WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.120 --> 00:00:01.710 [Shannon Ricles] Well, good afternoon everyone. 2 00:00:01.710 --> 00:00:04.587 And thank you for joining us today for our webinar 3 00:00:04.587 --> 00:00:07.887 "Valor in the Atlantic Telepresence Expedition." 4 00:00:10.110 --> 00:00:12.120 This webinar is brought to you by NOAA's 5 00:00:12.120 --> 00:00:14.120 Monitor National Marine Sanctuary 6 00:00:15.160 --> 00:00:17.450 in collaboration with the North Carolina Office 7 00:00:17.450 --> 00:00:18.903 of State Archeology. 8 00:00:20.650 --> 00:00:22.610 Partnering since 1975, 9 00:00:22.610 --> 00:00:24.510 NOAA and the state of North Carolina work 10 00:00:24.510 --> 00:00:27.650 to research, honor, and protect the hallmarks 11 00:00:27.650 --> 00:00:31.130 of North Carolina's underwater cultural heritage-shipwrecks. 12 00:00:31.130 --> 00:00:33.620 These shipwrecks hold information about the ever-changing 13 00:00:33.620 --> 00:00:36.540 technologies and cultural and physical landscapes. 14 00:00:36.540 --> 00:00:39.960 They serve as uniquely accessible underwater museums 15 00:00:39.960 --> 00:00:42.829 and a memorial to generations of mariners who live, died, 16 00:00:42.829 --> 00:00:45.130 worked, and fought off our shores. 17 00:00:45.130 --> 00:00:47.440 Now, this is one of the many webinars we will host 18 00:00:47.440 --> 00:00:48.273 in the coming months 19 00:00:48.273 --> 00:00:50.690 for the Submerged North Carolina Webinar Series 20 00:00:50.690 --> 00:00:51.570 in collaboration 21 00:00:51.570 --> 00:00:54.120 with the North Carolina Office of State Archeology. 22 00:00:55.420 --> 00:00:58.810 Now Monitor is just one of 15 national marine sanctuaries 23 00:00:58.810 --> 00:01:00.670 and two marine national monuments 24 00:01:00.670 --> 00:01:03.000 in the National Marine Sanctuary System. 25 00:01:03.000 --> 00:01:06.650 This system encompasses more than 620,000 square miles 26 00:01:06.650 --> 00:01:09.470 of marine and great lakes waters from Washington state 27 00:01:09.470 --> 00:01:13.330 to the Florida Keys and from Lake Huron to American Samoa. 28 00:01:13.330 --> 00:01:14.730 Now, during the presentation, 29 00:01:14.730 --> 00:01:17.520 all attendees will be in listen-only mode. 30 00:01:17.520 --> 00:01:19.950 You are welcome to type questions for the presenters 31 00:01:19.950 --> 00:01:23.040 into the question box at the bottom of the control panel 32 00:01:23.040 --> 00:01:25.130 on the right hand side of your screen. 33 00:01:25.130 --> 00:01:27.330 Now this is the same area you can let us know 34 00:01:27.330 --> 00:01:29.890 about any technical issues you may be having, 35 00:01:29.890 --> 00:01:31.380 that we might be able to help you with. 36 00:01:31.380 --> 00:01:33.017 And we'll be monitoring those questions 37 00:01:33.017 --> 00:01:34.900 and technical issues, and we'll, 38 00:01:34.900 --> 00:01:37.560 we'll respond just as quickly as we can. 39 00:01:37.560 --> 00:01:40.060 We are recording this session, and we will share 40 00:01:40.060 --> 00:01:42.110 the recording with registered participants 41 00:01:42.110 --> 00:01:44.230 via the webinar archive page. 42 00:01:44.230 --> 00:01:47.510 A URL for this webpage will be provided at the end 43 00:01:47.510 --> 00:01:48.643 of the presentation. 44 00:01:49.900 --> 00:01:52.180 So today we welcome our team of explorers. 45 00:01:52.180 --> 00:01:53.440 We have Tane Casserley, 46 00:01:53.440 --> 00:01:55.430 the resource protection and permit coordinator 47 00:01:55.430 --> 00:01:58.410 for Monitor National Marine Sanctuary and Mallows Bay 48 00:01:58.410 --> 00:02:00.690 Potomac River National Marine Sanctuary. 49 00:02:00.690 --> 00:02:04.140 Chris Southerly, the Deputy State Archeologist 50 00:02:04.140 --> 00:02:07.070 Underwater and Diving Safety Officer 51 00:02:07.070 --> 00:02:09.250 directing the underwater archeology branch 52 00:02:09.250 --> 00:02:12.260 and its Queen Anne's Revenge Conservation Lab. 53 00:02:12.260 --> 00:02:15.760 Dr. Chris Taylor is a marine ecologist and senior scientist 54 00:02:15.760 --> 00:02:17.070 at NOAA's National Centers 55 00:02:17.070 --> 00:02:21.110 for Coastal Ocean Science Habitat Mapping team, 56 00:02:21.110 --> 00:02:23.890 and from Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration, 57 00:02:23.890 --> 00:02:25.570 Karl McLetchie joins us. 58 00:02:25.570 --> 00:02:29.340 He is an engineer, remotely operated vehicle, ROV, designer, 59 00:02:29.340 --> 00:02:31.590 pilot, and navigator. 60 00:02:31.590 --> 00:02:35.873 And I am now going turn it over to Tane Casserley. 61 00:02:41.870 --> 00:02:43.530 [Tane] Great. Thank you so much, Shannon. 62 00:02:43.530 --> 00:02:46.810 And I want to give a shout out to everybody's joining us 63 00:02:46.810 --> 00:02:49.690 today. It's an honor and privilege to have you join us. 64 00:02:49.690 --> 00:02:51.390 During today's presentation, 65 00:02:51.390 --> 00:02:54.100 we're going to share an exciting telepresence expedition 66 00:02:54.100 --> 00:02:57.290 with you where you'll be able to join our live broadcasts 67 00:02:57.290 --> 00:02:59.290 from the ocean floor to learn more 68 00:02:59.290 --> 00:03:02.050 about North Carolina's oceanic wonders. 69 00:03:02.050 --> 00:03:05.980 Using ROVs, or remotely operated vehicles, and satellites, 70 00:03:05.980 --> 00:03:07.560 the Valor of the Atlantic expedition 71 00:03:07.560 --> 00:03:10.397 will explore USS Monitor, natural reefs 72 00:03:10.397 --> 00:03:12.850 and the maritime culture landscape surrounding 73 00:03:12.850 --> 00:03:14.700 the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary, 74 00:03:14.700 --> 00:03:16.700 and by a maritime culture landscape, 75 00:03:16.700 --> 00:03:20.140 we mean the surrounding heritage and history and for us, 76 00:03:20.140 --> 00:03:21.393 that's the shipwrecks. 77 00:03:26.820 --> 00:03:29.300 So we're very honored to be able to use the NOAA ship 78 00:03:29.300 --> 00:03:30.180 Nancy Foster, 79 00:03:30.180 --> 00:03:33.360 which is going act as the project's research platform 80 00:03:33.360 --> 00:03:37.270 that's gonna stream this live ROV video to you while being 81 00:03:37.270 --> 00:03:40.870 narrated by national experts to showcase these nationally 82 00:03:40.870 --> 00:03:44.340 significant sites and their biological communities 83 00:03:44.340 --> 00:03:45.173 to the public. 84 00:03:47.850 --> 00:03:51.320 These sites serve as a uniquely accessible underwater museum 85 00:03:51.320 --> 00:03:54.330 and a memorial to generations of mariners who lived, 86 00:03:54.330 --> 00:03:56.790 worked, and fought off our shores. 87 00:03:56.790 --> 00:03:57.980 And to help remind everybody 88 00:03:57.980 --> 00:04:00.370 who's going be talking today and who's going help tell 89 00:04:00.370 --> 00:04:03.200 the story, is myself, I'm Tane Casserley, 90 00:04:03.200 --> 00:04:04.940 so I'm a maritime archeologist. 91 00:04:04.940 --> 00:04:06.890 We have our two Chrises, Chris Southerly, 92 00:04:06.890 --> 00:04:08.280 who's also a maritime archeologist. 93 00:04:08.280 --> 00:04:09.386 He's actually 94 00:04:09.386 --> 00:04:11.630 the North Carolina state underwater archeologist. 95 00:04:11.630 --> 00:04:12.730 Dr. Chris Taylor, 96 00:04:12.730 --> 00:04:15.250 a nationally renowned marine ecologist 97 00:04:15.250 --> 00:04:17.610 from the National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, 98 00:04:17.610 --> 00:04:21.310 also with NOAA, and to round us out at the end is the, 99 00:04:21.310 --> 00:04:24.570 you know, Jack of all trades engineer extraordinaire, 100 00:04:24.570 --> 00:04:26.380 ROV pilot designer, Karl, 101 00:04:26.380 --> 00:04:28.830 with the Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration. 102 00:04:31.500 --> 00:04:33.690 So as Shannon showed you a little bit earlier, 103 00:04:33.690 --> 00:04:35.730 the Monitor Sanctuary is located on the East Coast 104 00:04:35.730 --> 00:04:37.280 on the Eastern Seaboard. 105 00:04:37.280 --> 00:04:40.180 We're actually 16 and a half miles off the coast 106 00:04:40.180 --> 00:04:42.090 of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. 107 00:04:42.090 --> 00:04:45.280 We lay in 230 feet of water, and we protect and manage 108 00:04:45.280 --> 00:04:49.770 the shipwreck of the iconic Civil War ironclad, USS Monitor. 109 00:04:49.770 --> 00:04:54.280 The shipwreck is protected in a one mile diameter sanctuary, 110 00:04:54.280 --> 00:04:56.180 the water column to the shipwreck. 111 00:04:56.180 --> 00:04:57.760 And it's a really interesting environment 112 00:04:57.760 --> 00:05:00.750 where the Labrador Current comes down from north, 113 00:05:00.750 --> 00:05:03.100 those colder, darker waters and collide 114 00:05:03.100 --> 00:05:05.290 with the Gulf Stream coming up from the south, 115 00:05:05.290 --> 00:05:06.730 which is those warmer, clearer waters. 116 00:05:06.730 --> 00:05:07.570 It always makes it 117 00:05:07.570 --> 00:05:10.623 an interesting and dynamic time, anytime we visit Monitor. 