WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.120 --> 00:00:01.350 [Shannon Ricles] All right, hi everyone. 2 00:00:01.350 --> 00:00:02.640 Thank you for joining us today 3 00:00:02.640 --> 00:00:03.570 for our webinar 4 00:00:03.570 --> 00:00:06.120 featuring The Historic Cemetery Landscape 5 00:00:06.120 --> 00:00:08.610 of the North Carolina Coast. 6 00:00:08.610 --> 00:00:09.630 I'm Shannon Ricles. 7 00:00:09.630 --> 00:00:11.010 I'm going be your host today. 8 00:00:11.010 --> 00:00:13.200 I'm the Education and Outreach Coordinator 9 00:00:13.200 --> 00:00:16.593 for Monitor and Mallows Bay National Marine Sanctuaries. 10 00:00:18.810 --> 00:00:20.160 This webinar is brought to you by 11 00:00:20.160 --> 00:00:22.500 NOAA's Monitor National Marine Sanctuary 12 00:00:22.500 --> 00:00:24.150 in collaboration with 13 00:00:24.150 --> 00:00:26.913 the North Carolina Office of State Archeology. 14 00:00:28.920 --> 00:00:30.810 Partnering since 1975, 15 00:00:30.810 --> 00:00:32.790 NOAA and the state of North Carolina 16 00:00:32.790 --> 00:00:34.500 work to research, honor, 17 00:00:34.500 --> 00:00:36.930 and protect the hallmarks of North Carolina's 18 00:00:36.930 --> 00:00:38.760 underwater cultural resources, 19 00:00:38.760 --> 00:00:40.170 which are shipwrecks. 20 00:00:40.170 --> 00:00:42.870 These shipwrecks hold information about the ever-changing 21 00:00:42.870 --> 00:00:45.990 technologies and cultural and physical landscapes. 22 00:00:45.990 --> 00:00:49.410 They serve as a uniquely accessible underwater museum 23 00:00:49.410 --> 00:00:51.210 and a memorial to generations 24 00:00:51.210 --> 00:00:52.410 of mariners who lived, 25 00:00:52.410 --> 00:00:53.520 died, and fought 26 00:00:53.520 --> 00:00:55.320 and worked off our shores. 27 00:00:55.320 --> 00:00:57.630 Now, this is one of the many webinars we have hosted 28 00:00:57.630 --> 00:00:58.463 and will host 29 00:00:58.463 --> 00:00:59.970 in the future, 30 00:00:59.970 --> 00:01:02.070 for the "Submerged North Carolina Webinar Series." 31 00:01:02.070 --> 00:01:04.520 And we hope that you can join us for future ones. 32 00:01:07.200 --> 00:01:09.780 Now, Monitor is just one of 15 33 00:01:09.780 --> 00:01:11.010 national marine sanctuaries 34 00:01:11.010 --> 00:01:12.660 and two marine national monuments 35 00:01:12.660 --> 00:01:14.910 in the National Marine Sanctuary System. 36 00:01:14.910 --> 00:01:18.570 The system encompasses more than 620,000 square miles 37 00:01:18.570 --> 00:01:20.460 of marine and Great Lakes waters 38 00:01:20.460 --> 00:01:21.660 from Washington state 39 00:01:21.660 --> 00:01:22.860 to the Florida Keys, 40 00:01:22.860 --> 00:01:25.650 and from Lake Huron to American Samoa. 41 00:01:25.650 --> 00:01:26.970 Now, during the presentation, 42 00:01:26.970 --> 00:01:29.880 all attendees will be in listen-only mode. 43 00:01:29.880 --> 00:01:31.530 You are welcome to type questions 44 00:01:31.530 --> 00:01:32.490 for the presenter 45 00:01:32.490 --> 00:01:33.720 into the question box 46 00:01:33.720 --> 00:01:34.553 at the bottom 47 00:01:34.553 --> 00:01:35.610 of the control panel 48 00:01:35.610 --> 00:01:37.980 on the right-hand side of your screen. 49 00:01:37.980 --> 00:01:39.150 Now, this is also the area 50 00:01:39.150 --> 00:01:41.280 that you can let us know about any technical issues 51 00:01:41.280 --> 00:01:42.540 that you might be having, 52 00:01:42.540 --> 00:01:44.130 that we can help with. 53 00:01:44.130 --> 00:01:45.150 We'll be monitoring 54 00:01:45.150 --> 00:01:47.100 the incoming questions and technical issues, 55 00:01:47.100 --> 00:01:49.560 and we'll respond just as soon as we can. 56 00:01:49.560 --> 00:01:51.120 We are recording this session 57 00:01:51.120 --> 00:01:54.240 and we'll share the recording with registered participants 58 00:01:54.240 --> 00:01:55.980 via the Webinar Archive page, 59 00:01:55.980 --> 00:01:57.720 and a URL for that webpage 60 00:01:57.720 --> 00:02:00.360 will be provided at the end of the presentation. 61 00:02:00.360 --> 00:02:01.680 So, without further ado, 62 00:02:01.680 --> 00:02:04.080 I'd like to welcome Melissa Timo, 63 00:02:04.080 --> 00:02:05.850 a historic cemetery specialist 64 00:02:05.850 --> 00:02:08.490 with the North Carolina Office of State Archeology. 65 00:02:08.490 --> 00:02:10.620 And Melissa, I'm now gonna change presenters 66 00:02:10.620 --> 00:02:12.003 and turn it over to you. 67 00:02:13.470 --> 00:02:14.973 [Melissa Timo] Thank you very much. 68 00:02:19.577 --> 00:02:20.910 And change this. 69 00:02:23.130 --> 00:02:25.290 All right, thank you very much for having me. 70 00:02:25.290 --> 00:02:27.720 Thank you very much for attending today. 71 00:02:27.720 --> 00:02:28.830 We are going to be 72 00:02:28.830 --> 00:02:31.200 getting our feet slightly out of the water 73 00:02:31.200 --> 00:02:34.770 and talking about my strange little niche of archeology 74 00:02:34.770 --> 00:02:36.690 and that's historic cemeteries. 75 00:02:36.690 --> 00:02:38.730 And then, historic cemeteries, 76 00:02:38.730 --> 00:02:40.800 I'm talking about 77 00:02:40.800 --> 00:02:42.960 the time period between 78 00:02:42.960 --> 00:02:44.580 the 18th century 79 00:02:44.580 --> 00:02:48.270 and the beginning of the 20th century. 80 00:02:48.270 --> 00:02:49.860 And we are going to 81 00:02:49.860 --> 00:02:50.940 sort of take a road trip 82 00:02:50.940 --> 00:02:52.170 up and down the coast 83 00:02:52.170 --> 00:02:54.690 to see the different trends and landscapes 84 00:02:54.690 --> 00:02:57.030 of North Carolina's historic cemeteries. 85 00:02:57.030 --> 00:02:59.100 What did they look like in North Carolina? 86 00:02:59.100 --> 00:03:02.010 And some of the concerns we're facing with cemeteries 87 00:03:02.010 --> 00:03:03.600 in this sort of 88 00:03:03.600 --> 00:03:06.603 environmentally sensitive part of the state. 89 00:03:07.500 --> 00:03:10.410 So we're gonna start out with sort of the early days, 90 00:03:10.410 --> 00:03:13.140 and so what do we see in the oldest of the 91 00:03:13.140 --> 00:03:16.590 sort of post-contact European-American, 92 00:03:16.590 --> 00:03:19.770 European cemeteries in North Carolina? 93 00:03:19.770 --> 00:03:22.200 And one really great example is, 94 00:03:22.200 --> 00:03:25.230 here in Edenton, North Carolina. 95 00:03:25.230 --> 00:03:26.063 You can see, 96 00:03:26.063 --> 00:03:26.970 I will include maps 97 00:03:26.970 --> 00:03:28.200 where a lot of these places are, 98 00:03:28.200 --> 00:03:29.400 if you're not from North Carolina, 99 00:03:29.400 --> 00:03:30.540 you aren't really sure 100 00:03:30.540 --> 00:03:32.220 where these are. 101 00:03:32.220 --> 00:03:36.060 St. Paul's is a fantastic church 102 00:03:36.060 --> 00:03:40.470 and churchyard in downtown Edenton, 103 00:03:40.470 --> 00:03:42.300 established at the beginning of the, 104 00:03:42.300 --> 00:03:43.620 beginning of the 18th century. 105 00:03:43.620 --> 00:03:44.550 And we do see 106 00:03:44.550 --> 00:03:47.440 a lot of the same sort of 107 00:03:48.600 --> 00:03:50.370 types and motifs 108 00:03:50.370 --> 00:03:51.680 that we might see 109 00:03:51.680 --> 00:03:54.210 in other cemeteries of the same time period, 110 00:03:54.210 --> 00:03:55.980 from places that you may 111 00:03:55.980 --> 00:03:58.110 more readily recognize them from. 112 00:03:58.110 --> 00:04:00.150 Places like Boston or Philadelphia, 113 00:04:00.150 --> 00:04:02.820 where these high-style trends 114 00:04:02.820 --> 00:04:04.740 that evolved over time. 115 00:04:04.740 --> 00:04:06.750 We see, especially if you go to 116 00:04:06.750 --> 00:04:08.580 some of the great cemeteries in Boston, 117 00:04:08.580 --> 00:04:09.630 this is really a great, 118 00:04:09.630 --> 00:04:11.040 easy place to see 119 00:04:11.040 --> 00:04:14.820 the evolution and is really readily studied, 120 00:04:14.820 --> 00:04:16.710 and it sort of goes from the sort of 121 00:04:16.710 --> 00:04:18.660 skull and crossbones 122 00:04:18.660 --> 00:04:20.880 to a cherub's head, 123 00:04:20.880 --> 00:04:22.320 to the urn and willow. 124 00:04:22.320 --> 00:04:23.190 And these are 125 00:04:23.190 --> 00:04:25.860 motifs that are reflecting the cultural 126 00:04:25.860 --> 00:04:27.270 beliefs at the time, 127 00:04:27.270 --> 00:04:28.890 from the hard reality 128 00:04:28.890 --> 00:04:30.510 of life and death, 129 00:04:30.510 --> 00:04:34.380 from the earliest colonization period 130 00:04:34.380 --> 00:04:36.360 to the age of enlightenment 131 00:04:36.360 --> 00:04:37.480 and the softening 132 00:04:38.331 --> 00:04:39.720 of the idea of 133 00:04:39.720 --> 00:04:41.850 life and religion and death, 134 00:04:41.850 --> 00:04:43.470 to all the way to 135 00:04:43.470 --> 00:04:48.470 the Victoriana, heavily-invested black mourning, 136 00:04:48.840 --> 00:04:50.500 lots of really 137 00:04:52.518 --> 00:04:56.340 unflexible traditions that are associated with 138 00:04:56.340 --> 00:05:00.000 death and survivors of those who've passed away. 139 00:05:00.000 --> 00:05:04.110 And may or may not be surprising that we do see these 140 00:05:04.110 --> 00:05:05.640 down in North Carolina as well, 141 00:05:05.640 --> 00:05:07.380 especially on our coast. 142 00:05:07.380 --> 00:05:10.500 So you can see on the right we have both the cherub, 143 00:05:10.500 --> 00:05:12.330 as well as the urn and willow 144 00:05:12.330 --> 00:05:15.270 as we move into the early 19th century. 145 00:05:15.270 --> 00:05:16.260 But we also, 146 00:05:16.260 --> 00:05:19.083 at these coastal towns, 147 00:05:19.920 --> 00:05:22.050 see some of the oldest families 148 00:05:22.050 --> 00:05:23.550 and the established wealth. 149 00:05:23.550 --> 00:05:28.170 And we also see beautiful, really ornate 150 00:05:28.170 --> 00:05:30.990 Victorian era headstones like this one 151 00:05:30.990 --> 00:05:33.813 in a B. Cox, B.P. Cox, 152 00:05:35.250 --> 00:05:36.513 with all of its, 153 00:05:37.890 --> 00:05:42.480 there's this tradition in Victorian era of floriography, 154 00:05:42.480 --> 00:05:43.470 which is the study, 155 00:05:43.470 --> 00:05:44.850 the language of flowers. 156 00:05:44.850 --> 00:05:48.900 Every flower, every symbol has a meaning. 157 00:05:48.900 --> 00:05:50.130 And you can 158 00:05:50.130 --> 00:05:53.250 spell out all kinds of wonderful sentiments 159 00:05:53.250 --> 00:05:55.380 or cast all kinds of insults 160 00:05:55.380 --> 00:05:57.600 just by the type of flowers that you use. 161 00:05:57.600 --> 00:05:59.130 And we see this 162 00:05:59.130 --> 00:06:02.070 very floral, very elaborate tradition continued 163 00:06:02.070 --> 00:06:04.020 in our coastal cemeteries. 164 00:06:04.020 --> 00:06:05.880 For example, you can see this one is 165 00:06:05.880 --> 00:06:08.670 very large, it's taller than I am, 166 00:06:08.670 --> 00:06:10.740 and it is, 167 00:06:10.740 --> 00:06:12.570 got all kinds of flowers 168 00:06:12.570 --> 00:06:13.403 and an urn 169 00:06:13.403 --> 00:06:14.640 that used to sit at the top 170 00:06:14.640 --> 00:06:17.370 that you can see in the right-hand picture. 171 00:06:17.370 --> 00:06:19.740 Interesting to note though, 172 00:06:19.740 --> 00:06:22.740 Ann's headstone, the epitaph, 173 00:06:22.740 --> 00:06:25.200 has almost nothing to do with her. 174 00:06:25.200 --> 00:06:27.840 Most of the writing is talking about her grandfather 175 00:06:27.840 --> 00:06:29.490 who was Colonel Edward Buncombe, 176 00:06:29.490 --> 00:06:32.310 who was a Revolutionary War soldier. 177 00:06:32.310 --> 00:06:34.380 And what Buncombe County, 178 00:06:34.380 --> 00:06:36.360 where Asheville is, 179 00:06:36.360 --> 00:06:37.350 was named after. 180 00:06:37.350 --> 00:06:39.420 So her entire 181 00:06:39.420 --> 00:06:42.780 headstone is about her grandfather, 182 00:06:42.780 --> 00:06:44.700 but it does note that she was a wife 183 00:06:44.700 --> 00:06:47.910 most kind, affectionate and confiding. 184 00:06:47.910 --> 00:06:51.630 So that comes with the territory for 185 00:06:51.630 --> 00:06:55.020 women in the earliest time periods, 186 00:06:55.020 --> 00:06:57.210 it was a reflection of the men in their lives. 187 00:06:57.210 --> 00:07:00.840 And so, it's interesting because we can learn about 188 00:07:00.840 --> 00:07:01.950 their family structures 189 00:07:01.950 --> 00:07:03.300 and who they're related to. 190 00:07:03.300 --> 00:07:05.070 But again, the women, 191 00:07:05.070 --> 00:07:08.250 children, minority communities 192 00:07:08.250 --> 00:07:10.380 have less details about themselves, 193 00:07:10.380 --> 00:07:11.610 which makes the research 194 00:07:11.610 --> 00:07:12.900 and the community outreach 195 00:07:12.900 --> 00:07:14.880 all that more important when using 196 00:07:14.880 --> 00:07:15.930 cemeteries like this 197 00:07:15.930 --> 00:07:17.613 for genealogical purposes. 