WEBVTT
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Aloha kakou.
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And welcome to our Office of National Marine Sanctuaries in
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Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument webinar series.
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We're very excited to have you today.
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We have a great presentation for you today.
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And just a couple of housekeeping items
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before we get started,
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if you are having challenges with your audio,
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on the right hand side,
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there's a control panel
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like with your webinar control panel.
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And in there, there's a audio section,
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one of the gray bars.
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And you could choose,
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make sure to choose what your correct output speakers are.
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Sometimes it's your computer speakers
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or external speakers or headphones,
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that's usually where the problem arises.
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Just make sure the right output is selected.
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And during the presentation, if you have any issues,
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please type them into the question box
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and we'll do whatever we can to help you.
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And also, if you do have any questions for the presenter,
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you can enter those into the question box as well.
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And hopefully we'll have some time at the end
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to get to some of your questions.
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We're welcoming participants from across the globe.
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We have almost every continent represented today.
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So very exciting.
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But before we begin,
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in Hawaiʻi, it is proper to begin with protocol,
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to open the space, to learning,
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to open our minds to what we're about to hear,
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the presentation and information.
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And in order to do that,
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I will turn it over to Malia Evans
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who will open it up for us.
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Over to you Malia.
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Mahalo, Andy.
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And aloha to all of you.
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Thank you for joining us today.
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So I'll begin.
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(Malia chanting in Hawaiian)
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Mahalo Malia.
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And so with our presentation, we work
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for the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries under NOAA
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and we currently have 15 national marine sanctuaries
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around the country,
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also four proposed new national marine sanctuaries,
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the most recent of which is the Hudson Canyon
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off the coast of New York and New Jersey
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and two marine national monuments.
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So we're out here in the Pacific.
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Our site is Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.
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We are currently a proposed national marine sanctuary,
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but also a marine national monument.
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And we also have our sister site also in the Pacific,
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the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale
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National Marine Sanctuary.
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So this comprises your nation's networks of underwater parks
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and is similar to the national park system but underwater.
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And we are celebrating 50 years
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of national marine sanctuary protections.
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So we'll be half a century old this year
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and we're doing celebrations around the country.
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So please go to the website
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and see what events might be in your area
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to celebrate the achievements
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of the national marine sanctuary system
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in protecting your special and beautiful underwater places.
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So our site, Papahānaumokuākea,
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we're the world's largest fully protected area,
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meaning no extraction is allowed within this area,
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no commercial activities.
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If we were to lay it over the United States,
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it would cover an area about
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from New Orleans all the way out to Las Vegas.
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It covers a vast area,
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582,000 square miles of ocean,
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most of which is underwater.
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There's only six square miles of land in that entire area,
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but it's well used by millions of seabird.
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Our presentation today is hosted by myself, Andy Collins.
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I'm the education coordinator for Papahānaumokuākea
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and work over here in Hilo
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at our Mokupāpapa Discovery Center,
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and Malia Evans, whom you heard before,
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is O'ahu Education and Outreach coordinator,
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and also Justin Umholtz,
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who's our education coordinator over here in Hilo,
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and also works at our Mokupāpapa Discovery Center.
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And the great thing is we're finally open in June.
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June 11th, we finally reopened
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our Mokupāpapa Discovery Center
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after two years of COVID closure.
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And it's been really exciting.
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We've had so many people.
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We're getting about 1300 people coming in per week.
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And on Saturdays,
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we have a great program with a robotics partner
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on the second floor.
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So if you are in Hilo,
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please come and visit us.
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We have a wonderful 3,500 gallon saltwater aquarium,
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beautiful exhibits in Hawaiian, ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi and English,
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and just incredible artwork, and other things.
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Were free Tuesday through Saturday, 9:00 to 4:00 PM.
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So we hope to see you if you are in Hilo.
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But across the system,
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our national marine sanctuaries protect areas
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for their biodiversity.
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Also for the incredible shelter they provide
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for many threatened and endangered species
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such as this Hawaiian monk seal and green tea turtle,
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enjoying a little moment there at French Frigate Shoals.
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Also for the cultural heritage.
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The second island in the Northwestern Hawaiian Island chain.
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This is a picture from Mokumanamana.
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And those are Heiau
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The birds are resting on a upright part
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of a ceremonial site
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and there's numerous ceremonial site
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covering the entire island.
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So this is an incredible cultural site,
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a great importance to the native Hawaiians
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and for navigation and other purposes.
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Also maritime heritage.
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We have a lot of shipwrecks across the system.
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Some of our sites are dedicated solely to shipwrecks,
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the ones in the great lakes
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and also the first national sanctuary, the monitor.
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So we protect these.
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We interpret these areas,
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we document them,
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and try to explain what the importance
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of our maritime heritage is.
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We also conduct a lot of research across the system
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about the plants and animals that live in the area
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and the habitats,
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how they work, how they function, how they're doing,
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and then monitor them
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to see how things are changing over time,
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especially in relation to impacts such as climate change,
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which is having a significant impact
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across many of our sites.
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And in some cases, if we're able to,
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we restore some of these sites.
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And there's a huge effort in the Florida Keys right now
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to outplant corals and to restore some of the coral reefs
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that have been significantly damaged
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or have lost habitat over the years.
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We conduct a lot of education like this program
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in our beautiful centers here in Hilo
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and outreach events across the country.
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And we do this through our volunteers
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so if you are near our national marine sanctuary,
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or able to volunteer,
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we love our volunteers.
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We'd love to have you.
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If you're in Hilo,
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we'd love to have you come volunteer
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at our Mokupapapa Discovery Center
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in talking to some of our visitors.
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So we'd to love to have you come.
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And again, these are special places
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where we reconnect with nature,
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we reconnect with ourselves and our souls,
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and they're just great places to reflect
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and reconnect with ourselves.
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So today we have a wonderful presenter.
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Her name is Rachael Orben,
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and she's the assistant professor
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for the department of fisheries at Oregon State University.
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And Rachael is a marine ecologist
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with a background in oceanography.
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She's interested in how individual marine animals interact
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with their environment through movement,
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from flight behavior to migrations.
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Rachael's research often combines biologging technology
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and field techniques
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for conservation and management applications.
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She's the principal investigator
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of the Seabird Oceanography Lab at Oregon State,
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Hatfield Marine Science Center
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located on the central Oregon coast.
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And she studied albatrosses in Papahānaumokuākea,
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The New Zealand sub Antarctic,
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south Georgia, and the Falkland Islands.
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She holds a PhD in ocean sciences
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from the University of California, Santa Cruz.
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And at this time, you can turn on your webcam, Rachael,
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and I will turn mine off
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and turn the presenter over to you for your talk.
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Let's see here.
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And you should see presenter.
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Thank you very much, Andy and Malia,
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for that wonderful welcome and introduction.
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I wanted to start off my talk today
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by acknowledging that where I'm speaking to you today from,
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the Hatfield Marine Science Center,
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we're located within the traditional homelands
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of the Yaquina people.
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And the Yaquina people were forcibly removed
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from these coastal lands to reservations in the mid 1800s.
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And today living descendants of these people are a part of
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the Confederated Tribes of grand Ronde community of Oregon
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and the Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Indians.
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So hopefully you can hear me okay
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and my slides are coming through.
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Perfect. That was great.
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Wonderful.
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So today, my talk is called
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tracking North Pacific albatrosses
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to understand fisheries interactions.
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And I'm going to start off with a question.
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And I believe this links to a poll for you.
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And my first question for you, the audience,
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is a very simple one.
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And it's have you seen an albatross?
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Okay. So we have every,
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oh, lots of you are responding to this poll.
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And let's see what our audience.
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Have any of you seen an albatross?
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I'm gonna close the poll and I'll give you the results.
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All right, so Rachael, we have 72% who say yes,
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21%, no, and 7%, not sure.
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Oh, that's wonderful.
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Thank you.
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Albatross are one of my favorite birds.
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So it's really wonderful
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that so many of you have had an opportunity to see one.
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Let's see, I have lots of extra windows popping up.
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Why are albatrosses special?
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They're long-lived birds,
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so if the name Wisdom might be familiar to you,
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and she's Laysan albatross that is in her early 70s,
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they're far ranging,
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and later on in the talk,
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I will show some maps
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of where albatrosses are moving across the North Pacific.
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They have a really slow life history.
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So, albatrosses are laying one egg per year
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so hatching one chick a year or less.
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Some species only are nesting every other year.
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They're colonial nesters
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and they're very faithful to their nesting sites
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and their colonies.
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And there's 22 species of albatrosses globally
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and 21 of these are threatened.
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And I believe we have another question for you.
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I was curious to know
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what species of albatrosses people had seen.
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And I put my top four potential species in this poll.
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I wasn't allowed to list all 22 of them.
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(Malia giggles)
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All right,
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so go ahead and register your vote there.
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What species have you seen?
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We've got a lot of you putting in your answers.
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We'll give you a couple more seconds.
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All right.
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And I'm gonna close the poll.
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And let's see what our audience,
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what species have our audience seen.
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So we've got 12% that have seen a wandering albatross,
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5% have seen the northern royal albatross,
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19%, the black-footed albatross,
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00:14:10.080 --> 00:14:13.107
48%, the Laysan albatross,
269
00:14:13.107 --> 00:14:15.420
and 15% other species.
270
00:14:15.420 --> 00:14:18.393
So Laysan albatross seems to be the winner here.
271
00:14:19.950 --> 00:14:21.780
And that makes a lot of sense.
272
00:14:21.780 --> 00:14:25.170
There's some great places in the main Hawaiian islands
273
00:14:25.170 --> 00:14:28.140
where you can go and observe Laysan albatrosses.
274
00:14:28.140 --> 00:14:30.540
And then black-footed albatrosses,
275
00:14:30.540 --> 00:14:32.490
you can see off the US west coast.
276
00:14:32.490 --> 00:14:35.310
You just have to get offshore a little bit.
