knots
538
00:29:18.360 --> 00:29:20.040
and our divers hold their breath
539
00:29:20.040 --> 00:29:21.780
and use wooden boards to fly
540
00:29:21.780 --> 00:29:24.060
through these shallow water areas around coral reefs
541
00:29:24.060 --> 00:29:26.640
to survey for these ghost nets.
542
00:29:26.640 --> 00:29:28.110
And this method is really awesome
543
00:29:28.110 --> 00:29:29.970
for large swats of back reef area
544
00:29:29.970 --> 00:29:32.400
or areas where the boat can easily navigate
545
00:29:32.400 --> 00:29:33.753
and guide our divers.
546
00:29:36.030 --> 00:29:38.910
But when it comes to really highly complex
547
00:29:38.910 --> 00:29:42.270
reticulated coral reef areas like you see here,
548
00:29:42.270 --> 00:29:45.660
then the boat and the towboarding method
549
00:29:45.660 --> 00:29:47.730
is not as suitable.
550
00:29:47.730 --> 00:29:50.100
And so right here you see patch reefs.
551
00:29:50.100 --> 00:29:52.200
This is a very typical patch reef
552
00:29:52.200 --> 00:29:53.760
where you have ring formations
553
00:29:53.760 --> 00:29:56.970
and kind of a circular pattern and you can see here
554
00:29:56.970 --> 00:29:59.010
that it's a lot more difficult for the boat
555
00:29:59.010 --> 00:30:02.220
to guide the boat or guide the divers
556
00:30:02.220 --> 00:30:06.030
through these reef areas so we can complete our surveys.
557
00:30:06.030 --> 00:30:09.480
And so this is where we utilize swim surveys.
558
00:30:09.480 --> 00:30:11.640
And it is just as you would imagine.
559
00:30:11.640 --> 00:30:16.023
We swim around the reefs looking for these ghost nets,
560
00:30:17.310 --> 00:30:22.173
and they could be really large expansive areas such as this.
561
00:30:23.940 --> 00:30:25.530
And just as you'd imagine,
562
00:30:25.530 --> 00:30:29.430
diver swim along the reef while the guide boat near them
563
00:30:29.430 --> 00:30:31.410
will direct them where to swim.
564
00:30:31.410 --> 00:30:33.450
And we use handheld GPS units
565
00:30:33.450 --> 00:30:36.150
with pre-program guide points along the reef
566
00:30:36.150 --> 00:30:40.323
which we plot using GIS, which is a spatial data program.
567
00:30:42.761 --> 00:30:44.280
(water gurgling)
568
00:30:44.280 --> 00:30:46.380
And so this is your typical swim
569
00:30:46.380 --> 00:30:50.250
where our diver is swimming along the reef looking for nets
570
00:30:50.250 --> 00:30:51.853
just with a little bit more wildlife.
571
00:30:51.853 --> 00:30:54.603
(water gurgling)
572
00:31:03.860 --> 00:31:04.693
And then our divers
573
00:31:04.693 --> 00:31:08.280
utilize breath hold free diving techniques to swim down
574
00:31:08.280 --> 00:31:11.070
and carefully remove the nets off of the reef.
575
00:31:11.070 --> 00:31:12.210
And we really wanna make sure
576
00:31:12.210 --> 00:31:14.180
not to cause any further damage to the reefs
577
00:31:14.180 --> 00:31:15.690
or the living coral substrate,
578
00:31:15.690 --> 00:31:17.373
so we're very careful about this.
579
00:31:20.040 --> 00:31:21.570
And this is a quick little montage,
580
00:31:21.570 --> 00:31:25.260
which shows some of our divers removing these nets
581
00:31:25.260 --> 00:31:26.283
off of the reefs.
582
00:31:33.927 --> 00:31:36.630
And when we come across a large net,
583
00:31:36.630 --> 00:31:39.210
a lot of times we have to cut it into smaller,
584
00:31:39.210 --> 00:31:42.780
more manageable pieces so we can successfully remove it
585
00:31:42.780 --> 00:31:43.833
from the environment.
586
00:31:54.203 --> 00:31:56.160
(water gurgling)
587
00:31:56.160 --> 00:31:59.160
And many times once they are cut into manageable pieces,
588
00:31:59.160 --> 00:32:01.590
our divers can swim them to the boats
589
00:32:01.590 --> 00:32:04.446
so they can be manually loaded into our small boats.
590
00:32:04.446 --> 00:32:07.196
(water gurgling)
591
00:32:08.378 --> 00:32:10.680
So you can see here divers are working with a net
592
00:32:10.680 --> 00:32:12.780
that's probably a hundred pounds or so,
593
00:32:12.780 --> 00:32:15.150
they're able to swim the floating net to the boat
594
00:32:15.150 --> 00:32:18.120
and our team manually loads them
595
00:32:18.120 --> 00:32:20.306
into the deck area of the boat.
596
00:32:20.306 --> 00:32:23.056
(water gurgling)
597
00:32:32.714 --> 00:32:34.127
Yeah.
598
00:32:34.127 --> 00:32:37.542
(water gurgling)
599
00:32:37.542 --> 00:32:39.059
(team member shouts)
600
00:32:39.059 --> 00:32:41.809
(water gurgling)
601
00:32:50.967 --> 00:32:54.333
And here's another video of us pulling a net
602
00:32:54.333 --> 00:32:57.283
and then this is a first person view of what it looks like.
603
00:32:58.840 --> 00:33:02.691
(team member laughing)
604
00:33:02.691 --> 00:33:05.430
And then we also focus on nets and other entanglement
605
00:33:05.430 --> 00:33:07.923
and ingestion hazards on the shorelines as well.
606
00:33:09.300 --> 00:33:11.700
Oftentimes we have to carry the marine debris
607
00:33:11.700 --> 00:33:13.140
to the nearest access point
608
00:33:13.140 --> 00:33:15.490
where our boats can get near shore to be loaded
609
00:33:17.700 --> 00:33:21.000
and the shoreline often holds a lot of large nets,
610
00:33:21.000 --> 00:33:22.713
which require a lot of muscle.
611
00:33:24.690 --> 00:33:26.550
And it's all hands on deck
612
00:33:26.550 --> 00:33:27.957
when it comes to shoreline marine debris
613
00:33:27.957 --> 00:33:31.713
and we all help to work the nets into the boats.
614
00:33:57.420 --> 00:34:00.090
We also remove shoreline plastics as well
615
00:34:00.090 --> 00:34:03.900
when our work removing the the nets
616
00:34:03.900 --> 00:34:06.420
and other entanglement hazards is complete.
617
00:34:06.420 --> 00:34:10.080
And so this shows our team moving a Super Sack
618
00:34:10.080 --> 00:34:13.680
or a bagstar full of ocean plastics,
619
00:34:13.680 --> 00:34:17.160
carrying it over the water so as not to take on water
620
00:34:17.160 --> 00:34:19.413
and loading the boat successfully.
621
00:34:26.550 --> 00:34:28.230
And then at the end of the day,
622
00:34:28.230 --> 00:34:30.030
this is what our boats look like.
623
00:34:30.030 --> 00:34:31.380
They're fully loaded,
624
00:34:31.380 --> 00:34:34.680
anywhere from 3000 to 8,000 pounds per boat
625
00:34:34.680 --> 00:34:37.203
or per day for our four boats.
626
00:34:40.530 --> 00:34:44.520
And then once our boats are loaded up with marine debris,
627
00:34:44.520 --> 00:34:46.950
we drive them navigating through the reefs
628
00:34:46.950 --> 00:34:48.960
and through the surf channels back to the ship
629
00:34:48.960 --> 00:34:50.403
so they can be offloaded.
630
00:34:56.010 --> 00:34:58.140
Once we are alongside the ship,
631
00:34:58.140 --> 00:35:03.140
we clip into the bow and stern to stabilize the boat
632
00:35:03.180 --> 00:35:05.013
for safe ship craning.
633
00:35:10.020 --> 00:35:11.820
And then the load of marine debris,
634
00:35:11.820 --> 00:35:14.520
which is stored in helicopter sling cargo net
635
00:35:14.520 --> 00:35:18.123
aboard the small boats are clipped into the ship's crane.
636
00:35:22.620 --> 00:35:25.650
And then the net load is craned out of the small boat
637
00:35:25.650 --> 00:35:26.823
onto the ship.
638
00:35:31.800 --> 00:35:34.600
That's about a 3000 pound load right there that you see.
639
00:35:37.440 --> 00:35:39.540
And then once we get it on the ship,
640
00:35:39.540 --> 00:35:42.270
each load is weighed before they're being stored
641
00:35:42.270 --> 00:35:45.750
in open top shipping containers, which are on the ship.
642
00:35:45.750 --> 00:35:47.700
And then we transport them back to Honolulu
643
00:35:47.700 --> 00:35:50.820
where the nets are either repurposed for art installations,
644
00:35:50.820 --> 00:35:51.900
which we'll talk about briefly
645
00:35:51.900 --> 00:35:53.790
at the end of this presentation.
646
00:35:53.790 --> 00:35:56.550
They're also utilized for outreach and education,
647
00:35:56.550 --> 00:35:58.080
or the nets go to our partners
648
00:35:58.080 --> 00:35:59.760
at the Hawaiian Nets To Energy Program
649
00:35:59.760 --> 00:36:01.530
where they're incinerated on O'ahu
650
00:36:01.530 --> 00:36:03.573
to create electricity for homes here.
651
00:36:09.720 --> 00:36:10.553
All right, Malia,
652
00:36:10.553 --> 00:36:12.710
can you please queue up question number three?
653
00:36:15.030 --> 00:36:16.830
Alrighty, here we go.