198 00:07:18.750 --> 00:07:20.310 And again, like I said, 199 00:07:20.310 --> 00:07:21.750 seeing these trends 200 00:07:21.750 --> 00:07:23.190 does not necessarily, 201 00:07:23.190 --> 00:07:24.550 should not necessarily be 202 00:07:25.710 --> 00:07:27.930 surprising along the coast because 203 00:07:27.930 --> 00:07:28.980 we do see 204 00:07:28.980 --> 00:07:31.530 the settlement reflecting, 205 00:07:31.530 --> 00:07:35.280 the period of settlement along the coast reflecting 206 00:07:35.280 --> 00:07:37.320 the same period up 207 00:07:37.320 --> 00:07:41.010 in the northeastern part of the country. 208 00:07:41.010 --> 00:07:43.470 So all of these things would be 209 00:07:43.470 --> 00:07:45.450 coming in from other places, 210 00:07:45.450 --> 00:07:49.470 and we can see how they might be influenced. 211 00:07:49.470 --> 00:07:51.510 However, this changes over time 212 00:07:51.510 --> 00:07:54.420 as North Carolina stretches out 213 00:07:54.420 --> 00:07:56.730 towards the mountains 214 00:07:56.730 --> 00:07:59.520 and developed its own identity 215 00:07:59.520 --> 00:08:02.700 and starts tapping into its own resources. 216 00:08:02.700 --> 00:08:04.230 Another thing we see 217 00:08:04.230 --> 00:08:05.940 along the coast that we don't see 218 00:08:05.940 --> 00:08:10.440 in places like Boston or New York or Philadelphia 219 00:08:10.440 --> 00:08:12.750 are the landscape differences. 220 00:08:12.750 --> 00:08:15.900 And, of course, we have the beautiful live oak trees 221 00:08:15.900 --> 00:08:17.320 and wild plants 222 00:08:18.180 --> 00:08:19.530 that are native to 223 00:08:19.530 --> 00:08:22.260 the coastal North Carolina. 224 00:08:22.260 --> 00:08:24.840 And these really affect both the way they feel, 225 00:08:24.840 --> 00:08:27.930 the way people treat these cemeteries 226 00:08:27.930 --> 00:08:30.810 and as well as how they survive over time. 227 00:08:30.810 --> 00:08:32.850 And we'll talk a little bit about that 228 00:08:32.850 --> 00:08:34.920 later on in the presentation. 229 00:08:34.920 --> 00:08:36.540 But this is a really great example, 230 00:08:36.540 --> 00:08:38.550 the Old Burying Ground in Beaufort, North Carolina, 231 00:08:38.550 --> 00:08:41.430 down further on the coast, 232 00:08:41.430 --> 00:08:44.790 sort of central coast of North Carolina. 233 00:08:44.790 --> 00:08:46.710 This is also an older cemetery, 234 00:08:46.710 --> 00:08:47.973 but this cemetery, 235 00:08:49.260 --> 00:08:51.060 there is a gap between 236 00:08:51.060 --> 00:08:52.620 the oldest headstones 237 00:08:52.620 --> 00:08:55.020 and when it was first established. 238 00:08:55.020 --> 00:08:56.700 There's a whole section where we 239 00:08:56.700 --> 00:08:59.040 believe that the earliest 240 00:08:59.040 --> 00:09:01.290 burials were interred. 241 00:09:01.290 --> 00:09:03.030 However, they don't have markers, 242 00:09:03.030 --> 00:09:04.080 and that's not surprising 243 00:09:04.080 --> 00:09:06.960 'cause a lot of older markers may not have survived, 244 00:09:06.960 --> 00:09:09.360 or they may have been made of perishable materials 245 00:09:09.360 --> 00:09:12.150 like wood, that would've eroded in the 246 00:09:12.150 --> 00:09:16.290 environment of the coastal climates. 247 00:09:16.290 --> 00:09:18.047 But it is a beautiful cemetery. 248 00:09:18.047 --> 00:09:20.040 It has lots of great examples, 249 00:09:20.040 --> 00:09:22.350 has that very southern gothic feel 250 00:09:22.350 --> 00:09:23.460 and it is definitely 251 00:09:23.460 --> 00:09:27.150 a place worth visiting. 252 00:09:27.150 --> 00:09:28.530 We do see it a 253 00:09:28.530 --> 00:09:30.330 range of stone types, 254 00:09:30.330 --> 00:09:32.940 headstone types and styles, 255 00:09:32.940 --> 00:09:34.450 including these great 256 00:09:35.640 --> 00:09:37.920 sort of grave houses that I'll talk about in a minute, 257 00:09:37.920 --> 00:09:39.570 as well as a lot of this 258 00:09:39.570 --> 00:09:42.273 decorative curbing to outline the graves. 259 00:09:43.620 --> 00:09:47.310 We also have a lot of great stories in this cemetery, 260 00:09:47.310 --> 00:09:51.780 everything from sailors and merchants. 261 00:09:51.780 --> 00:09:53.700 Otway Burns was a 262 00:09:53.700 --> 00:09:56.070 war of 1812 263 00:09:56.070 --> 00:09:58.080 hero and you can see his 264 00:09:58.080 --> 00:10:00.930 grave definitely screams soldier. 265 00:10:00.930 --> 00:10:03.540 There's even stories about, 266 00:10:03.540 --> 00:10:05.320 say, children that have passed away 267 00:10:06.240 --> 00:10:08.190 on ocean voyages. 268 00:10:08.190 --> 00:10:10.080 There's a famous story of a little girl 269 00:10:10.080 --> 00:10:11.280 who passed away 270 00:10:11.280 --> 00:10:14.730 and her father promised to return her remains home 271 00:10:14.730 --> 00:10:16.800 and he put her in a barrel of rum, 272 00:10:16.800 --> 00:10:18.060 so the story goes, 273 00:10:18.060 --> 00:10:20.250 in order that she would be able to be 274 00:10:20.250 --> 00:10:21.990 re-interred in Beaufort. 275 00:10:21.990 --> 00:10:25.470 And so, there are lots of great reflections 276 00:10:25.470 --> 00:10:27.300 of the maritime heritage, 277 00:10:27.300 --> 00:10:31.890 the coastal trade and navigation 278 00:10:31.890 --> 00:10:33.240 of the waters 279 00:10:33.240 --> 00:10:35.010 along North Carolina's coast, 280 00:10:35.010 --> 00:10:37.443 reflected within the cemetery itself. 281 00:10:39.360 --> 00:10:40.260 As we move 282 00:10:40.260 --> 00:10:42.840 sort of away from the urban centers and into 283 00:10:42.840 --> 00:10:44.460 sort of the 284 00:10:44.460 --> 00:10:48.150 rural areas where plantations developed, 285 00:10:48.150 --> 00:10:49.440 we do see, 286 00:10:49.440 --> 00:10:51.840 again, some of these high-style 287 00:10:51.840 --> 00:10:54.900 markers that we might see in other big cities 288 00:10:54.900 --> 00:10:56.970 because these are associated, 289 00:10:56.970 --> 00:10:58.890 commonly associated, with those who 290 00:10:58.890 --> 00:11:00.390 owned the plantation. 291 00:11:00.390 --> 00:11:04.260 So, they have a high level of wealth. 292 00:11:04.260 --> 00:11:07.200 This one in particular is associated, 293 00:11:07.200 --> 00:11:09.840 you can find it within Pettigrew State Park 294 00:11:09.840 --> 00:11:11.580 near Lake Phelps, 295 00:11:11.580 --> 00:11:12.990 there you can see. 296 00:11:12.990 --> 00:11:13.920 And it has 297 00:11:13.920 --> 00:11:15.180 a lot of 298 00:11:15.180 --> 00:11:17.220 beautiful, very expensive, 299 00:11:17.220 --> 00:11:20.580 probably imported from other parts, markers. 300 00:11:20.580 --> 00:11:22.590 However, it is noted that 301 00:11:22.590 --> 00:11:25.500 not all of the interments 302 00:11:25.500 --> 00:11:26.640 in this cemetery 303 00:11:26.640 --> 00:11:27.720 are marked with a grave. 304 00:11:27.720 --> 00:11:29.550 And this is not because 305 00:11:29.550 --> 00:11:31.680 they were had temporary markers 306 00:11:31.680 --> 00:11:33.960 or impermanent markers. 307 00:11:33.960 --> 00:11:36.060 The stories, the research, shows 308 00:11:36.060 --> 00:11:38.940 that these burials come from the most recent time period, 309 00:11:38.940 --> 00:11:40.680 into the late 19th century. 310 00:11:40.680 --> 00:11:43.020 And this is a period where the family, 311 00:11:43.020 --> 00:11:43.980 after the Civil War, 312 00:11:43.980 --> 00:11:45.330 did not have 313 00:11:45.330 --> 00:11:48.300 the wealth level as they did before the Civil War. 314 00:11:48.300 --> 00:11:49.770 And so, those people 315 00:11:49.770 --> 00:11:51.360 did not receive a marker 316 00:11:51.360 --> 00:11:53.460 because there wasn't the financial means 317 00:11:53.460 --> 00:11:55.260 to purchase one. 318 00:11:55.260 --> 00:11:58.110 Another thing that's very interesting about 319 00:11:58.110 --> 00:12:00.990 this cemetery, and it's tied to the landscape, 320 00:12:00.990 --> 00:12:03.300 is the fact that it is close to water. 321 00:12:03.300 --> 00:12:05.220 And so, this is 322 00:12:05.220 --> 00:12:08.610 an artificially-raised cemetery 323 00:12:08.610 --> 00:12:11.250 with a retaining wall around 324 00:12:11.250 --> 00:12:12.900 the entire perimeter, 325 00:12:12.900 --> 00:12:14.380 to keep it above sort of 326 00:12:15.732 --> 00:12:17.670 the water table and the flood zone 327 00:12:17.670 --> 00:12:19.260 of that area. 328 00:12:19.260 --> 00:12:21.000 And this is 329 00:12:21.000 --> 00:12:23.940 one thing that I like to talk to people about, 330 00:12:23.940 --> 00:12:27.000 the tie of 331 00:12:27.000 --> 00:12:29.907 a cemetery as being more than a place 332 00:12:29.907 --> 00:12:31.500 and more than a landscape. 333 00:12:31.500 --> 00:12:32.370 It's sort of both. 334 00:12:32.370 --> 00:12:35.130 It's this cultural 335 00:12:35.130 --> 00:12:37.210 landscape in which 336 00:12:38.940 --> 00:12:42.390 it's just a patch of grass and yet it is not. 337 00:12:42.390 --> 00:12:43.800 It's not just a site, 338 00:12:43.800 --> 00:12:45.330 it's not just an archeology site, 339 00:12:45.330 --> 00:12:46.770 it's not just a shipwreck, 340 00:12:46.770 --> 00:12:49.500 it's also the receptacle for human remains. 341 00:12:49.500 --> 00:12:53.430 So, cemetery landscapes are felt. 342 00:12:53.430 --> 00:12:55.530 People feel much differently about them 343 00:12:55.530 --> 00:12:57.150 than, say, even the 344 00:12:57.150 --> 00:12:59.880 yard of someone's ancestral home, 345 00:12:59.880 --> 00:13:02.190 because there is so much more meaning 346 00:13:02.190 --> 00:13:05.817 and symbolism attributed to these places. 347 00:13:05.817 --> 00:13:08.250 And so, it's important as we think about, 348 00:13:08.250 --> 00:13:10.410 especially long-term management 349 00:13:10.410 --> 00:13:12.360 of these historic cemeteries, 350 00:13:12.360 --> 00:13:14.880 that we take into account the entire landscape. 351 00:13:14.880 --> 00:13:16.290 And that entire landscape 352 00:13:16.290 --> 00:13:18.060 does include the natural elements, 353 00:13:18.060 --> 00:13:18.930 and along the coast, 354 00:13:18.930 --> 00:13:20.940 that's the water in the plants. 355 00:13:20.940 --> 00:13:21.840 And we'll talk more, 356 00:13:21.840 --> 00:13:23.640 we'll see more examples of why this is, 357 00:13:23.640 --> 00:13:26.880 additionally important later on in the presentation. 358 00:13:26.880 --> 00:13:28.080 Another thing that we see 359 00:13:28.080 --> 00:13:29.070 along the coast, 360 00:13:29.070 --> 00:13:29.903 in some areas, 361 00:13:29.903 --> 00:13:30.736 are these things 362 00:13:30.736 --> 00:13:31.890 called grave houses 363 00:13:31.890 --> 00:13:33.270 or grave shelters. 364 00:13:33.270 --> 00:13:34.390 Now, this is a 365 00:13:35.400 --> 00:13:37.890 structure constructed over a grave 366 00:13:37.890 --> 00:13:39.240 that we often 367 00:13:39.240 --> 00:13:41.310 find attributed to 368 00:13:41.310 --> 00:13:43.290 sort of the mountainous part of the state 369 00:13:43.290 --> 00:13:44.580 or to Tennessee. 370 00:13:44.580 --> 00:13:47.460 They're often called Appalachian grave houses. 371 00:13:47.460 --> 00:13:51.510 These are semi-impermanent. 372 00:13:51.510 --> 00:13:52.980 They're substantial structures, 373 00:13:52.980 --> 00:13:55.980 but they're often made of things like wood. 374 00:13:55.980 --> 00:13:57.420 There is a lot of 375 00:13:57.420 --> 00:14:00.540 questions about why these were constructed, 376 00:14:00.540 --> 00:14:01.680 why this became 377 00:14:01.680 --> 00:14:03.240 the thing to do. 378 00:14:03.240 --> 00:14:04.953 Part of the idea, 379 00:14:06.270 --> 00:14:08.850 possibly linking to 380 00:14:08.850 --> 00:14:10.290 these ones from 381 00:14:10.290 --> 00:14:11.823 Old Beaufort Burying Ground, 382 00:14:12.930 --> 00:14:14.250 ties back to 383 00:14:14.250 --> 00:14:16.140 European traditions of 384 00:14:16.140 --> 00:14:18.720 grave houses, grave structures, 385 00:14:18.720 --> 00:14:21.810 especially associated with Catholic cemeteries. 386 00:14:21.810 --> 00:14:24.540 There are other thoughts that they might have been 387 00:14:24.540 --> 00:14:26.400 to keep out the weather 388 00:14:26.400 --> 00:14:27.510 or to keep 389 00:14:27.510 --> 00:14:28.620 livestock at bay, 390 00:14:28.620 --> 00:14:30.780 so that livestock don't trample the graves 391 00:14:30.780 --> 00:14:32.070 'cause we have a lot of 392 00:14:32.070 --> 00:14:34.320 rural parts of the state where 393 00:14:34.320 --> 00:14:36.780 livestock is a problem. 394 00:14:36.780 --> 00:14:38.010 I think that 395 00:14:38.010 --> 00:14:40.290 it feels probably, more to me, 396 00:14:40.290 --> 00:14:42.150 that the ones that we see along the coast, 397 00:14:42.150 --> 00:14:44.370 especially like the ones you see on the right 398 00:14:44.370 --> 00:14:45.720 from Currituck County, 399 00:14:45.720 --> 00:14:46.980 that they are 400 00:14:46.980 --> 00:14:49.110 probably tied to the weather. 