277
00:14:35.310 --> 00:14:39.780
And then the other two choices
278
00:14:39.780 --> 00:14:42.510
were southern hemisphere birds
279
00:14:42.510 --> 00:14:44.400
that you could see in New Zealand
280
00:14:44.400 --> 00:14:46.590
or maybe on the way to the Antarctic.
281
00:14:46.590 --> 00:14:51.590
So, a wide ranging selection.
282
00:14:51.840 --> 00:14:52.673
Thank you.
283
00:14:54.690 --> 00:14:58.170
So I did want to mention that most albatross species nest
284
00:14:58.170 --> 00:14:59.370
in the southern hemisphere,
285
00:14:59.370 --> 00:15:02.220
and these are photos taken from Campbell Island
286
00:15:02.220 --> 00:15:04.230
in the New Zealand sub Antarctic.
287
00:15:04.230 --> 00:15:07.680
And this is an island that has the highest diversity
288
00:15:07.680 --> 00:15:10.620
of species nesting on a single island.
289
00:15:10.620 --> 00:15:12.183
And in the North Pacific,
290
00:15:13.217 --> 00:15:16.590
we have three albatross species.
291
00:15:16.590 --> 00:15:19.650
And this is yet another quiz I have.
292
00:15:19.650 --> 00:15:23.580
All my questions are front loaded in this introduction.
293
00:15:23.580 --> 00:15:25.830
But I wanted to quiz you
294
00:15:25.830 --> 00:15:30.000
on your North Pacific albatross identification skills.
295
00:15:30.000 --> 00:15:33.030
So, each bird has a number
296
00:15:33.030 --> 00:15:35.550
and then they're associated to the choices
297
00:15:35.550 --> 00:15:36.543
that you're given.
298
00:15:38.190 --> 00:15:43.190
So I think maybe quickly associate your numbers
299
00:15:45.870 --> 00:15:46.830
and your answers
300
00:15:46.830 --> 00:15:49.920
and then Malia can share the question.
301
00:15:49.920 --> 00:15:51.120
Okay.
302
00:15:51.120 --> 00:15:52.157
So yes, take a look at that.
303
00:15:52.157 --> 00:15:56.043
'Cause I'm gonna pull the poll up right now.
304
00:15:58.290 --> 00:15:59.913
So select one of the following.
305
00:16:02.160 --> 00:16:03.600
Oh, it might not work.
306
00:16:03.600 --> 00:16:04.440
Picture went away.
307
00:16:04.440 --> 00:16:06.783
Yes, when I had the poll up.
308
00:16:08.640 --> 00:16:12.213
And it's hard to vote when you can't see the picture.
309
00:16:13.830 --> 00:16:16.535
Well, I see people are doing the best they can.
310
00:16:16.535 --> 00:16:18.150
(Malia laughs)
311
00:16:18.150 --> 00:16:19.743
I think it won't work
312
00:16:19.743 --> 00:16:24.152
'cause each number needs to go with a bird.
313
00:16:24.152 --> 00:16:24.985
Yes.
314
00:16:24.985 --> 00:16:27.033
Okay, I'm gonna close the poll.
315
00:16:28.410 --> 00:16:31.950
And I know you, folks, did your best.
316
00:16:31.950 --> 00:16:33.630
28% of you voted.
317
00:16:33.630 --> 00:16:36.870
(Malia laughs)
318
00:16:36.870 --> 00:16:38.643
Because that could be interesting.
319
00:16:39.510 --> 00:16:40.560
38%.
320
00:16:40.560 --> 00:16:43.320
It was hard because there's no numbers associated with it
321
00:16:43.320 --> 00:16:45.990
but I'm just gonna go ahead and put that away
322
00:16:45.990 --> 00:16:48.293
so you can have your photo back.
323
00:16:48.293 --> 00:16:50.520
(Malia laughs)
324
00:16:50.520 --> 00:16:53.010
Yeah. So I'll show you the answers
325
00:16:53.010 --> 00:16:54.840
so you can just follow along in your head
326
00:16:54.840 --> 00:16:56.793
and see if you were correct.
327
00:16:59.010 --> 00:17:00.270
So on the upper left,
328
00:17:00.270 --> 00:17:02.520
we have a short-tailed albatross adult,
329
00:17:02.520 --> 00:17:04.860
and the bird right below is actually
330
00:17:04.860 --> 00:17:06.720
also short-tailed albatross
331
00:17:06.720 --> 00:17:10.260
but its plumage is dark and it's a sub-adult bird.
332
00:17:10.260 --> 00:17:11.460
Then on the right hand side,
333
00:17:11.460 --> 00:17:14.610
we have the black-footed albatross in the back
334
00:17:14.610 --> 00:17:17.330
and the the smallest of the three species
335
00:17:17.330 --> 00:17:19.473
is the Laysan albatross in the front.
336
00:17:22.380 --> 00:17:25.800
And across the North Pacific,
337
00:17:25.800 --> 00:17:29.220
albatrosses have colonies typically on remote islands.
338
00:17:29.220 --> 00:17:32.340
We have the short-tailed albatross nesting
339
00:17:32.340 --> 00:17:33.960
in colonies near Japan
340
00:17:33.960 --> 00:17:37.620
in the western portion of the North Pacific,
341
00:17:37.620 --> 00:17:41.580
and then the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
342
00:17:41.580 --> 00:17:46.580
has colonies of Laysan and black-footed albatrosses
343
00:17:47.190 --> 00:17:48.810
on a number of islands
344
00:17:48.810 --> 00:17:51.870
along the Northwestern Hawaiian Island chain.
345
00:17:51.870 --> 00:17:54.420
There's also colonies of Laysan albatrosses
346
00:17:54.420 --> 00:17:56.070
in the main Hawaiian islands
347
00:17:56.070 --> 00:18:01.070
and off of Baja, Mexico on Guadalupe Island.
348
00:18:01.350 --> 00:18:03.750
And the largest albatross colony in the world
349
00:18:03.750 --> 00:18:06.210
is located on Midway Atoll,
350
00:18:06.210 --> 00:18:07.830
which is really amazing.
351
00:18:07.830 --> 00:18:10.680
And that's where some of the tracking data
352
00:18:10.680 --> 00:18:13.620
that I'll be talking about later in the talk comes from,
353
00:18:13.620 --> 00:18:15.303
where those birds are nesting.
354
00:18:18.660 --> 00:18:23.660
And I wanted to share this figure early in the talk
355
00:18:24.720 --> 00:18:28.830
because the North Pacific really is home to these birds
356
00:18:28.830 --> 00:18:32.940
and they're crossing the North Pacific like it's nothing,
357
00:18:32.940 --> 00:18:34.830
like it's a really small area,
358
00:18:34.830 --> 00:18:39.330
but remember the North Pacific is a huge ocean
359
00:18:39.330 --> 00:18:42.540
and albatrosses are crossing back and forth,
360
00:18:42.540 --> 00:18:44.460
moving from Alaska
361
00:18:44.460 --> 00:18:48.990
to colonies in the Papahānaumokuākea National Monument
362
00:18:48.990 --> 00:18:49.920
and back again.
363
00:18:49.920 --> 00:18:54.920
So they're really connecting all these far-ranging areas
364
00:18:56.160 --> 00:18:57.213
to their colonies.
365
00:18:58.650 --> 00:19:03.240
And I do have a disclaimer on this figure.
366
00:19:03.240 --> 00:19:04.770
You know, we don't have tracking data
367
00:19:04.770 --> 00:19:07.800
from all birds all the time from all of the colonies.
368
00:19:07.800 --> 00:19:12.300
So this is still very much a biased representation
369
00:19:12.300 --> 00:19:15.670
of what is actually happening out there
370
00:19:17.460 --> 00:19:18.930
and how many birds are out there
371
00:19:18.930 --> 00:19:21.150
in terms of what the tracks would look like
372
00:19:21.150 --> 00:19:22.773
from the entire population.
373
00:19:27.938 --> 00:19:28.830
(clearing throat)
374
00:19:28.830 --> 00:19:29.663
Excuse me.
375
00:19:31.140 --> 00:19:36.140
So, generally seabirds, including albatrosses,
376
00:19:36.150 --> 00:19:37.920
have seasonal cycles of movement.
377
00:19:37.920 --> 00:19:39.920
And this is really important to consider
378
00:19:42.030 --> 00:19:44.580
when we think about when and where birds
379
00:19:44.580 --> 00:19:48.360
might be encountering different fisheries.
380
00:19:48.360 --> 00:19:52.200
So, when birds are incubating,
381
00:19:52.200 --> 00:19:55.110
they'll take decently long foraging trips
382
00:19:55.110 --> 00:19:58.770
away from the colony to feed themselves.
383
00:19:58.770 --> 00:20:00.720
But then they have to return to that colony
384
00:20:00.720 --> 00:20:04.350
to incubate their egg and relieve their partner.
385
00:20:04.350 --> 00:20:06.775
Once the chick hatches and is small,
386
00:20:06.775 --> 00:20:09.990
they take very short foraging trips.
387
00:20:09.990 --> 00:20:12.300
Let's say an albatross might take a foraging trip
388
00:20:12.300 --> 00:20:14.040
of three to five days
389
00:20:14.040 --> 00:20:18.690
and this shorter duration trip inherently keeps them closer
390
00:20:18.690 --> 00:20:21.750
to their nesting colony.
391
00:20:21.750 --> 00:20:23.610
As the chicks get larger,
392
00:20:23.610 --> 00:20:27.030
they once again are able to take these longer foraging trips
393
00:20:27.030 --> 00:20:29.580
and roam farther away from their colony.
394
00:20:29.580 --> 00:20:31.740
And this period of central place foraging
395
00:20:31.740 --> 00:20:33.843
really constrains where they can be.
396
00:20:35.100 --> 00:20:36.800
But maybe not as much as you think
397
00:20:37.660 --> 00:20:40.230
with some of these albatross species.