118 00:05:13.950 --> 00:05:16.290 So the USS Monitor and the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary 119 00:05:16.290 --> 00:05:19.480 represent 160 years of innovation. 120 00:05:19.480 --> 00:05:23.160 This year, 2022, marks the 160th anniversary 121 00:05:23.160 --> 00:05:26.300 of Monitor's launch, the Battle of Hampton Roads 122 00:05:26.300 --> 00:05:27.960 and Monitor's sinking. 123 00:05:27.960 --> 00:05:29.070 And from the beginning, 124 00:05:29.070 --> 00:05:31.790 Monitor represented hope for the nation and has always been 125 00:05:31.790 --> 00:05:33.610 on the cutting edge of design, 126 00:05:33.610 --> 00:05:35.810 innovation, and marine science. 127 00:05:35.810 --> 00:05:38.820 This expedition continues that legacy. 128 00:05:38.820 --> 00:05:40.670 You know, 2022 also has, 129 00:05:40.670 --> 00:05:42.353 so it's more meaning for us at NOAA. 130 00:05:42.353 --> 00:05:44.300 This is also the 50th anniversary 131 00:05:44.300 --> 00:05:45.900 of the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, 132 00:05:45.900 --> 00:05:48.770 which we're very excited to celebrate and more 133 00:05:48.770 --> 00:05:49.700 at home for Monitor, 134 00:05:49.700 --> 00:05:52.830 this is the 20th anniversary of the Monitor turret raising 135 00:05:52.830 --> 00:05:55.920 that we did in 2002 as part of a gigantic project 136 00:05:55.920 --> 00:05:57.647 with the U.S. Navy and of course, The Mariners' Museum 137 00:05:57.647 --> 00:05:59.483 and Park in Newport News, Virginia. 138 00:06:02.590 --> 00:06:04.690 So Monitor's always been on the cutting edge of innovation 139 00:06:04.690 --> 00:06:07.950 ever since this first design was in 1861. 140 00:06:07.950 --> 00:06:10.360 You know, we could look at these plans of the Monitor 141 00:06:10.360 --> 00:06:12.670 and it looks like nothing's ever been built before. 142 00:06:12.670 --> 00:06:14.630 It's a prototype and you know, 143 00:06:14.630 --> 00:06:17.510 can see that one of the most iconic parts of that 144 00:06:17.510 --> 00:06:19.730 is gonna be that rotating gun turret 145 00:06:19.730 --> 00:06:21.740 that's on the top of the vessel there. 146 00:06:21.740 --> 00:06:24.180 This is the first time it's been deployed in combat. 147 00:06:24.180 --> 00:06:25.960 So it's really interesting. 148 00:06:25.960 --> 00:06:28.930 Another thing I want you to notice is sort of on the top 149 00:06:28.930 --> 00:06:32.060 drawing, those blue lines, that represents the water. 150 00:06:32.060 --> 00:06:34.480 So this is the first time in Naval history, 151 00:06:34.480 --> 00:06:39.390 really, where the officers and crew are now working 152 00:06:39.390 --> 00:06:41.430 and living under the water line. 153 00:06:41.430 --> 00:06:45.100 So not only do they have to think in terms of engineering 154 00:06:45.100 --> 00:06:47.270 and Naval tactics, really how, how this all works, 155 00:06:47.270 --> 00:06:48.650 but psychologically, 156 00:06:48.650 --> 00:06:50.650 these are folks that are used to working on tall ships 157 00:06:50.650 --> 00:06:53.340 with masts and sails, sometimes steam engines, 158 00:06:53.340 --> 00:06:55.050 but there's traditional sailing vessels. 159 00:06:55.050 --> 00:06:56.730 So this was something entirely new. 160 00:06:56.730 --> 00:06:58.680 And again, this was a prototype vessel. 161 00:07:00.080 --> 00:07:01.820 There's another great view of it. 162 00:07:01.820 --> 00:07:04.030 So you can see it's a very low-lying design, 163 00:07:04.030 --> 00:07:06.590 really only about nine to 11 inches or actually above 164 00:07:06.590 --> 00:07:08.300 the water line from the hull. 165 00:07:08.300 --> 00:07:11.300 And the only other thing for enemy combatants to hit is 166 00:07:11.300 --> 00:07:12.840 that rotating turret, 167 00:07:12.840 --> 00:07:15.640 and the pilot house is a little bit forward. 168 00:07:15.640 --> 00:07:19.690 And what's interesting when we look at the CSS Virginia, 169 00:07:19.690 --> 00:07:20.930 which is the Confederate ironclad 170 00:07:20.930 --> 00:07:22.140 that's in the background here, 171 00:07:22.140 --> 00:07:24.730 it looks like a low-lying crocodile to Monitor, 172 00:07:24.730 --> 00:07:26.280 which is towards us, 173 00:07:26.280 --> 00:07:28.720 two very different design philosophies 174 00:07:28.720 --> 00:07:29.990 and tactics that are needed. 175 00:07:29.990 --> 00:07:34.990 So the CSS Virginia is built on the remains of the sunken 176 00:07:35.120 --> 00:07:37.910 and burned steam frigate, USS Merrimack. 177 00:07:37.910 --> 00:07:39.440 It was raised up and, from the waterline, 178 00:07:39.440 --> 00:07:42.890 rebuilt to this strange, low-lying, amphibious 179 00:07:42.890 --> 00:07:46.040 crocodile-looking monster to Monitor, 180 00:07:46.040 --> 00:07:49.350 next to it juxtaposed, completely different design theory. 181 00:07:49.350 --> 00:07:54.350 So the Confederate vessel has guns aimed on the sides, 182 00:07:54.490 --> 00:07:56.550 in the bow and stern, the front and the back, 183 00:07:56.550 --> 00:07:59.490 and it had to turn the whole vessel to aim and fire while 184 00:07:59.490 --> 00:08:03.310 the Monitor now can move its vessel in direction and rotate 185 00:08:03.310 --> 00:08:04.530 that turret in any direction. 186 00:08:04.530 --> 00:08:05.973 So that's a huge innovation. 187 00:08:07.480 --> 00:08:08.850 And both were put to the test 188 00:08:08.850 --> 00:08:11.370 for the first time when iron clashed with iron 189 00:08:11.370 --> 00:08:13.210 on March 9th, 1862. 190 00:08:13.210 --> 00:08:15.510 So the Battle of Hampton Roads represented the end 191 00:08:15.510 --> 00:08:17.270 of wooden wars and ushered in 192 00:08:17.270 --> 00:08:18.973 a whole new era of Naval warfare. 193 00:08:20.104 --> 00:08:23.030 And that battle that took place on March 9th, 1862, 194 00:08:23.030 --> 00:08:26.250 left neither Monitor nor the Virginia seriously damaged. 195 00:08:26.250 --> 00:08:27.990 And both sides, claim victory, 196 00:08:27.990 --> 00:08:30.910 but ultimately historians have called the battle a draw. 197 00:08:30.910 --> 00:08:32.970 But in fact, there was one clear winner, 198 00:08:32.970 --> 00:08:34.537 which is ironclad technology, 199 00:08:34.537 --> 00:08:36.763 and the age of wooden warships was over. 200 00:08:39.410 --> 00:08:42.200 Now Monitor had a very short life. 201 00:08:42.200 --> 00:08:44.600 Again, it was a prototype vessel that had proved itself 202 00:08:44.600 --> 00:08:45.890 at the battle. 203 00:08:45.890 --> 00:08:50.060 And in later that year in December 29th, 1862, 204 00:08:50.060 --> 00:08:52.810 the Monitor is now being sent down to join blockading forces 205 00:08:52.810 --> 00:08:55.900 off the Carolinas, and it leaves Hampton Roads and towed 206 00:08:55.900 --> 00:08:57.880 by the USS Rhode Island, that you can see in the background 207 00:08:57.880 --> 00:09:00.960 of the painting, bound for Beaufort, North Carolina. 208 00:09:00.960 --> 00:09:05.370 It leaves in fair seas, calm winds, but as they move on, 209 00:09:05.370 --> 00:09:06.300 things are increasing. 210 00:09:06.300 --> 00:09:08.470 So on the 30th, the next day, 211 00:09:08.470 --> 00:09:10.733 they encounter a storm off Cape Hatteras. 212 00:09:13.620 --> 00:09:15.450 And all through that night in the following day, 213 00:09:15.450 --> 00:09:18.210 they're battling the storm, seas are getting bigger, 214 00:09:18.210 --> 00:09:19.140 winds are increasing. 215 00:09:19.140 --> 00:09:22.090 You can see, even from the painting here, 216 00:09:22.090 --> 00:09:24.510 this vessel isn't made to be in this kind of conditions. 217 00:09:24.510 --> 00:09:27.220 So it fought violently as long as it could. 218 00:09:27.220 --> 00:09:30.170 Too much water came into the vessel, overwhelmed the pumps, 219 00:09:30.170 --> 00:09:32.470 overwhelmed the steam engines and the boilers. 220 00:09:33.460 --> 00:09:35.620 They have to put up the red signal lantern and indicating 221 00:09:35.620 --> 00:09:36.910 the need to abandon ship. 222 00:09:36.910 --> 00:09:40.340 And sadly on the night of, 223 00:09:40.340 --> 00:09:43.500 towards midnight of December 31st, 1862, 224 00:09:43.500 --> 00:09:46.763 the Monitor goes down with the loss of 16 officers and crew. 225 00:09:49.400 --> 00:09:53.620 So now we look to the future nearly 110 years later in '73, 226 00:09:53.620 --> 00:09:56.950 when now more cutting-edge technology is being brought, 227 00:09:56.950 --> 00:09:59.100 this time by Duke University and partners 228 00:09:59.100 --> 00:10:00.990 to go find the Monitor. 229 00:10:00.990 --> 00:10:02.650 And one of those new pieces of technology 230 00:10:02.650 --> 00:10:04.330 is a side-scan sonar. 231 00:10:04.330 --> 00:10:06.780 You can see here being held in the center image. 232 00:10:06.780 --> 00:10:09.520 Again, this wasn't new technology to the military, 233 00:10:09.520 --> 00:10:11.660 but for the public sector, it was, you know, 234 00:10:11.660 --> 00:10:14.180 and it's being deployed now to find Monitor, 235 00:10:14.180 --> 00:10:17.030 and like every project that happens as we go out to sea, 236 00:10:17.030 --> 00:10:19.320 we look for something it's the very last day, 237 00:10:19.320 --> 00:10:22.350 the very last hour something appears. 