401 00:14:49.110 --> 00:14:51.300 But it's interesting to see that these are 402 00:14:51.300 --> 00:14:52.980 made of stone and metal 403 00:14:52.980 --> 00:14:54.450 instead of wood. 404 00:14:54.450 --> 00:14:56.190 Is that survivor-bias, 405 00:14:56.190 --> 00:14:59.010 that only these metal ones survive 406 00:14:59.010 --> 00:15:00.750 'cause metal does better? 407 00:15:00.750 --> 00:15:03.030 Or was this a 408 00:15:03.030 --> 00:15:07.080 specific and purposeful choice 409 00:15:07.080 --> 00:15:08.550 by people along the coast? 410 00:15:08.550 --> 00:15:09.870 And I think that's a topic that 411 00:15:09.870 --> 00:15:12.180 deserves more research 412 00:15:12.180 --> 00:15:13.170 'cause these things 413 00:15:13.170 --> 00:15:14.070 don't stick around, 414 00:15:14.070 --> 00:15:17.310 especially now into the 21st century. 415 00:15:17.310 --> 00:15:20.220 So, it's important to research these things 416 00:15:20.220 --> 00:15:21.663 while we can. 417 00:15:22.620 --> 00:15:23.640 Next, we're gonna 418 00:15:23.640 --> 00:15:25.497 take our road trip to England, 419 00:15:25.497 --> 00:15:26.770 and that might seem 420 00:15:28.710 --> 00:15:30.810 not North Carolina coast, 421 00:15:30.810 --> 00:15:33.270 but we can actually visit England 422 00:15:33.270 --> 00:15:35.880 on Ocracoke, in Hyde County 423 00:15:35.880 --> 00:15:37.680 on the Outer Banks. 424 00:15:37.680 --> 00:15:41.100 This is a really interesting cemetery 425 00:15:41.100 --> 00:15:43.890 tied to a 20th century event, 426 00:15:43.890 --> 00:15:46.590 and that is tied to 427 00:15:46.590 --> 00:15:47.550 sort of the 428 00:15:47.550 --> 00:15:51.810 marine sanctuary and the idea of Torpedo Alley 429 00:15:51.810 --> 00:15:53.670 during the 1940s 430 00:15:53.670 --> 00:15:55.950 and World War II. 431 00:15:55.950 --> 00:15:58.383 During the 1940s, 432 00:15:59.220 --> 00:16:00.450 we had a lot, 433 00:16:00.450 --> 00:16:01.440 as you may know, 434 00:16:01.440 --> 00:16:03.720 if you pay attention to 435 00:16:03.720 --> 00:16:05.100 all the other wonderful work 436 00:16:05.100 --> 00:16:08.130 and outreach that the marine sanctuaries do 437 00:16:08.130 --> 00:16:10.410 here on the East Coast, 438 00:16:10.410 --> 00:16:15.410 that this was a hot spot for a lot of U-boat activity 439 00:16:15.990 --> 00:16:18.030 trying to stop 440 00:16:18.030 --> 00:16:19.620 the supply chains 441 00:16:19.620 --> 00:16:24.620 and the support for the Allied forces during the war. 442 00:16:24.990 --> 00:16:29.010 And so, there was a lot of exchange of gunfire, 443 00:16:29.010 --> 00:16:30.600 a lot of naval battles that happened 444 00:16:30.600 --> 00:16:31.890 off the coast of North Carolina, 445 00:16:31.890 --> 00:16:34.020 the Graveyard of the Atlantic. 446 00:16:34.020 --> 00:16:36.210 And one of those has to do with 447 00:16:36.210 --> 00:16:38.850 the HMT Bedfordshire, 448 00:16:38.850 --> 00:16:40.950 which was a 449 00:16:40.950 --> 00:16:43.260 ship that was here specifically to help protect 450 00:16:43.260 --> 00:16:44.700 the North Carolina coast. 451 00:16:44.700 --> 00:16:46.770 But it was sunk by a 452 00:16:46.770 --> 00:16:49.320 U-boat in May of 1942, 453 00:16:49.320 --> 00:16:50.640 and all 37 454 00:16:50.640 --> 00:16:52.800 of its crew perished, 455 00:16:52.800 --> 00:16:55.020 and most of them were lost at sea, 456 00:16:55.020 --> 00:16:57.450 but a handful made it to shore. 457 00:16:57.450 --> 00:16:59.910 The residents of Ocracoke did 458 00:16:59.910 --> 00:17:01.950 find those gentlemen 459 00:17:01.950 --> 00:17:04.170 and buried them quietly 460 00:17:04.170 --> 00:17:06.810 in their own plots 461 00:17:06.810 --> 00:17:07.953 on the island, 462 00:17:09.570 --> 00:17:11.790 that area, that British cemetery, 463 00:17:11.790 --> 00:17:13.110 as it's now known, 464 00:17:13.110 --> 00:17:15.750 was leased in perpetuity 465 00:17:15.750 --> 00:17:17.430 to the Commonwealth of England, 466 00:17:17.430 --> 00:17:20.310 so that there should always be 467 00:17:20.310 --> 00:17:22.020 a forever corner of England 468 00:17:22.020 --> 00:17:23.160 that these gentlemen 469 00:17:23.160 --> 00:17:26.100 are buried in. 470 00:17:26.100 --> 00:17:30.240 Unless the British government decides to bring them home, 471 00:17:30.240 --> 00:17:32.760 they will always have a little piece of home here 472 00:17:32.760 --> 00:17:34.893 on the barrier islands of North Carolina. 473 00:17:37.200 --> 00:17:38.400 Now, we're going to move 474 00:17:38.400 --> 00:17:39.840 back up the coast 475 00:17:39.840 --> 00:17:41.130 to Currituck County, 476 00:17:41.130 --> 00:17:42.510 which is way up north, 477 00:17:42.510 --> 00:17:44.280 near the Virginia border there. 478 00:17:44.280 --> 00:17:45.930 And this is 479 00:17:45.930 --> 00:17:48.870 another thing that we see happen to our older cemeteries, 480 00:17:48.870 --> 00:17:51.600 and that's impacting by human activities. 481 00:17:51.600 --> 00:17:55.350 And this particular cemetery 482 00:17:55.350 --> 00:17:58.143 is sort of an interesting case. 483 00:17:59.799 --> 00:18:00.780 A few years ago, 484 00:18:00.780 --> 00:18:03.600 there was a development being, 485 00:18:03.600 --> 00:18:05.340 a subdivision being built 486 00:18:05.340 --> 00:18:06.900 in Currituck County, 487 00:18:06.900 --> 00:18:08.610 and there was a cemetery. 488 00:18:08.610 --> 00:18:11.160 Well, at least we knew it was some sort of a cemetery 489 00:18:11.160 --> 00:18:14.070 because there was one headstone. 490 00:18:14.070 --> 00:18:16.020 But is that one headstone? 491 00:18:16.020 --> 00:18:18.750 Or is that a whole cemetery? 492 00:18:18.750 --> 00:18:20.610 Cemeteries are sort of sneaky like that, 493 00:18:20.610 --> 00:18:21.840 especially older ones, 494 00:18:21.840 --> 00:18:25.620 because headstones disappear over time. 495 00:18:25.620 --> 00:18:28.740 And so, it's always tricky 496 00:18:28.740 --> 00:18:30.900 to determine how big it is 497 00:18:30.900 --> 00:18:32.160 and which is why 498 00:18:32.160 --> 00:18:34.110 the Office of State Archeology 499 00:18:34.110 --> 00:18:36.300 requests that research be done 500 00:18:36.300 --> 00:18:38.220 before a project be undertaken, 501 00:18:38.220 --> 00:18:39.100 just in case 502 00:18:40.980 --> 00:18:42.720 there are additional burials 503 00:18:42.720 --> 00:18:44.940 and we don't want to impact them. 504 00:18:44.940 --> 00:18:47.400 And so we suggest things like 505 00:18:47.400 --> 00:18:49.050 ground penetrating radar 506 00:18:49.050 --> 00:18:51.150 or other type of probing surveys, 507 00:18:51.150 --> 00:18:53.970 so that we can determine where these burials are. 508 00:18:53.970 --> 00:18:55.470 So we know it can help 509 00:18:55.470 --> 00:18:57.180 developers avoid them 510 00:18:57.180 --> 00:18:59.040 and avoid the issues that come with 511 00:18:59.040 --> 00:19:01.980 accidentally exposing human remains. 512 00:19:01.980 --> 00:19:04.350 So there was a development here 513 00:19:04.350 --> 00:19:05.910 in Currituck County, 514 00:19:05.910 --> 00:19:10.170 and unfortunately, there was some confusion. 515 00:19:10.170 --> 00:19:11.850 Though there was one headstone though, 516 00:19:11.850 --> 00:19:13.020 and this headstone 517 00:19:13.020 --> 00:19:14.790 is from 1786, 518 00:19:14.790 --> 00:19:17.730 which is makes it one of the oldest surviving headstones 519 00:19:17.730 --> 00:19:18.780 in the county 520 00:19:18.780 --> 00:19:20.550 and it has this awesome, 521 00:19:20.550 --> 00:19:22.890 awesome epitaph on it. 522 00:19:22.890 --> 00:19:24.667 My favorite line is, 523 00:19:24.667 --> 00:19:27.820 "A heap of duff alone remains of thee." 524 00:19:27.820 --> 00:19:29.430 "'Tis all thou art 525 00:19:29.430 --> 00:19:31.590 and all the proud shall be." 526 00:19:31.590 --> 00:19:33.390 Which is a spin on 527 00:19:33.390 --> 00:19:34.380 sort of the 528 00:19:34.380 --> 00:19:36.720 epitaph you see later in the 19th century 529 00:19:36.720 --> 00:19:39.360 that I used for the title of this presentation. 530 00:19:39.360 --> 00:19:40.710 And it is, 531 00:19:40.710 --> 00:19:43.110 that is a very common shape 532 00:19:43.110 --> 00:19:46.470 for the 18th century. 533 00:19:46.470 --> 00:19:49.650 But is this young man 534 00:19:49.650 --> 00:19:51.630 the only person in the cemetery? 535 00:19:51.630 --> 00:19:53.850 Unfortunately, it is not. 536 00:19:53.850 --> 00:19:55.180 And as the 537 00:19:56.490 --> 00:19:58.080 work got underway, 538 00:19:58.080 --> 00:20:01.890 a grave was accidentally disturbed. 539 00:20:01.890 --> 00:20:03.870 And I'm not gonna talk a whole lot about 540 00:20:03.870 --> 00:20:05.370 that whole process. 541 00:20:05.370 --> 00:20:08.190 But one of the interesting takeaways from 542 00:20:08.190 --> 00:20:13.190 that exposure, as sort of terrible as it was, 543 00:20:13.290 --> 00:20:14.340 the work had stopped, 544 00:20:14.340 --> 00:20:15.600 archeologists came out 545 00:20:15.600 --> 00:20:16.920 and they identified, 546 00:20:16.920 --> 00:20:18.570 which is kind of hard to see in the ground, 547 00:20:18.570 --> 00:20:19.740 but it's under that, 548 00:20:19.740 --> 00:20:21.333 where that red circle is. 549 00:20:22.380 --> 00:20:24.750 The person who was buried in there 550 00:20:24.750 --> 00:20:28.950 was not buried in your typical coffin 551 00:20:28.950 --> 00:20:30.720 with the sort of six-sided 552 00:20:30.720 --> 00:20:32.340 or rounded coffin 553 00:20:32.340 --> 00:20:33.780 made of wood. 554 00:20:33.780 --> 00:20:35.520 He was buried 555 00:20:35.520 --> 00:20:37.870 in one of the Fisk 556 00:20:38.970 --> 00:20:42.420 sort of metallic, sealed coffins. 557 00:20:42.420 --> 00:20:44.550 And these are a really interesting, 558 00:20:44.550 --> 00:20:49.550 very Victorian idea that came up 559 00:20:49.580 --> 00:20:52.470 in the middle of the 19th century. 560 00:20:52.470 --> 00:20:54.930 Fisk developed these 561 00:20:54.930 --> 00:20:55.763 and released them 562 00:20:55.763 --> 00:20:57.300 first in 1848 563 00:20:57.300 --> 00:20:59.520 and these coffins 564 00:20:59.520 --> 00:21:00.810 were made of metal. 565 00:21:00.810 --> 00:21:03.510 They were completely sealed tight 566 00:21:03.510 --> 00:21:06.210 and they had over the face there, 567 00:21:06.210 --> 00:21:07.980 they had a glass viewing plate 568 00:21:07.980 --> 00:21:09.690 so you can see the person there in. 569 00:21:09.690 --> 00:21:10.860 And that ties 570 00:21:10.860 --> 00:21:13.050 all kinds of ways into 571 00:21:13.050 --> 00:21:15.510 the ideas of Victorian mourning 572 00:21:15.510 --> 00:21:18.360 and what they thought about bodies, 573 00:21:18.360 --> 00:21:20.340 and what they thought about death, 574 00:21:20.340 --> 00:21:23.670 and being sure, 575 00:21:23.670 --> 00:21:25.830 and being helpful as well. 576 00:21:25.830 --> 00:21:27.510 There is a concern sort of 577 00:21:27.510 --> 00:21:30.100 trailing out of the idea of sort of miasmas, 578 00:21:31.080 --> 00:21:35.133 that cemeteries gave off bad, 579 00:21:35.970 --> 00:21:38.400 you could get sick from being in a cemetery. 580 00:21:38.400 --> 00:21:40.260 And so, some of these 581 00:21:40.260 --> 00:21:42.990 ideas of cleanliness and helpfulness 582 00:21:42.990 --> 00:21:45.360 and sealed in tight 583 00:21:45.360 --> 00:21:47.970 plays into that role. 584 00:21:47.970 --> 00:21:50.850 Plus, the whole sadness of the mourning 585 00:21:50.850 --> 00:21:52.890 rituals of losing someone, 586 00:21:52.890 --> 00:21:54.510 but being able to see them 587 00:21:54.510 --> 00:21:56.280 inside of their coffin 588 00:21:56.280 --> 00:21:58.560 by lifting the metal plate to see the glass 589 00:21:58.560 --> 00:22:00.330 and seeing their face underneath 590 00:22:00.330 --> 00:22:02.550 ties in very neatly to 591 00:22:02.550 --> 00:22:04.710 the ways that they practiced 592 00:22:04.710 --> 00:22:06.030 their morning rituals. 593 00:22:06.030 --> 00:22:07.350 And we have one in 594 00:22:07.350 --> 00:22:09.330 a very rather rural part 595 00:22:09.330 --> 00:22:10.560 of North Carolina. 596 00:22:10.560 --> 00:22:12.210 So that tells me, 597 00:22:12.210 --> 00:22:13.980 if I know nothing else about 598 00:22:13.980 --> 00:22:15.750 who this possibly could be, 599 00:22:15.750 --> 00:22:16.890 that tells me about 600 00:22:16.890 --> 00:22:19.290 this person having a certain level of wealth 601 00:22:19.290 --> 00:22:21.180 that he was able to afford 602 00:22:21.180 --> 00:22:22.500 to bring this down 603 00:22:22.500 --> 00:22:24.030 from up north. 