398
00:20:40.230 --> 00:20:44.040
And then finally outside of the nesting period,
399
00:20:44.040 --> 00:20:45.540
birds are released
400
00:20:45.540 --> 00:20:48.210
from the central-place foraging constraint
401
00:20:48.210 --> 00:20:53.043
and are able to wander and forage where the prey is.
402
00:20:58.020 --> 00:21:01.110
For albatrosses and other marine predators,
403
00:21:01.110 --> 00:21:04.290
fisheries bycatch is a conservation issue.
404
00:21:04.290 --> 00:21:06.390
And it's a very important issue
405
00:21:06.390 --> 00:21:08.973
for albatross species globally.
406
00:21:10.350 --> 00:21:13.050
And albatrosses are typically,
407
00:21:13.050 --> 00:21:15.360
a bycatch of albatross is typically caused
408
00:21:15.360 --> 00:21:18.180
by hook-and-line fisheries, so long-liners.
409
00:21:18.180 --> 00:21:22.740
And birds grab baited hooks, get entangled and drown.
410
00:21:22.740 --> 00:21:26.853
But vessel-based solutions can effectively minimize bycatch.
411
00:21:27.840 --> 00:21:31.198
And I'll talk about those briefly in a moment.
412
00:21:31.198 --> 00:21:35.670
And also the research that I'm going to be talking to
413
00:21:35.670 --> 00:21:40.670
or explaining or discussing today is looking at,
414
00:21:41.700 --> 00:21:44.190
is trying to provide an albatross perspective
415
00:21:44.190 --> 00:21:48.480
on when and where birds are encountering boats
416
00:21:48.480 --> 00:21:51.813
so that this could offer additional conservation solutions.
417
00:21:53.280 --> 00:21:55.410
But, the fisheries-based solutions
418
00:21:55.410 --> 00:21:57.600
or boat-based solutions are really effective,
419
00:21:57.600 --> 00:21:59.760
and one of these is streamer lines,
420
00:21:59.760 --> 00:22:02.760
and they work by scaring birds away
421
00:22:02.760 --> 00:22:06.330
from where the long-line boats are entering the waters
422
00:22:06.330 --> 00:22:10.000
so by the time the baited hooks are
423
00:22:11.820 --> 00:22:13.770
in the area where the birds can access them,
424
00:22:13.770 --> 00:22:16.770
they're too deep for the boats,
425
00:22:16.770 --> 00:22:18.810
for the albatrosses to reach them.
426
00:22:18.810 --> 00:22:23.760
And the figure on the left shows bycatch of albatrosses
427
00:22:23.760 --> 00:22:27.990
and non-albatross seabirds in Alaska long-line fisheries.
428
00:22:27.990 --> 00:22:30.060
And in the red box,
429
00:22:30.060 --> 00:22:32.670
I've shown where streamer lines were introduced
430
00:22:32.670 --> 00:22:33.503
in these fisheries.
431
00:22:33.503 --> 00:22:36.060
And you can see a substantial improvement
432
00:22:36.060 --> 00:22:39.010
and decrease in the number of albatrosses caught
433
00:22:40.500 --> 00:22:42.270
per a thousand hooks
434
00:22:42.270 --> 00:22:44.223
once streamer lines were introduced.
435
00:22:46.140 --> 00:22:47.910
Another thing that can be very effective
436
00:22:47.910 --> 00:22:50.820
for albatrosses in particular is that
437
00:22:50.820 --> 00:22:53.493
if long lines are set at night,
438
00:22:54.750 --> 00:22:56.700
albatross bycatch is reduced.
439
00:22:56.700 --> 00:22:59.040
And this is because albatrosses generally
440
00:22:59.040 --> 00:23:00.870
are not very active at night
441
00:23:00.870 --> 00:23:04.050
and will sit on the water and be resting during this time
442
00:23:04.050 --> 00:23:06.515
so they're unlikely to be flying around
443
00:23:06.515 --> 00:23:09.393
and encountering fishing vessels at this point.
444
00:23:10.770 --> 00:23:13.080
And this is a solution that's effective
445
00:23:13.080 --> 00:23:16.263
for fisheries on the US west coast.
446
00:23:19.320 --> 00:23:23.670
But when we think about the distribution of where birds are,
447
00:23:23.670 --> 00:23:26.163
where albatrosses are, and where fisheries are,
448
00:23:27.600 --> 00:23:29.460
it's important to realize that
449
00:23:29.460 --> 00:23:32.490
just this distributional overlap does not mean
450
00:23:32.490 --> 00:23:35.343
that all birds are interacting with fishing vessels.
451
00:23:37.020 --> 00:23:38.760
The study that I've summarized here is
452
00:23:38.760 --> 00:23:41.430
from white-capped albatrosses foraging
453
00:23:41.430 --> 00:23:45.450
in the exclusive economic zone of New Zealand.
454
00:23:45.450 --> 00:23:49.260
And here, Le Torres used data
455
00:23:49.260 --> 00:23:53.490
from vessel monitoring systems from the vessels
456
00:23:53.490 --> 00:23:55.020
and the albatross tracking data
457
00:23:55.020 --> 00:23:59.370
to find that these fine-scale encounters
458
00:23:59.370 --> 00:24:04.370
only incurred in 78% of albatrosses.
459
00:24:04.890 --> 00:24:07.710
So some birds were bypassing boats.
460
00:24:07.710 --> 00:24:09.270
And then of those birds
461
00:24:09.270 --> 00:24:13.020
that did have fine-scale encounters with vessels,
462
00:24:13.020 --> 00:24:16.170
they really had a varying amount of time that they spent
463
00:24:16.170 --> 00:24:18.390
and foraging time that they spent associated
464
00:24:18.390 --> 00:24:19.683
with that fishing vessel.
465
00:24:21.630 --> 00:24:24.150
And this is where we can think of movement choices.
466
00:24:24.150 --> 00:24:29.130
So, as an albatross is flying across the ocean,
467
00:24:29.130 --> 00:24:30.900
there's different motivators
468
00:24:30.900 --> 00:24:33.600
that influence how that bird is moving.
469
00:24:33.600 --> 00:24:35.283
So, what's the weather like?
470
00:24:37.470 --> 00:24:40.080
Does that bird see other albatrosses
471
00:24:40.080 --> 00:24:44.160
or other animals in its environment?
472
00:24:44.160 --> 00:24:45.693
Where are the prey?
473
00:24:46.980 --> 00:24:48.330
Where the fishing vessels?
474
00:24:48.330 --> 00:24:50.520
But also intrinsic factors.
475
00:24:50.520 --> 00:24:54.720
So, is that bird hungry?
476
00:24:54.720 --> 00:24:56.850
What breeding stage is it?
477
00:24:56.850 --> 00:24:58.170
Currently does it have a chick
478
00:24:58.170 --> 00:25:00.330
that it needs to return to the colony to feed,
479
00:25:00.330 --> 00:25:03.060
or is it just foraging for itself?
480
00:25:03.060 --> 00:25:07.620
And also, past knowledge of conditions
481
00:25:07.620 --> 00:25:08.880
and its spatial memories.
482
00:25:08.880 --> 00:25:13.880
So these birds are able to remember places
483
00:25:14.010 --> 00:25:17.730
and return to places that they've been before.
484
00:25:17.730 --> 00:25:18.810
So all of these,
485
00:25:18.810 --> 00:25:21.720
both these intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors,
486
00:25:21.720 --> 00:25:24.990
can influence how a bird is moving across the ocean
487
00:25:24.990 --> 00:25:27.480
and could influence when
488
00:25:27.480 --> 00:25:30.573
and where a bird approaches a fishing vessel.
489
00:25:33.420 --> 00:25:37.170
So that was the question that we sought to answer
490
00:25:37.170 --> 00:25:39.480
in the following project.
491
00:25:39.480 --> 00:25:44.480
Is, do these intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence
492
00:25:45.090 --> 00:25:48.153
when and where albatross approach fishing vessels?
493
00:25:49.590 --> 00:25:54.590
And this project is the result of a number of collaborators
494
00:25:56.040 --> 00:25:58.560
who collected albatross tracking data
495
00:25:58.560 --> 00:26:03.560
across the North Pacific over a number of years
496
00:26:03.690 --> 00:26:05.643
and really made this project possible.
497
00:26:06.840 --> 00:26:10.480
I'd also like to acknowledge Le Torres's
498
00:26:11.430 --> 00:26:16.140
initial light bulb moment
499
00:26:16.140 --> 00:26:19.200
when she saw the Global Fishing Watch data set
500
00:26:19.200 --> 00:26:23.250
and realized that this type of analysis
501
00:26:23.250 --> 00:26:25.530
was really a useful way
502
00:26:25.530 --> 00:26:29.883
of looking at how birds and boats were interacting.
503
00:26:31.140 --> 00:26:33.960
And the reason that this was so exciting is
504
00:26:33.960 --> 00:26:37.410
before Global Fishing Watch was developed,
505
00:26:37.410 --> 00:26:40.770
we knew that seabirds were frequently encountering boats,
506
00:26:40.770 --> 00:26:44.910
but we didn't know when and where without this boat data.
507
00:26:44.910 --> 00:26:49.910
So Global Fishing Watch uses AIS data from large vessels
508
00:26:50.460 --> 00:26:51.840
and collates it,
509
00:26:51.840 --> 00:26:56.580
and also processes that data much in many of the same ways
510
00:26:56.580 --> 00:26:58.740
that I would look at albatross tracking data
511
00:26:58.740 --> 00:27:03.240
to see what behaviors is in that tracking data of vessels
512
00:27:03.240 --> 00:27:07.025
so that they can identify movement types
513
00:27:07.025 --> 00:27:09.153
and fishing vessel types.
514
00:27:13.530 --> 00:27:17.943
And this is a close up of the data from the North Pacific.