238 00:10:22.350 --> 00:10:25.090 So what they believe might be the Monitor was found. 239 00:10:25.090 --> 00:10:26.803 They called a long amorphous echo. 240 00:10:27.990 --> 00:10:30.750 Now the challenge was they didn't expect Monitor to be 241 00:10:30.750 --> 00:10:32.070 upside down. 242 00:10:32.070 --> 00:10:35.410 They thought, they'd see this ironclad sitting upright 243 00:10:35.410 --> 00:10:36.800 with a turret in the center. 244 00:10:36.800 --> 00:10:39.450 They didn't expect to be the turret to have fallen off 245 00:10:39.450 --> 00:10:40.800 and nearly all the vessel on top. 246 00:10:40.800 --> 00:10:43.260 So it took a lot of staring at the photographs, 247 00:10:43.260 --> 00:10:46.224 looking at the film, trying to figure it out. 248 00:10:46.224 --> 00:10:47.250 So this, oh, if it's upside down, 249 00:10:47.250 --> 00:10:48.380 we might have something here. 250 00:10:48.380 --> 00:10:51.250 So they go back out in '74 with a vessel 251 00:10:51.250 --> 00:10:53.110 called the Alcoa Seaprobe. 252 00:10:53.110 --> 00:10:55.530 Again, more cutting-edge technology 253 00:10:55.530 --> 00:10:56.530 brought to the fore here. 254 00:10:56.530 --> 00:11:01.090 This is a sort of a camera sled with a lighting system, 255 00:11:01.090 --> 00:11:03.950 still cameras, television cameras used to document sites 256 00:11:03.950 --> 00:11:05.750 on the bottom, really for the Cold War, 257 00:11:05.750 --> 00:11:07.710 if you think about downed Soviet submarines, 258 00:11:07.710 --> 00:11:09.160 things of that nature, 259 00:11:09.160 --> 00:11:11.560 this is what documents it on the sea floor. 260 00:11:11.560 --> 00:11:15.510 We're able to use that technology with Monitor and working 261 00:11:15.510 --> 00:11:17.370 with the U.S. Navy Intelligence Support Center, 262 00:11:17.370 --> 00:11:20.690 they create what we know as that first photo mosaic 263 00:11:20.690 --> 00:11:21.523 of Monitor. 264 00:11:21.523 --> 00:11:23.150 Again, this is the first time this type of technology's 265 00:11:23.150 --> 00:11:24.970 ever been shared with the public. 266 00:11:24.970 --> 00:11:26.440 We're incredibly honored that it was 267 00:11:26.440 --> 00:11:28.393 to announce Monitor's been discovered. 268 00:11:30.270 --> 00:11:33.010 So with that discovery became the realization we need 269 00:11:33.010 --> 00:11:34.420 to protect the site. 270 00:11:34.420 --> 00:11:35.440 It's in the high seas. 271 00:11:35.440 --> 00:11:38.040 There's no way to protect it with existing laws. 272 00:11:38.040 --> 00:11:39.340 So the governor of North Carolina, 273 00:11:39.340 --> 00:11:41.940 James Holshouser, reached out to NOAA and said, 274 00:11:41.940 --> 00:11:45.130 please make this a national marine sanctuary, 275 00:11:45.130 --> 00:11:48.230 and indeed NOAA accepted it, and on January 30, 1975, 276 00:11:48.230 --> 00:11:51.320 it becomes our nation's very first nation marine sanctuary 277 00:11:51.320 --> 00:11:54.050 on the 113th anniversary of its launch 278 00:11:54.050 --> 00:11:55.300 in Greenpoint, New York. 279 00:11:56.830 --> 00:11:57.930 You know, and we're really proud 280 00:11:57.930 --> 00:11:59.650 that because Monitor was so famous, 281 00:11:59.650 --> 00:12:03.060 it was so iconic, that every piece of high technology 282 00:12:03.060 --> 00:12:05.950 available at the time was thrown at the project to document 283 00:12:05.950 --> 00:12:06.870 this site. 284 00:12:06.870 --> 00:12:08.840 We were very lucky in the 1970s to work 285 00:12:08.840 --> 00:12:10.620 with Harvard Branch Oceanographic 286 00:12:10.620 --> 00:12:13.870 using submersibles and lockout chambers and divers, 287 00:12:13.870 --> 00:12:16.010 which who actually trained archeologists to go down 288 00:12:16.010 --> 00:12:19.170 and document this like a land site on the sea floor. 289 00:12:19.170 --> 00:12:20.400 This wouldn't be cutting-edge now, 290 00:12:20.400 --> 00:12:22.603 but it was phenomenal in the '70s. 291 00:12:23.650 --> 00:12:26.950 NOAA was also a leader in technical mixed gas diving, 292 00:12:26.950 --> 00:12:27.910 decompression diving. 293 00:12:27.910 --> 00:12:30.030 It was pioneered at the Monitor, 294 00:12:30.030 --> 00:12:31.940 the creation of tables and gas mixes. 295 00:12:31.940 --> 00:12:34.370 I was very fortunate to be part of that program. 296 00:12:34.370 --> 00:12:36.380 But it really led the way for the federal government 297 00:12:36.380 --> 00:12:38.480 and for science institutions, 298 00:12:38.480 --> 00:12:40.893 about how to do work on the sea floor at depth. 299 00:12:44.201 --> 00:12:46.440 And the next era, again, being cutting-edge, 300 00:12:46.440 --> 00:12:49.020 being some of the first to do things was 301 00:12:49.020 --> 00:12:51.150 the major recovery efforts that we decided 302 00:12:51.150 --> 00:12:54.100 to embark upon Monitor. 303 00:12:54.100 --> 00:12:56.400 Obviously it's an iron ship in the salt water. 304 00:12:56.400 --> 00:12:57.710 Things are gonna corrode. 305 00:12:57.710 --> 00:12:59.970 So the decision was put forward, 306 00:12:59.970 --> 00:13:03.330 or was made, how do we protect this vessel? 307 00:13:03.330 --> 00:13:05.640 How do we save iconic parts of it? 308 00:13:05.640 --> 00:13:08.660 And they choose to put a plan before Congress and the public 309 00:13:08.660 --> 00:13:11.720 to recover those major pieces with the turret 310 00:13:11.720 --> 00:13:13.590 being the most iconic part. 311 00:13:13.590 --> 00:13:16.650 So this represents the heaviest archeological metals lift 312 00:13:16.650 --> 00:13:20.210 in history with over 200 of tons of the material recovered 313 00:13:20.210 --> 00:13:21.410 from the shipwreck site. 314 00:13:22.560 --> 00:13:24.160 We started with the drive train, 315 00:13:25.070 --> 00:13:27.260 starting with the propeller and the prop that came up 316 00:13:27.260 --> 00:13:30.080 working with the U.S. Navy in 1998. 317 00:13:30.080 --> 00:13:32.240 Again, this has been conserved and on display 318 00:13:32.240 --> 00:13:35.190 at The Mariners' Museum and Park in Newport News, Virginia. 319 00:13:36.430 --> 00:13:38.960 In 2001, we recovered the 20-ton steam engine, 320 00:13:38.960 --> 00:13:41.120 the vibrating side-lever steam engine that came up 321 00:13:41.120 --> 00:13:44.480 in a huge project, again with the U.S. Navy, NOAA, 322 00:13:44.480 --> 00:13:47.110 The Mariners' Museum came together to recover those items, 323 00:13:47.110 --> 00:13:49.030 to take them back to conservation 324 00:13:49.030 --> 00:13:51.610 at The Mariners' Museum and Park. 325 00:13:51.610 --> 00:13:53.890 And finally, of course, the iconic gun turret. 326 00:13:53.890 --> 00:13:57.040 The first one went into combat the great-great-grandparent 327 00:13:57.040 --> 00:13:58.683 of all modern Naval guns. 328 00:14:00.400 --> 00:14:03.050 And in 2002, we went out to recover that item. 329 00:14:03.050 --> 00:14:05.460 So we used sort of a giant crane, 330 00:14:05.460 --> 00:14:08.450 the U.S. Navy with our hard hat divers, saturation divers, 331 00:14:08.450 --> 00:14:11.860 NOAA, Mariners' Museum again, so many partners. 332 00:14:11.860 --> 00:14:12.780 We used sort of this, 333 00:14:12.780 --> 00:14:14.630 what to think of a spider structure came down, 334 00:14:14.630 --> 00:14:17.710 actually picked up the turret, moved it over slightly, 335 00:14:17.710 --> 00:14:19.060 mated it to a platform. 336 00:14:19.060 --> 00:14:21.110 And then the whole thing came up together 337 00:14:22.151 --> 00:14:25.600 on August 5th 2002, after a 45-day mission 338 00:14:25.600 --> 00:14:27.670 with a lift of 230 tons. 339 00:14:27.670 --> 00:14:28.610 So just incredible. 340 00:14:28.610 --> 00:14:29.750 And of course, I'm simplifying it, 341 00:14:29.750 --> 00:14:30.870 but it's much more difficult than that, 342 00:14:30.870 --> 00:14:32.780 but an amazing achievement. 343 00:14:35.540 --> 00:14:37.530 And working with partners like The Mariners' Museum and Park 344 00:14:37.530 --> 00:14:40.460 again on the cutting edge of exhibitry innovation, 345 00:14:40.460 --> 00:14:41.880 conservation display, 346 00:14:41.880 --> 00:14:44.420 we're so proud to have our artifacts and story being told 347 00:14:44.420 --> 00:14:45.580 through this facility. 348 00:14:45.580 --> 00:14:47.870 You can see here a full scale replica of the Monitor. 349 00:14:47.870 --> 00:14:49.870 You can walk the decks. 350 00:14:49.870 --> 00:14:54.150 The largest metals archeological conservation lab 351 00:14:54.150 --> 00:14:57.420 in the world, the USS Monitor Batten Conservation Lab 352 00:14:57.420 --> 00:15:00.090 that is conserving our artifacts and so much more, 353 00:15:00.090 --> 00:15:02.190 that can be seen through view panels. 354 00:15:02.190 --> 00:15:03.640 So you can always be part of the process 355 00:15:03.640 --> 00:15:05.350 to see what's happening. 356 00:15:05.350 --> 00:15:08.340 Of course, cutting-edge exhibitry 'cause these stories 357 00:15:08.340 --> 00:15:11.450 are so important to share with everyone. 