654
00:36:16.830 --> 00:36:20.880
So what percentage of endangered Hawaiian monk seals
655
00:36:20.880 --> 00:36:24.180
are alive today due to conservation efforts
656
00:36:24.180 --> 00:36:27.870
like marine debris removal and human intervention,
657
00:36:27.870 --> 00:36:31.470
including disentanglement and rehabilitation?
658
00:36:31.470 --> 00:36:35.400
So go ahead and choose your answer.
659
00:36:35.400 --> 00:36:40.400
Is it 11%, 17%, 25%, or 32%?
660
00:36:44.220 --> 00:36:46.290
All right, and half of you have voted.
661
00:36:46.290 --> 00:36:51.290
So I am gonna close out the poll in three, two, and one.
662
00:36:54.090 --> 00:36:58.170
And let's see what the audience thinks.
663
00:36:58.170 --> 00:37:00.960
Okay, so it's kinda a little bit of a split, James.
664
00:37:00.960 --> 00:37:05.960
We've got 46% think 32% of Hawaiian monk seals.
665
00:37:08.040 --> 00:37:11.880
31% of our audience thinks 25,
666
00:37:11.880 --> 00:37:16.880
15% thinks 17 and 8% thinks 11.
667
00:37:17.383 --> 00:37:19.263
So what is the answer?
668
00:37:21.210 --> 00:37:22.043
Hi, Malia.
669
00:37:22.043 --> 00:37:23.340
I turned it over to Kevin O'Brien here,
670
00:37:23.340 --> 00:37:27.900
but the answer is 32% and scientists there at NOAA Fisheries
671
00:37:27.900 --> 00:37:30.090
believe that that's actually a conservative estimate,
672
00:37:30.090 --> 00:37:34.620
so it could be even greater than 32% that are alive today
673
00:37:34.620 --> 00:37:37.420
due to these conservation efforts in human intervention.
674
00:37:38.610 --> 00:37:40.773
Well, good job, audience members.
675
00:37:44.040 --> 00:37:46.590
All right. Aloha everyone.
676
00:37:46.590 --> 00:37:48.180
My name's Kevin O'Brien.
677
00:37:48.180 --> 00:37:49.173
Thanks, James.
678
00:37:50.310 --> 00:37:51.360
And I'm gonna go ahead
679
00:37:51.360 --> 00:37:54.180
and move into some of the stories and highlights
680
00:37:54.180 --> 00:37:55.233
from this year.
681
00:37:56.400 --> 00:37:57.233
Let's see here.
682
00:38:02.820 --> 00:38:07.080
There we go. Technical difficulties. (clears throat)
683
00:38:07.080 --> 00:38:07.913
All right.
684
00:38:07.913 --> 00:38:12.030
So this year we mounted two full scale expeditions,
685
00:38:12.030 --> 00:38:15.270
two 30-day projects up into Papahānaumokuākea
686
00:38:15.270 --> 00:38:17.658
and we focused on that in-water marine debris
687
00:38:17.658 --> 00:38:19.560
the ghost net snagged on the reefs
688
00:38:19.560 --> 00:38:21.390
and the entanglement hazards there,
689
00:38:21.390 --> 00:38:24.040
as well as the entanglement hazards on the shoreline.
690
00:38:24.990 --> 00:38:26.940
This is a shot of our field team this year.
691
00:38:26.940 --> 00:38:29.490
We had a really awesome team
692
00:38:29.490 --> 00:38:34.140
and for the first time we had the ability to staff our team
693
00:38:34.140 --> 00:38:36.030
with people from all walks of life,
694
00:38:36.030 --> 00:38:37.350
which I think is really great.
695
00:38:37.350 --> 00:38:42.350
And getting people up there who are young and stoked
696
00:38:42.810 --> 00:38:44.310
and excited to do this work
697
00:38:44.310 --> 00:38:46.380
and passionate about conservation
698
00:38:46.380 --> 00:38:49.500
or who may have a connection to the monument
699
00:38:49.500 --> 00:38:52.290
or to the Hawaiian cultural elements of the monument.
700
00:38:52.290 --> 00:38:56.130
And this team came together and was a finely oiled machine
701
00:38:56.130 --> 00:38:58.440
by the end of the season, and just what a tremendous group.
702
00:38:58.440 --> 00:39:00.330
So couldn't have done it without all of these people
703
00:39:00.330 --> 00:39:02.223
you see here in front of you.
704
00:39:04.110 --> 00:39:06.120
Just a couple of highlights from the season.
705
00:39:06.120 --> 00:39:10.141
This video here shows a single trawl net
706
00:39:10.141 --> 00:39:13.300
that was discovered here
707
00:39:14.400 --> 00:39:17.730
plastered across hundreds of feet of reef.
708
00:39:17.730 --> 00:39:19.620
And oftentimes when we find these nets underwater,
709
00:39:19.620 --> 00:39:20.453
they're balled up
710
00:39:20.453 --> 00:39:23.460
into very dense clumps of conglomerate net
711
00:39:23.460 --> 00:39:26.790
but every now and then you'll find one here
712
00:39:26.790 --> 00:39:27.840
that really exemplifies
713
00:39:27.840 --> 00:39:30.720
why we do this in terms of the coral reef health,
714
00:39:30.720 --> 00:39:34.770
because this here is just smothering hundreds of square feet
715
00:39:34.770 --> 00:39:36.810
of coral reef habitat,
716
00:39:36.810 --> 00:39:38.910
and when that happens, it shades out the coral
717
00:39:38.910 --> 00:39:41.940
and it generally dies underneath these nets.
718
00:39:41.940 --> 00:39:43.560
And so this one
719
00:39:43.560 --> 00:39:47.220
was just an incredibly large example of that,
720
00:39:47.220 --> 00:39:50.268
but I thought really important to show you
721
00:39:50.268 --> 00:39:54.780
sort of as an example of the kind of damage
722
00:39:54.780 --> 00:39:55.983
that these can do.
723
00:39:57.000 --> 00:39:58.550
Sorry, I'm having trouble here.
724
00:40:02.377 --> 00:40:07.377
Oh.
725
00:40:07.859 --> 00:40:10.609
(water gurgling)
726
00:40:17.330 --> 00:40:18.163
As you can see,
727
00:40:18.163 --> 00:40:21.567
this material is pretty difficult to work with sometimes
728
00:40:21.567 --> 00:40:24.540
and there's a lot of strategic planning
729
00:40:24.540 --> 00:40:26.460
in terms of how you remove a single net
730
00:40:26.460 --> 00:40:29.130
or how you go about prepping it for removal.
731
00:40:29.130 --> 00:40:31.590
Here they're taking up a little bit of tension on the net
732
00:40:31.590 --> 00:40:32.830
as it sits on the bottom
733
00:40:33.810 --> 00:40:36.300
so that it exposes the areas that are snagged to the reef
734
00:40:36.300 --> 00:40:39.363
so we can carefully cut them free without causing damage.
735
00:40:44.340 --> 00:40:45.173
One of the best parts
736
00:40:45.173 --> 00:40:47.250
about putting together these field teams
737
00:40:47.250 --> 00:40:50.400
is being able to bring people to the monument
738
00:40:50.400 --> 00:40:52.050
who have never been there.
739
00:40:52.050 --> 00:40:55.500
And so a lot of these videos
740
00:40:55.500 --> 00:40:59.010
are taken by our first time field members
741
00:40:59.010 --> 00:41:00.840
because they're so incredibly blown away
742
00:41:00.840 --> 00:41:03.070
by the wildlife that they encounter
743
00:41:03.930 --> 00:41:07.800
and that's so close and in your face every single day.
744
00:41:07.800 --> 00:41:09.240
When we're doing these removal operations,
745
00:41:09.240 --> 00:41:12.033
we constantly have these kind of uluas
746
00:41:12.033 --> 00:41:13.380
that they're like puppy dogs
747
00:41:13.380 --> 00:41:15.030
that follow you around everywhere,
748
00:41:15.030 --> 00:41:17.340
I think hoping for a little snack or something
749
00:41:17.340 --> 00:41:19.110
to pop out of these nets.
750
00:41:19.110 --> 00:41:23.670
But bringing up team members to this area
751
00:41:23.670 --> 00:41:26.900
is really an incredible experience for everyone.
752
00:41:26.900 --> 00:41:29.650
(water gurgling)
753
00:41:37.620 --> 00:41:38.820
I think it goes without saying
754
00:41:38.820 --> 00:41:43.820
that the wildlife up in Papahānaumokuākea is different
755
00:41:44.820 --> 00:41:47.010
than you might find in the main Hawaiian islands,
756
00:41:47.010 --> 00:41:48.640
in the sense that every day
757
00:41:49.620 --> 00:41:52.860
the wildlife is right there in your face.
758
00:41:52.860 --> 00:41:53.693
Not only that,
759
00:41:53.693 --> 00:41:56.220
but the wildlife interacting with the marine debris.
760
00:41:56.220 --> 00:41:58.120
Spotted the first one.
761
00:42:01.097 --> 00:42:02.790
And so where we may find marine debris
762
00:42:02.790 --> 00:42:05.700
in the main Hawaiian islands from time to time,
763
00:42:05.700 --> 00:42:06.930
certainly it's not on the scale
764
00:42:06.930 --> 00:42:08.460
that we find in the monument,
765
00:42:08.460 --> 00:42:11.340
but at the same time we don't actually witness
766
00:42:11.340 --> 00:42:13.860
those daily interactions with the wildlife
767
00:42:13.860 --> 00:42:17.370
that really exemplify the problem
768
00:42:17.370 --> 00:42:18.390
and the scale of the problem.