604 00:22:24.030 --> 00:22:26.670 That he had maybe connections 605 00:22:26.670 --> 00:22:28.830 and he had maybe some education, 606 00:22:28.830 --> 00:22:30.670 or at least was well-read about 607 00:22:32.960 --> 00:22:35.670 the current ideas and beliefs 608 00:22:35.670 --> 00:22:37.890 and scientific principles of the day. 609 00:22:37.890 --> 00:22:40.230 And so, as an archeologist, 610 00:22:40.230 --> 00:22:42.270 it's these little pieces 611 00:22:42.270 --> 00:22:44.760 put together that tell me 612 00:22:44.760 --> 00:22:47.310 about who's buried there, 613 00:22:47.310 --> 00:22:48.990 even if we never know 614 00:22:48.990 --> 00:22:50.250 the person's name. 615 00:22:50.250 --> 00:22:52.770 And that's often the case in historic cemeteries. 616 00:22:52.770 --> 00:22:54.330 If the headstones are gone, 617 00:22:54.330 --> 00:22:58.890 it's very, very difficult to find out who is in the, 618 00:22:58.890 --> 00:22:59.723 who is in 619 00:22:59.723 --> 00:23:00.660 the grave itself. 620 00:23:00.660 --> 00:23:01.950 Even if you think of, 621 00:23:01.950 --> 00:23:03.480 especially in 2022, 622 00:23:03.480 --> 00:23:05.760 the idea of DNA testing. 623 00:23:05.760 --> 00:23:06.630 Well, first of all, 624 00:23:06.630 --> 00:23:09.540 you have to have DNA samples to compare to, 625 00:23:09.540 --> 00:23:13.440 and North Carolina soils 626 00:23:13.440 --> 00:23:15.450 and soils in the Southeast 627 00:23:15.450 --> 00:23:18.510 aren't great for biological preservation. 628 00:23:18.510 --> 00:23:20.340 They can be pretty acidic. 629 00:23:20.340 --> 00:23:23.343 And so, there may not even be a DNA sample to take. 630 00:23:24.240 --> 00:23:25.890 So, in this case, 631 00:23:25.890 --> 00:23:28.620 we had a little bit of information to tie 632 00:23:28.620 --> 00:23:30.780 who this person was, 633 00:23:30.780 --> 00:23:32.700 and it was decided that 634 00:23:32.700 --> 00:23:34.410 everyone was going to stay in place, 635 00:23:34.410 --> 00:23:35.910 which is our ideal. 636 00:23:35.910 --> 00:23:36.960 We would prefer, 637 00:23:36.960 --> 00:23:39.000 the Office of State Archeology, 638 00:23:39.000 --> 00:23:41.280 while there's no hard and fast rules, 639 00:23:41.280 --> 00:23:42.480 there are rules 640 00:23:42.480 --> 00:23:46.590 for how things should be done, 641 00:23:46.590 --> 00:23:49.170 but we would prefer that 642 00:23:49.170 --> 00:23:52.200 burials stay where their kin put them, 643 00:23:52.200 --> 00:23:53.670 where their family put them, 644 00:23:53.670 --> 00:23:55.500 for a couple of reasons. 645 00:23:55.500 --> 00:23:57.450 One, because it's 646 00:23:57.450 --> 00:23:59.550 something that their family chose, 647 00:23:59.550 --> 00:24:01.860 that they may have chosen for themselves. 648 00:24:01.860 --> 00:24:04.650 And also because, 649 00:24:04.650 --> 00:24:09.150 oftentimes, cemeteries can be the last remnant 650 00:24:09.150 --> 00:24:11.490 of a historic landscape. 651 00:24:11.490 --> 00:24:13.320 There may have been 652 00:24:13.320 --> 00:24:15.360 a plantation or a farm, 653 00:24:15.360 --> 00:24:16.830 and now, like in this case, 654 00:24:16.830 --> 00:24:18.240 there's a subdivision. 655 00:24:18.240 --> 00:24:20.220 Or there was a town, 656 00:24:20.220 --> 00:24:23.400 but now all the old building have been torn down 657 00:24:23.400 --> 00:24:25.137 and there are a lot of strip malls 658 00:24:25.137 --> 00:24:27.600 and modern buildings in place. 659 00:24:27.600 --> 00:24:29.130 But the cemeteries often 660 00:24:29.130 --> 00:24:30.780 get left behind because 661 00:24:30.780 --> 00:24:32.460 there's a lot of complications 662 00:24:32.460 --> 00:24:34.320 with moving cemeteries. 663 00:24:34.320 --> 00:24:38.850 It's possible, but there's a process 664 00:24:38.850 --> 00:24:41.160 outlined in the North Carolina Statutes. 665 00:24:41.160 --> 00:24:43.170 And so, they often get left in place, 666 00:24:43.170 --> 00:24:46.650 which, because of the way 667 00:24:46.650 --> 00:24:49.440 and the placement of cemeteries 668 00:24:49.440 --> 00:24:50.670 on the landscape, 669 00:24:50.670 --> 00:24:52.830 we can use that as a 670 00:24:52.830 --> 00:24:54.270 sort of a lynch point 671 00:24:54.270 --> 00:24:56.970 or a fulcrum to map out 672 00:24:56.970 --> 00:24:59.010 where the rest of the community was, 673 00:24:59.010 --> 00:25:01.800 or how people used that landscape, 674 00:25:01.800 --> 00:25:03.810 because you would put cemeteries 675 00:25:03.810 --> 00:25:06.150 in very specific areas. 676 00:25:06.150 --> 00:25:07.780 You wouldn't maybe put them 677 00:25:09.030 --> 00:25:10.020 in the road. 678 00:25:10.020 --> 00:25:12.390 In the early days, 679 00:25:12.390 --> 00:25:14.970 finding a cemetery in the center of town 680 00:25:14.970 --> 00:25:17.760 made sense because that's where the church was. 681 00:25:17.760 --> 00:25:19.950 But as we move into the 682 00:25:19.950 --> 00:25:22.890 later 19th century and into the 20th century, 683 00:25:22.890 --> 00:25:25.410 cemeteries are put towards the outside of town 684 00:25:25.410 --> 00:25:26.700 where there's more room 685 00:25:26.700 --> 00:25:27.570 and there's less of 686 00:25:27.570 --> 00:25:29.100 a possible impact 687 00:25:29.100 --> 00:25:30.960 to the people living in the city. 688 00:25:30.960 --> 00:25:33.150 And so, we can use these, 689 00:25:33.150 --> 00:25:36.000 set these lone remnants 690 00:25:36.000 --> 00:25:38.520 of a past landscape to help us 691 00:25:38.520 --> 00:25:40.350 figure out the rest of the way, 692 00:25:40.350 --> 00:25:41.880 the rest of the, 693 00:25:41.880 --> 00:25:45.270 the way the rest of the landscape was used. 694 00:25:45.270 --> 00:25:46.260 So, in this case, 695 00:25:46.260 --> 00:25:49.170 that exposed coffin was 696 00:25:49.170 --> 00:25:51.240 reburied and marked, 697 00:25:51.240 --> 00:25:54.900 and the developers put in, 698 00:25:54.900 --> 00:25:56.100 after this picture, 699 00:25:56.100 --> 00:25:57.240 everything was cleaned up, 700 00:25:57.240 --> 00:25:59.010 a new fence was put in 701 00:25:59.010 --> 00:26:00.900 around the cemetery 702 00:26:00.900 --> 00:26:02.733 and it is protected there now. 703 00:26:06.030 --> 00:26:07.680 But I'm talking about 704 00:26:07.680 --> 00:26:11.190 sort of very fancy cases. 705 00:26:11.190 --> 00:26:13.470 I've talked about very fancy cases so far 706 00:26:13.470 --> 00:26:14.850 where there's a lot of 707 00:26:14.850 --> 00:26:17.400 money and influence from outside 708 00:26:17.400 --> 00:26:20.250 culture and ideas coming into 709 00:26:20.250 --> 00:26:22.020 a town or into 710 00:26:22.020 --> 00:26:24.330 a sort of more wealthy person's life. 711 00:26:24.330 --> 00:26:26.700 But that, of course, is not everybody. 712 00:26:26.700 --> 00:26:27.660 And we do 713 00:26:27.660 --> 00:26:29.400 have to think about 714 00:26:29.400 --> 00:26:30.810 all the other folks 715 00:26:30.810 --> 00:26:33.480 that lived along the North Carolina coast 716 00:26:33.480 --> 00:26:35.850 and that means that we do 717 00:26:35.850 --> 00:26:37.620 see a lot of examples 718 00:26:37.620 --> 00:26:40.080 of things that aren't very flashy 719 00:26:40.080 --> 00:26:42.210 and may be very impermanent 720 00:26:42.210 --> 00:26:43.860 and easy to overlook. 721 00:26:43.860 --> 00:26:46.020 Especially in the center part 722 00:26:46.020 --> 00:26:48.930 of the North Carolina Eastern Seaboard. 723 00:26:48.930 --> 00:26:51.300 We do have a lot of turpentine 724 00:26:51.300 --> 00:26:53.310 in logging industries, 725 00:26:53.310 --> 00:26:54.900 naval store industries, 726 00:26:54.900 --> 00:26:59.070 and so a lot of things tied to pine. 727 00:26:59.070 --> 00:27:01.890 And so we do see pine markers, 728 00:27:01.890 --> 00:27:03.150 whether they be posts, 729 00:27:03.150 --> 00:27:05.040 like you see the one on the left, 730 00:27:05.040 --> 00:27:07.530 or sometimes they are shaped, 731 00:27:07.530 --> 00:27:09.430 but these are marking 732 00:27:10.680 --> 00:27:12.810 cemeteries along the coast 733 00:27:12.810 --> 00:27:15.780 and in towards the Fayetteville area. 734 00:27:15.780 --> 00:27:18.720 But we have to be very careful and pay attention to them 735 00:27:18.720 --> 00:27:20.610 because obviously wood 736 00:27:20.610 --> 00:27:22.440 does not last forever. 737 00:27:22.440 --> 00:27:23.940 We also see a lot of 738 00:27:23.940 --> 00:27:27.960 fieldstone markers, oftentimes uninscribed. 739 00:27:27.960 --> 00:27:30.120 These, the posts and the stones, 740 00:27:30.120 --> 00:27:32.340 were used both by 741 00:27:32.340 --> 00:27:34.110 rural communities and those 742 00:27:34.110 --> 00:27:35.160 who had lesser means, 743 00:27:35.160 --> 00:27:37.410 as well as African American 744 00:27:37.410 --> 00:27:40.140 and pre-emancipation 745 00:27:40.140 --> 00:27:43.200 enslaved communities found in North Carolina. 746 00:27:43.200 --> 00:27:45.330 And these are 747 00:27:45.330 --> 00:27:47.160 easily buried as well. 748 00:27:47.160 --> 00:27:49.590 So that's why we, 749 00:27:49.590 --> 00:27:51.660 one of the things that we 750 00:27:51.660 --> 00:27:54.510 strive for is to get as many of these 751 00:27:54.510 --> 00:27:56.820 cemeteries recorded on the state registry 752 00:27:56.820 --> 00:27:59.580 called the North Carolina Site File. 753 00:27:59.580 --> 00:28:01.710 And this is a list of archeological sites 754 00:28:01.710 --> 00:28:02.700 and historic sites 755 00:28:02.700 --> 00:28:03.900 and historic cemeteries. 756 00:28:03.900 --> 00:28:06.540 And this helps us identify where these are, 757 00:28:06.540 --> 00:28:07.450 so we can help 758 00:28:08.340 --> 00:28:12.480 set an extra pair of state-level eyes on these. 759 00:28:12.480 --> 00:28:14.460 So when projects are happening, 760 00:28:14.460 --> 00:28:16.200 when developments are happening, 761 00:28:16.200 --> 00:28:17.580 we're able to warn people 762 00:28:17.580 --> 00:28:19.350 that these cemeteries are here 763 00:28:19.350 --> 00:28:21.000 and they need to be 764 00:28:21.000 --> 00:28:22.690 figured into the plans 765 00:28:23.550 --> 00:28:26.070 in order that they aren't impacted. 766 00:28:26.070 --> 00:28:28.230 And because it, sometimes, is difficult 767 00:28:28.230 --> 00:28:30.570 and maybe only the descendants 768 00:28:30.570 --> 00:28:31.830 know what they're looking for, 769 00:28:31.830 --> 00:28:33.330 I joke that everybody's auntie 770 00:28:33.330 --> 00:28:35.130 knows where the old cemetery is, 771 00:28:35.130 --> 00:28:36.930 but if she passes away, 772 00:28:36.930 --> 00:28:39.270 then we've lost that information. 773 00:28:39.270 --> 00:28:40.650 Which is why we 774 00:28:40.650 --> 00:28:41.910 always ask people 775 00:28:41.910 --> 00:28:43.410 if they know of an old cemetery, 776 00:28:43.410 --> 00:28:44.460 especially if it's 777 00:28:44.460 --> 00:28:45.450 one of their family's 778 00:28:45.450 --> 00:28:47.010 and it's in a tucked away place, 779 00:28:47.010 --> 00:28:48.120 that they report it, 780 00:28:48.120 --> 00:28:51.360 because a lot of our tucked away rural places 781 00:28:51.360 --> 00:28:53.610 aren't really tucked away and rural anymore 782 00:28:53.610 --> 00:28:55.260 as the state sees 783 00:28:55.260 --> 00:28:58.080 record amounts of development. 784 00:28:58.080 --> 00:29:01.990 So adding this knowledge to you today will hopefully 785 00:29:04.050 --> 00:29:05.970 give you that extra step 786 00:29:05.970 --> 00:29:08.580 to keep your eyes open as you 787 00:29:08.580 --> 00:29:10.290 walk around North Carolina, 788 00:29:10.290 --> 00:29:12.240 enjoy our wilderness areas, 789 00:29:12.240 --> 00:29:14.613 to see if you can find these places. 790 00:29:16.530 --> 00:29:19.750 And, of course, we see more than just 791 00:29:21.120 --> 00:29:24.767 posts and stones marking graves. 792 00:29:24.767 --> 00:29:26.820 And we do see a lot of artifacts, 793 00:29:26.820 --> 00:29:28.320 especially along the coast. 794 00:29:28.320 --> 00:29:31.560 And this was a tradition, 795 00:29:31.560 --> 00:29:33.660 especially tied to 796 00:29:33.660 --> 00:29:35.420 the pre-emancipation 797 00:29:35.420 --> 00:29:37.440 in African American enslaved communities, 798 00:29:37.440 --> 00:29:40.140 particularly the Gullah Geechee culture. 799 00:29:40.140 --> 00:29:42.940 And these things 800 00:29:43.980 --> 00:29:46.410 are tied into this community, 801 00:29:46.410 --> 00:29:47.670 which is a really 802 00:29:47.670 --> 00:29:51.630 interesting historic and current community, 803 00:29:51.630 --> 00:29:53.160 bred from the coastal parts 804 00:29:53.160 --> 00:29:55.650 of the Southeastern United States. 805 00:29:55.650 --> 00:29:57.840 It is a culture. 806 00:29:57.840 --> 00:29:58.920 It is a language. 807 00:29:58.920 --> 00:30:00.630 It is a food style. 