358 00:15:11.450 --> 00:15:15.260 And we need to remember, this is a human story, right? 359 00:15:15.260 --> 00:15:18.040 So when we were excavating the turret on the sea floor, 360 00:15:18.040 --> 00:15:21.400 230 feet and back at The Mariners' Museum, 361 00:15:21.400 --> 00:15:25.290 we discovered two sailors that were still inside the turret. 362 00:15:25.290 --> 00:15:27.200 So we worked very closely with the Navy, 363 00:15:27.200 --> 00:15:30.400 with the military, Veterans Affairs, 364 00:15:30.400 --> 00:15:33.500 so many partners and things to document those individuals, 365 00:15:33.500 --> 00:15:37.370 those sailors, collect them, study them, 366 00:15:37.370 --> 00:15:39.640 and then finally have them honored and interred 367 00:15:39.640 --> 00:15:43.605 in Arlington National Cemetery on March 8th, 2013, 368 00:15:43.605 --> 00:15:45.600 which is 151 years after the battle. 369 00:15:45.600 --> 00:15:48.910 And I encourage everyone to go please visit them there. 370 00:15:48.910 --> 00:15:51.130 But now I'm gonna pass the mic over to Chris Southerly, 371 00:15:51.130 --> 00:15:51.970 who's gonna tell us more 372 00:15:51.970 --> 00:15:54.820 about the maritime cultural landscape off North Carolina. 373 00:16:00.640 --> 00:16:02.450 [Chris Southerly] All right. Thank you, Tane. 374 00:16:02.450 --> 00:16:07.020 The story we're telling through Monitor and the shipwrecks 375 00:16:07.020 --> 00:16:08.640 surrounding the marine sanctuary 376 00:16:08.640 --> 00:16:12.740 is the story of America's rise as a world super power. 377 00:16:12.740 --> 00:16:16.420 Put simply, it's the story of the United States. 378 00:16:16.420 --> 00:16:18.230 Monitor as, Tane mentioned, 379 00:16:18.230 --> 00:16:21.620 was the first turreted iron-hulled U.S. warship 380 00:16:21.620 --> 00:16:25.080 whose design changed Naval warfare forever, 381 00:16:25.080 --> 00:16:28.070 and also signaled the United States transition 382 00:16:28.070 --> 00:16:32.103 to an industrial and technological giant of the day. 383 00:16:33.580 --> 00:16:38.163 So looking at the wrecks of the USS Virginia 384 00:16:38.163 --> 00:16:42.030 and the USS New Jersey, they tell the story 385 00:16:42.030 --> 00:16:45.500 of America's introduction as a world Navy power. 386 00:16:45.500 --> 00:16:47.000 Commissioned in 1906, 387 00:16:47.000 --> 00:16:49.540 they sailed in December of 1907 as part 388 00:16:49.540 --> 00:16:53.380 of Teddy Roosevelt's Great White Fleet of U.S. battleships, 389 00:16:53.380 --> 00:16:56.260 spending over a year circumnavigating the globe 390 00:16:56.260 --> 00:16:59.790 to demonstrate America's battle fleet mobility. 391 00:16:59.790 --> 00:17:00.960 During World War I, 392 00:17:00.960 --> 00:17:03.060 they joined other older battleships 393 00:17:03.060 --> 00:17:06.710 providing Naval ship war training, convoy escort, 394 00:17:06.710 --> 00:17:09.310 and troop transport at the end of the war, 395 00:17:09.310 --> 00:17:11.623 bringing war veterans home from Europe. 396 00:17:12.820 --> 00:17:14.540 Decommissioned after the war, 397 00:17:14.540 --> 00:17:16.630 they were transferred to the War Department 398 00:17:16.630 --> 00:17:19.440 in August of 1923. 399 00:17:19.440 --> 00:17:23.340 And on September 5th were anchored off of Cape Hatteras, 400 00:17:23.340 --> 00:17:26.650 North Carolina, for aerial bombing tests conducted 401 00:17:26.650 --> 00:17:29.930 by the U.S. Army Air Service under the supervision 402 00:17:29.930 --> 00:17:32.270 of General Billy Mitchell. 403 00:17:32.270 --> 00:17:35.770 During the tests, New Jersey took a direct hit, 404 00:17:35.770 --> 00:17:39.090 which yielded a large explosion, causing her to capsize 405 00:17:39.090 --> 00:17:41.053 and sink 24 minutes later. 406 00:17:42.050 --> 00:17:45.290 Later in the day, within 20 minutes of the first bombing run 407 00:17:45.290 --> 00:17:47.990 made against the Virginia, she capsized, 408 00:17:47.990 --> 00:17:50.580 and 10 minutes later, slipped beneath the waves, 409 00:17:50.580 --> 00:17:53.310 joining New Jersey on the bottom. 410 00:17:53.310 --> 00:17:57.760 The sinking of these battleships ushered in the transition 411 00:17:57.760 --> 00:18:01.490 from capital Naval warships like the battleships 412 00:18:01.490 --> 00:18:04.920 to aircraft carriers and aerial warfare 413 00:18:04.920 --> 00:18:07.343 that we still see predominant today. 414 00:18:09.600 --> 00:18:14.260 Our World War I wrecks that will be visited are the story 415 00:18:14.260 --> 00:18:18.400 of the U.S.'s pivot from isolationism to becoming a player 416 00:18:18.400 --> 00:18:21.110 on the world stage. 417 00:18:21.110 --> 00:18:25.250 The images you see here are of the LV-71, 418 00:18:25.250 --> 00:18:27.600 also known as the Diamonds Shoals Light Vessel. 419 00:18:28.520 --> 00:18:31.470 Launched in December of 1897, 420 00:18:31.470 --> 00:18:35.830 LV-71 served as a floating lighthouse, sound signal station 421 00:18:35.830 --> 00:18:38.563 and navigational beacon for over 20 years. 422 00:18:40.200 --> 00:18:43.420 On August 6th, 1918, 423 00:18:43.420 --> 00:18:47.350 during World War I, LV-71 reported via radio 424 00:18:47.350 --> 00:18:50.373 the presence of a German U-boat in the vicinity, 425 00:18:51.390 --> 00:18:54.840 U-140 overheard the transmission and headed 426 00:18:54.840 --> 00:18:57.800 for the LV-71, eventually sinking it 427 00:18:57.800 --> 00:19:00.360 to prevent further reports on its location 428 00:19:00.360 --> 00:19:02.780 and operations in the area. 429 00:19:02.780 --> 00:19:05.010 This was the only light ship ever sunk 430 00:19:05.010 --> 00:19:07.190 during an enemy action. 431 00:19:07.190 --> 00:19:10.560 The crew of 12 did escape in the ship's boat 432 00:19:10.560 --> 00:19:14.030 and making it to Hatteras Island about seven hours 433 00:19:14.030 --> 00:19:17.053 after the LV-71 went down. 434 00:19:18.220 --> 00:19:22.700 The most prominent collection of shipwrecks that we'll be 435 00:19:22.700 --> 00:19:26.003 visiting is from World War II's Battle of the Atlantic. 436 00:19:27.220 --> 00:19:32.190 the YP-389, which you see a shot of in the lower left, 437 00:19:32.190 --> 00:19:34.550 was a steel-hulled fishing trawler 438 00:19:34.550 --> 00:19:36.970 acquired by the U.S. Navy during World War II 439 00:19:36.970 --> 00:19:39.450 to serve as a yard patrol vessel, 440 00:19:39.450 --> 00:19:42.500 hence YP as its designation. 441 00:19:42.500 --> 00:19:45.480 The primary duty of the 389 was to patrol 442 00:19:45.480 --> 00:19:48.940 the Cape Hatteras minefield and warn any merchant vessels 443 00:19:48.940 --> 00:19:52.030 that may stray off course and come too close. 444 00:19:52.030 --> 00:19:57.030 On June 19th, 1941, the U-701 445 00:19:57.150 --> 00:19:59.690 encountered the YP-389. 446 00:19:59.690 --> 00:20:01.700 Since the patrol vessel was small, 447 00:20:01.700 --> 00:20:03.790 the U-701 did not want to waste 448 00:20:03.790 --> 00:20:05.900 one of its valuable torpedoes, 449 00:20:05.900 --> 00:20:08.960 but it also didn't want the vessel to remain 450 00:20:08.960 --> 00:20:10.760 to be able to report their position. 451 00:20:11.990 --> 00:20:16.593 As such, the U-701 surfaced to attack with its deck guns. 452 00:20:17.650 --> 00:20:20.810 The exchange of gunfire between the two vessels lasted over 453 00:20:20.810 --> 00:20:24.633 half an hour before the YP-389 was sunk. 454 00:20:26.270 --> 00:20:31.070 Now, originally launched in 1921 during World War II, 455 00:20:31.070 --> 00:20:33.650 the E.M. Clark, which you see in the upper right, 456 00:20:33.650 --> 00:20:36.640 was part of the large transportation network 457 00:20:36.640 --> 00:20:38.960 that carried petroleum products to support 458 00:20:38.960 --> 00:20:42.610 the Allied war efforts, both at home and abroad. 459 00:20:42.610 --> 00:20:46.270 She made 41 voyages carrying over 4 million barrels 460 00:20:46.270 --> 00:20:49.930 of various petroleum products before being spotted 461 00:20:49.930 --> 00:20:53.413 by the U-124 on March 18th, 1942, 462 00:20:55.320 --> 00:20:57.330 approximately 22 miles southwest 463 00:20:57.330 --> 00:20:59.563 of the Diamond Shoals Light Buoy. 464 00:21:00.770 --> 00:21:02.330 Hit by two torpedoes, 465 00:21:02.330 --> 00:21:04.540 the E.M. Clark sank in only 10 minutes. 466 00:21:04.540 --> 00:21:08.050 Although 40 of her 41 crew members did manage to escape 467 00:21:08.050 --> 00:21:10.190 in the two life boats. 468 00:21:10.190 --> 00:21:15.010 The one fatality was thought to be asleep below decks 469 00:21:15.010 --> 00:21:16.893 in the infirmary. 470 00:21:18.820 --> 00:21:21.850 The freighter Bluefields, you see a rendering 471 00:21:21.850 --> 00:21:24.930 in the upper left, sailed in both World War I 472 00:21:24.930 --> 00:21:26.780 and World War II. 473 00:21:26.780 --> 00:21:31.100 Launched in 1917 as the Lake Mohonk, 474 00:21:31.100 --> 00:21:35.570 she served under the U.S. shipping board until 1919. 