515
00:27:23.910 --> 00:27:25.620
And they really,
516
00:27:25.620 --> 00:27:26.453
Oops!
517
00:27:35.850 --> 00:27:39.090
This data set really offers a new
518
00:27:39.090 --> 00:27:41.820
and unprecedented understanding
519
00:27:41.820 --> 00:27:44.460
of where fisheries are occurring,
520
00:27:44.460 --> 00:27:49.110
especially both in the exclusive economic zones
521
00:27:49.110 --> 00:27:51.510
of the Pacific Island nations,
522
00:27:51.510 --> 00:27:54.540
but also in the international waters.
523
00:27:54.540 --> 00:27:57.210
And because albatrosses are using
524
00:27:57.210 --> 00:27:59.700
all of these regions for foraging,
525
00:27:59.700 --> 00:28:04.700
it's a really amazing tool to try to understand
526
00:28:04.890 --> 00:28:08.403
when and where they're encountering fishing vessels.
527
00:28:11.370 --> 00:28:16.330
So, we decided to use data
528
00:28:17.430 --> 00:28:19.560
from these North Pacific albatross species;
529
00:28:19.560 --> 00:28:21.960
the short-tailed albatross, the Laysan albatross,
530
00:28:21.960 --> 00:28:24.420
and the black-footed albatross.
531
00:28:24.420 --> 00:28:29.420
Short-tailed albatross do have a small population size,
532
00:28:31.200 --> 00:28:35.633
and very, very occasionally are bycaught by fishing boats.
533
00:28:38.910 --> 00:28:41.280
Laysan and black-footed albatross
534
00:28:41.280 --> 00:28:44.640
both have increasing bycatch in US fisheries
535
00:28:44.640 --> 00:28:47.130
and we really don't know what is happening
536
00:28:47.130 --> 00:28:48.900
in international waters.
537
00:28:48.900 --> 00:28:51.900
And using this analysis approach,
538
00:28:51.900 --> 00:28:54.770
we can try to better understand these encounters
539
00:28:54.770 --> 00:28:56.913
in international waters and elsewhere.
540
00:28:58.770 --> 00:29:01.260
I mentioned we compiled GPS data
541
00:29:01.260 --> 00:29:04.140
from collaborators across the North Pacific,
542
00:29:04.140 --> 00:29:06.507
collected since 2012.
543
00:29:06.507 --> 00:29:08.400
And we ended up with a data set
544
00:29:08.400 --> 00:29:13.383
of Laysan albatrosses tracked during chick-rearing,
545
00:29:16.140 --> 00:29:18.870
black-footed albatrosses also tracked during chick-rearing,
546
00:29:18.870 --> 00:29:22.953
and short-tailed albatrosses that were fledglings,
547
00:29:23.880 --> 00:29:28.880
leaving the colony on Tori-shima Island off of Japan
548
00:29:29.700 --> 00:29:31.923
and traveling across the North Pacific.
549
00:29:33.030 --> 00:29:35.640
So we had up to,
550
00:29:35.640 --> 00:29:38.880
or approximately 341 days
551
00:29:38.880 --> 00:29:41.880
of tracking data from individual short-tailed albatrosses,
552
00:29:41.880 --> 00:29:44.370
but much shorter chunks of tracking data
553
00:29:44.370 --> 00:29:47.040
from both the two other species.
554
00:29:47.040 --> 00:29:49.770
And then we established a collaboration
555
00:29:49.770 --> 00:29:51.060
with Global Fishing Watch
556
00:29:51.060 --> 00:29:55.443
to obtain the high-resolution fishing effort data.
557
00:29:58.770 --> 00:30:02.400
And once we had the albatross data and the fishing data,
558
00:30:02.400 --> 00:30:05.370
we tried to work within a framework
559
00:30:05.370 --> 00:30:09.540
where we could really understand those encounter events.
560
00:30:09.540 --> 00:30:11.740
So we defined an encounter event
561
00:30:13.110 --> 00:30:16.410
when the albatross was within 30 kilometers
562
00:30:16.410 --> 00:30:18.420
of a fishing vessel.
563
00:30:18.420 --> 00:30:22.050
And this is an estimate.
564
00:30:22.050 --> 00:30:26.430
It's a metric for about where we think birds
565
00:30:26.430 --> 00:30:28.380
could visually detect that vessel.
566
00:30:28.380 --> 00:30:31.620
But it's not a perfect metric.
567
00:30:31.620 --> 00:30:33.540
But it gives us a good rule thumb
568
00:30:33.540 --> 00:30:36.623
for defining what an encounter event could be.
569
00:30:44.550 --> 00:30:47.310
And then we identified association events
570
00:30:47.310 --> 00:30:49.110
at the scale of three kilometers.
571
00:30:49.110 --> 00:30:52.500
So when birds were within three kilometers
572
00:30:52.500 --> 00:30:53.970
of a fishing vessel,
573
00:30:53.970 --> 00:30:55.953
we considered this an association.
574
00:31:02.310 --> 00:31:03.660
So, to illustrate this,
575
00:31:03.660 --> 00:31:05.781
so this is in an example encounter.
576
00:31:05.781 --> 00:31:10.320
The bird is in red and then the boat is on yellow
577
00:31:10.320 --> 00:31:14.523
so they come close but they're not associated.
578
00:31:16.170 --> 00:31:18.360
This is an example of an association,
579
00:31:18.360 --> 00:31:21.450
but they don't behaviorally interact.
580
00:31:21.450 --> 00:31:24.120
So the bird is again in red
581
00:31:24.120 --> 00:31:27.003
and it goes by the boat fairly quickly.
582
00:31:28.680 --> 00:31:29.520
And then finally,
583
00:31:29.520 --> 00:31:31.620
we have an example of an association
584
00:31:31.620 --> 00:31:34.590
where the bird does behaviorally interact.
585
00:31:34.590 --> 00:31:38.280
So, the bird is now heading towards the boat
586
00:31:38.280 --> 00:31:39.753
and then following along.
587
00:31:44.520 --> 00:31:48.690
So we generated models to address two questions.
588
00:31:48.690 --> 00:31:52.500
The first, what factors drive an encounter
589
00:31:52.500 --> 00:31:54.030
between a bird and a boat
590
00:31:54.030 --> 00:31:58.500
to turn into this close a three-kilometer association event.
591
00:31:58.500 --> 00:32:00.823
We had data for short-tailed albatrosses
592
00:32:00.823 --> 00:32:02.370
and Laysan albatrosses
593
00:32:02.370 --> 00:32:05.580
but we did not have enough encounter data
594
00:32:05.580 --> 00:32:07.353
for black-footed albatrosses.
595
00:32:08.370 --> 00:32:10.440
And then what factors drive
596
00:32:10.440 --> 00:32:13.020
how long an association event lasts.
597
00:32:13.020 --> 00:32:16.330
And we only had enough association events
598
00:32:17.520 --> 00:32:20.343
to run this model for the short-tailed albatrosses.
599
00:32:22.380 --> 00:32:27.380
And we used a boosted regression tree modeling approach
600
00:32:27.480 --> 00:32:31.380
because this is able to examine the complex relationships
601
00:32:31.380 --> 00:32:33.240
that we were interested in.
602
00:32:33.240 --> 00:32:36.000
And we had variables that were continuous
603
00:32:36.000 --> 00:32:37.920
and also categorical.
604
00:32:37.920 --> 00:32:42.867
So this modeling method can handle these types of variables.
605
00:32:45.690 --> 00:32:48.450
These were the variables that we investigated.
606
00:32:48.450 --> 00:32:51.330
We had bird variables.
607
00:32:51.330 --> 00:32:55.773
So these intrinsic characteristics of individual birds,
608
00:32:57.030 --> 00:33:01.080
what type of movement behavior they were engaged in
609
00:33:01.080 --> 00:33:06.080
before an encounter occurred;
610
00:33:07.020 --> 00:33:08.280
were they transiting?
611
00:33:08.280 --> 00:33:10.443
Were they actively foraging?
612
00:33:11.490 --> 00:33:12.987
Where they were in their foraging trip?
613
00:33:12.987 --> 00:33:16.950
And this was for the breeding Laysan albatrosses
614
00:33:16.950 --> 00:33:18.093
and black-footed albatrosses.
615
00:33:18.093 --> 00:33:20.813
Were they on their outbound leg of their foraging trip
616
00:33:20.813 --> 00:33:23.163
or were they returning home?
617
00:33:24.120 --> 00:33:27.570
So we used the percent into the foraging trip for this.
618
00:33:27.570 --> 00:33:30.570
How old the short-tailed albatross fledglings were,
619
00:33:30.570 --> 00:33:33.780
what age they were.
620
00:33:33.780 --> 00:33:38.367
And then also what colony the birds were from.
621
00:33:38.367 --> 00:33:40.750
The Global Fishing Watch data provided
622
00:33:41.820 --> 00:33:43.080
information about the boats.
623
00:33:43.080 --> 00:33:44.490
So, what flag nation,
624
00:33:44.490 --> 00:33:45.627
what gear type,
625
00:33:45.627 --> 00:33:47.100
how long they were,
626
00:33:47.100 --> 00:33:52.100
and then how much fishing effort was occurring in grid cell,
627
00:33:55.590 --> 00:33:58.593
and also how many other boats were in that area.
628
00:34:00.210 --> 00:34:02.880
And then we used satellite drive data
629
00:34:02.880 --> 00:34:05.490
to characterize the environmental conditions
630
00:34:05.490 --> 00:34:07.020
around each event.
631
00:34:07.020 --> 00:34:11.883
And also temporal data, so daytime, nighttime, dusk.
632
00:34:13.500 --> 00:34:17.883
And some larger spatial scale variables.
633
00:34:18.750 --> 00:34:20.670
And for our first result,
634
00:34:20.670 --> 00:34:22.560
the thing that surprised us
635
00:34:22.560 --> 00:34:25.650
probably the most about this analysis was that
636
00:34:25.650 --> 00:34:28.200
we found that vessel identification factors
637
00:34:28.200 --> 00:34:29.730
were not significant.