808 00:30:00.630 --> 00:30:03.750 It is an artistic style 809 00:30:03.750 --> 00:30:06.090 that came from 810 00:30:06.090 --> 00:30:09.090 these African American communities 811 00:30:09.090 --> 00:30:11.490 that were enslaved on indigo and rice plantations 812 00:30:11.490 --> 00:30:12.630 along the coastal 813 00:30:12.630 --> 00:30:14.850 and barrier islands and sea islands 814 00:30:14.850 --> 00:30:17.400 of Southeastern United States, 815 00:30:17.400 --> 00:30:19.090 where they were sort of 816 00:30:20.820 --> 00:30:22.620 isolated and were able to 817 00:30:22.620 --> 00:30:24.270 develop this mixed 818 00:30:24.270 --> 00:30:25.270 culture of different 819 00:30:26.880 --> 00:30:27.870 Central and West African, 820 00:30:27.870 --> 00:30:29.220 especially West African, 821 00:30:29.220 --> 00:30:32.992 traditions to form something new 822 00:30:32.992 --> 00:30:35.700 and beautiful and very 823 00:30:35.700 --> 00:30:38.400 American, so to speak. 824 00:30:38.400 --> 00:30:40.980 And so we see 825 00:30:40.980 --> 00:30:42.960 a lot of these things 826 00:30:42.960 --> 00:30:44.980 from the African traditions that 827 00:30:46.410 --> 00:30:47.850 develop in new ways 828 00:30:47.850 --> 00:30:48.683 in the new world. 829 00:30:48.683 --> 00:30:50.430 And this also 830 00:30:50.430 --> 00:30:53.700 ties into the period of enslavement where 831 00:30:53.700 --> 00:30:55.710 formal marked stones 832 00:30:55.710 --> 00:30:57.300 were not things that 833 00:30:57.300 --> 00:30:59.850 these communities had access to. 834 00:30:59.850 --> 00:31:02.070 And so, there were other ways that they played out, 835 00:31:02.070 --> 00:31:04.230 and they were able to lean on 836 00:31:04.230 --> 00:31:07.410 their African traditions 837 00:31:07.410 --> 00:31:08.850 in order to create something new, 838 00:31:08.850 --> 00:31:10.320 to create memorials 839 00:31:10.320 --> 00:31:11.370 that were significant 840 00:31:11.370 --> 00:31:12.450 for their communities 841 00:31:12.450 --> 00:31:15.330 but might not be as familiar 842 00:31:15.330 --> 00:31:20.010 to us as 21st century folks. 843 00:31:20.010 --> 00:31:21.510 You can see that 844 00:31:21.510 --> 00:31:23.340 the Gullah Geechee Corridor, 845 00:31:23.340 --> 00:31:24.450 which is what they're 846 00:31:24.450 --> 00:31:26.670 represented in now, 847 00:31:26.670 --> 00:31:28.680 stretches from the 848 00:31:28.680 --> 00:31:30.510 very northern bits 849 00:31:30.510 --> 00:31:32.910 of Florida all the way up 850 00:31:32.910 --> 00:31:36.600 to the southeastern coast of North Carolina, 851 00:31:36.600 --> 00:31:38.580 although it's commonly associated with, say, 852 00:31:38.580 --> 00:31:40.890 the sea islands of Georgia, 853 00:31:40.890 --> 00:31:41.880 we're on the water. 854 00:31:41.880 --> 00:31:45.240 So people travel up and down in these traditions, 855 00:31:45.240 --> 00:31:46.740 passed up and down, 856 00:31:46.740 --> 00:31:50.100 and cemented into a cultural mindset. 857 00:31:50.100 --> 00:31:52.050 This is a really fantastic community. 858 00:31:52.050 --> 00:31:53.820 They do a lot of really interesting 859 00:31:53.820 --> 00:31:55.020 education and outreach, 860 00:31:55.020 --> 00:31:56.430 and I really encourage you 861 00:31:56.430 --> 00:31:57.630 to visit the 862 00:31:57.630 --> 00:31:59.340 website at the bottom of the page 863 00:31:59.340 --> 00:32:01.290 in order to learn more about these 864 00:32:01.290 --> 00:32:03.690 folks and hopefully catch an event 865 00:32:03.690 --> 00:32:05.580 where they're able to talk about 866 00:32:05.580 --> 00:32:07.620 or demonstrate their culture to you 867 00:32:07.620 --> 00:32:08.460 because they are 868 00:32:08.460 --> 00:32:10.020 a really dynamic 869 00:32:10.020 --> 00:32:12.213 and interesting group of people. 870 00:32:14.100 --> 00:32:17.910 So to demonstrate what these traditions look like, 871 00:32:17.910 --> 00:32:20.520 we're gonna go all the way down to the southern part 872 00:32:20.520 --> 00:32:22.440 of North Carolina, to Southport, 873 00:32:22.440 --> 00:32:24.900 and this is the John N. Smith Cemetery, 874 00:32:24.900 --> 00:32:27.300 which was, almost exactly a year ago, 875 00:32:27.300 --> 00:32:29.670 added to the National Register of Historic Places, 876 00:32:29.670 --> 00:32:31.500 which is super exciting. 877 00:32:31.500 --> 00:32:33.390 This has a lot of those traditions 878 00:32:33.390 --> 00:32:34.860 that I was talking about with 879 00:32:34.860 --> 00:32:37.320 material and plant items. 880 00:32:37.320 --> 00:32:39.270 And some of these traditions, 881 00:32:39.270 --> 00:32:42.810 with the afterlife was associated with water, 882 00:32:42.810 --> 00:32:44.670 so we see things like 883 00:32:44.670 --> 00:32:48.450 shells or glass or mirrors or bowls 884 00:32:48.450 --> 00:32:50.520 that hold water 885 00:32:50.520 --> 00:32:54.300 that may look common 886 00:32:54.300 --> 00:32:55.980 but are directly tied 887 00:32:55.980 --> 00:32:57.674 to the way they did things 888 00:32:57.674 --> 00:33:00.240 in Western and Central Africa. 889 00:33:00.240 --> 00:33:03.960 And we also see personal items left behind, 890 00:33:03.960 --> 00:33:06.090 whether that be someone's 891 00:33:06.090 --> 00:33:09.090 medicine bottle or a 892 00:33:09.090 --> 00:33:11.130 favorite quilt or cup. 893 00:33:11.130 --> 00:33:13.650 I've seen shaving mugs, 894 00:33:13.650 --> 00:33:18.180 toys, all kinds of things that appeal to 895 00:33:18.180 --> 00:33:20.310 and support the ancestors, 896 00:33:20.310 --> 00:33:22.080 because the ancestors 897 00:33:22.080 --> 00:33:24.540 are there to offer you advice, 898 00:33:24.540 --> 00:33:27.360 and they're also important people to use. 899 00:33:27.360 --> 00:33:29.070 So, you want to keep them happy 900 00:33:29.070 --> 00:33:30.300 by leaving things 901 00:33:30.300 --> 00:33:32.040 in the cemetery. 902 00:33:32.040 --> 00:33:33.570 And this cemetery 903 00:33:33.570 --> 00:33:36.810 does have a very strong Gullah Geechee 904 00:33:36.810 --> 00:33:38.400 cultural tie to it. 905 00:33:38.400 --> 00:33:40.260 So we see a number of these 906 00:33:40.260 --> 00:33:42.030 traditions still reflected here. 907 00:33:42.030 --> 00:33:43.590 We see personal items. 908 00:33:43.590 --> 00:33:45.030 We see special plants, 909 00:33:45.030 --> 00:33:48.330 like the palms planted there. 910 00:33:48.330 --> 00:33:51.390 We also see prolific use of shell. 911 00:33:51.390 --> 00:33:53.580 And this is, 912 00:33:53.580 --> 00:33:55.920 these are as whelks shells, they're coastal, 913 00:33:55.920 --> 00:33:57.420 it makes sense. 914 00:33:57.420 --> 00:33:58.530 But it is 915 00:33:58.530 --> 00:34:00.420 everything from the shape 916 00:34:00.420 --> 00:34:02.700 and how they're placed on there, 917 00:34:02.700 --> 00:34:06.960 tied to things done specifically in Africa. 918 00:34:06.960 --> 00:34:09.210 And while their descendants 919 00:34:09.210 --> 00:34:11.850 may not necessarily believe in the same 920 00:34:11.850 --> 00:34:14.520 African religious systems 921 00:34:14.520 --> 00:34:16.890 from their earlier ancestors, 922 00:34:16.890 --> 00:34:19.440 it becomes a aesthetic 923 00:34:19.440 --> 00:34:23.370 that this is what a cemetery is supposed to look like, 924 00:34:23.370 --> 00:34:24.870 and it does continue. 925 00:34:24.870 --> 00:34:26.940 So we've got the Howe family plot 926 00:34:26.940 --> 00:34:28.950 in that black and white photo on the right, 927 00:34:28.950 --> 00:34:30.570 and this is 928 00:34:30.570 --> 00:34:33.660 continued in the Howe family plot today. 929 00:34:33.660 --> 00:34:35.880 Those shells are renewed every couple of years 930 00:34:35.880 --> 00:34:38.070 by an active choice 931 00:34:38.070 --> 00:34:39.150 by the descendants 932 00:34:39.150 --> 00:34:41.850 and by the local Gullah Geechee inspired 933 00:34:41.850 --> 00:34:44.403 and Gullah Geechee community. 934 00:34:46.110 --> 00:34:47.010 And we see that 935 00:34:47.010 --> 00:34:48.900 all over the John N. Smith Cemetery. 936 00:34:48.900 --> 00:34:49.890 If you're ever in Southport, 937 00:34:49.890 --> 00:34:52.710 I strongly recommend you go and visit this one. 938 00:34:52.710 --> 00:34:55.620 And this can take the place, 939 00:34:55.620 --> 00:34:58.560 take the shape of shells, 940 00:34:58.560 --> 00:35:00.690 personal items and even things 941 00:35:00.690 --> 00:35:01.680 to help indicate 942 00:35:01.680 --> 00:35:03.297 like the grave at the bottom there 943 00:35:03.297 --> 00:35:05.550 for that little boy. 944 00:35:05.550 --> 00:35:06.383 You can tell 945 00:35:06.383 --> 00:35:08.100 that that's a grave for a little boy 946 00:35:08.100 --> 00:35:10.050 because of the things left behind. 947 00:35:10.050 --> 00:35:11.010 We also have 948 00:35:11.010 --> 00:35:12.660 probably the best tree that I've 949 00:35:12.660 --> 00:35:14.670 ever seen in a cemetery ever. 950 00:35:14.670 --> 00:35:16.620 This giant tree that, 951 00:35:16.620 --> 00:35:19.980 and this is, these giant trees, 952 00:35:19.980 --> 00:35:22.590 even though they can become problematic 953 00:35:22.590 --> 00:35:26.190 and people want to seem to rip trees out of cemeteries, 954 00:35:26.190 --> 00:35:27.150 things like this, 955 00:35:27.150 --> 00:35:30.480 its size and its central placement, 956 00:35:30.480 --> 00:35:32.670 this is something that archeologists and historians 957 00:35:32.670 --> 00:35:36.720 and folklorists call a witness tree. 958 00:35:36.720 --> 00:35:39.300 They've witnessed the history over time, 959 00:35:39.300 --> 00:35:40.350 and so it 960 00:35:40.350 --> 00:35:42.870 becomes as much of the 961 00:35:42.870 --> 00:35:46.200 aesthetics and the cultural history 962 00:35:46.200 --> 00:35:47.033 as it is 963 00:35:47.033 --> 00:35:48.810 a plant on the landscape. 964 00:35:48.810 --> 00:35:50.700 And so, a lot of these things, 965 00:35:50.700 --> 00:35:54.120 the shells, the palms, the artifacts, 966 00:35:54.120 --> 00:35:57.060 they are protected under North Carolina General Statutes 967 00:35:57.060 --> 00:35:59.310 because they're acting as memorials. 968 00:35:59.310 --> 00:36:00.840 And so, it's important for you 969 00:36:00.840 --> 00:36:02.430 to leave these things in place 970 00:36:02.430 --> 00:36:04.050 unless you're a direct descendant 971 00:36:04.050 --> 00:36:04.950 and you've made 972 00:36:04.950 --> 00:36:07.440 a choice within your family to change something 973 00:36:07.440 --> 00:36:08.520 of that nature. 974 00:36:08.520 --> 00:36:11.460 And so, leave it in place, 975 00:36:11.460 --> 00:36:12.520 take a picture 976 00:36:13.440 --> 00:36:15.900 and because, if not, 977 00:36:15.900 --> 00:36:17.040 then you could be 978 00:36:17.040 --> 00:36:21.680 prosecuted under General Statute 14-148 and 14-149. 979 00:36:23.010 --> 00:36:24.360 We see a little further 980 00:36:24.360 --> 00:36:26.580 up the coast in Wilmington, another example, 981 00:36:26.580 --> 00:36:28.050 and this is the Maides Cemetery. 982 00:36:28.050 --> 00:36:29.190 And we see that the 983 00:36:29.190 --> 00:36:30.840 sort of evolution of, 984 00:36:30.840 --> 00:36:32.940 into the early 20th century, 985 00:36:32.940 --> 00:36:35.520 what these traditions of homemade 986 00:36:35.520 --> 00:36:37.950 and sort of 987 00:36:37.950 --> 00:36:39.960 come from within the community 988 00:36:39.960 --> 00:36:42.480 markers manifest as. 989 00:36:42.480 --> 00:36:43.890 We have shells, 990 00:36:43.890 --> 00:36:47.400 we have these poured concrete markers that have 991 00:36:47.400 --> 00:36:49.080 been made at home, 992 00:36:49.080 --> 00:36:50.940 we have materials that 993 00:36:50.940 --> 00:36:54.430 have been brought from the community to make 994 00:36:56.159 --> 00:36:57.870 a memorial for this person, 995 00:36:57.870 --> 00:36:59.730 even if they weren't able to afford 996 00:36:59.730 --> 00:37:00.933 marble or granite. 997 00:37:02.280 --> 00:37:04.800 Now, finally, we're gonna wrap up with 998 00:37:04.800 --> 00:37:06.720 what happens to these places? 999 00:37:06.720 --> 00:37:09.780 Or what is happening to these places? 1000 00:37:09.780 --> 00:37:13.020 And there is a real concern about our coastal cemeteries 1001 00:37:13.020 --> 00:37:14.280 because coastal areas, 1002 00:37:14.280 --> 00:37:15.113 by their nature, 1003 00:37:15.113 --> 00:37:18.210 are usually on the East Coast, pretty low-lying. 1004 00:37:18.210 --> 00:37:19.560 And if you haven't 1005 00:37:19.560 --> 00:37:22.593 been paying attention to the news over the last 10 years, 1006 00:37:23.430 --> 00:37:25.200 weather is changing dramatically. 1007 00:37:25.200 --> 00:37:26.700 Storms are very powerful, 1008 00:37:26.700 --> 00:37:29.550 and we find that our coastal areas are facing 1009 00:37:29.550 --> 00:37:31.350 a lot of erosion. 1010 00:37:31.350 --> 00:37:33.390 This is one that we have found recently, 1011 00:37:33.390 --> 00:37:35.610 that we're going to be studying further, 1012 00:37:35.610 --> 00:37:37.500 off the Outer Banks there. 