475 00:21:35.570 --> 00:21:37.050 Following her wartime service, 476 00:21:37.050 --> 00:21:41.110 she returned to private service going through several owners 477 00:21:41.110 --> 00:21:43.580 and several name changes until finally being 478 00:21:43.580 --> 00:21:46.033 named Bluefields in 1941. 479 00:21:47.170 --> 00:21:51.950 Now on July 15th, 1942, Bluefields was part of a convoy 480 00:21:51.950 --> 00:21:55.940 of 19 ships and five escorts heading from Norfolk 481 00:21:55.940 --> 00:21:56.993 to Key West. 482 00:21:58.440 --> 00:22:02.290 Now, the other part of this story, the U-576, 483 00:22:02.290 --> 00:22:05.000 which you see in the lower right was ending 484 00:22:05.000 --> 00:22:08.110 its fifth deployment since first coming 485 00:22:08.110 --> 00:22:11.720 to the north Atlantic in September of 1941 486 00:22:11.720 --> 00:22:13.746 and was heading back to France after it 487 00:22:13.746 --> 00:22:17.590 had sustained damage to its main ballast tanks 488 00:22:17.590 --> 00:22:21.000 Just two days prior to when it spotted the Bluefields convoy 489 00:22:21.000 --> 00:22:22.323 rounding Cape Hatteras. 490 00:22:23.250 --> 00:22:27.640 Despite being damaged, the 576 attacked the convoy. 491 00:22:27.640 --> 00:22:29.840 Bluefields was one of three ships that were struck 492 00:22:29.840 --> 00:22:33.600 by her torpedoes, but the only one to sink, 493 00:22:33.600 --> 00:22:36.400 just 12 minutes after being hit. 494 00:22:36.400 --> 00:22:37.470 During the engagement, 495 00:22:37.470 --> 00:22:42.470 the 576 suddenly surfaced in the middle of the convoy, 496 00:22:42.510 --> 00:22:47.510 possibly malfunction of damaged ballast tanks from before. 497 00:22:48.860 --> 00:22:50.123 We don't really know. 498 00:22:51.050 --> 00:22:53.380 It was immediately attacked by armed crew 499 00:22:53.380 --> 00:22:55.730 aboard, one of the merchant vessels, 500 00:22:55.730 --> 00:22:59.010 while two U.S. Navy Kingfisher aircraft that were 501 00:22:59.010 --> 00:23:02.110 accompanying the convoy dropped a series of death charges 502 00:23:02.110 --> 00:23:03.160 on the boat, 503 00:23:03.160 --> 00:23:06.810 sending her to the bottom with all 45 crew members 504 00:23:06.810 --> 00:23:07.773 still on board. 505 00:23:08.790 --> 00:23:11.800 The Bluefields and the U-576 506 00:23:11.800 --> 00:23:15.000 represent the only known remains of both an Allied 507 00:23:15.000 --> 00:23:18.440 and Axis vessel lost in the same vicinity 508 00:23:18.440 --> 00:23:20.190 during the same engagement off the coast 509 00:23:20.190 --> 00:23:21.780 of the United States, 510 00:23:21.780 --> 00:23:25.983 representing a discreet battlefield site in the ocean. 511 00:23:27.330 --> 00:23:31.200 Now these shipwrecks that we're gonna be visiting reflect 512 00:23:31.200 --> 00:23:34.090 the story of America's rise as the world's 513 00:23:35.370 --> 00:23:38.270 dominant military and economic power. 514 00:23:38.270 --> 00:23:41.040 But these shipwrecks are not just important as part 515 00:23:41.040 --> 00:23:45.200 of our maritime heritage and underwater cultural landscape, 516 00:23:45.200 --> 00:23:46.400 but over time, 517 00:23:46.400 --> 00:23:50.580 they also become a valuable element of the marine ecosystem. 518 00:23:50.580 --> 00:23:54.380 So now I'm gonna turn it over to Dr. Chris Taylor, 519 00:23:54.380 --> 00:23:57.263 to talk more about that aspect of our project. 520 00:23:59.270 --> 00:24:00.103 [Dr. Chris Taylor] Thanks Chris. 521 00:24:00.103 --> 00:24:00.936 I'm Chris Taylor, 522 00:24:00.936 --> 00:24:03.100 the ecologist with the NOAA's National Centers 523 00:24:03.100 --> 00:24:05.730 for Coastal Ocean Science and in 160 years, 524 00:24:05.730 --> 00:24:08.180 and then decades since the sinking of these vessels, 525 00:24:08.180 --> 00:24:10.761 they form important habitats on our seascape. And we're 526 00:24:10.761 --> 00:24:13.080 conducting this telepresence mission and bringing 527 00:24:13.080 --> 00:24:15.620 these images to you to help us better understand 528 00:24:15.620 --> 00:24:16.897 the associations of these shipwrecks 529 00:24:16.897 --> 00:24:19.380 and the fish communities that they support. 530 00:24:19.380 --> 00:24:20.353 Next slide, please. 531 00:24:22.000 --> 00:24:23.930 These shipwrecks are prominent features on the seabed, 532 00:24:23.930 --> 00:24:25.200 rising several meters off 533 00:24:25.200 --> 00:24:27.050 the predominantly sandy surroundings 534 00:24:27.050 --> 00:24:30.110 and they act is almost island oases. 535 00:24:30.110 --> 00:24:32.667 We find fish communities occupying these reefs 536 00:24:32.667 --> 00:24:35.080 and these shipwrecks that almost mimic 537 00:24:35.080 --> 00:24:36.580 the natural rocky reefs 538 00:24:36.580 --> 00:24:39.390 and sometimes coral reefs that we have in our region. 539 00:24:39.390 --> 00:24:42.700 But often we observe different types of fish and many more 540 00:24:42.700 --> 00:24:46.200 in abundant fish schools on these sites from the smallest 541 00:24:46.200 --> 00:24:47.910 of prey fish and plantivoros fish, 542 00:24:47.910 --> 00:24:50.403 like you see here in this image, next slide, 543 00:24:52.200 --> 00:24:54.280 all the way up to the dominant predators and even 544 00:24:54.280 --> 00:24:57.480 charismatic megafauna like these sand tiger sharks that are 545 00:24:57.480 --> 00:25:00.330 commonly found around the shipwreck that we are studying. 546 00:25:01.240 --> 00:25:02.073 Next slide. 547 00:25:04.960 --> 00:25:07.920 To study the associations of fish in these shipwrecks 548 00:25:07.920 --> 00:25:09.950 as habitats, we employ a variety 549 00:25:09.950 --> 00:25:12.490 of advanced technologies. 550 00:25:12.490 --> 00:25:14.200 I'm gonna speak most importantly 551 00:25:14.200 --> 00:25:16.130 about the sonar and echo sounders that we use 552 00:25:16.130 --> 00:25:18.930 that are mounted to our research vessels, 553 00:25:18.930 --> 00:25:20.210 and later on in this presentation, 554 00:25:20.210 --> 00:25:22.440 you hear more about the remotely operated vehicles 555 00:25:22.440 --> 00:25:24.050 and the need for us to get eyes in the water 556 00:25:24.050 --> 00:25:27.300 to help us understand the diversity of sea life that we see 557 00:25:27.300 --> 00:25:28.960 associated with these wrecks. 558 00:25:28.960 --> 00:25:29.793 Next slide. 559 00:25:32.600 --> 00:25:34.340 The echo sounders that we use are very similar 560 00:25:34.340 --> 00:25:35.958 to the fish finders that you'll find 561 00:25:35.958 --> 00:25:39.160 on a number of fishing boats. 562 00:25:39.160 --> 00:25:41.510 They transmit sound pulses through the water, 563 00:25:41.510 --> 00:25:43.070 and that reflects off of anything in the water 564 00:25:43.070 --> 00:25:45.990 that's a differing density than the water itself. 565 00:25:45.990 --> 00:25:48.160 This can be the seabed and give us an indication 566 00:25:48.160 --> 00:25:50.700 of the depth of the water, or it can be the fish 567 00:25:50.700 --> 00:25:51.930 or even plankton. 568 00:25:51.930 --> 00:25:54.580 We can detect organisms as small as the smallest plankton 569 00:25:54.580 --> 00:25:57.410 all the way up to the largest of whales, and characterize 570 00:25:57.410 --> 00:25:58.490 a very high resolution, 571 00:25:58.490 --> 00:26:00.510 the topography and complexity of the seabed 572 00:26:00.510 --> 00:26:02.100 and including shipwrecks. 573 00:26:02.100 --> 00:26:02.933 Next slide. 574 00:26:05.070 --> 00:26:06.750 We use transducers that are mounted underneath 575 00:26:06.750 --> 00:26:08.870 our research vessels and we conduct surveys 576 00:26:08.870 --> 00:26:10.600 over very large areas, giving us 577 00:26:10.600 --> 00:26:12.817 a broad indication of the presence of shipwrecks 578 00:26:12.817 --> 00:26:14.460 and the surrounding seascape, 579 00:26:14.460 --> 00:26:17.330 the presence of other natural rocky reefs in the vicinity, 580 00:26:17.330 --> 00:26:18.827 and of course the occupants of the water column, 581 00:26:18.827 --> 00:26:21.250 the plankton and other organisms. 582 00:26:21.250 --> 00:26:22.083 Next slide. 583 00:26:24.900 --> 00:26:26.757 One of our first tools is a multibeam echo sounder. 584 00:26:26.757 --> 00:26:30.520 And this is a tool that's used by NOAA and other industries 585 00:26:30.520 --> 00:26:32.890 to basically paint a picture of the seabed. 586 00:26:32.890 --> 00:26:34.750 This gives us an indication of the depth, 587 00:26:34.750 --> 00:26:37.080 the complexity and the presence of objects that are not 588 00:26:37.080 --> 00:26:39.710 natural on the seabed like shipwrecks. 589 00:26:39.710 --> 00:26:40.543 Next slide. 590 00:26:43.550 --> 00:26:46.240 And these pictures paint a three-dimensional model 591 00:26:46.240 --> 00:26:48.480 and present a three-dimensional model for us to study. 592 00:26:48.480 --> 00:26:50.710 We present these as maps that are often depicted 593 00:26:50.710 --> 00:26:52.860 with dark blue representing the deeper waters 594 00:26:52.860 --> 00:26:54.777 and red representing the shallow waters. 