769
00:42:18.390 --> 00:42:21.330
So this next video, here we were at Manawai,
770
00:42:21.330 --> 00:42:22.590
which is Pearl and Hermess Atoll,
771
00:42:22.590 --> 00:42:23.880
and just like we do
772
00:42:23.880 --> 00:42:25.860
on nearly every one of these expeditions,
773
00:42:25.860 --> 00:42:28.680
we encounter some sort of animal entanglement,
774
00:42:28.680 --> 00:42:31.560
and in this case it was two turtles
775
00:42:31.560 --> 00:42:33.690
who were tangled in the same net.
776
00:42:33.690 --> 00:42:35.040
I thought it was sort of analogous
777
00:42:35.040 --> 00:42:38.100
to the Pearl, the whaling ship, the Pearl and the Hermes,
778
00:42:38.100 --> 00:42:41.070
where one of them ran aground in in 1822
779
00:42:41.070 --> 00:42:43.710
and the other one sailed in to try to help them
780
00:42:43.710 --> 00:42:45.420
and also ran aground.
781
00:42:45.420 --> 00:42:48.060
And so that's how I sort of envisioned these two turtles,
782
00:42:48.060 --> 00:42:49.290
unfortunately with this hazard.
783
00:42:49.290 --> 00:42:53.430
But our team was able to disentangle
784
00:42:53.430 --> 00:42:55.500
and free these two turtles
785
00:42:55.500 --> 00:42:59.096
but it really just sort of makes you think about
786
00:42:59.096 --> 00:43:02.910
if we witness one of these every season,
787
00:43:02.910 --> 00:43:04.590
how many do we not witness
788
00:43:04.590 --> 00:43:07.440
being that Papahānaumokuākea is so vast,
789
00:43:07.440 --> 00:43:08.550
there's so much reef area,
790
00:43:08.550 --> 00:43:10.830
there's so much of this net up there
791
00:43:10.830 --> 00:43:12.810
that for every one that we see,
792
00:43:12.810 --> 00:43:14.700
I'm sure there's many, many others.
793
00:43:14.700 --> 00:43:16.620
And in such a short window of time,
794
00:43:16.620 --> 00:43:19.590
this particular scenario,
795
00:43:19.590 --> 00:43:23.310
there were Galapagos sharks circling these two turtles
796
00:43:23.310 --> 00:43:24.143
and you can only imagine
797
00:43:24.143 --> 00:43:26.880
it would be a matter of hours or maybe days
798
00:43:26.880 --> 00:43:31.380
before they were either suffocated
799
00:43:31.380 --> 00:43:34.020
or were eaten by a predator.
800
00:43:34.020 --> 00:43:36.900
And so I think it's pretty rare to be able to see these
801
00:43:36.900 --> 00:43:39.773
and the fact that we do means that it happens all the time.
802
00:43:41.310 --> 00:43:42.690
Another highlight from this year
803
00:43:42.690 --> 00:43:46.260
is this year in front of you, what you see is a lifeboat
804
00:43:46.260 --> 00:43:51.260
from the Sincerity Ace, car carrying container ship.
805
00:43:52.470 --> 00:43:55.950
And that ship ran into a big issue
806
00:43:55.950 --> 00:43:58.080
in the mid north Pacific and caught on fire
807
00:43:58.080 --> 00:43:59.820
and the crew had to abandon ship.
808
00:43:59.820 --> 00:44:01.560
And unfortunately there was some loss of life
809
00:44:01.560 --> 00:44:03.570
in the process of abandoning ship.
810
00:44:03.570 --> 00:44:08.100
But at the end of the day, this lifeboat, empty I might add,
811
00:44:08.100 --> 00:44:11.280
washed up at Manawai on C-03 Island
812
00:44:11.280 --> 00:44:15.900
in the late spring, we assume of last year.
813
00:44:15.900 --> 00:44:16.950
And there it has sat
814
00:44:16.950 --> 00:44:19.650
for the better part of a year and a half.
815
00:44:19.650 --> 00:44:22.650
It weighed a little less than 6,000 pounds,
816
00:44:22.650 --> 00:44:24.810
had an inboard diesel engine,
817
00:44:24.810 --> 00:44:27.690
had a fuel tank with 50 gallons of diesel in it
818
00:44:27.690 --> 00:44:29.490
and all sorts of fluids.
819
00:44:29.490 --> 00:44:30.840
And as it was sitting here
820
00:44:30.840 --> 00:44:32.970
on the northern shoreline of this island,
821
00:44:32.970 --> 00:44:35.760
we knew it was only a matter of time before a winter storm
822
00:44:35.760 --> 00:44:37.410
or wave action or something
823
00:44:37.410 --> 00:44:39.450
started to break apart this vessel.
824
00:44:39.450 --> 00:44:42.180
And once the birds and other wildlife
825
00:44:42.180 --> 00:44:43.320
could start getting inside,
826
00:44:43.320 --> 00:44:44.610
it would become a major hazard
827
00:44:44.610 --> 00:44:47.220
to sea birds mostly for entrapment,
828
00:44:47.220 --> 00:44:51.210
but also then hazardous material would be distributed
829
00:44:51.210 --> 00:44:55.110
across the beach or onto the reefs or in the water.
830
00:44:55.110 --> 00:44:57.396
So we put together a salvage...
831
00:44:57.396 --> 00:44:58.740
(software interference drowns out Kevin)
832
00:44:58.740 --> 00:45:01.830
And a bio secure salvage kit
833
00:45:01.830 --> 00:45:03.600
of all the equipment that we might need
834
00:45:03.600 --> 00:45:05.130
to get this thing off the beach.
835
00:45:05.130 --> 00:45:07.110
And it was a heck of a project,
836
00:45:07.110 --> 00:45:10.740
but we're happy to say we were successful in doing this.
837
00:45:10.740 --> 00:45:15.600
Using a combination of jacks, lines, pulleys,
838
00:45:15.600 --> 00:45:17.220
we were able to move this boat
839
00:45:17.220 --> 00:45:18.630
up onto slightly higher ground
840
00:45:18.630 --> 00:45:22.500
where we were able to repair the damage to the hull.
841
00:45:22.500 --> 00:45:24.810
It had several large holes in the hull
842
00:45:24.810 --> 00:45:25.830
that we needed to repair
843
00:45:25.830 --> 00:45:27.900
before we were able to float this off
844
00:45:27.900 --> 00:45:29.193
and back out to the ship.
845
00:45:30.662 --> 00:45:32.550
And so there you can see one gaping hole in the side,
846
00:45:32.550 --> 00:45:34.380
which is about six feet long,
847
00:45:34.380 --> 00:45:38.010
which we successfully patched and repaired
848
00:45:38.010 --> 00:45:42.270
and at the end of the day, made it completely watertight
849
00:45:42.270 --> 00:45:47.270
and floated it almost five miles out to the ship,
850
00:45:47.610 --> 00:45:51.540
towed behind one of our Zodiacs there.
851
00:45:51.540 --> 00:45:53.130
It took every single one of our team
852
00:45:53.130 --> 00:45:57.360
to get this thing down the beach and into the water.
853
00:45:57.360 --> 00:46:00.240
And it was a true group effort but exceptionally difficult
854
00:46:00.240 --> 00:46:01.830
and much more difficult than we anticipated.
855
00:46:01.830 --> 00:46:04.170
But we're happy to say that that hazard
856
00:46:04.170 --> 00:46:05.940
has also been removed.
857
00:46:05.940 --> 00:46:06.810
And that's one of the things
858
00:46:06.810 --> 00:46:09.210
that we hope that we can serve as
859
00:46:09.210 --> 00:46:12.030
in terms of the conservation efforts in the monument,
860
00:46:12.030 --> 00:46:14.580
is that PMDP can be a team
861
00:46:14.580 --> 00:46:16.740
with some additional capabilities
862
00:46:16.740 --> 00:46:19.080
to be able to take care of small vessel salvage
863
00:46:19.080 --> 00:46:22.920
or occasionally buoys wash in to the reefs.
864
00:46:22.920 --> 00:46:26.550
And being able to remove those sort of difficult items,
865
00:46:26.550 --> 00:46:27.960
we like to take pride
866
00:46:27.960 --> 00:46:30.310
in the fact that we're able to do that as well.
867
00:46:31.170 --> 00:46:34.410
Here we are towing it out through the reef,
868
00:46:34.410 --> 00:46:35.550
through the lagoon there,
869
00:46:35.550 --> 00:46:37.097
out through the gap in the barrier reef
870
00:46:37.097 --> 00:46:38.313
and to the ship.
871
00:46:39.960 --> 00:46:42.153
There's a little video.
872
00:46:43.110 --> 00:46:44.550
We strapped lift bags to it
873
00:46:44.550 --> 00:46:46.560
in case it took on any water unexpectedly,
874
00:46:46.560 --> 00:46:48.840
but we're happy to say that it was drum tight
875
00:46:48.840 --> 00:46:52.350
and floated the whole way out there with no leaks
876
00:46:52.350 --> 00:46:55.200
and we were successfully able to crane that onto the ship
877
00:46:55.200 --> 00:46:56.100
and bring it home.
878
00:46:58.530 --> 00:47:01.500
So just moving on with highlights of our 2022 season.
879
00:47:01.500 --> 00:47:04.650
So in terms of the in-water effort that we did
880
00:47:04.650 --> 00:47:08.160
the reef cleanup essentially,
881
00:47:08.160 --> 00:47:10.620
the majority of our work at two locations,
882
00:47:10.620 --> 00:47:13.560
Kamokuokamohoali'i which is Maro Reef
883
00:47:13.560 --> 00:47:15.480
and Manawai, which is Pearl and Hermes.
884
00:47:15.480 --> 00:47:16.350
But to give you an idea
885
00:47:16.350 --> 00:47:19.224
of what our efforts this year looked like,
886
00:47:19.224 --> 00:47:23.490
we removed 313 individual derelict fishing nets
887
00:47:23.490 --> 00:47:24.323
from the reef here,
888
00:47:24.323 --> 00:47:27.330
and that's each one of those yellow dots on the map.