1013 00:37:37.500 --> 00:37:40.140 And that is a cemetery and we know that 1014 00:37:40.140 --> 00:37:41.880 it's a cemetery and not a structure 1015 00:37:41.880 --> 00:37:43.350 because the government has told us, 1016 00:37:43.350 --> 00:37:44.850 and it is its own tax 1017 00:37:44.850 --> 00:37:47.370 parcel for the county. 1018 00:37:47.370 --> 00:37:49.800 And as you can see from this other map 1019 00:37:49.800 --> 00:37:51.180 that it was 1020 00:37:51.180 --> 00:37:53.010 on land and now 1021 00:37:53.010 --> 00:37:55.050 it very much isn't. 1022 00:37:55.050 --> 00:37:56.700 So what does it look like now? 1023 00:37:56.700 --> 00:37:57.810 And how is 1024 00:37:57.810 --> 00:37:59.910 the erosion of the coastline 1025 00:37:59.910 --> 00:38:01.830 through storm events and sea level rise 1026 00:38:01.830 --> 00:38:03.330 and climate change affecting 1027 00:38:03.330 --> 00:38:05.310 these coastal cemeteries? 1028 00:38:05.310 --> 00:38:07.860 Because it is affecting them very dramatically. 1029 00:38:07.860 --> 00:38:11.253 We've got this cemetery here on Hatteras Island, 1030 00:38:12.948 --> 00:38:14.520 on the Hatteras seashore, 1031 00:38:14.520 --> 00:38:16.740 the Salvo Community Cemetery, 1032 00:38:16.740 --> 00:38:20.100 that has been greatly affected over the last few years, 1033 00:38:20.100 --> 00:38:22.200 especially by a number of storms. 1034 00:38:22.200 --> 00:38:23.070 We can see, 1035 00:38:23.070 --> 00:38:23.903 if you look at the 1036 00:38:23.903 --> 00:38:26.850 four graves on the left-hand side, 1037 00:38:26.850 --> 00:38:30.510 the two on the furthest right, 1038 00:38:30.510 --> 00:38:32.130 those have been relocated 1039 00:38:32.130 --> 00:38:33.540 because of the creep 1040 00:38:33.540 --> 00:38:34.980 of the seashore. 1041 00:38:34.980 --> 00:38:36.780 And the two on the left 1042 00:38:36.780 --> 00:38:38.400 are washed away completely 1043 00:38:38.400 --> 00:38:39.960 in a recent storm event. 1044 00:38:39.960 --> 00:38:42.300 So this is something that you'll see 1045 00:38:42.300 --> 00:38:43.830 that it's being impacted 1046 00:38:43.830 --> 00:38:45.000 and it's being impacted, 1047 00:38:45.000 --> 00:38:46.380 not just 'cause it's on the shoreline, 1048 00:38:46.380 --> 00:38:49.020 but because in front of this cemetery, 1049 00:38:49.020 --> 00:38:51.810 when it was established in the late 19th century, 1050 00:38:51.810 --> 00:38:53.520 was a marshland, 1051 00:38:53.520 --> 00:38:54.750 a marshland that 1052 00:38:54.750 --> 00:38:56.640 protected the coast 1053 00:38:56.640 --> 00:38:58.590 and prevented as much damage. 1054 00:38:58.590 --> 00:39:01.380 But now, that has been eroded away. 1055 00:39:01.380 --> 00:39:04.290 And so, all of these big storm events, 1056 00:39:04.290 --> 00:39:06.030 like Irma I believe affected this 1057 00:39:06.030 --> 00:39:07.680 cemetery a great deal, 1058 00:39:07.680 --> 00:39:09.873 has been eating away at the heads, 1059 00:39:10.800 --> 00:39:12.930 at the shoreline, 1060 00:39:12.930 --> 00:39:15.690 and undercutting and exposing 1061 00:39:15.690 --> 00:39:19.050 the graves and the burials, 1062 00:39:19.050 --> 00:39:21.660 which does mean that 1063 00:39:21.660 --> 00:39:25.620 decomposition and destruction is happening 1064 00:39:25.620 --> 00:39:27.930 much, much, much more quickly. 1065 00:39:27.930 --> 00:39:30.540 And there are living descendants nearby, 1066 00:39:30.540 --> 00:39:31.650 who are just heartbroken. 1067 00:39:31.650 --> 00:39:33.210 So, this isn't a forgotten place, 1068 00:39:33.210 --> 00:39:34.500 this is a living place, 1069 00:39:34.500 --> 00:39:36.213 in living people's memories. 1070 00:39:37.110 --> 00:39:40.140 And after a recent storm events, 1071 00:39:40.140 --> 00:39:41.880 the money was raised 1072 00:39:41.880 --> 00:39:43.290 to put in a sea wall. 1073 00:39:43.290 --> 00:39:44.790 However, we have another, 1074 00:39:44.790 --> 00:39:46.200 especially because this is tied in 1075 00:39:46.200 --> 00:39:48.420 with a national seashore, 1076 00:39:48.420 --> 00:39:49.500 we have this new 1077 00:39:49.500 --> 00:39:51.780 sea wall put in place to protect it, 1078 00:39:51.780 --> 00:39:53.880 but a sea wall is a great place 1079 00:39:53.880 --> 00:39:55.740 to walk and to hang out. 1080 00:39:55.740 --> 00:39:58.770 And even though a lot of people, 1081 00:39:58.770 --> 00:40:01.470 especially people who might attend a presentation like this, 1082 00:40:01.470 --> 00:40:03.150 feel very strongly about 1083 00:40:03.150 --> 00:40:05.700 the sacredness of cemeteries, 1084 00:40:05.700 --> 00:40:06.967 a lot of people feel like, 1085 00:40:06.967 --> 00:40:08.010 "It's not my kin, 1086 00:40:08.010 --> 00:40:08.947 it's not my problem." 1087 00:40:08.947 --> 00:40:11.100 "It's not my people, it's not my problem." 1088 00:40:11.100 --> 00:40:13.510 And so, these type of 1089 00:40:14.460 --> 00:40:18.060 structures are attractive 1090 00:40:18.060 --> 00:40:20.190 to tourists who may not 1091 00:40:20.190 --> 00:40:22.440 take into consideration what 1092 00:40:22.440 --> 00:40:24.780 their actions within the cemetery 1093 00:40:24.780 --> 00:40:27.780 might do to help degrade it even further. 1094 00:40:27.780 --> 00:40:30.360 So, education and outreach is really important 1095 00:40:30.360 --> 00:40:31.533 in this situation. 1096 00:40:32.460 --> 00:40:34.800 Storms do a big damage, 1097 00:40:34.800 --> 00:40:36.840 do big damage to cemeteries as well. 1098 00:40:36.840 --> 00:40:39.510 We're going back to the Old Burying Ground at Beaufort. 1099 00:40:39.510 --> 00:40:43.140 This is after hurricanes Florence and Michael in 2018, 1100 00:40:43.140 --> 00:40:45.690 where all those big beautiful live oak trees 1101 00:40:45.690 --> 00:40:47.733 that are so atmospheric and delightful, 1102 00:40:48.720 --> 00:40:51.150 were obviously impacted by the storms. 1103 00:40:51.150 --> 00:40:53.040 And as they were 1104 00:40:53.040 --> 00:40:55.050 pulled up and they fell over, 1105 00:40:55.050 --> 00:40:59.680 they exposed cemetery features 1106 00:41:00.540 --> 00:41:02.460 within the fill, 1107 00:41:02.460 --> 00:41:04.200 within the root ball. 1108 00:41:04.200 --> 00:41:05.070 And some of these 1109 00:41:05.070 --> 00:41:06.900 were items that got buried over time, 1110 00:41:06.900 --> 00:41:07.733 and some of these, 1111 00:41:07.733 --> 00:41:09.480 like in the red circle on the right, 1112 00:41:09.480 --> 00:41:12.090 were never intended to be exposed. 1113 00:41:12.090 --> 00:41:14.730 And so, there is a very delicate process 1114 00:41:14.730 --> 00:41:16.500 for removing these trees, 1115 00:41:16.500 --> 00:41:20.490 especially involving not bringing heavy equipment like 1116 00:41:20.490 --> 00:41:22.380 even pickup trucks or 1117 00:41:22.380 --> 00:41:24.690 cranes like were necessary within 1118 00:41:24.690 --> 00:41:27.300 the confines of the cemetery grounds, 1119 00:41:27.300 --> 00:41:30.600 because these old cemeteries are very fragile 1120 00:41:30.600 --> 00:41:32.280 and the weight of these large 1121 00:41:32.280 --> 00:41:33.690 pieces of equipment 1122 00:41:33.690 --> 00:41:36.120 could impact the cemetery further. 1123 00:41:36.120 --> 00:41:38.910 Especially if you remember that 1124 00:41:38.910 --> 00:41:39.960 a lot of the very 1125 00:41:39.960 --> 00:41:42.060 oldest graves in this cemetery 1126 00:41:42.060 --> 00:41:43.440 are no longer marked 1127 00:41:43.440 --> 00:41:45.840 and we're not a 100% where all of them are. 1128 00:41:45.840 --> 00:41:48.030 And so, we want to make sure that 1129 00:41:48.030 --> 00:41:50.460 the tree removal process isn't just 1130 00:41:50.460 --> 00:41:52.230 yank 'em out of the ground, 1131 00:41:52.230 --> 00:41:54.300 that it's done in a very sensitive way 1132 00:41:54.300 --> 00:41:56.610 in order to prevent further damage, 1133 00:41:56.610 --> 00:41:58.473 after damage has already occurred. 1134 00:41:59.460 --> 00:42:01.770 And so, there is a process 1135 00:42:01.770 --> 00:42:04.740 and my offices can help, my office. 1136 00:42:04.740 --> 00:42:06.780 And we partnered with FEMA 1137 00:42:06.780 --> 00:42:08.190 to help people 1138 00:42:08.190 --> 00:42:09.870 figure out the best plan 1139 00:42:09.870 --> 00:42:11.130 for going about 1140 00:42:11.130 --> 00:42:14.130 the restoration of these places. 1141 00:42:14.130 --> 00:42:16.890 So what is the state of North Carolina doing 1142 00:42:16.890 --> 00:42:18.630 for these cemeteries, 1143 00:42:18.630 --> 00:42:20.220 especially the ones along the coast 1144 00:42:20.220 --> 00:42:21.690 that are so threatened? 1145 00:42:21.690 --> 00:42:22.800 Well, we did receive 1146 00:42:22.800 --> 00:42:25.380 an emergency supplemental historic preservation fund 1147 00:42:25.380 --> 00:42:27.360 by the National Park Service 1148 00:42:27.360 --> 00:42:30.210 after the two storms in 2018, 1149 00:42:30.210 --> 00:42:31.860 Florence and Michael, 1150 00:42:31.860 --> 00:42:34.680 to do a cemetery survey of, 1151 00:42:34.680 --> 00:42:37.050 primarily right now this phase, 1152 00:42:37.050 --> 00:42:38.910 state-owned and managed properties 1153 00:42:38.910 --> 00:42:40.380 in these nine coastal counties 1154 00:42:40.380 --> 00:42:41.820 that were impacted by the storms. 1155 00:42:41.820 --> 00:42:43.590 And we're both identifying 1156 00:42:43.590 --> 00:42:44.820 cemeteries that we 1157 00:42:44.820 --> 00:42:46.350 already know about, 1158 00:42:46.350 --> 00:42:47.370 just check on them, 1159 00:42:47.370 --> 00:42:49.320 to see how they've been impacted by 1160 00:42:49.320 --> 00:42:51.300 these storms and other climate 1161 00:42:51.300 --> 00:42:53.790 and storm events that have happened since then. 1162 00:42:53.790 --> 00:42:56.310 But also trying to identify new cemeteries, 1163 00:42:56.310 --> 00:42:58.740 especially those that are very faintly marked 1164 00:42:58.740 --> 00:43:00.330 like we had talked about, 1165 00:43:00.330 --> 00:43:01.530 to add to our list 1166 00:43:01.530 --> 00:43:03.870 to help land managers 1167 00:43:03.870 --> 00:43:07.620 develop plans because a lot of these coastal 1168 00:43:07.620 --> 00:43:10.530 state-owned and managed properties are environmental 1169 00:43:10.530 --> 00:43:12.990 or wildlife protection areas, 1170 00:43:12.990 --> 00:43:14.250 and they're not archeologists. 1171 00:43:14.250 --> 00:43:16.470 So, we're going to help them develop plans. 1172 00:43:16.470 --> 00:43:19.530 And if our models are successful with this, 1173 00:43:19.530 --> 00:43:20.610 then we can share with 1174 00:43:20.610 --> 00:43:22.830 other places up and down the coast, 1175 00:43:22.830 --> 00:43:24.240 as well as other private, 1176 00:43:24.240 --> 00:43:26.760 county, and municipal land managers 1177 00:43:26.760 --> 00:43:28.770 who need help developing a plan to 1178 00:43:28.770 --> 00:43:30.240 protect their cemetery. 1179 00:43:30.240 --> 00:43:32.400 So to identify the ones we don't know about 1180 00:43:32.400 --> 00:43:34.450 we are, especially ones associated with 1181 00:43:35.490 --> 00:43:40.490 pre and just post-emancipation African-American communities, 1182 00:43:41.310 --> 00:43:43.530 we're doing a lot of document research 1183 00:43:43.530 --> 00:43:45.810 in which we are triangulating 1184 00:43:45.810 --> 00:43:48.510 known historic resources 1185 00:43:48.510 --> 00:43:50.520 in order to find cemeteries. 1186 00:43:50.520 --> 00:43:51.600 Where I talked about 1187 00:43:51.600 --> 00:43:52.920 before using the cemetery 1188 00:43:52.920 --> 00:43:55.200 to help triangulate where other resources are, 1189 00:43:55.200 --> 00:43:56.940 we have enough historic resources, 1190 00:43:56.940 --> 00:43:59.040 enough documentation in this area 1191 00:43:59.040 --> 00:44:00.060 to do the reverse. 1192 00:44:00.060 --> 00:44:01.140 So you can see 1193 00:44:01.140 --> 00:44:03.150 we have other cemeteries, 1194 00:44:03.150 --> 00:44:06.690 plantations, African American churches 1195 00:44:06.690 --> 00:44:07.523 in which we are 1196 00:44:07.523 --> 00:44:09.210 comparing where they are 1197 00:44:09.210 --> 00:44:10.470 in order to predict 1198 00:44:10.470 --> 00:44:11.820 where we might find 1199 00:44:11.820 --> 00:44:14.403 other cemeteries within these areas. 1200 00:44:15.240 --> 00:44:16.740 And we will be doing those research 1201 00:44:16.740 --> 00:44:17.730 over the next couple of years, 1202 00:44:17.730 --> 00:44:18.563 so we hope 1203 00:44:18.563 --> 00:44:19.590 you pay attention to our, 1204 00:44:19.590 --> 00:44:20.670 or stay tuned 1205 00:44:20.670 --> 00:44:21.930 and visit our website 1206 00:44:21.930 --> 00:44:24.600 to learn more as we move forward. 1207 00:44:24.600 --> 00:44:25.530 I'm also here to 1208 00:44:25.530 --> 00:44:29.160 answer any other question about cemeteries in general, 1209 00:44:29.160 --> 00:44:30.410 not just on the coast. 