638
00:34:29.730 --> 00:34:34.090
So, things like flag nation and gear type didn't matter
639
00:34:35.130 --> 00:34:38.670
in terms of when a bird moved from that 30 kilometers away
640
00:34:38.670 --> 00:34:42.090
to approaching a boat at three kilometers.
641
00:34:42.090 --> 00:34:44.160
And in hindsight, this does make sense
642
00:34:44.160 --> 00:34:46.590
because potentially these birds
643
00:34:46.590 --> 00:34:48.480
might need to get pretty close to a boat
644
00:34:48.480 --> 00:34:53.283
to decide if it's a profitable foraging opportunity or not.
645
00:34:54.180 --> 00:34:57.240
But these are such important things
646
00:34:57.240 --> 00:34:59.130
in terms of albatross bycatch
647
00:34:59.130 --> 00:35:03.184
but when we set out to run these models,
648
00:35:03.184 --> 00:35:05.553
we didn't think that they would be important.
649
00:35:09.330 --> 00:35:11.790
But we did find that a lot of the other factors
650
00:35:11.790 --> 00:35:14.460
that we put into our models were important.
651
00:35:14.460 --> 00:35:18.660
So this is the model output for the short-tailed albatross;
652
00:35:18.660 --> 00:35:23.660
what factors change an encounter into an association event.
653
00:35:24.300 --> 00:35:29.300
And we found that increased fishing effort was a factor
654
00:35:30.480 --> 00:35:33.633
that made an association event more likely.
655
00:35:35.400 --> 00:35:38.400
If there were not that many fishing in an area,
656
00:35:38.400 --> 00:35:41.040
birds were more likely to approach them.
657
00:35:41.040 --> 00:35:45.750
And this could be out of fact of sort of supply in a demand
658
00:35:45.750 --> 00:35:47.118
like we can only go and visit
659
00:35:47.118 --> 00:35:49.800
so many fishing boats in an area
660
00:35:49.800 --> 00:35:51.693
before we might move on.
661
00:35:53.250 --> 00:35:55.140
We did find that during the day,
662
00:35:55.140 --> 00:35:59.073
birds were more likely to approach boats, which makes sense.
663
00:36:00.240 --> 00:36:03.330
And we know that short-tailed albatrosses are more active
664
00:36:03.330 --> 00:36:04.200
during the daytime
665
00:36:04.200 --> 00:36:07.593
so this was good to see come up in our models.
666
00:36:08.580 --> 00:36:11.850
And we found that prior behavior on the part of the bird
667
00:36:11.850 --> 00:36:14.490
also influenced when they would approach vessels.
668
00:36:14.490 --> 00:36:17.700
So if they were engaged in a searching behavior,
669
00:36:17.700 --> 00:36:21.960
so more torturous, more turns, in their travel,
670
00:36:21.960 --> 00:36:23.763
so they're looking for food,
671
00:36:24.930 --> 00:36:27.810
they were more likely to approach vessels.
672
00:36:27.810 --> 00:36:31.560
But if they were in a transit state,
673
00:36:31.560 --> 00:36:33.510
just traveling from A to B,
674
00:36:33.510 --> 00:36:36.453
they'd be more likely to bypass these vessels.
675
00:36:39.720 --> 00:36:42.090
And continuing on with the short-tiled albatrosses,
676
00:36:42.090 --> 00:36:44.940
we have what factors influenced
677
00:36:44.940 --> 00:36:47.250
how long they would stay with a vessel.
678
00:36:47.250 --> 00:36:50.167
So once they got within three kilometers,
679
00:36:50.167 --> 00:36:53.430
what influenced that duration?
680
00:36:53.430 --> 00:36:58.430
And again, fishing effort was important
681
00:36:58.620 --> 00:36:59.820
so they would stay longer
682
00:36:59.820 --> 00:37:02.160
if there were more boats in the area.
683
00:37:02.160 --> 00:37:04.560
But the thing that really struck me
684
00:37:04.560 --> 00:37:07.020
for the results of this model is that
685
00:37:07.020 --> 00:37:10.230
some of these environmental variables were important.
686
00:37:10.230 --> 00:37:12.420
So at lower wind speeds,
687
00:37:12.420 --> 00:37:15.630
birds were more likely to stay with fishing vessels.
688
00:37:15.630 --> 00:37:19.320
And this could be because taking off from the water
689
00:37:19.320 --> 00:37:21.750
is energetically costly for these birds
690
00:37:21.750 --> 00:37:24.750
so once they're on the water,
691
00:37:24.750 --> 00:37:25.920
maybe there's food around,
692
00:37:25.920 --> 00:37:27.270
they'll kind of stay there.
693
00:37:28.350 --> 00:37:29.460
So that makes sense.
694
00:37:29.460 --> 00:37:33.990
And then with increasing sea surface temperatures,
695
00:37:33.990 --> 00:37:35.910
potentially less productive waters,
696
00:37:35.910 --> 00:37:38.730
birds were more likely to approach vessels
697
00:37:38.730 --> 00:37:43.350
and at lower primary productivity values,
698
00:37:43.350 --> 00:37:45.483
birds were less likely to approach,
699
00:37:47.610 --> 00:37:52.080
sorry, birds were more likely to approach vessels
700
00:37:52.080 --> 00:37:55.143
at lower productivity values.
701
00:37:56.640 --> 00:37:58.590
And also we did have a small effect
702
00:37:58.590 --> 00:38:02.133
of younger birds being more likely to approach vessels.
703
00:38:06.060 --> 00:38:09.720
For the Laysan albatrosses, we saw some similar patterns.
704
00:38:09.720 --> 00:38:12.120
We saw that increased fishing effort
705
00:38:17.760 --> 00:38:21.060
also made them more likely to approach vessels.
706
00:38:21.060 --> 00:38:23.550
They were more likely to approach vessels
707
00:38:23.550 --> 00:38:25.920
on their way home from a foraging trip,
708
00:38:25.920 --> 00:38:27.720
so on their return leg,
709
00:38:27.720 --> 00:38:30.843
and also when they were in a foraging state.
710
00:38:33.450 --> 00:38:36.520
So, in summary, we found that Laysan albatrosses
711
00:38:37.530 --> 00:38:40.890
were typically encountering long liners on the high seas.
712
00:38:40.890 --> 00:38:44.970
But they were only approaching vessels 36% of the time.
713
00:38:44.970 --> 00:38:47.970
Short-tailed albatrosses were approaching vessels
714
00:38:47.970 --> 00:38:50.250
about 28% of the time.
715
00:38:50.250 --> 00:38:54.120
And 99% of these occurred
716
00:38:54.120 --> 00:38:57.810
within national exclusive economic zones,
717
00:38:57.810 --> 00:38:59.370
which is good news for this species
718
00:38:59.370 --> 00:39:03.693
since these are areas that have more regulation.
719
00:39:05.160 --> 00:39:09.780
Black-footed albatrosses approached vessels 62% of the time.
720
00:39:09.780 --> 00:39:13.220
However, we only had 21 encounters in our data set
721
00:39:13.220 --> 00:39:14.850
so we did not have enough data
722
00:39:14.850 --> 00:39:18.180
to investigate explanatory factors.
723
00:39:18.180 --> 00:39:20.640
And we found that vessel nation and fishing type
724
00:39:20.640 --> 00:39:23.343
didn't influence when birds approach boats.
725
00:39:26.040 --> 00:39:29.580
So, some of the things that could be useful
726
00:39:29.580 --> 00:39:31.710
in terms of fisheries management,
727
00:39:31.710 --> 00:39:34.170
we did find that intrinsic bird factors matter.
728
00:39:34.170 --> 00:39:35.640
So, age, behavior,
729
00:39:35.640 --> 00:39:39.300
and where birds were in within their foraging trip.
730
00:39:39.300 --> 00:39:42.600
We found that fishing intensity and vessel length matters,
731
00:39:42.600 --> 00:39:45.363
but not fishing method or flag nation.
732
00:39:46.650 --> 00:39:47.940
So, wind speed matters.
733
00:39:47.940 --> 00:39:51.213
So low wind speeds lead to more interactions.
734
00:39:52.230 --> 00:39:55.800
And environmental conditions explained association durations
735
00:39:55.800 --> 00:39:57.543
for short-tailed albatrosses.
736
00:39:59.940 --> 00:40:01.890
We found a high interaction rate
737
00:40:01.890 --> 00:40:03.330
for black-footed albatrosses
738
00:40:03.330 --> 00:40:07.470
and it would be really helpful to have more GPS tracks
739
00:40:07.470 --> 00:40:09.153
of black-footed albatross.
740
00:40:10.410 --> 00:40:11.670
And it's with that sentiment
741
00:40:11.670 --> 00:40:14.073
that leads me to our current project.
742
00:40:15.060 --> 00:40:17.193
And this is a continuation of the project
743
00:40:17.193 --> 00:40:18.900
that I just discussed.
744
00:40:18.900 --> 00:40:21.540
And again, thank you to all the co-authors
745
00:40:21.540 --> 00:40:23.223
and our collaborators on this,
746
00:40:24.240 --> 00:40:25.893
and the funding agencies,
747
00:40:26.790 --> 00:40:28.650
the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
748
00:40:28.650 --> 00:40:33.330
and the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.
749
00:40:33.330 --> 00:40:36.570
And our goals for this project are
750
00:40:36.570 --> 00:40:38.670
to continue some of the research that we started
751
00:40:38.670 --> 00:40:41.790
with the project I just summarized
752
00:40:41.790 --> 00:40:45.723
and try to broaden what we can do with this type of data.