889
00:47:27.330 --> 00:47:29.490
And if you can see the faint white lines
890
00:47:29.490 --> 00:47:31.470
that highlight the reefs themselves,
891
00:47:31.470 --> 00:47:33.420
those are all reefs that we surveyed,
892
00:47:33.420 --> 00:47:36.420
which amounted to 1100 acres of reef
893
00:47:36.420 --> 00:47:38.250
that were surveyed and cleaned.
894
00:47:38.250 --> 00:47:40.110
And that means that almost every square foot
895
00:47:40.110 --> 00:47:41.010
of each of those reefs
896
00:47:41.010 --> 00:47:45.570
was visually looked at by one of our divers.
897
00:47:45.570 --> 00:47:47.160
And so we felt like we gave it
898
00:47:47.160 --> 00:47:50.130
a really good thorough cleaning this year,
899
00:47:50.130 --> 00:47:52.500
which hopefully will keep it relatively hazard free
900
00:47:52.500 --> 00:47:54.630
for the next one to two years
901
00:47:54.630 --> 00:47:56.520
at which point we might cycle back through
902
00:47:56.520 --> 00:48:00.813
to Kamokuokamohoali'i to do another cleanup.
903
00:48:02.640 --> 00:48:04.320
This is Manawai, Pearl and Hermes Atoll
904
00:48:04.320 --> 00:48:07.200
and you can see all that reticulate and patch reef structure
905
00:48:07.200 --> 00:48:09.000
there in the middle of the lagoon.
906
00:48:09.000 --> 00:48:12.240
And again, highlighted in white borders are the reefs
907
00:48:12.240 --> 00:48:15.123
that we were able to survey with our team this season.
908
00:48:16.200 --> 00:48:19.170
And there again with the yellow dots
909
00:48:19.170 --> 00:48:21.120
are the individual nets that we removed.
910
00:48:21.120 --> 00:48:23.400
And so looking at the scale there,
911
00:48:23.400 --> 00:48:27.270
you could see how often we encounter these nets.
912
00:48:27.270 --> 00:48:29.280
And I should add that these are only nets
913
00:48:29.280 --> 00:48:34.280
that are essentially bigger than your torso or larger.
914
00:48:34.890 --> 00:48:36.630
And so, the small net scraps,
915
00:48:36.630 --> 00:48:38.460
the little ones that you can just ball up
916
00:48:38.460 --> 00:48:39.864
and tuck under your arm,
917
00:48:39.864 --> 00:48:42.150
there are many, many, many of those,
918
00:48:42.150 --> 00:48:44.250
but we don't collect data on those small nets
919
00:48:44.250 --> 00:48:45.450
because it's two time consuming.
920
00:48:45.450 --> 00:48:48.420
And so these nets here are the big ones that matter,
921
00:48:48.420 --> 00:48:50.340
that are the larger ones,
922
00:48:50.340 --> 00:48:53.850
the entanglement hazards and the threat to the coral.
923
00:48:53.850 --> 00:48:57.750
So here we removed 60,000 pounds just of nets from Manawai
924
00:48:57.750 --> 00:49:02.313
and over 1,350 acres cleaned and restored.
925
00:49:05.340 --> 00:49:07.170
So once we were outside the monument,
926
00:49:07.170 --> 00:49:09.090
we took this fun little drone shot here
927
00:49:09.090 --> 00:49:12.750
of the pile of net and plastics
928
00:49:12.750 --> 00:49:15.690
from our first field mission back in July.
929
00:49:15.690 --> 00:49:16.890
And those are always fun shots
930
00:49:16.890 --> 00:49:19.260
to get to give you the scale of what, in this case,
931
00:49:19.260 --> 00:49:22.053
97,000 pounds of marine debris looks like.
932
00:49:24.270 --> 00:49:26.850
And there's another aerial shot of that same pile.
933
00:49:26.850 --> 00:49:29.133
This again, 97,000 pounds there.
934
00:49:31.770 --> 00:49:34.620
Just to highlight our full season accomplishments,
935
00:49:34.620 --> 00:49:37.797
like I mentioned, 97,000 pounds on mission number one,
936
00:49:37.797 --> 00:49:40.410
105,000 pounds on mission number two,
937
00:49:40.410 --> 00:49:43.533
which just happened mid-September to mid-October.
938
00:49:44.700 --> 00:49:48.210
And a total for the whole season
939
00:49:48.210 --> 00:49:52.200
was 2,700 acres of coral reef cleaned.
940
00:49:52.200 --> 00:49:53.220
And you can see the breakdown
941
00:49:53.220 --> 00:49:55.170
of how much was net, how much was plastic
942
00:49:55.170 --> 00:49:57.810
from the shorelines versus the reefs there,
943
00:49:57.810 --> 00:50:00.093
but at the end of the day it's a lot.
944
00:50:03.240 --> 00:50:06.150
And then just since our inception in 2019,
945
00:50:06.150 --> 00:50:07.830
this was the fifth large scale mission
946
00:50:07.830 --> 00:50:11.070
that PMDP has executed.
947
00:50:11.070 --> 00:50:14.100
And all told in the last 24 months
948
00:50:14.100 --> 00:50:16.650
since we started running cleanup missions,
949
00:50:16.650 --> 00:50:19.020
we removed over half a million pounds
950
00:50:19.020 --> 00:50:20.313
from Papahānaumokuākea.
951
00:50:24.960 --> 00:50:27.840
Okay. And now to the actual meat of our talk,
952
00:50:27.840 --> 00:50:30.960
the title that we hopefully roped everyone in with here
953
00:50:30.960 --> 00:50:32.593
is the Catch-up and Keep-up:
954
00:50:32.593 --> 00:50:34.530
A Strategy for Marine Debris Mitigation
955
00:50:34.530 --> 00:50:36.360
in Papahānaumokuākea.
956
00:50:36.360 --> 00:50:38.490
So what I mean by that
957
00:50:38.490 --> 00:50:41.760
is essentially that there is a backlog of marine debris
958
00:50:41.760 --> 00:50:46.380
that is accumulated between 2006 and essentially present,
959
00:50:46.380 --> 00:50:50.490
based on our inability to execute this project
960
00:50:50.490 --> 00:50:51.780
on the scale that is required
961
00:50:51.780 --> 00:50:54.090
to keep up with the annual accumulation.
962
00:50:54.090 --> 00:50:55.800
And so when we talk about this accumulation
963
00:50:55.800 --> 00:50:56.730
for the next couple minutes,
964
00:50:56.730 --> 00:51:00.240
we're only talking about the derelict fishing nets
965
00:51:00.240 --> 00:51:02.040
that snag on the reefs.
966
00:51:02.040 --> 00:51:04.500
We're not talking about the shoreline nets,
967
00:51:04.500 --> 00:51:06.600
we're not talking about any shoreline plastics.
968
00:51:06.600 --> 00:51:09.450
This is only in-water ghost nets we're referring to here.
969
00:51:10.510 --> 00:51:11.343
And so here's a little graph
970
00:51:11.343 --> 00:51:14.550
and the yellow line at the bottom is annual effort.
971
00:51:14.550 --> 00:51:15.783
And as you can see back,
972
00:51:16.770 --> 00:51:20.250
earlier than 2020 was NOAA Fisheries effort,
973
00:51:20.250 --> 00:51:22.260
which James and I were a part of.
974
00:51:22.260 --> 00:51:26.160
The blue line shows the annual level of accumulation,
975
00:51:26.160 --> 00:51:30.570
which is 57 tons of nets like you guys saw in the poll
976
00:51:30.570 --> 00:51:32.820
every year accumulate on the reefs.
977
00:51:32.820 --> 00:51:35.940
And so the orange line then is the accumulative backlog.
978
00:51:35.940 --> 00:51:37.800
So when the yellow line meets the blue line,
979
00:51:37.800 --> 00:51:42.510
it means we've kept up with that year's annual accumulation.
980
00:51:42.510 --> 00:51:44.550
When it does not meet the blue line,
981
00:51:44.550 --> 00:51:46.350
then that orange line begins to grow.
982
00:51:46.350 --> 00:51:49.443
And so you can see since 2006,
983
00:51:50.894 --> 00:51:53.220
the backlog has continued to grow.
984
00:51:53.220 --> 00:51:55.890
And I should add that prior to 2006,
985
00:51:55.890 --> 00:51:58.036
NOAA conducted a very intensive effort
986
00:51:58.036 --> 00:52:01.050
and surveyed almost every square inch
987
00:52:01.050 --> 00:52:03.810
of suitable shallow reef habitat in the monument
988
00:52:03.810 --> 00:52:07.980
and spent a lot of money and did a really intensive effort
989
00:52:07.980 --> 00:52:09.330
and essentially arrived at a place
990
00:52:09.330 --> 00:52:12.000
where they felt like they'd cleaned up all the backlog
991
00:52:12.000 --> 00:52:15.090
prior to the 1990s and 2000s,
992
00:52:15.090 --> 00:52:18.330
and that 2006 marked the first year of maintenance mode,
993
00:52:18.330 --> 00:52:19.470
and that if we could just keep up
994
00:52:19.470 --> 00:52:22.170
with the annual accumulation of 57 tons,
995
00:52:22.170 --> 00:52:24.360
that we would be in a really good place.
996
00:52:24.360 --> 00:52:27.450
But unfortunately, shifting winds of federal funding
997
00:52:27.450 --> 00:52:31.410
and limited time on the NOAA vessels
998
00:52:31.410 --> 00:52:34.800
and staff time spread thin across other projects,
999
00:52:34.800 --> 00:52:37.080
unfortunately, despite everyone's best efforts,
1000
00:52:37.080 --> 00:52:40.290
we were not able to keep up, which is really the impetus
1001
00:52:40.290 --> 00:52:42.330
for starting our non-profit here at PDMP
1002
00:52:42.330 --> 00:52:44.700
is that we felt like it was really important
1003
00:52:44.700 --> 00:52:46.320
to catch up with that backlog
1004
00:52:46.320 --> 00:52:49.800
and then to not only catch up but keep up
1005
00:52:49.800 --> 00:52:51.150
and stay on top of it,
1006
00:52:51.150 --> 00:52:54.420
which we were not able to do over the last 15 years.