1210 00:44:30.410 --> 00:44:31.560 If you have any weird 1211 00:44:31.560 --> 00:44:34.050 cemetery questions or not-so-weird cemetery questions, 1212 00:44:34.050 --> 00:44:35.490 I realize that this is not 1213 00:44:35.490 --> 00:44:37.170 a topic that most people think about, 1214 00:44:37.170 --> 00:44:38.940 but I am here to answer your questions. 1215 00:44:38.940 --> 00:44:40.140 You can find us on Facebook. 1216 00:44:40.140 --> 00:44:42.810 We also have a dedicated cemetery page 1217 00:44:42.810 --> 00:44:43.890 where you can learn about 1218 00:44:43.890 --> 00:44:46.400 cemetery resources, the laws that govern cemeteries 1219 00:44:46.400 --> 00:44:49.500 in North Carolina, et cetera. 1220 00:44:49.500 --> 00:44:52.714 And so, I have just finished 1221 00:44:52.714 --> 00:44:55.650 and I think we can move onto 1222 00:44:55.650 --> 00:44:57.300 the question and answer section, 1223 00:44:57.300 --> 00:45:00.690 if anyone wants to think about that. 1224 00:45:00.690 --> 00:45:02.370 All right, well thank you Melissa. 1225 00:45:02.370 --> 00:45:03.753 That was fascinating. 1226 00:45:04.650 --> 00:45:06.750 Lots of great information in there. 1227 00:45:06.750 --> 00:45:08.550 Now, if you haven't typed your question in, 1228 00:45:08.550 --> 00:45:10.200 please remember that you can do so 1229 00:45:10.200 --> 00:45:11.190 in the question box 1230 00:45:11.190 --> 00:45:13.230 and we're gonna get to those in just a minute. 1231 00:45:13.230 --> 00:45:15.870 Also, if you haven't downloaded Melissa's bio, 1232 00:45:15.870 --> 00:45:16.703 in the chat box, 1233 00:45:16.703 --> 00:45:18.360 you might want to do that now. 1234 00:45:18.360 --> 00:45:19.200 And in that bio, 1235 00:45:19.200 --> 00:45:21.090 you're gonna find more information about Melissa, 1236 00:45:21.090 --> 00:45:22.830 but you'll also find some of those links 1237 00:45:22.830 --> 00:45:23.663 that she's mentioned 1238 00:45:23.663 --> 00:45:25.770 that might be of interest to you. 1239 00:45:25.770 --> 00:45:27.660 So I also wanna say, Melissa, 1240 00:45:27.660 --> 00:45:32.250 that Mark Losavio, our media and outreach coordinator 1241 00:45:32.250 --> 00:45:34.860 joined us while you were talking, 1242 00:45:34.860 --> 00:45:38.520 so I'm gonna let Mark help me field the questions. 1243 00:45:38.520 --> 00:45:39.420 But the first question 1244 00:45:39.420 --> 00:45:40.957 I had that came in said, 1245 00:45:40.957 --> 00:45:42.780 "The Appalachian grave houses 1246 00:45:42.780 --> 00:45:45.877 looked very similar to Native American burial houses." 1247 00:45:45.877 --> 00:45:48.567 "Is there any correlation there at all?" 1248 00:45:49.740 --> 00:45:50.573 There could be, 1249 00:45:50.573 --> 00:45:52.950 but from the research that I've seen, 1250 00:45:52.950 --> 00:45:57.950 they've been mostly tied with European Americans. 1251 00:45:58.560 --> 00:46:01.230 However, being in a very rural area, 1252 00:46:01.230 --> 00:46:04.743 rural areas tend to be a great melting pot, 1253 00:46:05.700 --> 00:46:07.200 especially in the old days, 1254 00:46:07.200 --> 00:46:08.430 of different communities 1255 00:46:08.430 --> 00:46:10.230 that are out on the frontiers coming together. 1256 00:46:10.230 --> 00:46:11.063 So, there could be, 1257 00:46:11.063 --> 00:46:13.110 there's always a possibility, 1258 00:46:13.110 --> 00:46:15.150 but that's not what I've seen in the research. 1259 00:46:15.150 --> 00:46:16.860 But again, this is an area that 1260 00:46:16.860 --> 00:46:19.110 more research needs to be done. 1261 00:46:19.110 --> 00:46:20.010 Okay, thank you. 1262 00:46:20.010 --> 00:46:23.070 And Mark, is there a question that you want to ask? 1263 00:46:23.070 --> 00:46:24.620 Yes, and hi everybody. 1264 00:46:26.640 --> 00:46:27.967 This question is about Florida. 1265 00:46:27.967 --> 00:46:29.430 "In Florida, we have found 1266 00:46:29.430 --> 00:46:31.080 that historic cemeteries 1267 00:46:31.080 --> 00:46:34.417 are a really under-recorded resource." 1268 00:46:34.417 --> 00:46:36.667 "Have you found that to be the case in North Carolina?" 1269 00:46:36.667 --> 00:46:38.670 "And if so, 1270 00:46:38.670 --> 00:46:41.367 have you all found an effective way to address that?" 1271 00:46:42.390 --> 00:46:44.550 Yes, definitely very under-recorded. 1272 00:46:44.550 --> 00:46:45.930 There were some periods of time 1273 00:46:45.930 --> 00:46:47.340 in the past where, 1274 00:46:47.340 --> 00:46:49.320 for whatever reason, 1275 00:46:49.320 --> 00:46:51.810 cemeteries were not recorded like archeological 1276 00:46:51.810 --> 00:46:52.710 or historic sites. 1277 00:46:52.710 --> 00:46:53.940 And I don't know why, 1278 00:46:53.940 --> 00:46:55.200 but we're definitely changing that. 1279 00:46:55.200 --> 00:46:56.100 So, for example, 1280 00:46:56.100 --> 00:46:58.290 Dare County, which is one of the older counties 1281 00:46:58.290 --> 00:46:59.790 along the coast, 1282 00:46:59.790 --> 00:47:04.110 we have 10 cemeteries recorded in the state register, 1283 00:47:04.110 --> 00:47:04.943 and we know 1284 00:47:04.943 --> 00:47:06.300 there's a whole book. 1285 00:47:06.300 --> 00:47:08.280 So, we know that there is 1286 00:47:08.280 --> 00:47:09.990 a ton more cemeteries 1287 00:47:09.990 --> 00:47:11.640 in Dare County. 1288 00:47:11.640 --> 00:47:14.460 So that is something we are definitely actively working on. 1289 00:47:14.460 --> 00:47:17.910 My whole position was established a few years ago 1290 00:47:17.910 --> 00:47:18.900 in order to 1291 00:47:18.900 --> 00:47:20.460 help work on 1292 00:47:20.460 --> 00:47:22.260 this issue of cemeteries 1293 00:47:22.260 --> 00:47:23.580 not being addressed 1294 00:47:23.580 --> 00:47:26.730 as thoroughly as other resources in the past. 1295 00:47:26.730 --> 00:47:29.580 So we are starting with some internal records, 1296 00:47:29.580 --> 00:47:32.460 some state-level records held by other agencies 1297 00:47:32.460 --> 00:47:33.630 to build our records. 1298 00:47:33.630 --> 00:47:35.940 And then, we're getting a new database soon, 1299 00:47:35.940 --> 00:47:37.620 so we'll be reaching out, 1300 00:47:37.620 --> 00:47:39.420 after that's established, 1301 00:47:39.420 --> 00:47:42.300 to counties and municipalities, 1302 00:47:42.300 --> 00:47:47.300 and institutions like universities and churches, 1303 00:47:47.520 --> 00:47:48.870 in order to bring in 1304 00:47:48.870 --> 00:47:50.970 more of this information. 1305 00:47:50.970 --> 00:47:52.830 There are lots of resources out there 1306 00:47:52.830 --> 00:47:53.670 that we know of, 1307 00:47:53.670 --> 00:47:55.170 we are just working on 1308 00:47:55.170 --> 00:47:57.450 the best way to streamline it because 1309 00:47:57.450 --> 00:47:59.310 the Cemetery Program is 1310 00:47:59.310 --> 00:48:00.670 a really generous term 1311 00:48:01.620 --> 00:48:04.380 for me and two temporary employees. 1312 00:48:04.380 --> 00:48:07.380 So it is something that we're working on, 1313 00:48:07.380 --> 00:48:10.233 but yes, definitely very underrepresented. 1314 00:48:11.400 --> 00:48:13.470 Okay, and another question that came in 1315 00:48:13.470 --> 00:48:15.990 that said, "In many cases cemeteries are removed 1316 00:48:15.990 --> 00:48:18.367 when there are no known relatives anymore." 1317 00:48:18.367 --> 00:48:20.280 "Which criteria do they have to meet 1318 00:48:20.280 --> 00:48:21.933 for cemeteries or graves, 1319 00:48:22.890 --> 00:48:24.180 in order that the government 1320 00:48:24.180 --> 00:48:25.620 or federal or state 1321 00:48:25.620 --> 00:48:27.220 will come in and care for them?" 1322 00:48:28.080 --> 00:48:29.160 We don't have one 1323 00:48:29.160 --> 00:48:31.800 under North Carolina General Statutes. 1324 00:48:31.800 --> 00:48:33.720 Cemeteries aren't generally removed 1325 00:48:33.720 --> 00:48:35.430 unless there is something 1326 00:48:35.430 --> 00:48:36.390 instigating a move, 1327 00:48:36.390 --> 00:48:37.500 whether that be 1328 00:48:37.500 --> 00:48:38.760 the descendants choosing 1329 00:48:38.760 --> 00:48:41.130 to move people to a new place 1330 00:48:41.130 --> 00:48:42.630 or there is 1331 00:48:42.630 --> 00:48:45.720 some sort of development or a DOT, 1332 00:48:45.720 --> 00:48:48.390 or an Army Corps of Engineers project that's happening 1333 00:48:48.390 --> 00:48:50.190 and there's no other way around it, 1334 00:48:50.190 --> 00:48:51.890 that they're going to be impacted. 1335 00:48:53.250 --> 00:48:55.290 But there is nothing 1336 00:48:55.290 --> 00:48:57.210 that in the General Statutes 1337 00:48:57.210 --> 00:48:59.340 in North Carolina, right now, 1338 00:48:59.340 --> 00:49:02.160 that mandates any landowner 1339 00:49:02.160 --> 00:49:03.630 or any individual 1340 00:49:03.630 --> 00:49:05.910 to do anything to a cemetery 1341 00:49:05.910 --> 00:49:07.110 as far as take care of it. 1342 00:49:07.110 --> 00:49:08.640 There's lots of things you can't do, 1343 00:49:08.640 --> 00:49:11.077 like pull up graves or disturb remains, 1344 00:49:11.077 --> 00:49:14.280 or disturb the artifacts 1345 00:49:14.280 --> 00:49:17.100 or the memorial plants. 1346 00:49:17.100 --> 00:49:20.160 But there is nothing triggering, right now, 1347 00:49:20.160 --> 00:49:22.740 anybody to care for a cemetery, 1348 00:49:22.740 --> 00:49:24.090 which is good and bad. 1349 00:49:24.090 --> 00:49:26.070 For some of these rural ones, 1350 00:49:26.070 --> 00:49:27.150 that means they stay 1351 00:49:27.150 --> 00:49:27.983 sort of hidden, 1352 00:49:27.983 --> 00:49:29.160 outta sight, outta mind. 1353 00:49:29.160 --> 00:49:30.630 No hooligans can get in there 1354 00:49:30.630 --> 00:49:32.250 if they don't know it's there in the first place. 1355 00:49:32.250 --> 00:49:34.440 But it can be very 1356 00:49:34.440 --> 00:49:37.140 emotional and very impactful for people who 1357 00:49:37.140 --> 00:49:38.280 want to see a 1358 00:49:38.280 --> 00:49:40.290 different path taken. 1359 00:49:40.290 --> 00:49:42.000 And there's ways that we can talk 1360 00:49:42.000 --> 00:49:43.290 to individuals who 1361 00:49:43.290 --> 00:49:44.190 feel like they 1362 00:49:44.190 --> 00:49:45.840 want to take on a project like that, 1363 00:49:45.840 --> 00:49:48.000 but, right now, there is not a trigger for 1364 00:49:48.000 --> 00:49:49.590 any state agency 1365 00:49:49.590 --> 00:49:53.190 to particularly assume control 1366 00:49:53.190 --> 00:49:54.023 or a county 1367 00:49:54.023 --> 00:49:55.920 or municipal government 1368 00:49:55.920 --> 00:49:58.563 to assume control to care of a cemetery. 1369 00:49:59.850 --> 00:50:01.560 Okay, Mark, do you have another question 1370 00:50:01.560 --> 00:50:03.210 you would like to ask? 1371 00:50:03.210 --> 00:50:05.527 Yes, I actually really love this question. 1372 00:50:05.527 --> 00:50:07.500 "Do you have any historical fiction 1373 00:50:07.500 --> 00:50:09.660 or nonfiction book suggestions 1374 00:50:09.660 --> 00:50:11.367 to learn more about this topic?" 1375 00:50:12.600 --> 00:50:13.953 Historical books? 1376 00:50:15.306 --> 00:50:18.360 (sighs) Oh yes, actually, there is a 1377 00:50:18.360 --> 00:50:20.460 pretty famous book in North Carolina. 1378 00:50:20.460 --> 00:50:22.590 It's called "Sticks and Stones" 1379 00:50:22.590 --> 00:50:24.510 by M. Ruth Little. 1380 00:50:24.510 --> 00:50:26.820 It's a beautiful sort of the seminal work 1381 00:50:26.820 --> 00:50:29.850 of North Carolina historic cemeteries. 1382 00:50:29.850 --> 00:50:32.190 It's a beautiful hardcover book that you can get, 1383 00:50:32.190 --> 00:50:34.170 I got mine on Amazon, 1384 00:50:34.170 --> 00:50:36.150 that has lots of great images. 1385 00:50:36.150 --> 00:50:39.060 But as far as fiction goes, 1386 00:50:39.060 --> 00:50:41.010 I'm not quite sure. 1387 00:50:41.010 --> 00:50:42.660 I'd have to think about that. 1388 00:50:42.660 --> 00:50:44.970 But definitely, if you wanna know more about 1389 00:50:44.970 --> 00:50:46.590 North Carolina cemeteries, 1390 00:50:46.590 --> 00:50:48.090 get Ruth Little's book because 1391 00:50:48.090 --> 00:50:51.990 it has so much great information 1392 00:50:51.990 --> 00:50:55.320 and a lot of really beautiful images of cemeteries, 1393 00:50:55.320 --> 00:50:56.190 some of which are 1394 00:50:56.190 --> 00:50:58.440 sort of worse for wear since she's made it. 1395 00:50:58.440 --> 00:50:59.560 So, it's great to see 1396 00:51:00.450 --> 00:51:04.020 what they looked like before some of these were impacted. 1397 00:51:04.020 --> 00:51:06.517 Okay, another question that came in said, 1398 00:51:06.517 --> 00:51:08.640 "Are there any burial traditions 1399 00:51:08.640 --> 00:51:10.170 among the indigenous people 1400 00:51:10.170 --> 00:51:12.390 traditionally located in the area, 1401 00:51:12.390 --> 00:51:15.588 that leave recognizable landscapes or artifacts 1402 00:51:15.588 --> 00:51:18.630 that your office might document?" 