595 00:26:54.777 --> 00:26:57.580 And we can resolve very fine details to the level 596 00:26:57.580 --> 00:26:59.560 of one foot or even three feet, 597 00:26:59.560 --> 00:27:02.140 the complexity of these shipwrecks 598 00:27:02.140 --> 00:27:03.940 and the condition that they are in 599 00:27:03.940 --> 00:27:06.200 as they're resting on the seabed. 600 00:27:06.200 --> 00:27:07.033 Next slide. 601 00:27:09.220 --> 00:27:11.300 Simultaneously while we're mapping this seabed, 602 00:27:11.300 --> 00:27:13.220 we're also mapping the water column. 603 00:27:13.220 --> 00:27:15.340 And this image here is an echogram provided by one 604 00:27:15.340 --> 00:27:16.940 of our fishery echo sounders. 605 00:27:16.940 --> 00:27:19.220 This is a slice through the water column with the surface 606 00:27:19.220 --> 00:27:20.710 represented at the top. 607 00:27:20.710 --> 00:27:23.730 The bottom is a dark red line and the gray flecks 608 00:27:23.730 --> 00:27:25.990 in the water column likely representing plankton, 609 00:27:25.990 --> 00:27:28.510 the blue, green, yellow, and orange flecks 610 00:27:28.510 --> 00:27:32.490 representing schools and individual fish. 611 00:27:32.490 --> 00:27:35.670 We detect shipwrecks on the seabed as rough shapes 612 00:27:35.670 --> 00:27:38.360 in that bottom dark red line. 613 00:27:38.360 --> 00:27:39.510 And next slide, please. 614 00:27:42.150 --> 00:27:43.690 And we can characterize the features that are 615 00:27:43.690 --> 00:27:45.720 in the water column, as well as the objects 616 00:27:45.720 --> 00:27:46.960 that are on the seabed. 617 00:27:46.960 --> 00:27:48.370 Next slide. 618 00:27:48.370 --> 00:27:49.840 We depict the shipwreck, 619 00:27:49.840 --> 00:27:52.557 individual fish and large fish schools. 620 00:27:52.557 --> 00:27:55.420 And we can quantify these to estimate the density of fish 621 00:27:55.420 --> 00:27:58.070 that are occupying the water column around these shipwrecks 622 00:27:58.070 --> 00:28:00.425 and make comparisons and quantitative measures 623 00:28:00.425 --> 00:28:03.540 of the relative abundance of fish around these types 624 00:28:03.540 --> 00:28:05.870 of habitats compared to other habitats. 625 00:28:05.870 --> 00:28:08.340 And what we want to understand is how do these shipwrecks 626 00:28:08.340 --> 00:28:10.070 that are these isolated features 627 00:28:10.070 --> 00:28:13.472 in a vast, swept of seabed made of sand. 628 00:28:13.472 --> 00:28:15.230 How do those habitats compare 629 00:28:15.230 --> 00:28:18.800 in value for fish communities in comparison 630 00:28:18.800 --> 00:28:22.040 to the natural rocky reefs that are in close proximity 631 00:28:22.040 --> 00:28:23.700 to some of these wrecks? 632 00:28:23.700 --> 00:28:24.533 Next slide. 633 00:28:26.940 --> 00:28:29.120 Because we're mapping the water column and the seabed 634 00:28:29.120 --> 00:28:32.550 at the same time using the same vessels, 635 00:28:32.550 --> 00:28:34.920 we can reconstruct three-dimensional models of both 636 00:28:34.920 --> 00:28:37.167 the shipwreck and the surrounding fish communities. 637 00:28:37.167 --> 00:28:39.370 And this allows us to immerse ourselves 638 00:28:39.370 --> 00:28:41.630 in the three-dimensional environment and understand 639 00:28:41.630 --> 00:28:44.420 the spatial associations of fish and fish schools 640 00:28:44.420 --> 00:28:46.720 with these complex seabed features. 641 00:28:46.720 --> 00:28:47.553 Next slide. 642 00:28:49.050 --> 00:28:51.090 We can depict the arrangement of fish schools, 643 00:28:51.090 --> 00:28:53.140 and these are represented by large spheres that are 644 00:28:53.140 --> 00:28:55.830 proportional to the size of the schools of themselves. 645 00:28:55.830 --> 00:28:58.540 And it's very characteristic of these shipwrecks to hold 646 00:28:58.540 --> 00:28:59.373 very, very large schools and swarms of fish. 647 00:28:59.373 --> 00:29:00.206 Much, much larger and much more abundant 648 00:29:03.763 --> 00:29:06.963 than some of the rocky reefs that that are in proximity. 649 00:29:07.829 --> 00:29:09.120 One of the newer tools that we're using 650 00:29:09.120 --> 00:29:12.600 is a multibeam echo sounder in collecting water column data. 651 00:29:12.600 --> 00:29:14.600 And this gives us a more accurate representation 652 00:29:14.600 --> 00:29:17.760 of the shape and overall size of fish schools to help us 653 00:29:17.760 --> 00:29:19.990 understand the, with more precision, 654 00:29:19.990 --> 00:29:22.660 the abundance of schools that are in this habitat. 655 00:29:22.660 --> 00:29:24.930 In comparison to the fishery echo sounder, 656 00:29:24.930 --> 00:29:27.800 we're getting almost 15 times the swath 657 00:29:27.800 --> 00:29:31.140 of water column being able to be surveyed one time. 658 00:29:31.140 --> 00:29:31.973 Next slide. 659 00:29:33.520 --> 00:29:36.500 And showing how this is presented to us in real time, 660 00:29:36.500 --> 00:29:38.100 as we're surveying over the top of the shipwreck, 661 00:29:38.100 --> 00:29:40.860 which you'll see the changing shapes and the angular 662 00:29:40.860 --> 00:29:42.780 indications of the shipwreck on the seabed, 663 00:29:42.780 --> 00:29:44.990 you'll also see flecks in the water column representing 664 00:29:44.990 --> 00:29:46.420 these large fish schools. 665 00:29:46.420 --> 00:29:48.870 These could be hundreds of meters in length and tens 666 00:29:48.870 --> 00:29:50.940 of meters in height and width, 667 00:29:50.940 --> 00:29:54.370 representing thousands to tens of thousands of fish 668 00:29:54.370 --> 00:29:56.750 that we're imaging almost instantaneously over the course 669 00:29:56.750 --> 00:29:59.640 of a couple seconds as we survey the entire wreck. 670 00:29:59.640 --> 00:30:00.473 Next slide. 671 00:30:02.750 --> 00:30:03.583 And again, 672 00:30:03.583 --> 00:30:05.270 we can present these in three dimensions to show 673 00:30:05.270 --> 00:30:07.610 the orientation of the fish schools. 674 00:30:07.610 --> 00:30:09.970 We find that these wrecks are oriented 675 00:30:09.970 --> 00:30:13.360 on the seabed and the ocean currents that'll sweep water 676 00:30:13.360 --> 00:30:15.880 and plankton over the top of these shipwrecks 677 00:30:15.880 --> 00:30:18.570 will determine the position of the schools relative 678 00:30:18.570 --> 00:30:19.910 to the ocean currents. 679 00:30:19.910 --> 00:30:21.470 And we're we're beginning to understand 680 00:30:21.470 --> 00:30:23.150 the relationship of ocean currents 681 00:30:23.150 --> 00:30:24.560 and the complexity of these seabeds 682 00:30:24.560 --> 00:30:27.810 and the predator-prey interactions, 683 00:30:27.810 --> 00:30:29.670 the fish that may be associated with plankton, 684 00:30:29.670 --> 00:30:31.520 and then the higher predators that are gonna be feeding 685 00:30:31.520 --> 00:30:33.093 on those large schools of fish. 686 00:30:34.360 --> 00:30:35.193 Next slide. 687 00:30:36.760 --> 00:30:38.660 And we've assembled a lot of this information on past 688 00:30:38.660 --> 00:30:40.310 surveys that we've done over the past seven years 689 00:30:40.310 --> 00:30:43.000 in collaboration with Monitor National Marine Sanctuary 690 00:30:43.000 --> 00:30:45.170 into a Living Shipwreck 3D. 691 00:30:45.170 --> 00:30:47.310 This can be visited by anybody in the general public. 692 00:30:47.310 --> 00:30:49.260 This is online and available for you, 693 00:30:49.260 --> 00:30:51.840 for you to immerse yourself in these surveys, 694 00:30:51.840 --> 00:30:54.530 to understand the shape and complexity of these shipwrecks 695 00:30:54.530 --> 00:30:57.250 on the seabed, their arrangement 696 00:30:57.250 --> 00:30:59.470 on the coast of North Carolina. 697 00:30:59.470 --> 00:31:01.830 They're organized by different types of shipwrecks 698 00:31:01.830 --> 00:31:04.980 from Civil War through World War I and World War II. 699 00:31:04.980 --> 00:31:06.830 And they tell a little bit of the story and the history 700 00:31:06.830 --> 00:31:09.100 that was just conveyed to you about the importance 701 00:31:09.100 --> 00:31:12.260 of these shipwrecks as historical and wartime artifacts 702 00:31:12.260 --> 00:31:15.360 and the importance of their ecological representation 703 00:31:15.360 --> 00:31:19.040 on the seabed, as they host a variety of fish communities, 704 00:31:19.040 --> 00:31:23.330 and then their abundance, their prominence in on the seabed 705 00:31:23.330 --> 00:31:25.630 as they support the coastal economy and ecology 706 00:31:25.630 --> 00:31:27.653 off the coast of North Carolina. 707 00:31:28.700 --> 00:31:29.533 Next slide. 708 00:31:31.629 --> 00:31:33.140 This is just part of the story. 709 00:31:33.140 --> 00:31:34.320 I've shown you and described 710 00:31:34.320 --> 00:31:36.790 to you how we collect these data using remote sensing tools, 711 00:31:36.790 --> 00:31:39.650 the echo sounders that give us a very rapid depiction 712 00:31:39.650 --> 00:31:42.670 of the complexity of the seabed condition and state 713 00:31:42.670 --> 00:31:44.300 and shape of the shipwrecks, 714 00:31:44.300 --> 00:31:46.850 the fish communities that occupy those habitats, 715 00:31:46.850 --> 00:31:49.110 but we really need to get our eyes in the water to tell us 716 00:31:49.110 --> 00:31:51.670 what types of fish are occupying these sites. 