1007
00:52:54.420 --> 00:52:56.130
But as you can see on this graph,
1008
00:52:56.130 --> 00:53:00.093
the orange line starting in 2021 started to go down,
1009
00:53:01.320 --> 00:53:02.430
which we're really happy about,
1010
00:53:02.430 --> 00:53:05.640
and that's the trajectory we'd like to maintain.
1011
00:53:05.640 --> 00:53:10.640
So as you can see here, the total backlog as of this moment,
1012
00:53:11.820 --> 00:53:13.200
as per the calculations
1013
00:53:13.200 --> 00:53:15.900
based on the past NOAA data, removal data,
1014
00:53:15.900 --> 00:53:20.900
we're looking at 1.1 million pounds or 590 tons
1015
00:53:23.400 --> 00:53:26.340
of marine debris that is essentially backlogged,
1016
00:53:26.340 --> 00:53:28.470
that if you take that annual accumulation number
1017
00:53:28.470 --> 00:53:31.890
and you subtract the numbers we've been able to remove,
1018
00:53:31.890 --> 00:53:35.490
we're looking at a 1.1 million pounds or 590 tons
1019
00:53:35.490 --> 00:53:38.847
that still is up there in Papahānaumokuākea unremoved.
1020
00:53:40.350 --> 00:53:41.970
And so when you take that and you compound it
1021
00:53:41.970 --> 00:53:46.620
with another 57 tons rolling in every single year,
1022
00:53:46.620 --> 00:53:49.320
it's very tricky and tough to catch up.
1023
00:53:49.320 --> 00:53:53.130
So there's that number, 590 tons or so,
1024
00:53:53.130 --> 00:53:54.990
but this is over the last 15 years
1025
00:53:54.990 --> 00:53:56.220
and so I wanted to talk to you
1026
00:53:56.220 --> 00:53:59.700
about what's actually visible and accessible.
1027
00:53:59.700 --> 00:54:04.700
And so a net might be discarded by a fisherman
1028
00:54:05.760 --> 00:54:07.020
or get lost or whatever,
1029
00:54:07.020 --> 00:54:09.780
but at the start of its life, it's buoyant
1030
00:54:09.780 --> 00:54:11.130
and it floats across the ocean
1031
00:54:11.130 --> 00:54:13.050
and it winds up floating in over the reefs
1032
00:54:13.050 --> 00:54:16.260
and into the lagoons of these atolls in Papahānaumokuākea.
1033
00:54:16.260 --> 00:54:20.190
And as it snags up on the coral reef, it becomes stationary,
1034
00:54:20.190 --> 00:54:22.680
which allows biofouling to occur.
1035
00:54:22.680 --> 00:54:23.970
So you can see in this photo,
1036
00:54:23.970 --> 00:54:26.190
obviously he's peeling this back off the reef
1037
00:54:26.190 --> 00:54:29.250
and there's the big scar, but on the right,
1038
00:54:29.250 --> 00:54:31.560
the right hand side of the photo is actually all net,
1039
00:54:31.560 --> 00:54:33.900
but it's net that's been biofouled with algae.
1040
00:54:33.900 --> 00:54:34.800
And so when that happens,
1041
00:54:34.800 --> 00:54:37.050
the net gets more and more negatively buoyant
1042
00:54:38.550 --> 00:54:41.010
and as that happens, it plasters itself on the reef
1043
00:54:41.010 --> 00:54:44.220
or it may actually tumble down the reef slope
1044
00:54:44.220 --> 00:54:47.213
and into the deeper, less accessible regions
1045
00:54:47.213 --> 00:54:50.790
of of these atolls and lagoons.
1046
00:54:50.790 --> 00:54:55.320
And so once it tumbles off the reef slope,
1047
00:54:55.320 --> 00:54:57.120
you also have a lot of shifting sands
1048
00:54:57.120 --> 00:54:58.110
in some of these areas
1049
00:54:58.110 --> 00:55:01.200
and so we find a decent amount of nets
1050
00:55:01.200 --> 00:55:03.180
that are actually buried in the sand.
1051
00:55:03.180 --> 00:55:05.190
And these I think are these nets
1052
00:55:05.190 --> 00:55:06.510
that have been around for a while,
1053
00:55:06.510 --> 00:55:08.100
have become negatively buoyant
1054
00:55:08.100 --> 00:55:09.690
and may have gotten into a position
1055
00:55:09.690 --> 00:55:12.300
where sand can sort of drift a slow drift onto them
1056
00:55:12.300 --> 00:55:13.410
and bury them in the sand.
1057
00:55:13.410 --> 00:55:16.380
And what we might see is just a couple of loops of lines
1058
00:55:16.380 --> 00:55:17.910
sticking outta the sand,
1059
00:55:17.910 --> 00:55:20.070
which are still entanglement hazards,
1060
00:55:20.070 --> 00:55:22.080
but that the net itself is buried in the sand.
1061
00:55:22.080 --> 00:55:27.080
And so we estimate that that 590 ton number
1062
00:55:27.900 --> 00:55:30.900
is not what's actually visible and accessible for removal
1063
00:55:30.900 --> 00:55:32.100
due to this,
1064
00:55:32.100 --> 00:55:34.440
because there may be nets that may be completely buried
1065
00:55:34.440 --> 00:55:36.930
or nets that have tumbled down the slope
1066
00:55:36.930 --> 00:55:39.960
and are too deep for us to see.
1067
00:55:39.960 --> 00:55:42.600
Sometimes the water clarity is not tremendous
1068
00:55:42.600 --> 00:55:45.480
and we may have trouble detecting them.
1069
00:55:45.480 --> 00:55:48.540
And then additionally we're suspicious
1070
00:55:48.540 --> 00:55:51.180
that nets that drift into the lagoons
1071
00:55:51.180 --> 00:55:52.680
and aren't immediately snagged
1072
00:55:53.640 --> 00:55:55.620
in a really robust sort of way,
1073
00:55:55.620 --> 00:55:56.850
can actually break loose
1074
00:55:56.850 --> 00:55:58.920
and then make their way outta the atoll again.
1075
00:55:58.920 --> 00:56:01.380
So they can snag but then leave.
1076
00:56:01.380 --> 00:56:03.300
And this is a map of a study
1077
00:56:03.300 --> 00:56:04.770
we conducted for a couple years here
1078
00:56:04.770 --> 00:56:08.190
where we tagged nets with satellite tracking buoys
1079
00:56:08.190 --> 00:56:10.500
at Manawai, Pearl and Hermes.
1080
00:56:10.500 --> 00:56:12.450
And as you can see these satellite buoys
1081
00:56:12.450 --> 00:56:15.180
actually ended up ripping free of the nets,
1082
00:56:15.180 --> 00:56:17.910
but then all three of these exited the atolls
1083
00:56:17.910 --> 00:56:20.580
based on the currents and spent the next two years
1084
00:56:20.580 --> 00:56:23.880
drifting around in the vicinity of the end of the chain.
1085
00:56:23.880 --> 00:56:25.800
And so while these were just the buoys themselves,
1086
00:56:25.800 --> 00:56:27.510
we imagine this can also happen with the nets.
1087
00:56:27.510 --> 00:56:29.940
And so what you have is the ability
1088
00:56:29.940 --> 00:56:31.077
for a net to come and get snagged
1089
00:56:31.077 --> 00:56:32.430
and then potentially leave.
1090
00:56:32.430 --> 00:56:34.650
I think that the chances are low, but that can happen.
1091
00:56:34.650 --> 00:56:39.650
So back to this visible and accessible, we just estimate
1092
00:56:39.660 --> 00:56:43.590
based on our 15 plus years of qualitative observations
1093
00:56:43.590 --> 00:56:45.990
of how this trend seems to go,
1094
00:56:45.990 --> 00:56:50.460
we estimate that between 50 and 60% of that backlog
1095
00:56:50.460 --> 00:56:53.040
is actually still visible and accessible for removal
1096
00:56:53.040 --> 00:56:56.970
and continues to present a hazard to wildlife.
1097
00:56:56.970 --> 00:56:58.760
And so you take that number...
1098
00:57:01.020 --> 00:57:03.000
Here's the paper, by the way, on the satellite tracking,
1099
00:57:03.000 --> 00:57:04.050
if you're interested.
1100
00:57:05.010 --> 00:57:06.660
But if you take that number there.
1101
00:57:06.660 --> 00:57:09.330
So this is a...
1102
00:57:09.330 --> 00:57:10.740
Take a minute to explain this here,
1103
00:57:10.740 --> 00:57:13.680
but this is our plan for Catch-up and Keep-up.
1104
00:57:13.680 --> 00:57:18.120
What you see in the sort of dull, darker orange
1105
00:57:18.120 --> 00:57:22.890
is that total 1.1 million, it's actually closer to 1.2,
1106
00:57:22.890 --> 00:57:24.870
but 1.1 million total backlog,
1107
00:57:24.870 --> 00:57:26.370
if you just look at the numbers.
1108
00:57:26.370 --> 00:57:28.920
And what you see in the brighter orange below it
1109
00:57:28.920 --> 00:57:32.400
is what we estimate to be 50 to 60%
1110
00:57:32.400 --> 00:57:34.400
that is actually visible and accessible.
1111
00:57:35.280 --> 00:57:40.280
The green line is our projected removal efforts.