753
00:40:47.040 --> 00:40:48.660
So our aim is to provide
754
00:40:48.660 --> 00:40:52.230
the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
755
00:40:52.230 --> 00:40:54.270
specific and useful information
756
00:40:54.270 --> 00:40:57.600
on the occurrence vessel activity within the monument,
757
00:40:57.600 --> 00:41:02.040
describe drivers of albatross fisheries interactions,
758
00:41:02.040 --> 00:41:04.320
and assess and develop recommendations
759
00:41:04.320 --> 00:41:07.710
for enhancing bycatch mitigation in the region.
760
00:41:07.710 --> 00:41:10.650
So, these birds are traveling across the North Pacific,
761
00:41:10.650 --> 00:41:13.600
but they do use the monument for nesting,
762
00:41:16.590 --> 00:41:18.270
which really connects this place
763
00:41:18.270 --> 00:41:20.493
to everywhere else in the North Pacific.
764
00:41:21.600 --> 00:41:24.880
So one of the limitations to our previous study is that
765
00:41:26.280 --> 00:41:30.060
the Global Fishing Watch data is incredibly useful,
766
00:41:30.060 --> 00:41:32.400
but it isn't necessarily complete.
767
00:41:32.400 --> 00:41:33.603
There are gaps.
768
00:41:34.650 --> 00:41:36.360
So we can use our data
769
00:41:36.360 --> 00:41:39.930
and characterize these albatross-vessel associations
770
00:41:39.930 --> 00:41:41.730
using this database.
771
00:41:41.730 --> 00:41:44.400
But this is a post-analysis process.
772
00:41:44.400 --> 00:41:48.330
And really, only as good as what information
773
00:41:48.330 --> 00:41:50.040
is in that database.
774
00:41:50.040 --> 00:41:55.040
And sometimes ships will disable AIS to hide their activity.
775
00:41:55.500 --> 00:41:58.800
Smaller vessels are not required to use AIS
776
00:41:58.800 --> 00:42:03.030
and illegal, unreported or unregulated vessels
777
00:42:03.030 --> 00:42:05.223
do not use AIS for concealment.
778
00:42:07.200 --> 00:42:10.620
And one incredibly innovative solution to this
779
00:42:10.620 --> 00:42:12.750
is using biologging devices
780
00:42:12.750 --> 00:42:16.920
that have radar detection on board.
781
00:42:16.920 --> 00:42:21.450
So, we're using custom-built biologging tags
782
00:42:21.450 --> 00:42:24.240
that actually detect these radar signals for vessels.
783
00:42:24.240 --> 00:42:26.400
So, in the picture on the left,
784
00:42:26.400 --> 00:42:31.400
I've pointed to the marine radar on two tuna long liners
785
00:42:32.190 --> 00:42:33.570
at the dock in Honolulu.
786
00:42:33.570 --> 00:42:38.570
And radar is used for safe navigation by most vessels.
787
00:42:40.500 --> 00:42:42.210
And in 2019,
788
00:42:42.210 --> 00:42:46.770
we deployed a handful of tags on Laysan albatrosses
789
00:42:46.770 --> 00:42:47.760
on Midway atoll
790
00:42:47.760 --> 00:42:50.440
and we were able to identify
791
00:42:52.530 --> 00:42:54.420
a couple encounters and interactions
792
00:42:54.420 --> 00:42:57.123
between birds and boats using this technology.
793
00:42:58.650 --> 00:43:02.400
And this type of tag,
794
00:43:02.400 --> 00:43:04.420
it was developed by a group
795
00:43:08.010 --> 00:43:10.170
working in the French Subantarctic.
796
00:43:10.170 --> 00:43:13.890
And they've been working with this type of tag
797
00:43:13.890 --> 00:43:14.760
for a number of years
798
00:43:14.760 --> 00:43:18.450
and really trying to develop it into an operational model
799
00:43:18.450 --> 00:43:23.450
where they can use the tags to provide the detections
800
00:43:23.520 --> 00:43:27.960
of vessels from the backs of the albatrosses
801
00:43:27.960 --> 00:43:30.090
and then actually transmit the data
802
00:43:30.090 --> 00:43:33.310
to computers that are cross-referencing
803
00:43:34.380 --> 00:43:37.620
the albatross detections with the AIS detections
804
00:43:37.620 --> 00:43:38.910
in real time
805
00:43:38.910 --> 00:43:39.993
so that it can send,
806
00:43:40.860 --> 00:43:43.080
these computers can then send an alert
807
00:43:43.080 --> 00:43:45.570
to fishery patrol vessels in the region.
808
00:43:45.570 --> 00:43:48.090
And this is above and beyond what we're attempting to do
809
00:43:48.090 --> 00:43:50.130
with our current project.
810
00:43:50.130 --> 00:43:53.010
But it's a really novel solution
811
00:43:53.010 --> 00:43:57.390
to the challenges of illegal fishing
812
00:43:57.390 --> 00:43:58.773
in some parts of the world.
813
00:44:00.330 --> 00:44:04.590
So my next slide has a lot of texts,
814
00:44:04.590 --> 00:44:08.010
but these are the objectives for our current project.
815
00:44:08.010 --> 00:44:09.360
And in summary,
816
00:44:09.360 --> 00:44:10.770
our first objective is
817
00:44:10.770 --> 00:44:15.060
to simply use the radar detecting tags
818
00:44:15.060 --> 00:44:18.210
on albatrosses foraging from Midway atoll
819
00:44:18.210 --> 00:44:22.860
to see if they are picking up encounters radar detections
820
00:44:22.860 --> 00:44:27.570
within the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument,
821
00:44:27.570 --> 00:44:31.170
and then of course the adjacent high seas region.
822
00:44:31.170 --> 00:44:35.430
We're planning to extend our analysis
823
00:44:35.430 --> 00:44:39.213
looking at albatross encounters and associations
824
00:44:45.870 --> 00:44:48.960
to hopefully include black-footed albatross,
825
00:44:48.960 --> 00:44:51.940
and specifically looking at overlap
826
00:44:52.890 --> 00:44:54.902
with tuna longline fleets
827
00:44:54.902 --> 00:44:56.703
from November to May.
828
00:45:00.180 --> 00:45:02.580
Because albatrosses tend to
829
00:45:02.580 --> 00:45:04.863
be resting on the water at night,
830
00:45:06.150 --> 00:45:07.920
night setting of long lines
831
00:45:07.920 --> 00:45:11.700
is a really effective bycatch mitigation solution,
832
00:45:11.700 --> 00:45:14.880
but it's unknown if this is actually being used
833
00:45:14.880 --> 00:45:16.770
in these international fleets.
834
00:45:16.770 --> 00:45:19.650
So we're planning on looking into the data
835
00:45:19.650 --> 00:45:20.760
a little bit more closely
836
00:45:20.760 --> 00:45:24.150
to see if night setting is occurring in these areas
837
00:45:24.150 --> 00:45:29.150
and if that does help potentially albatrosses
838
00:45:29.810 --> 00:45:34.810
to move past vessels during an encounter.
839
00:45:37.170 --> 00:45:42.170
The next question is looking at the fishing pressure
840
00:45:42.360 --> 00:45:46.410
along the protected area, the monument boundary,
841
00:45:46.410 --> 00:45:48.000
and to see if there's an edge effect
842
00:45:48.000 --> 00:45:51.570
that influences albatross fisheries interactions.
843
00:45:51.570 --> 00:45:54.210
And then finally, with all this information,
844
00:45:54.210 --> 00:45:59.210
we're hopeful that we can propose some unique solutions
845
00:45:59.460 --> 00:46:04.460
that could influence management decisions
846
00:46:04.920 --> 00:46:07.920
or offer a different perspective
847
00:46:07.920 --> 00:46:11.823
on ways that albatross bycatch could be avoided.
848
00:46:14.400 --> 00:46:19.057
This is a slide that shows detection to association models
849
00:46:23.580 --> 00:46:25.080
that we used in the previous work.
850
00:46:25.080 --> 00:46:28.630
But in this case, we're integrating the radar detections
851
00:46:29.730 --> 00:46:32.070
from the biologging tags.
852
00:46:32.070 --> 00:46:35.130
And we'll use the same framework
853
00:46:35.130 --> 00:46:38.493
to hopefully extend this to the black-footed albatrosses.
854
00:46:43.950 --> 00:46:45.000
And this is a slide
855
00:46:45.000 --> 00:46:49.170
that shows the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
856
00:46:49.170 --> 00:46:51.360
with six months of fishing,
857
00:46:51.360 --> 00:46:55.950
from October, 2019 to May, 2020, surrounding the monument
858
00:46:55.950 --> 00:46:59.940
and you can really see the boundary of the protected area.
859
00:46:59.940 --> 00:47:04.530
So the fishing is in the white dots
860
00:47:04.530 --> 00:47:08.910
and the monument is the place where there are no white dots.
861
00:47:08.910 --> 00:47:10.350
But from this view,
862
00:47:10.350 --> 00:47:13.290
you can't tell if there really is a higher density
863
00:47:13.290 --> 00:47:15.060
of fishing right along the edge
864
00:47:15.060 --> 00:47:17.880
or if it's pretty much marginate actually
865
00:47:17.880 --> 00:47:20.760
as you move away from the monument.
866
00:47:20.760 --> 00:47:24.240
So, we will be asking two questions.
867
00:47:24.240 --> 00:47:29.240
The first, is the density higher along this boundary,
868
00:47:29.340 --> 00:47:31.170
and then if that's the case,
869
00:47:31.170 --> 00:47:32.130
does this influence
870
00:47:32.130 --> 00:47:34.893
where albatrosses are encountering boats?
871
00:47:35.970 --> 00:47:38.190
And this could be especially important
872
00:47:38.190 --> 00:47:39.720
for Laysan albatrosses
873
00:47:39.720 --> 00:47:43.770
if they continue the pattern of approaching vessels
874
00:47:43.770 --> 00:47:45.630
on their homeward leg.
875
00:47:45.630 --> 00:47:48.030
Potentially they could be approaching vessels
876
00:47:48.030 --> 00:47:49.863
right along this monument boundary.