717 00:31:51.670 --> 00:31:53.923 And for that, we need to use different tools. 718 00:31:53.923 --> 00:31:55.600 And I'm gonna pass the mic over to Karl 719 00:31:55.600 --> 00:31:56.950 to tell us more about that. 720 00:32:01.710 --> 00:32:03.600 [Karl McLetchie] Hi everyone, I'm Karl McLetchie. 721 00:32:03.600 --> 00:32:06.360 I'm a mechanical engineer with the Global Foundation 722 00:32:06.360 --> 00:32:09.160 for Ocean Exploration, or GFOE. 723 00:32:09.160 --> 00:32:12.930 GFOE is a nonprofit based in Mystic, Connecticut, 724 00:32:12.930 --> 00:32:16.120 and our mission is to explore the oceans and lakes 725 00:32:16.120 --> 00:32:20.230 of the world to identify and support innovative technology 726 00:32:20.230 --> 00:32:23.810 in underwater vehicles to train, nurture, 727 00:32:23.810 --> 00:32:26.010 and employee future engineers. 728 00:32:26.010 --> 00:32:29.550 And we do this by having interns from college 729 00:32:29.550 --> 00:32:32.760 come out with us and then hiring recent college graduates 730 00:32:32.760 --> 00:32:34.563 to be part of our engineering team. 731 00:32:35.800 --> 00:32:39.910 Then the last part of our mission is to share what we 732 00:32:39.910 --> 00:32:41.950 document on the sea floor 733 00:32:41.950 --> 00:32:44.520 using videographers to make short documentaries 734 00:32:44.520 --> 00:32:47.400 and video clips to share with the world. 735 00:32:47.400 --> 00:32:49.000 And how do we do this? 736 00:32:49.000 --> 00:32:51.050 We do it by partnering with national 737 00:32:51.050 --> 00:32:53.260 and international organizations 738 00:32:53.260 --> 00:32:55.330 to explore all over the globe, 739 00:32:55.330 --> 00:32:58.250 such as the National Marine Sanctuaries. 740 00:32:58.250 --> 00:32:59.150 Next slide please. 741 00:33:03.890 --> 00:33:08.030 So something unique about GFOE is that our team is 742 00:33:08.030 --> 00:33:10.210 compromised of mostly engineers. 743 00:33:10.210 --> 00:33:13.563 We also have science educators and videographers. 744 00:33:14.670 --> 00:33:19.380 By using only electrical, mechanical, video, software 745 00:33:19.380 --> 00:33:21.900 and satellite engineers, 746 00:33:21.900 --> 00:33:26.180 we are able to design, build, maintain, 747 00:33:26.180 --> 00:33:29.620 and operate all of the equipment that brings the videos 748 00:33:29.620 --> 00:33:32.640 and samples from the sea floor back to the scientists 749 00:33:32.640 --> 00:33:33.600 and the public. 750 00:33:33.600 --> 00:33:38.110 So if anything goes wrong at sea, which it always does, 751 00:33:38.110 --> 00:33:41.330 we are there and we're the best people to fix the equipment 752 00:33:41.330 --> 00:33:43.600 at sea and keep it going. 753 00:33:43.600 --> 00:33:45.180 And because of this model, 754 00:33:45.180 --> 00:33:47.830 I've been going out for 12 years and we have 755 00:33:49.008 --> 00:33:51.921 about a 99% success rate per dive. 756 00:33:51.921 --> 00:33:53.870 So we only miss about one dive out of 100 due 757 00:33:53.870 --> 00:33:57.600 to issues with the technology that we develop. 758 00:33:57.600 --> 00:34:01.270 We're very proud of that success rate and, knock on wood, 759 00:34:01.270 --> 00:34:04.520 we'll keep it going for this upcoming cruise. 760 00:34:04.520 --> 00:34:05.613 Next slide please. 761 00:34:08.220 --> 00:34:11.210 Okay, so as a system overview of what we'll bring you 762 00:34:11.210 --> 00:34:14.500 for this cruise, starting at the bottom, 763 00:34:14.500 --> 00:34:18.030 we have our ROV, Yogi, you can see there 764 00:34:18.030 --> 00:34:20.463 imaging a pink coral on a reef. 765 00:34:21.460 --> 00:34:26.460 Above Yogi is our second ROV or camera sled called Guru. 766 00:34:26.770 --> 00:34:28.250 And Guru is attached to the ship 767 00:34:28.250 --> 00:34:31.263 by a long fiber optic steel cable. 768 00:34:32.370 --> 00:34:34.560 On the ship, we have our control room 769 00:34:34.560 --> 00:34:35.730 where we do all the controlling 770 00:34:35.730 --> 00:34:37.610 and recording of the video. 771 00:34:37.610 --> 00:34:39.250 And then on the back deck of the ship there, 772 00:34:39.250 --> 00:34:43.050 you can see kind of a large soccer ball looking thing. 773 00:34:43.050 --> 00:34:46.080 That's our VSAT, or satellite dish. 774 00:34:46.080 --> 00:34:49.380 And that actually broadcasts two streams of the video back 775 00:34:49.380 --> 00:34:50.650 to shore, 776 00:34:50.650 --> 00:34:55.090 both to the public in their homes and to universities 777 00:34:55.090 --> 00:34:57.400 where scientists can view the video. 778 00:34:57.400 --> 00:35:01.650 And then what's unique is they can actually then talk back 779 00:35:01.650 --> 00:35:02.580 to us on the ship. 780 00:35:02.580 --> 00:35:06.900 They can talk to the scientists on the ship or directly 781 00:35:06.900 --> 00:35:07.843 to the pilots. 782 00:35:08.950 --> 00:35:12.853 For this cruise, we will have two archeologists on board, 783 00:35:13.800 --> 00:35:16.040 Chris Southerly and Tane, 784 00:35:16.040 --> 00:35:19.210 but the biologist will actually be back at home, you know, 785 00:35:19.210 --> 00:35:21.550 talking to us over the VSAT link. 786 00:35:21.550 --> 00:35:24.663 And it's not just the scientists dedicated to the cruise. 787 00:35:25.810 --> 00:35:28.870 Potentially there could be hundreds of scientists. 788 00:35:28.870 --> 00:35:30.410 You know, if we see a small sea star, 789 00:35:30.410 --> 00:35:33.550 the world expert on sea stars can chime in 790 00:35:33.550 --> 00:35:36.480 and talk about it, tell us, you know, 791 00:35:36.480 --> 00:35:39.860 if it's something worth looking at more or sampling. 792 00:35:39.860 --> 00:35:41.143 Next slide please. 793 00:35:43.800 --> 00:35:45.700 Okay, so getting into specifics, 794 00:35:45.700 --> 00:35:47.780 the ROV that we'll be bringing on this cruise 795 00:35:47.780 --> 00:35:49.710 is ROV Yogi. 796 00:35:49.710 --> 00:35:54.640 Yogi was developed for work in Yellowstone Lake with GFOE 797 00:35:54.640 --> 00:35:57.153 and hence the name Yogi for Yogi Bear. 798 00:35:58.410 --> 00:36:00.520 It's a 1,500-meter rated system, 799 00:36:00.520 --> 00:36:04.930 so smaller and being this size and only 1100 pounds, it can 800 00:36:04.930 --> 00:36:06.960 easily fit into a shipping container 801 00:36:06.960 --> 00:36:10.080 and then go onto most size ships that have a crane. 802 00:36:10.080 --> 00:36:12.893 Any ship of opportunity can deploy Yogi. 803 00:36:13.740 --> 00:36:16.480 Yogi has a 4K main camera, 804 00:36:16.480 --> 00:36:20.270 a few auxiliary cameras for safety, 805 00:36:20.270 --> 00:36:23.540 and then six LED lights that are the same color 806 00:36:23.540 --> 00:36:25.480 temperature as sunlight. 807 00:36:25.480 --> 00:36:28.440 So when we take a video on the sea floor, 808 00:36:28.440 --> 00:36:29.963 the colors that you see, 809 00:36:31.010 --> 00:36:34.830 the objects will look the same as if, you know, 810 00:36:34.830 --> 00:36:37.580 they're brought back on deck into the natural sunlight. 811 00:36:38.430 --> 00:36:41.850 Yogi has six electric thrusters for maneuverability 812 00:36:43.250 --> 00:36:45.550 and then a Doppler velocity log 813 00:36:46.850 --> 00:36:48.550 acoustically tracks the bottom 814 00:36:48.550 --> 00:36:51.310 in the X-Y directions, 815 00:36:51.310 --> 00:36:55.410 and that combined with a depth sensor and an altimeter 816 00:36:56.420 --> 00:36:58.980 gives Yogi full position control. 817 00:36:58.980 --> 00:37:02.190 So just like a drone that you would fly around the air 818 00:37:02.190 --> 00:37:03.290 to take video, 819 00:37:03.290 --> 00:37:06.683 we can actually hit a button on our touch screen, 820 00:37:06.683 --> 00:37:11.683 Yogi will freeze in place to do some zooms or take a sample. 821 00:37:13.330 --> 00:37:18.010 Then also we can program in any moves to do surveys. 822 00:37:18.010 --> 00:37:21.980 So we can do long linear surveys of shipwrecks 823 00:37:21.980 --> 00:37:24.290 or of fisheries habitats. 824 00:37:24.290 --> 00:37:28.570 And this capability is especially useful 825 00:37:28.570 --> 00:37:29.870 navigating around shipwrecks, 826 00:37:29.870 --> 00:37:32.683 where if there's high currents and low visibility, 827 00:37:33.600 --> 00:37:36.340 if you get in a situation where you're afraid of potentially 828 00:37:36.340 --> 00:37:41.340 contacting the shipwreck and damaging it, you can, you know, 829 00:37:41.380 --> 00:37:45.653 go into auto X-Y, reorient, and hold position there. 830 00:37:48.030 --> 00:37:50.130 Our science and sampling capability, 831 00:37:50.130 --> 00:37:52.870 we have a CTD on Yogi. 832 00:37:52.870 --> 00:37:55.690 We also have a five-function manipulator, 833 00:37:55.690 --> 00:37:59.770 temperature probe, a suction sampler, tube core, 834 00:37:59.770 --> 00:38:01.810 and then of course being a team of engineers, 835 00:38:01.810 --> 00:38:04.120 we can add any, you know, 836 00:38:04.120 --> 00:38:06.120 any capability that the scientists need. 837 00:38:06.980 --> 00:38:11.570 For this cruise, we're adding a Boxfish 360 camera, 838 00:38:11.570 --> 00:38:13.497 which I have a full slide about. 