1112
00:57:40.320 --> 00:57:43.290
And so what we put together is a five year plan,
1113
00:57:43.290 --> 00:57:45.810
five to six year plan, I should say,
1114
00:57:45.810 --> 00:57:47.397
to catch up and keep up.
1115
00:57:47.397 --> 00:57:50.670
And so that involves a baseline level of effort,
1116
00:57:50.670 --> 00:57:52.350
which we currently have funded actually
1117
00:57:52.350 --> 00:57:56.420
for the next four years, at 60 days at sea,
1118
00:57:56.420 --> 00:57:58.260
32 30-day missions,
1119
00:57:58.260 --> 00:58:01.620
which will enable us if we focus on the in-water nets
1120
00:58:01.620 --> 00:58:05.400
to essentially, one 30-day mission
1121
00:58:05.400 --> 00:58:09.660
will take care of each year's annual accumulation of 57 tons
1122
00:58:09.660 --> 00:58:12.570
and the second mission will chip away at that backlog
1123
00:58:12.570 --> 00:58:14.682
by 57 tons.
1124
00:58:14.682 --> 00:58:18.450
And so this is if we just operate at our baseline level
1125
00:58:18.450 --> 00:58:19.860
of funded effort right now.
1126
00:58:19.860 --> 00:58:22.080
It'll take us between five and six years
1127
00:58:22.080 --> 00:58:24.870
for this darker lower orange line to reach zero,
1128
00:58:24.870 --> 00:58:26.420
at which point we've caught up.
1129
00:58:27.528 --> 00:58:30.810
And so this is a nice baseline to build on.
1130
00:58:30.810 --> 00:58:33.410
I'm hopeful that we'll be able to expand our efforts
1131
00:58:34.536 --> 00:58:39.213
and take care of that and shrink that time a little bit.
1132
00:58:40.170 --> 00:58:42.870
So this is just a roadmap for how to get there.
1133
00:58:42.870 --> 00:58:46.290
We hope to add one 30-day shoreline starting in 2024
1134
00:58:46.290 --> 00:58:48.933
in addition to the two 30-day in-water missions,
1135
00:58:51.180 --> 00:58:52.350
and at which point you can see
1136
00:58:52.350 --> 00:58:54.090
once that line has reached zero,
1137
00:58:54.090 --> 00:58:55.560
then we're into maintenance mode again.
1138
00:58:55.560 --> 00:58:57.960
And we hope that once we're in maintenance mode,
1139
00:58:57.960 --> 00:58:58.793
we can keep up
1140
00:58:58.793 --> 00:59:03.240
with that 57 estimated annual accumulation tonnage
1141
00:59:03.240 --> 00:59:04.770
and then focus a little more efforts
1142
00:59:04.770 --> 00:59:06.930
on actually tackling more of the shoreline debris,
1143
00:59:06.930 --> 00:59:09.900
which at this present moment is unquantified,
1144
00:59:09.900 --> 00:59:13.470
but I would say is at least equal
1145
00:59:13.470 --> 00:59:14.880
in terms of accumulation weight
1146
00:59:14.880 --> 00:59:19.110
to the in-water net accumulation, if that makes sense.
1147
00:59:19.110 --> 00:59:20.967
So two sort of sides to this problem,
1148
00:59:20.967 --> 00:59:23.517
the the in-water problem and the shoreline problem.
1149
00:59:24.900 --> 00:59:26.853
So on poll question four, Malia.
1150
00:59:31.093 --> 00:59:33.720
All right, let's see who is paying attention.
1151
00:59:33.720 --> 00:59:38.160
So what quantity of ghost net is estimated to be backlogged
1152
00:59:38.160 --> 00:59:40.830
on the reefs of Papahānaumokuākea?
1153
00:59:40.830 --> 00:59:44.370
And your hint is one ton equals 2000 pounds.
1154
00:59:44.370 --> 00:59:47.130
So go ahead and register your vote.
1155
00:59:47.130 --> 00:59:49.980
Do you think it's greater than 100 tons,
1156
00:59:49.980 --> 00:59:54.980
greater than 200 tons, greater than 300 tons,
1157
00:59:55.170 --> 00:59:58.530
or greater than 500 tons?
1158
00:59:58.530 --> 00:59:59.760
So go ahead,
1159
00:59:59.760 --> 01:00:04.710
register your vote and about 50% of you have voted
1160
01:00:04.710 --> 01:00:07.530
we'll give you a few more seconds
1161
01:00:07.530 --> 01:00:10.440
before I close out the poll.
1162
01:00:10.440 --> 01:00:13.560
Three, two, one.
1163
01:00:13.560 --> 01:00:15.213
And let's see how you folks did.
1164
01:00:17.310 --> 01:00:21.510
Okay, Kevin, we've got a big majority of them
1165
01:00:21.510 --> 01:00:25.860
who say 64% think it's greater than 500 tons.
1166
01:00:25.860 --> 01:00:27.750
Is that correct?
1167
01:00:27.750 --> 01:00:29.580
Yes, that would be correct.
1168
01:00:29.580 --> 01:00:31.560
Yep, 590 tons.
1169
01:00:31.560 --> 01:00:34.733
All right-
Of which we estimate.
1170
01:00:34.733 --> 01:00:39.000
Yes, of which we estimate 300 to 350 tons
1171
01:00:39.000 --> 01:00:40.413
are visible and accessible.
1172
01:00:41.430 --> 01:00:43.980
And this is a very qualitative number by the way.
1173
01:00:43.980 --> 01:00:45.390
So I know we're running short on time.
1174
01:00:45.390 --> 01:00:46.990
I have a couple more slides here
1175
01:00:48.060 --> 01:00:49.830
just to highlight a couple of ways
1176
01:00:49.830 --> 01:00:52.773
that we might be able to shrink that timeline.
1177
01:00:53.826 --> 01:00:56.640
And so there are some bottlenecks to how we do this work.
1178
01:00:56.640 --> 01:00:58.490
Obviously the monument is very remote
1179
01:00:59.820 --> 01:01:02.160
and it's tough to get to and it's expensive,
1180
01:01:02.160 --> 01:01:04.800
but those are not actually our biggest bottlenecks
1181
01:01:04.800 --> 01:01:06.120
in terms of how much marine debris
1182
01:01:06.120 --> 01:01:08.610
you even remove from the monument.
1183
01:01:08.610 --> 01:01:11.580
Our bottlenecks are the efficiency in locating it,
1184
01:01:11.580 --> 01:01:13.110
that is like surveying for it
1185
01:01:13.110 --> 01:01:15.660
and and detecting it underwater.
1186
01:01:15.660 --> 01:01:17.940
It is cutting marine debris into manageable pieces,
1187
01:01:17.940 --> 01:01:19.500
very time consuming process,
1188
01:01:19.500 --> 01:01:20.880
and then lifting that marine debris
1189
01:01:20.880 --> 01:01:22.380
into the small boats for transport.
1190
01:01:22.380 --> 01:01:24.480
So we see these not as problems,
1191
01:01:24.480 --> 01:01:26.790
but as opportunities for us to innovate
1192
01:01:26.790 --> 01:01:30.420
and to create new tools and new techniques
1193
01:01:30.420 --> 01:01:31.570
for making this better.
1194
01:01:32.850 --> 01:01:37.850
So some of these nets can weigh several tons each.
1195
01:01:40.410 --> 01:01:41.670
This is one on the shoreline here.
1196
01:01:41.670 --> 01:01:43.200
It might take 10 people
1197
01:01:43.200 --> 01:01:45.360
to even move this thing out of the sand
1198
01:01:45.360 --> 01:01:46.740
and get it out to the boat.
1199
01:01:46.740 --> 01:01:51.680
Some of them are simply too big to lift into the boat.
1200
01:01:51.680 --> 01:01:53.613
It's a very tough problem.
1201
01:01:54.810 --> 01:01:56.730
And so when they're too big to lift into the boat
1202
01:01:56.730 --> 01:02:01.020
or too big to move as is, then we have to cut them
1203
01:02:01.020 --> 01:02:04.410
and they're giant amorphous balls of net
1204
01:02:04.410 --> 01:02:08.700
where sometimes there's no thin spots
1205
01:02:08.700 --> 01:02:11.490
that are easy targets for cutting a bundle of net in half
1206
01:02:11.490 --> 01:02:14.100
and you just have to plow through a meter
1207
01:02:14.100 --> 01:02:17.520
or two meters of just loose bundled net,
1208
01:02:17.520 --> 01:02:19.500
which is incredibly time consuming.
1209
01:02:19.500 --> 01:02:21.510
And doing it on the shoreline is easy
1210
01:02:21.510 --> 01:02:24.139
compared to doing it in the water.
1211
01:02:24.139 --> 01:02:28.200
And here you can see a bundle of net underwater
1212
01:02:28.200 --> 01:02:30.360
with a diver, and when you have to do that same process
1213
01:02:30.360 --> 01:02:32.730
but hold your breath at the same time,
1214
01:02:32.730 --> 01:02:34.980
it's very difficult to tension these nets
1215
01:02:34.980 --> 01:02:37.740
and these net strands when you're under there cutting
1216
01:02:37.740 --> 01:02:39.960
and it's exceptionally difficult to do.
1217
01:02:39.960 --> 01:02:42.120
And so cutting these nets
1218
01:02:42.120 --> 01:02:44.790
is essentially the code we're trying to crack
1219
01:02:44.790 --> 01:02:46.980
because it would be able to enable us
1220
01:02:46.980 --> 01:02:50.190
to, when we couldn't lift a net whole into the boat,
1221
01:02:50.190 --> 01:02:52.800
we could cut it into smaller pieces more rapidly
1222
01:02:52.800 --> 01:02:54.100
and get that done quicker.
1223
01:02:55.560 --> 01:02:57.660
Oh, I guess this was a video, here you go.