877
00:47:53.520 --> 00:47:56.130
So we did have our first field season on Midway
878
00:47:56.130 --> 00:47:59.100
in January, 2022.
879
00:47:59.100 --> 00:48:02.460
And on the left, we have the tags themselves.
880
00:48:02.460 --> 00:48:04.077
So, these are the radar detecting tags,
881
00:48:04.077 --> 00:48:06.780
and we attach them to the back of albatrosses
882
00:48:06.780 --> 00:48:09.300
using a special waterproof tape
883
00:48:09.300 --> 00:48:14.100
that is very good at attaching things to feathers
884
00:48:14.100 --> 00:48:16.560
but also very easy to take off.
885
00:48:16.560 --> 00:48:20.673
And we had about two weeks of field work there this year.
886
00:48:22.650 --> 00:48:25.470
This brings me to my final question.
887
00:48:25.470 --> 00:48:26.940
I'll first look at some of the data
888
00:48:26.940 --> 00:48:29.010
that we collected this year.
889
00:48:29.010 --> 00:48:32.280
And my final question for you, the audience,
890
00:48:32.280 --> 00:48:34.805
is how many fishing vessels do you think
891
00:48:34.805 --> 00:48:37.620
a Laysan albatross departing from Midway atoll
892
00:48:37.620 --> 00:48:42.466
might encounter on a foraging trip?
893
00:48:42.466 --> 00:48:45.214
Okay, so I'm gonna launch that poll.
894
00:48:45.214 --> 00:48:47.654
And here are your choices.
895
00:48:47.654 --> 00:48:48.974
Zero to three,
896
00:48:48.974 --> 00:48:50.532
four to 10,
897
00:48:50.532 --> 00:48:52.097
10 to 20,
898
00:48:52.097 --> 00:48:53.097
or 21 to 50.
899
00:48:53.944 --> 00:48:56.938
So go ahead and register your vote.
900
00:48:56.938 --> 00:48:58.647
How many fishing vessels do you think
901
00:48:58.647 --> 00:49:02.333
a Laysan albatross departing from Midway atoll
902
00:49:02.333 --> 00:49:05.760
might encounter on a foraging trip?
903
00:49:05.760 --> 00:49:08.010
All right, about 60% have voted.
904
00:49:08.010 --> 00:49:11.493
I'm gonna close the poll in a few seconds.
905
00:49:12.330 --> 00:49:14.943
And let's see what the results are.
906
00:49:17.130 --> 00:49:19.710
Okay, Rachael, here is our result.
907
00:49:19.710 --> 00:49:23.520
So, 7% thought zero to three,
908
00:49:23.520 --> 00:49:27.240
27% of the audience, it was four to 10,
909
00:49:27.240 --> 00:49:30.556
39% thought 10 to 20,
910
00:49:30.556 --> 00:49:33.810
and 27% thought 21 to 50,
911
00:49:33.810 --> 00:49:36.183
so what is the correct answer?
912
00:49:37.710 --> 00:49:40.653
So, in our data,
913
00:49:43.369 --> 00:49:46.260
the number that I've come up so far
914
00:49:46.260 --> 00:49:48.120
for the Laysan albatross is
915
00:49:48.120 --> 00:49:51.660
about one encounter per foraging trip.
916
00:49:51.660 --> 00:49:53.250
And this is still an estimation
917
00:49:53.250 --> 00:49:57.243
so I'm looking at the radar detections across the trip.
918
00:49:59.310 --> 00:50:02.130
And so, I don't know if in some cases,
919
00:50:02.130 --> 00:50:05.310
maybe those radar detections would be related
920
00:50:05.310 --> 00:50:10.310
to multiple boats associated with a single detection.
921
00:50:12.000 --> 00:50:13.020
In some cases,
922
00:50:13.020 --> 00:50:15.930
the radar detections might be from other vessels
923
00:50:15.930 --> 00:50:18.690
that are not actually fishing vessels.
924
00:50:18.690 --> 00:50:22.620
But the correct answer is zero to, I think I had three.
925
00:50:22.620 --> 00:50:26.763
So it's probably closer to less than one.
926
00:50:30.990 --> 00:50:34.773
Here's the map of the data sets.
927
00:50:36.510 --> 00:50:39.093
And the red dots are the radar detections.
928
00:50:39.990 --> 00:50:41.253
So, it's still,
929
00:50:42.840 --> 00:50:47.840
even though fishing is a problem for these individual birds
930
00:50:48.210 --> 00:50:49.863
on an individual level,
931
00:50:50.850 --> 00:50:53.010
it's still a really big ocean out there
932
00:50:53.010 --> 00:50:56.190
and an individual bird might only encounter one
933
00:50:56.190 --> 00:51:00.140
or less than one fishing vessel on an entire foraging trip,
934
00:51:00.140 --> 00:51:03.210
an entire trip across the North Pacific.
935
00:51:03.210 --> 00:51:06.783
Some of these birds are not even encountering a single boat.
936
00:51:10.140 --> 00:51:13.980
And this is one of the reasons why we struggled
937
00:51:13.980 --> 00:51:16.710
to gain enough data from black-footed albatrosses
938
00:51:16.710 --> 00:51:21.060
'cause individual birds are not encountering enough boats
939
00:51:21.060 --> 00:51:23.793
to give us that higher sample size.
940
00:51:26.820 --> 00:51:29.730
So we did have a few radar detections
941
00:51:29.730 --> 00:51:31.200
within the monument waters.
942
00:51:31.200 --> 00:51:33.750
And we still need to cross reference these
943
00:51:33.750 --> 00:51:35.550
with the AIS data.
944
00:51:35.550 --> 00:51:39.120
And we can also calculate basically the mileage
945
00:51:39.120 --> 00:51:41.910
and the area of surveillance
946
00:51:41.910 --> 00:51:44.823
that was accomplished by our tagged albatrosses.
947
00:51:46.860 --> 00:51:49.110
So some next steps and conclusions.
948
00:51:49.110 --> 00:51:50.690
We have a lot more to do.
949
00:51:50.690 --> 00:51:55.690
We have more field data to collect in January, 2023.
950
00:51:55.860 --> 00:51:58.170
Data analysis and cross reference
951
00:51:58.170 --> 00:52:01.290
with the Global Fishing Watch data set.
952
00:52:01.290 --> 00:52:04.230
And we think that La Nina conditions are likely
953
00:52:04.230 --> 00:52:06.420
to continue through 2023
954
00:52:06.420 --> 00:52:10.950
so we are expecting the tracks of the albatrosses
955
00:52:10.950 --> 00:52:12.423
to be very similar,
956
00:52:13.879 --> 00:52:15.990
the Laysans ranging
957
00:52:15.990 --> 00:52:19.890
from the fisheries extension off of Japan,
958
00:52:19.890 --> 00:52:23.793
and then the black-footed albatrosses heading east.
959
00:52:25.770 --> 00:52:26.910
But then in conclusion,
960
00:52:26.910 --> 00:52:28.770
I hope that I've convinced you
961
00:52:28.770 --> 00:52:31.590
that the albatross perspective is an important component
962
00:52:31.590 --> 00:52:36.000
of understanding how albatross fisheries interactions change
963
00:52:36.000 --> 00:52:39.990
and can offer some additional perspective
964
00:52:39.990 --> 00:52:42.363
and information for managers.
965
00:52:44.850 --> 00:52:45.683
So with that,
966
00:52:45.683 --> 00:52:48.540
I'd like to say mahalo to our funders, supporters,
967
00:52:48.540 --> 00:52:50.130
and all of the collaborators
968
00:52:50.130 --> 00:52:52.923
who have made this work possible.
969
00:52:57.540 --> 00:52:58.373
Great.
970
00:52:58.373 --> 00:52:59.520
Thank you, Dr. Orben.
971
00:52:59.520 --> 00:53:01.650
Is it okay to ask a couple questions?
972
00:53:01.650 --> 00:53:02.970
Yes.
973
00:53:02.970 --> 00:53:05.370
All right. So, this one just came in
974
00:53:05.370 --> 00:53:07.290
and it actually is a really good big picture one.
975
00:53:07.290 --> 00:53:10.020
For North Pacific albatross species,
976
00:53:10.020 --> 00:53:13.740
how would you rank fisheries-related mortality of albatross
977
00:53:13.740 --> 00:53:18.360
in terms of its impacts on those albatross populations
978
00:53:18.360 --> 00:53:20.280
relative to other threats they face
979
00:53:20.280 --> 00:53:21.900
like plastics, climate change,
980
00:53:21.900 --> 00:53:25.710
invasive species on breeding sites, et cetera?
981
00:53:25.710 --> 00:53:29.130
I feel like I need a model for this one
982
00:53:29.130 --> 00:53:32.973
to really get into the nuts and bolts.
983
00:53:36.300 --> 00:53:39.090
It depends on the short term and the long term.
984
00:53:39.090 --> 00:53:42.150
I think on the short term,
985
00:53:42.150 --> 00:53:45.090
fisheries interactions are very important
986
00:53:45.090 --> 00:53:48.270
for black-footed albatross populations.
987
00:53:48.270 --> 00:53:49.103
At the moment,
988
00:53:49.103 --> 00:53:51.360
the short-tailed albatross populations are small
989
00:53:51.360 --> 00:53:54.270
but are growing at about 7% a year.
990
00:53:54.270 --> 00:53:56.703
So they're doing pretty well.
991
00:53:58.380 --> 00:54:02.760
But of course, the big colonies in the North Pacific,
992
00:54:02.760 --> 00:54:05.307
the Laysan albatross colonies on Midway,
993
00:54:05.307 --> 00:54:07.529
and the black-footed albatross colonies
994
00:54:07.529 --> 00:54:12.529
on all the small, low-lying atolls within the monument
995
00:54:14.100 --> 00:54:18.450
are very much in danger to sea level rise.