1403 00:51:18.630 --> 00:51:20.040 There probably are, 1404 00:51:20.040 --> 00:51:22.200 but that's something that I'm not very familiar with 1405 00:51:22.200 --> 00:51:24.660 and that's something that I really want to learn more about. 1406 00:51:24.660 --> 00:51:27.918 Right now, we've got a really great partnership with 1407 00:51:27.918 --> 00:51:30.420 the North Carolina African American Heritage Commission. 1408 00:51:30.420 --> 00:51:33.360 And we have the African American Cemetery Program, 1409 00:51:33.360 --> 00:51:35.550 where we're documenting 1410 00:51:35.550 --> 00:51:39.600 and recording and working with communities, 1411 00:51:39.600 --> 00:51:42.150 with African American cemeteries. 1412 00:51:42.150 --> 00:51:43.950 North Carolina recently 1413 00:51:43.950 --> 00:51:46.830 established Native American Heritage Commission, 1414 00:51:46.830 --> 00:51:49.440 and, I mean, they're not even off the ground yet. 1415 00:51:49.440 --> 00:51:51.120 But that's one of the things that 1416 00:51:51.120 --> 00:51:51.953 as soon as they're 1417 00:51:51.953 --> 00:51:54.180 up and ready, I will be knocking on their door 1418 00:51:54.180 --> 00:51:57.243 to figure that out. 1419 00:51:59.670 --> 00:52:02.550 I focus mostly on post-contact, 1420 00:52:02.550 --> 00:52:04.620 but I know that there has to be 1421 00:52:04.620 --> 00:52:07.740 pre-contact Native American traditions as well, 1422 00:52:07.740 --> 00:52:09.420 and I definitely wanna partner with them 1423 00:52:09.420 --> 00:52:10.650 to learn more because 1424 00:52:10.650 --> 00:52:14.250 the tribal culture, is much like every other part of 1425 00:52:14.250 --> 00:52:15.390 the United States, 1426 00:52:15.390 --> 00:52:16.590 are very varied 1427 00:52:16.590 --> 00:52:18.270 and there are different traditions that happened 1428 00:52:18.270 --> 00:52:19.103 in different places. 1429 00:52:19.103 --> 00:52:21.480 So, I definitely wanna partner with them 1430 00:52:21.480 --> 00:52:22.890 and their staff 1431 00:52:22.890 --> 00:52:25.170 and the other tribal communities along 1432 00:52:25.170 --> 00:52:28.170 the coast and in North Carolina, in general, to learn more. 1433 00:52:28.170 --> 00:52:31.740 But that is a serious gap in my personal knowledge 1434 00:52:31.740 --> 00:52:34.950 that I am actively working on because it is 1435 00:52:34.950 --> 00:52:38.280 definitely something that is not as 1436 00:52:38.280 --> 00:52:40.860 readily recorded because there's not a whole lot of 1437 00:52:40.860 --> 00:52:42.510 research that has been done, 1438 00:52:42.510 --> 00:52:43.983 and that needs to change. 1439 00:52:44.910 --> 00:52:45.930 Okay, and Mark, 1440 00:52:45.930 --> 00:52:48.080 I think we have time for one more question. 1441 00:52:49.290 --> 00:52:50.520 All right, 1442 00:52:50.520 --> 00:52:51.397 I think this is a good question. 1443 00:52:51.397 --> 00:52:53.640 "Has this inventory project 1444 00:52:53.640 --> 00:52:56.250 revealed any unanticipated 1445 00:52:56.250 --> 00:52:59.190 or surprising revelations 1446 00:52:59.190 --> 00:53:00.837 or new research questions?" 1447 00:53:02.370 --> 00:53:06.830 Yes, mostly just the... 1448 00:53:08.820 --> 00:53:11.790 Okay, so we're working on this 1449 00:53:11.790 --> 00:53:15.720 and especially going into some of the older surveys 1450 00:53:15.720 --> 00:53:17.460 that were done in 1451 00:53:17.460 --> 00:53:21.570 the '40s, '50s, '60s, '70s, 80's, and '90s, 1452 00:53:21.570 --> 00:53:24.150 we have discovered that 1453 00:53:24.150 --> 00:53:26.760 only about 8% of the cemeteries 1454 00:53:26.760 --> 00:53:28.710 that have been surveyed 1455 00:53:28.710 --> 00:53:30.270 are African American related, 1456 00:53:30.270 --> 00:53:31.980 and that's a problem. 1457 00:53:31.980 --> 00:53:33.900 We also have 1458 00:53:33.900 --> 00:53:38.700 that 56% of those are unattributable, 1459 00:53:38.700 --> 00:53:42.000 so we have no idea who they're associated with. 1460 00:53:42.000 --> 00:53:43.590 And so, we have to figure out 1461 00:53:43.590 --> 00:53:45.480 better ways to do 1462 00:53:45.480 --> 00:53:49.830 research and develop partnerships within communities 1463 00:53:49.830 --> 00:53:52.020 because, again, it's me 1464 00:53:52.020 --> 00:53:53.100 and two temporary people, 1465 00:53:53.100 --> 00:53:54.810 and I can't do the whole state, 1466 00:53:54.810 --> 00:53:56.290 even though I sort of 1467 00:53:57.420 --> 00:54:00.480 oversee questions from the entire state. 1468 00:54:00.480 --> 00:54:01.470 So we need 1469 00:54:01.470 --> 00:54:03.990 a better way to do more effective research, 1470 00:54:03.990 --> 00:54:05.140 to be able 1471 00:54:07.694 --> 00:54:09.250 to demonstrate that 1472 00:54:10.140 --> 00:54:12.420 these communities are doing these things. 1473 00:54:12.420 --> 00:54:14.220 We're also noticing, 1474 00:54:14.220 --> 00:54:17.280 while there are some blanket descriptions for 1475 00:54:17.280 --> 00:54:20.190 what enslaved communities cemeteries look like, 1476 00:54:20.190 --> 00:54:23.550 those models don't fit the entire state of North Carolina. 1477 00:54:23.550 --> 00:54:24.750 The people along the coast 1478 00:54:24.750 --> 00:54:27.450 that are influenced by the Gullah Geechee communities, 1479 00:54:28.320 --> 00:54:31.590 their traditions are not represented in the Piedmont, 1480 00:54:31.590 --> 00:54:34.890 like east of the mountains 1481 00:54:34.890 --> 00:54:37.953 and west of the coast, 1482 00:54:39.030 --> 00:54:41.220 Raleigh, Durham, Sanford, Charlotte. 1483 00:54:41.220 --> 00:54:44.430 We don't see those same traditions reflected 1484 00:54:44.430 --> 00:54:45.263 in the Piedmont, 1485 00:54:45.263 --> 00:54:46.830 we see different 1486 00:54:46.830 --> 00:54:49.110 reflections in the mountains. 1487 00:54:49.110 --> 00:54:51.510 So that needs additional work. 1488 00:54:51.510 --> 00:54:52.343 There's a lot of 1489 00:54:53.628 --> 00:54:54.780 really interesting research projects 1490 00:54:54.780 --> 00:54:57.240 that have started within the last year or two 1491 00:54:57.240 --> 00:54:58.710 that are examining just that. 1492 00:54:58.710 --> 00:55:00.120 What are these regional trends? 1493 00:55:00.120 --> 00:55:02.460 So what we've learned is that 1494 00:55:02.460 --> 00:55:05.670 there are far more nuances, of course, 1495 00:55:05.670 --> 00:55:08.250 and a lot more questions that need to be answered. 1496 00:55:08.250 --> 00:55:09.720 So, I call that job security 1497 00:55:09.720 --> 00:55:10.920 because there's always something 1498 00:55:10.920 --> 00:55:12.453 new to learn about cemeteries. 1499 00:55:13.650 --> 00:55:15.750 All right, very good. 1500 00:55:15.750 --> 00:55:17.760 Well, if we did not get to your question 1501 00:55:17.760 --> 00:55:19.080 or if you have additional ones, 1502 00:55:19.080 --> 00:55:20.700 you can always send them to Melissa, 1503 00:55:20.700 --> 00:55:21.930 and her email address 1504 00:55:21.930 --> 00:55:23.610 is listed here on the screen. 1505 00:55:23.610 --> 00:55:25.200 We also advise you to learn more 1506 00:55:25.200 --> 00:55:26.400 by visiting the website 1507 00:55:26.400 --> 00:55:27.600 for the Cemetery Program, 1508 00:55:27.600 --> 00:55:28.980 which is also listed there 1509 00:55:28.980 --> 00:55:29.813 on the screen. 1510 00:55:29.813 --> 00:55:31.710 And it's also in your handout, 1511 00:55:31.710 --> 00:55:35.220 if you had downloaded the bio for Melissa. 1512 00:55:35.220 --> 00:55:37.200 A video recording of the presentation 1513 00:55:37.200 --> 00:55:40.230 will be available on the Sanctuaries' Webinar Archives page, 1514 00:55:40.230 --> 00:55:43.140 found at the URL listed at the top. 1515 00:55:43.140 --> 00:55:44.670 In addition, the webinar will be on the 1516 00:55:44.670 --> 00:55:46.620 Monitor National Marine Sanctuary's website. 1517 00:55:46.620 --> 00:55:48.540 You'll just click on the Multimedia section 1518 00:55:48.540 --> 00:55:49.440 in the toolbar 1519 00:55:49.440 --> 00:55:51.240 to access the webinar box. 1520 00:55:51.240 --> 00:55:53.760 You'll also find future webinars in that same section. 1521 00:55:53.760 --> 00:55:54.593 And, don't worry, 1522 00:55:54.593 --> 00:55:56.460 all of this information will be sent to you 1523 00:55:56.460 --> 00:55:57.990 in a follow up email 1524 00:55:57.990 --> 00:56:00.240 once the recording is ready to view. 1525 00:56:00.240 --> 00:56:01.440 Usually takes us about 1526 00:56:01.440 --> 00:56:02.273 at least a week 1527 00:56:02.273 --> 00:56:03.480 to get it up on the website. 1528 00:56:03.480 --> 00:56:05.493 So, be patient, it will be there. 1529 00:56:06.810 --> 00:56:08.460 I did wanna invite you that tomorrow, 1530 00:56:08.460 --> 00:56:10.740 you can join the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries 1531 00:56:10.740 --> 00:56:14.580 to discover what National Marine Sanctuaries have to offer 1532 00:56:14.580 --> 00:56:16.410 and how educational materials 1533 00:56:16.410 --> 00:56:18.630 bring the ocean and Great Lakes waters into your 1534 00:56:18.630 --> 00:56:21.660 classroom, home, facility, or wherever you learn best. 1535 00:56:21.660 --> 00:56:23.280 You'll also learn more about our new 1536 00:56:23.280 --> 00:56:25.020 USPS Forever stamps, 1537 00:56:25.020 --> 00:56:27.360 the Reyn Spooner Aloha shirt collaboration, 1538 00:56:27.360 --> 00:56:29.070 Sherman's Lagoons Comics, 1539 00:56:29.070 --> 00:56:30.960 and an exciting new partnership 1540 00:56:30.960 --> 00:56:33.210 with National Geographic Society. 1541 00:56:33.210 --> 00:56:34.410 And on Thursday, 1542 00:56:34.410 --> 00:56:36.930 join the webinar to hear an overview of the partnership 1543 00:56:36.930 --> 00:56:38.940 between the Ocean Exploration Trust 1544 00:56:38.940 --> 00:56:40.710 and the key Monument stakeholders, 1545 00:56:40.710 --> 00:56:43.500 as well as the summarization of the scientific discoveries 1546 00:56:43.500 --> 00:56:44.430 of the recent 1547 00:56:44.430 --> 00:56:47.553 deep-sea explorations of Papahanaumokuakea. 1548 00:56:49.050 --> 00:56:51.000 For our "Submerged North Carolina," 1549 00:56:51.000 --> 00:56:54.630 we will have two webinars coming up that we know the names. 1550 00:56:54.630 --> 00:56:55.830 Well, we know that they're coming up. 1551 00:56:55.830 --> 00:56:58.320 December 6 will be Kyra Duffley. 1552 00:56:58.320 --> 00:57:00.000 She's a multimedia specialist with 1553 00:57:00.000 --> 00:57:01.740 The Mariners Museum and Park, 1554 00:57:01.740 --> 00:57:03.900 and she's gonna talk us through some of the paintings 1555 00:57:03.900 --> 00:57:05.490 that were created 1556 00:57:05.490 --> 00:57:06.323 in the past 1557 00:57:06.323 --> 00:57:08.790 to honor and remember the night the USS Monitor 1558 00:57:08.790 --> 00:57:10.440 sank off the North Carolina coast. 1559 00:57:10.440 --> 00:57:12.230 And then January 31st, 1560 00:57:12.230 --> 00:57:15.240 we have the exciting possibility or 1561 00:57:15.240 --> 00:57:18.840 probability of having Captain Bobbie Scholley. 1562 00:57:18.840 --> 00:57:20.970 She's the US Navy retired captain. 1563 00:57:20.970 --> 00:57:23.310 She led the expedition in 2002 1564 00:57:23.310 --> 00:57:25.350 to recover the Monitor's turret. 1565 00:57:25.350 --> 00:57:28.140 So come hear about the challenges the expedition faced 1566 00:57:28.140 --> 00:57:29.100 and all the triumphs, 1567 00:57:29.100 --> 00:57:30.213 and much, much more. 1568 00:57:31.680 --> 00:57:32.513 And, of course, 1569 00:57:32.513 --> 00:57:34.680 we always invite you to follow us on social media 1570 00:57:34.680 --> 00:57:37.480 to stay in touch with what's happening in the sanctuary. 1571 00:57:39.570 --> 00:57:41.640 And lastly, as you exit the webinar, 1572 00:57:41.640 --> 00:57:42.690 there is a short survey 1573 00:57:42.690 --> 00:57:44.490 for formal and informal educators. 1574 00:57:44.490 --> 00:57:45.990 If you are an educator, 1575 00:57:45.990 --> 00:57:47.310 NOAA would really appreciate it 1576 00:57:47.310 --> 00:57:48.570 if you just take a minute or two 1577 00:57:48.570 --> 00:57:49.830 to complete the survey. 1578 00:57:49.830 --> 00:57:52.290 Your answers will help NOAA develop future webinars 1579 00:57:52.290 --> 00:57:53.123 to meet your needs, 1580 00:57:53.123 --> 00:57:55.230 and your participation is always voluntary 1581 00:57:55.230 --> 00:57:57.513 and your answers are completely anonymous. 1582 00:57:58.440 --> 00:57:59.273 So, once again, 1583 00:57:59.273 --> 00:58:00.450 I want to thank you, Melissa, 1584 00:58:00.450 --> 00:58:02.040 for a great presentation 1585 00:58:02.040 --> 00:58:03.150 and thank all of you 1586 00:58:03.150 --> 00:58:04.350 for joining us today. 1587 00:58:04.350 --> 00:58:05.430 Have a wonderful day 1588 00:58:05.430 --> 00:58:07.863 and this concludes the presentation for all.