1224
01:02:58.890 --> 01:03:00.813
Just underwater net cutting.
1225
01:03:02.160 --> 01:03:03.033
Very difficult.
1226
01:03:04.500 --> 01:03:05.550
And then as you can see here,
1227
01:03:05.550 --> 01:03:06.930
sometimes they're so big,
1228
01:03:06.930 --> 01:03:09.180
they're very difficult to haul into the boat.
1229
01:03:09.180 --> 01:03:12.240
And so combining innovative tools and techniques
1230
01:03:12.240 --> 01:03:14.790
to be able to cut nets quicker
1231
01:03:14.790 --> 01:03:18.000
with also some tricks up our sleeve
1232
01:03:18.000 --> 01:03:20.520
and maybe some new apparatuses and devices
1233
01:03:20.520 --> 01:03:23.400
for being able to lift large nets into the boats
1234
01:03:23.400 --> 01:03:26.400
without cutting them, we kind of have all our bases covered.
1235
01:03:31.410 --> 01:03:34.710
And so we did a little time breakdown
1236
01:03:34.710 --> 01:03:37.650
of where we spent our time on these missions this year,
1237
01:03:37.650 --> 01:03:42.650
and a lot of it was being spent on cutting and lifting,
1238
01:03:43.860 --> 01:03:45.690
well, and swimming as well to detect.
1239
01:03:45.690 --> 01:03:46.830
Those are the three big things,
1240
01:03:46.830 --> 01:03:51.030
and so if we can even make a 10% or 15% improvement
1241
01:03:51.030 --> 01:03:52.650
on the efficiency of those three things,
1242
01:03:52.650 --> 01:03:56.670
then we should be able to see a 10% to 15% improvement
1243
01:03:56.670 --> 01:03:59.523
on our yield of how much we can remove.
1244
01:04:07.410 --> 01:04:11.130
The largest net we ever found was 11 tons for a single net.
1245
01:04:11.130 --> 01:04:12.030
And to give you an example
1246
01:04:12.030 --> 01:04:14.400
of how difficult that was to remove,
1247
01:04:14.400 --> 01:04:17.730
it took us four days to cut that net into four pieces
1248
01:04:17.730 --> 01:04:20.230
that were big enough to then tow back to the ship.
1249
01:04:21.630 --> 01:04:23.830
All right, Malia, poll question number five.
1250
01:04:27.720 --> 01:04:29.320
All right, here we go.
1251
01:04:30.870 --> 01:04:32.550
This is our last question, folks.
1252
01:04:32.550 --> 01:04:34.950
So what is one of the biggest challenges
1253
01:04:34.950 --> 01:04:39.210
to marine debris removal operations in Papahānaumokuākea?
1254
01:04:39.210 --> 01:04:41.820
Is it sourcing suitable staff members,
1255
01:04:41.820 --> 01:04:45.600
accessibility to suitable reefs and shorelines,
1256
01:04:45.600 --> 01:04:47.910
cutting and lifting the marine debris,
1257
01:04:47.910 --> 01:04:50.850
or boat and ship weight carrying capacity?
1258
01:04:50.850 --> 01:04:52.140
Go ahead and vote.
1259
01:04:52.140 --> 01:04:54.540
I see 50% of you have voted.
1260
01:04:54.540 --> 01:04:59.377
I'm gonna close this poll down in three, two, and one.
1261
01:05:00.450 --> 01:05:02.880
And let's get those results to you, Kevin.
1262
01:05:02.880 --> 01:05:05.970
So whoa, a whopping 90%
1263
01:05:05.970 --> 01:05:09.093
said cutting and lifting the marine debris.
1264
01:05:10.080 --> 01:05:14.340
Good job. (Malia drowns out Kevin)
1265
01:05:14.340 --> 01:05:15.453
Good job, everybody.
1266
01:05:18.662 --> 01:05:20.610
(computer beeps)
1267
01:05:20.610 --> 01:05:25.293
Okay, so just tackling those issues, those bottlenecks,
1268
01:05:26.340 --> 01:05:29.790
we've submitted some proposals for some funding,
1269
01:05:29.790 --> 01:05:30.930
which we hope will enable us
1270
01:05:30.930 --> 01:05:32.790
to dedicate some major resources
1271
01:05:32.790 --> 01:05:35.250
to actually solving those problems,
1272
01:05:35.250 --> 01:05:36.330
because at the end of the day,
1273
01:05:36.330 --> 01:05:38.100
the techniques for removal in the monument
1274
01:05:38.100 --> 01:05:40.890
have remained unchanged since 1996.
1275
01:05:40.890 --> 01:05:42.660
And I think now that we're running the project
1276
01:05:42.660 --> 01:05:44.040
under the nonprofit
1277
01:05:44.040 --> 01:05:46.410
and year round this is all that James and I do,
1278
01:05:46.410 --> 01:05:49.170
is plan these missions and put together these teams
1279
01:05:49.170 --> 01:05:51.060
and lead these field expeditions
1280
01:05:51.060 --> 01:05:55.230
that we really wanna focus on making this better.
1281
01:05:55.230 --> 01:05:57.570
And now I think we have the capacity
1282
01:05:57.570 --> 01:06:00.510
and the ability to dedicate that time to making it happen.
1283
01:06:00.510 --> 01:06:02.070
So we'd like to work
1284
01:06:02.070 --> 01:06:04.740
on continuing to develop unmanned aerial vehicles
1285
01:06:04.740 --> 01:06:07.680
or UAVs or drones with certain sensors
1286
01:06:07.680 --> 01:06:08.640
to be able to detect
1287
01:06:08.640 --> 01:06:10.470
large floating marine debris or hotspots,
1288
01:06:10.470 --> 01:06:12.600
which we experimented with in 2018,
1289
01:06:12.600 --> 01:06:14.280
but it warrants a little more work
1290
01:06:14.280 --> 01:06:18.480
to see if it's a useful and practical tool.
1291
01:06:18.480 --> 01:06:20.190
We'd also like to propose
1292
01:06:20.190 --> 01:06:22.530
thinking about diver propulsion vehicles
1293
01:06:22.530 --> 01:06:24.750
or dive scooters to expedite swim surveys
1294
01:06:24.750 --> 01:06:26.550
to locate marine debris,
1295
01:06:26.550 --> 01:06:28.080
which if you can increase the rate
1296
01:06:28.080 --> 01:06:29.430
at which you swim across the reef,
1297
01:06:29.430 --> 01:06:31.683
you can cover more territory for a given day.
1298
01:06:32.700 --> 01:06:34.290
And then part of some of these grants
1299
01:06:34.290 --> 01:06:35.700
that we've been working on,
1300
01:06:35.700 --> 01:06:37.320
we'd like to really spend some time
1301
01:06:37.320 --> 01:06:39.720
developing new robust and innovative tools
1302
01:06:39.720 --> 01:06:43.383
to expedite the process of cutting and lifting as well.
1303
01:06:44.490 --> 01:06:45.990
So here we have detection.
1304
01:06:45.990 --> 01:06:46.833
This is our main problem here.
1305
01:06:46.833 --> 01:06:49.920
It's an image from a near-infrared sensor
1306
01:06:49.920 --> 01:06:52.800
on a drone that we flew in 2018.
1307
01:06:52.800 --> 01:06:54.180
And you can see the net there snagged
1308
01:06:54.180 --> 01:06:55.440
on the reef in the upper left.
1309
01:06:55.440 --> 01:06:56.790
So I think it warrants more work
1310
01:06:56.790 --> 01:06:58.770
to be able to see if this is a way
1311
01:06:58.770 --> 01:07:01.830
we could rapidly detect nets across a large area
1312
01:07:01.830 --> 01:07:03.183
without swimming first.
1313
01:07:04.200 --> 01:07:05.460
Cutting, here's some stuff
1314
01:07:05.460 --> 01:07:07.530
that we're starting to experiment with,
1315
01:07:07.530 --> 01:07:10.530
but that really needs a real robust experimentation
1316
01:07:10.530 --> 01:07:12.240
and R&D campaign.
1317
01:07:12.240 --> 01:07:16.560
Cable saws, large serrated bread knife type knives,
1318
01:07:16.560 --> 01:07:18.960
underwater reciprocating saws
1319
01:07:18.960 --> 01:07:22.560
with special custom attachments and all this sort of thing.
1320
01:07:22.560 --> 01:07:25.200
We can do some lab testing here at the warehouse
1321
01:07:25.200 --> 01:07:27.300
and determine, essentially
1322
01:07:27.300 --> 01:07:31.500
what tools may be really effective in being able to cut net
1323
01:07:31.500 --> 01:07:36.500
and develop specific and custom tools just for this process,
1324
01:07:39.210 --> 01:07:41.220
which I'm really excited about.
1325
01:07:41.220 --> 01:07:43.170
Same thing with lifting.
1326
01:07:43.170 --> 01:07:48.090
Working to modify our boats to be able to have some devices
1327
01:07:48.090 --> 01:07:50.400
that may increase the mechanical advantage
1328
01:07:50.400 --> 01:07:54.660
of our human muscle power through innovative techniques.
1329
01:07:54.660 --> 01:07:58.020
parbuckling techniques using cargo nets,
1330
01:07:58.020 --> 01:07:59.640
small electric winches
1331
01:07:59.640 --> 01:08:02.280
that can run off the battery on the boat,
1332
01:08:02.280 --> 01:08:05.430
and then also working to develop new vessels entirely
1333
01:08:05.430 --> 01:08:07.140
that may be custom made,
1334
01:08:07.140 --> 01:08:09.810
like this just stock picture of a landing craft here
1335
01:08:09.810 --> 01:08:14.670
that maybe we can modify to have custom design features
1336
01:08:14.670 --> 01:08:17.970
that will really enable the largest of the large nets
1337
01:08:17.970 --> 01:08:22.970
to be dragged up into a landing craft type apparatus.