996
00:54:18.450 --> 00:54:22.950
So, over the medium to longer term,
997
00:54:22.950 --> 00:54:25.533
that's a very important threat to consider.
998
00:54:29.070 --> 00:54:29.903
Great. Thank you.
999
00:54:29.903 --> 00:54:32.340
I know that's a really big question.
1000
00:54:32.340 --> 00:54:35.010
Andy, I think I probably should hand it over to you
1001
00:54:35.010 --> 00:54:36.663
or do we have time for one more?
1002
00:54:37.590 --> 00:54:38.933
We can do one more.
1003
00:54:41.370 --> 00:54:42.420
All right.
1004
00:54:43.260 --> 00:54:44.100
Well, you talked about,
1005
00:54:44.100 --> 00:54:47.760
there was another couple questions on global climate change.
1006
00:54:47.760 --> 00:54:48.660
How about,
1007
00:54:48.660 --> 00:54:51.720
I have observed an encounter turn into an association
1008
00:54:51.720 --> 00:54:52.740
in the South Atlantic
1009
00:54:52.740 --> 00:54:55.050
in the case of an old-school atoll ship
1010
00:54:55.050 --> 00:54:56.640
as the wind pattern around the sails
1011
00:54:56.640 --> 00:54:57.960
created lift for the albatross,
1012
00:54:57.960 --> 00:54:59.970
the synchronized flying of the pair was amazing.
1013
00:54:59.970 --> 00:55:01.320
Can you speak to how the pair know
1014
00:55:01.320 --> 00:55:03.180
how each other synchronize their flight?
1015
00:55:03.180 --> 00:55:06.153
Is that something sort of within your realm of knowledge?
1016
00:55:07.200 --> 00:55:08.033
Oh!
1017
00:55:10.770 --> 00:55:13.830
Well, seabirds and albatrosses are very visual.
1018
00:55:13.830 --> 00:55:18.120
So, vision is an important component
1019
00:55:18.120 --> 00:55:19.923
of how they're able to do that.
1020
00:55:21.150 --> 00:55:26.150
The city albatrosses have an incredibly beautiful display
1021
00:55:27.660 --> 00:55:32.640
where the pair do fly in sync around the colony,
1022
00:55:32.640 --> 00:55:34.890
and I've seen them do it at sea as well.
1023
00:55:34.890 --> 00:55:39.060
And they're incredibly good at it.
1024
00:55:39.060 --> 00:55:42.573
But I don't know exactly how they do it.
1025
00:55:42.573 --> 00:55:44.583
They must be watching each other.
1026
00:55:47.340 --> 00:55:48.173
Thank you.
1027
00:55:48.173 --> 00:55:49.080
And there are a few other questions.
1028
00:55:49.080 --> 00:55:50.820
I think we're gonna have to email them
1029
00:55:50.820 --> 00:55:52.020
because we are out of time
1030
00:55:52.020 --> 00:55:56.880
but we will be sending those out to everyone registered
1031
00:55:56.880 --> 00:55:59.043
once we have a chance to get those.
1032
00:56:01.680 --> 00:56:03.587
Yeah. Thank you, Dr. Orben.
1033
00:56:03.587 --> 00:56:06.541
That was a really great talk.
1034
00:56:06.541 --> 00:56:07.874
I learned a lot.
1035
00:56:10.003 --> 00:56:12.123
And, hold on, there we go.
1036
00:56:13.230 --> 00:56:15.750
Yeah, so mahalo for making time for us
1037
00:56:15.750 --> 00:56:19.020
and for answering some of those questions.
1038
00:56:19.020 --> 00:56:21.570
I really appreciate having you and this partnership
1039
00:56:21.570 --> 00:56:25.200
with the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
1040
00:56:25.200 --> 00:56:26.820
for funding a lot of the research,
1041
00:56:26.820 --> 00:56:27.780
this amazing research
1042
00:56:27.780 --> 00:56:30.183
that's been going on Papahānaumokuākea.
1043
00:56:31.770 --> 00:56:33.360
So mahalo.
1044
00:56:33.360 --> 00:56:37.170
And just for this webinar is being recorded,
1045
00:56:37.170 --> 00:56:40.917
and so we will have it up on the sanctuary's site.
1046
00:56:40.917 --> 00:56:43.050
The webinar's site, the link is right there
1047
00:56:43.050 --> 00:56:44.820
within about 10 days.
1048
00:56:44.820 --> 00:56:46.810
We have to transcribe it,
1049
00:56:46.810 --> 00:56:50.460
so it takes a little time to get it up there.
1050
00:56:50.460 --> 00:56:53.130
You will also receive a certificate of attendance
1051
00:56:53.130 --> 00:56:54.210
for this presentation
1052
00:56:54.210 --> 00:56:56.280
for one hour of professional development.
1053
00:56:56.280 --> 00:57:00.750
You should have that in your email by tomorrow, probably.
1054
00:57:00.750 --> 00:57:04.050
And just so we have some great upcoming webinars.
1055
00:57:04.050 --> 00:57:07.830
So our next one, our monthly webinar for August,
1056
00:57:07.830 --> 00:57:10.110
is by Kilo Gonzalez,
1057
00:57:10.110 --> 00:57:14.100
who has been doing some research up on Lalo,
1058
00:57:14.100 --> 00:57:16.620
looking for developing a resilient strategy
1059
00:57:16.620 --> 00:57:19.170
for French Frigate Shoals Atoll Lalo.
1060
00:57:19.170 --> 00:57:21.000
So he's going to talk about that
1061
00:57:21.000 --> 00:57:25.020
and some of the challenges of working at that site
1062
00:57:25.020 --> 00:57:27.462
and some of the recent military,
1063
00:57:27.462 --> 00:57:29.040
there was military development on that site,
1064
00:57:29.040 --> 00:57:32.100
some dilapidated infrastructure that traps animals
1065
00:57:32.100 --> 00:57:32.933
and other things
1066
00:57:32.933 --> 00:57:35.640
and some impacts from recent storms.
1067
00:57:35.640 --> 00:57:38.550
So he's going to talk about that next month
1068
00:57:38.550 --> 00:57:40.770
and you'll see something in your email soon
1069
00:57:40.770 --> 00:57:43.470
advertising that talk.
1070
00:57:43.470 --> 00:57:44.940
And also we have our
1071
00:57:44.940 --> 00:57:47.310
Get Into Your Sanctuary Day event coming up.
1072
00:57:47.310 --> 00:57:48.770
If you are on O'ahu,
1073
00:57:48.770 --> 00:57:51.840
we have a really cool event on August 6th
1074
00:57:51.840 --> 00:57:54.780
at a Beach Cleanup and Marine Debris Art Show
1075
00:57:54.780 --> 00:57:58.710
out on the west side, out at Ma'ili Beach Park.
1076
00:57:58.710 --> 00:58:00.900
And so we hope you can join us.
1077
00:58:00.900 --> 00:58:02.370
The link in the bottom there is
1078
00:58:02.370 --> 00:58:04.200
how you can just go to a website.
1079
00:58:04.200 --> 00:58:07.350
You can register to come to that event.
1080
00:58:07.350 --> 00:58:10.350
So we really do hope to see you there for that
1081
00:58:10.350 --> 00:58:13.170
and other Get Into Your Sanctuary Day events
1082
00:58:13.170 --> 00:58:15.480
around the country
1083
00:58:15.480 --> 00:58:17.850
as it's one of our signature events
1084
00:58:17.850 --> 00:58:19.900
for the National Marine Sanctuary system.
1085
00:58:20.910 --> 00:58:25.910
And also we continue to have our exploration partner,
1086
00:58:26.490 --> 00:58:28.560
the Nautilus Ocean Exploration Trust,
1087
00:58:28.560 --> 00:58:30.570
active in Papahānaumokuākea.
1088
00:58:30.570 --> 00:58:33.210
They're doing some really innovative mapping right now
1089
00:58:33.210 --> 00:58:36.243
in the southeast portion of Papahānaumokuākea.
1090
00:58:37.950 --> 00:58:40.530
But we also do some deep sea dives.
1091
00:58:40.530 --> 00:58:42.180
You could follow along live.
1092
00:58:42.180 --> 00:58:44.460
So check out nautiluslive.org
1093
00:58:44.460 --> 00:58:45.870
over the coming several months
1094
00:58:45.870 --> 00:58:49.260
and we're gonna have some live engagements on there.
1095
00:58:49.260 --> 00:58:50.280
And you can also,
1096
00:58:50.280 --> 00:58:51.480
if you have a classroom,
1097
00:58:51.480 --> 00:58:54.900
you could register for a live ship to shore event
1098
00:58:54.900 --> 00:58:56.640
with the Nautilus.
1099
00:58:56.640 --> 00:58:59.940
We've been doing those in English
1100
00:58:59.940 --> 00:59:02.010
and in Olelo Hawaii recently.
1101
00:59:02.010 --> 00:59:06.300
So it's really great partnership with that group.
1102
00:59:06.300 --> 00:59:09.450
And lastly, please make sure to fill out your survey.
1103
00:59:09.450 --> 00:59:10.800
We do wanna hear from you
1104
00:59:10.800 --> 00:59:13.320
and other things that we can improve upon
1105
00:59:13.320 --> 00:59:16.560
or topics that you'd like us to cover.
1106
00:59:16.560 --> 00:59:19.260
And again, any of the questions we didn't get to
1107
00:59:19.260 --> 00:59:20.700
we'll be sending to Dr. Orben
1108
00:59:20.700 --> 00:59:22.350
and we'll have her answer those
1109
00:59:22.350 --> 00:59:24.300
and get those back out to you.
1110
00:59:24.300 --> 00:59:26.610
So, mahalo for joining us
1111
00:59:26.610 --> 00:59:29.310
and we hope to see you next month.
1112
00:59:29.310 --> 00:59:30.570
Be safe, take care.
1113
00:59:30.570 --> 00:59:31.403
Aloha.