1338
01:08:23.130 --> 01:08:24.150
And so these are all things
1339
01:08:24.150 --> 01:08:25.710
we're really hoping to be working on
1340
01:08:25.710 --> 01:08:27.810
for the next couple years to boost our efficiency
1341
01:08:27.810 --> 01:08:29.793
and shorten our catch up timeline.
1342
01:08:30.900 --> 01:08:32.040
So thank you, everyone.
1343
01:08:32.040 --> 01:08:33.660
Obviously, how you can help.
1344
01:08:33.660 --> 01:08:35.060
You can join our field team.
1345
01:08:36.330 --> 01:08:39.150
We're putting together next year's team already.
1346
01:08:39.150 --> 01:08:40.890
We'll be putting out the recruitment for the team
1347
01:08:40.890 --> 01:08:44.010
in March and April, and that'll be a six month gig
1348
01:08:44.010 --> 01:08:46.260
where we give two months of training
1349
01:08:46.260 --> 01:08:49.680
and then two 30-day field missions next summer
1350
01:08:49.680 --> 01:08:51.153
in July and September.
1351
01:08:52.380 --> 01:08:54.150
Support PMDP by spreading awareness
1352
01:08:54.150 --> 01:08:56.130
about Papahānaumokuākea in general.
1353
01:08:56.130 --> 01:08:57.810
And really like to say thank you
1354
01:08:57.810 --> 01:09:00.090
to the Mokupāpapa Discovery Center
1355
01:09:00.090 --> 01:09:01.770
because I think letting the public know
1356
01:09:01.770 --> 01:09:03.900
about this incredibly special place
1357
01:09:03.900 --> 01:09:05.650
is the first step in protecting it.
1358
01:09:07.740 --> 01:09:09.400
You can follow us on our website and social media.
1359
01:09:09.400 --> 01:09:11.730
If you scan that QR code to the left,
1360
01:09:11.730 --> 01:09:13.740
it should take you to our website.
1361
01:09:13.740 --> 01:09:17.340
And we're really hoping to build a grassroots community
1362
01:09:17.340 --> 01:09:19.620
of people who are now able to contribute
1363
01:09:19.620 --> 01:09:23.100
to conservation work in Papahānaumokuākea
1364
01:09:23.100 --> 01:09:25.380
and be able to really build that movement
1365
01:09:25.380 --> 01:09:27.480
of people who feel vested in the place.
1366
01:09:27.480 --> 01:09:30.120
I think that's really important as well.
1367
01:09:30.120 --> 01:09:32.430
We couldn't do this of course, on our own,
1368
01:09:32.430 --> 01:09:33.690
without our major partners.
1369
01:09:33.690 --> 01:09:37.080
So many thanks to all the entities and humans
1370
01:09:37.080 --> 01:09:38.223
listed to the right.
1371
01:09:39.420 --> 01:09:41.220
You have made all of this work possible
1372
01:09:41.220 --> 01:09:44.160
over the last couple years since we started the nonprofit,
1373
01:09:44.160 --> 01:09:48.840
and you have continued to make the future brighter
1374
01:09:48.840 --> 01:09:52.078
for a sustainable and long term
1375
01:09:52.078 --> 01:09:54.870
marine debris removal program in the monument.
1376
01:09:54.870 --> 01:09:57.270
So thank you very much, everyone.
1377
01:09:57.270 --> 01:10:00.270
Feel free to email us at any time if you have questions
1378
01:10:00.270 --> 01:10:01.260
or you can put 'em in the chat.
1379
01:10:01.260 --> 01:10:04.170
And I'm sorry we ran over time a little bit,
1380
01:10:04.170 --> 01:10:07.590
but we're happy to answer any questions anyone has,
1381
01:10:07.590 --> 01:10:10.020
even if it means staying on a little bit longer.
1382
01:10:10.020 --> 01:10:11.133
So thank you so much.
1383
01:10:13.830 --> 01:10:15.990
Wow. Really, really informative talk.
1384
01:10:15.990 --> 01:10:18.150
You guys do such incredible work.
1385
01:10:18.150 --> 01:10:20.193
Thank you, James and Kevin.
1386
01:10:21.630 --> 01:10:23.010
All of the questions,
1387
01:10:23.010 --> 01:10:25.200
you answered some of the questions that were posted
1388
01:10:25.200 --> 01:10:26.610
with your later slides.
1389
01:10:26.610 --> 01:10:28.800
So we will aggregate the questions
1390
01:10:28.800 --> 01:10:31.924
and send them over to James and Kevin
1391
01:10:31.924 --> 01:10:34.770
and then they can answer 'em and we'll get 'em back out
1392
01:10:34.770 --> 01:10:36.540
to everybody that's registered.
1393
01:10:36.540 --> 01:10:38.790
So we're quite a bit over time,
1394
01:10:38.790 --> 01:10:43.320
so respecting everybody's time we're gonna wrap it up
1395
01:10:43.320 --> 01:10:45.300
with a few closing slides.
1396
01:10:45.300 --> 01:10:48.120
But thank you again, guys, for your time
1397
01:10:48.120 --> 01:10:50.970
and the awesome work that you do.
1398
01:10:50.970 --> 01:10:52.680
The wildlife, if they could speak,
1399
01:10:52.680 --> 01:10:55.530
would certainly thank you for everything
1400
01:10:55.530 --> 01:10:57.450
and all the creative energy.
1401
01:10:57.450 --> 01:11:00.750
I mean these two guys, there's the brute force part of it,
1402
01:11:00.750 --> 01:11:03.330
but there's an incredible creative energy
1403
01:11:03.330 --> 01:11:06.600
with their team over there from everything,
1404
01:11:06.600 --> 01:11:08.160
from multimedia production
1405
01:11:08.160 --> 01:11:10.620
to bringing this information to people,
1406
01:11:10.620 --> 01:11:13.080
to these cool new tools they're developing,
1407
01:11:13.080 --> 01:11:16.800
to working with many partners to get this all done.
1408
01:11:16.800 --> 01:11:21.420
So it takes an army and we appreciate all your efforts.
1409
01:11:21.420 --> 01:11:23.970
So I'm just gonna close it out with a few slides here.
1410
01:11:23.970 --> 01:11:28.970
Thanks again for being with us.
1411
01:11:29.580 --> 01:11:32.763
Let change my presenter here to myself.
1412
01:11:36.540 --> 01:11:37.373
Yeah. Okay.
1413
01:11:37.373 --> 01:11:41.820
So please, this webinar has been recorded
1414
01:11:41.820 --> 01:11:44.691
and we will post the archive to the website
1415
01:11:44.691 --> 01:11:46.080
so that you can see there.
1416
01:11:46.080 --> 01:11:48.300
And you'll also, if you register, will get an email
1417
01:11:48.300 --> 01:11:50.670
when it's ready and it'll be captioned.
1418
01:11:50.670 --> 01:11:54.750
So it takes us about 10 days or so to get that up there
1419
01:11:54.750 --> 01:11:57.210
but you'll receive a link for that.
1420
01:11:57.210 --> 01:11:59.370
You'll also get a certificate of attendance
1421
01:11:59.370 --> 01:12:03.750
for one hour professional development for this workshop
1422
01:12:03.750 --> 01:12:06.360
and that's useful if you're a teacher or other things
1423
01:12:06.360 --> 01:12:08.613
if you wanna put that in your file.
1424
01:12:09.570 --> 01:12:10.800
Upcoming webinars.
1425
01:12:10.800 --> 01:12:11.633
So I'm not sure
1426
01:12:11.633 --> 01:12:13.890
if we will have Papahānaumokuākea Lab webinar
1427
01:12:13.890 --> 01:12:15.690
in December, but there's a cool one
1428
01:12:15.690 --> 01:12:19.440
on the Art around the USS Monitor,
1429
01:12:19.440 --> 01:12:22.470
the first National Marine Sanctuary in the system.
1430
01:12:22.470 --> 01:12:25.470
So you can go to sanctuaries webinars
1431
01:12:25.470 --> 01:12:28.050
and you can register for that.
1432
01:12:28.050 --> 01:12:31.920
And also our work with Ocean Exploration Trust
1433
01:12:31.920 --> 01:12:34.050
and the E/V Nautilus,
1434
01:12:34.050 --> 01:12:37.200
they're gonna be having some expeditions next year.
1435
01:12:37.200 --> 01:12:38.850
We're finished up for the season,
1436
01:12:38.850 --> 01:12:43.020
but take a close look at their website for next year
1437
01:12:43.020 --> 01:12:46.770
and if you're a teacher,
1438
01:12:46.770 --> 01:12:49.590
you can register for ship to shore interactions
1439
01:12:49.590 --> 01:12:52.290
or if you're a student and wanna go out in the Nautilus,
1440
01:12:52.290 --> 01:12:53.400
you can also register
1441
01:12:53.400 --> 01:12:55.740
for some of the really cool internships
1442
01:12:55.740 --> 01:12:58.590
that they have available on their site.
1443
01:12:58.590 --> 01:13:00.690
And please do fill out the survey.
1444
01:13:00.690 --> 01:13:04.350
We wanna know what else you might wanna hear from us about
1445
01:13:04.350 --> 01:13:08.335
and how we did and how you might use this information
1446
01:13:08.335 --> 01:13:11.010
with your friends, family, and classroom.
1447
01:13:11.010 --> 01:13:13.830
And again, thank you for joining us and sticking around.
1448
01:13:13.830 --> 01:13:15.990
Have a wonderful holiday season.
1449
01:13:15.990 --> 01:13:20.674
Happy Thanksgiving everybody, and we'll see you next time.
1450
01:13:20.674 --> 01:13:24.091
(Andy speaks in Hawaian)