839 00:38:13.497 --> 00:38:16.780 And we're also adding a Blueview multibeam sonar, 840 00:38:16.780 --> 00:38:18.720 which has its own slide. 841 00:38:18.720 --> 00:38:19.883 Next slide please. 842 00:38:23.670 --> 00:38:25.130 Okay, so I talked about Yogi, 843 00:38:25.130 --> 00:38:27.860 which is our main ROV that stays close to the sea floor. 844 00:38:27.860 --> 00:38:31.530 And Yogi can be operated by itself, 845 00:38:31.530 --> 00:38:34.723 we'll put about 170 meters depth, 846 00:38:35.570 --> 00:38:37.350 just hand flaking the tether. 847 00:38:37.350 --> 00:38:39.630 But if we need to go deeper, 848 00:38:39.630 --> 00:38:41.900 we have our secondary vehicle, Guru, 849 00:38:41.900 --> 00:38:44.233 which acts as a weight for the cable, 850 00:38:45.370 --> 00:38:48.280 and also is a second set of eyes. 851 00:38:48.280 --> 00:38:50.380 It has thrusters to maintain heading. 852 00:38:50.380 --> 00:38:54.690 It has a HD camera and 15 of those LED lights, 853 00:38:54.690 --> 00:38:57.560 so Guru can light up the sea floor 854 00:38:57.560 --> 00:38:59.560 and be a third-person view of Yogi. 855 00:38:59.560 --> 00:39:02.120 So if you think of a video game, 856 00:39:02.120 --> 00:39:04.790 usually can switch first person, you know, 857 00:39:04.790 --> 00:39:08.800 seeing the sea floor through Yogi's eyes or a third person 858 00:39:08.800 --> 00:39:10.033 seeing it through Guru. 859 00:39:11.950 --> 00:39:12.993 Next slide please. 860 00:39:16.660 --> 00:39:18.790 So before I mention the Boxfish camera, 861 00:39:18.790 --> 00:39:21.720 this is a new addition for this cruise. 862 00:39:21.720 --> 00:39:23.850 It's a spherical camera. 863 00:39:23.850 --> 00:39:28.610 So lots of times you see it on real estate websites 864 00:39:29.670 --> 00:39:32.340 where you can just spin around inside of a sphere. 865 00:39:32.340 --> 00:39:35.040 And it's a kind of a two dimensional image projected 866 00:39:35.040 --> 00:39:35.933 onto a sphere. 867 00:39:37.331 --> 00:39:39.970 And we're really hoping that this will allow people 868 00:39:39.970 --> 00:39:43.460 to immerse themselves, you know, in being on the sea floor, 869 00:39:43.460 --> 00:39:45.340 being near the ship wreck. 870 00:39:45.340 --> 00:39:48.890 But we didn't want half of the frame to be filled up with, 871 00:39:48.890 --> 00:39:50.640 you know, the front of the ROV. 872 00:39:50.640 --> 00:39:52.260 So on the bottom picture there, 873 00:39:52.260 --> 00:39:55.960 you can see the custom extender that we built to get 874 00:39:55.960 --> 00:39:59.170 the camera a full vehicle length away from Yogi, 875 00:39:59.170 --> 00:40:00.470 so as you spin around, 876 00:40:00.470 --> 00:40:02.217 you'll look back and you'll see some of the ROV 877 00:40:02.217 --> 00:40:05.863 and its lights, but mostly you'll see the surroundings. 878 00:40:06.810 --> 00:40:08.823 And again, this is a 360 view. 879 00:40:10.200 --> 00:40:14.480 It is very cool when viewed through virtual reality glasses. 880 00:40:14.480 --> 00:40:17.260 You can spin yourself around, but it is a flat image. 881 00:40:17.260 --> 00:40:19.450 So this has three cameras. 882 00:40:19.450 --> 00:40:22.220 You need at least three pairs of cameras probably 883 00:40:22.220 --> 00:40:25.280 to get a full virtual reality experience 884 00:40:25.280 --> 00:40:27.000 with depth of field. 885 00:40:27.000 --> 00:40:29.850 And that's something that we hope to add in future years. 886 00:40:30.850 --> 00:40:31.933 Next slide please. 887 00:40:35.690 --> 00:40:39.080 Okay, the other capability that we've recently added to Yogi 888 00:40:39.080 --> 00:40:41.500 is a Blueview Multibeam. 889 00:40:41.500 --> 00:40:44.286 This is a dual frequency multibeam, 890 00:40:44.286 --> 00:40:48.830 so you can set it to the long range, the low frequency, 891 00:40:48.830 --> 00:40:51.030 and it can look out up to 80 meters. 892 00:40:51.030 --> 00:40:54.380 So if you're looking for a reef or a shipwreck, 893 00:40:54.380 --> 00:40:57.050 your cameras and lights can only see out about, you know, 894 00:40:57.050 --> 00:40:59.950 10 meters in the best visibility, but with this, 895 00:40:59.950 --> 00:41:03.270 you can look out, you know, much, much further. 896 00:41:03.270 --> 00:41:06.070 And this is invaluable for finding, 897 00:41:06.070 --> 00:41:07.993 particularly, unknown shipwrecks. 898 00:41:08.910 --> 00:41:12.800 In the bottom left, you can see that video playing. 899 00:41:12.800 --> 00:41:17.100 That's actually the Deep Discover ROV, 900 00:41:17.100 --> 00:41:21.510 another one of ROVs that GFOE works with. 901 00:41:21.510 --> 00:41:24.323 And that's us looking at the USS Muskellunge. 902 00:41:25.452 --> 00:41:27.500 That was last summer, 903 00:41:27.500 --> 00:41:29.560 and that's actually in the short range. 904 00:41:29.560 --> 00:41:32.543 We can use this sonar to navigate around the wreck. 905 00:41:33.390 --> 00:41:34.340 In the lower right there, 906 00:41:34.340 --> 00:41:37.690 you'll see what the video camera actually sees. 907 00:41:37.690 --> 00:41:41.160 So if we did have a low visibility and the video 908 00:41:41.160 --> 00:41:43.270 was too unclear to navigate, 909 00:41:43.270 --> 00:41:45.890 you can switch over to the Blueview Multibeam. 910 00:41:45.890 --> 00:41:49.120 So it's great for finding wrecks and then also for safely 911 00:41:49.120 --> 00:41:50.990 navigating around them. 912 00:41:50.990 --> 00:41:52.223 Next slide please. 913 00:41:54.800 --> 00:41:58.610 Okay another piece of cool technology will be using 914 00:41:58.610 --> 00:42:01.563 on this trip is called photogrammetry, 915 00:42:02.812 --> 00:42:05.735 and this is making a 3D model of a wreck or of any object, 916 00:42:05.735 --> 00:42:09.490 really, but using only a single video camera. 917 00:42:09.490 --> 00:42:13.743 In this case, GFOE will be using Yogi's 4K camera. 918 00:42:14.820 --> 00:42:18.050 And if you fix the camera angle and the focus, 919 00:42:18.050 --> 00:42:21.110 and you do multiple passes around the wreck, 920 00:42:21.110 --> 00:42:24.900 with a lot of overlap, and you can take all that video, 921 00:42:24.900 --> 00:42:27.560 send it back to shore, and a very, 922 00:42:27.560 --> 00:42:30.333 very powerful computer will then take a few weeks, 923 00:42:31.590 --> 00:42:34.150 mesh all of the video together 924 00:42:34.150 --> 00:42:36.083 and actually create a 3D model. 925 00:42:37.350 --> 00:42:40.240 So the upper picture here is actually a model 926 00:42:40.240 --> 00:42:44.850 of the whaling ship Industry that we found 927 00:42:44.850 --> 00:42:47.020 out on a cruise on the Okeanos Explorer 928 00:42:47.020 --> 00:42:49.253 with OER about a month ago. 929 00:42:50.870 --> 00:42:53.810 And we did a full photogrammetry survey of it. 930 00:42:53.810 --> 00:42:56.843 So that upper picture you can actually spin around in 3D. 931 00:42:58.840 --> 00:43:00.980 If you look in the lower, right, that's actually, you know, 932 00:43:00.980 --> 00:43:03.110 spinning and Zooming into the tri-works, 933 00:43:03.110 --> 00:43:04.703 the stove on the whaling ship. 934 00:43:05.619 --> 00:43:08.690 And the lower left is a still frame from the video of what 935 00:43:08.690 --> 00:43:09.940 that actually looks like. 936 00:43:13.270 --> 00:43:15.545 Generally, we give this video to BOEM, 937 00:43:15.545 --> 00:43:17.130 and Scott Sorset at BOEM, 938 00:43:17.130 --> 00:43:19.710 and he's kind of the expert in processing it. 939 00:43:19.710 --> 00:43:21.590 But with his help, 940 00:43:21.590 --> 00:43:26.340 GFOE is developing our own capability to produce 3D models 941 00:43:26.340 --> 00:43:27.240 using photogrammetry. 942 00:43:27.240 --> 00:43:30.160 So for this cruise, we'll be, you know, 943 00:43:30.160 --> 00:43:32.903 we'll be processing all of the wrecks that we survey. 944 00:43:34.160 --> 00:43:35.263 Next slide, please. 945 00:43:37.470 --> 00:43:40.760 Okay, so that was the technology underwater. 946 00:43:40.760 --> 00:43:43.090 Now all of the data and video comes up 947 00:43:43.090 --> 00:43:45.480 the fiber optic cables to the ship 948 00:43:45.480 --> 00:43:48.030 and it is recorded and we control everything 949 00:43:48.030 --> 00:43:49.330 from the control room, 950 00:43:49.330 --> 00:43:52.310 but then to get the video off the ship and to shore, 951 00:43:52.310 --> 00:43:53.820 we have our satellite dish, 952 00:43:53.820 --> 00:43:56.453 our VSAT, very small aperture terminal. 953 00:43:57.430 --> 00:44:01.100 We have two options for this, a 2.4-meter dish, 954 00:44:01.100 --> 00:44:04.810 and one-meter dish, both with their pros and cons. 955 00:44:04.810 --> 00:44:09.133 The 2.4-meter dish takes a couple days to assemble, 956 00:44:10.657 --> 00:44:13.670 and it requires a dedicated shipping container to transport. 957 00:44:13.670 --> 00:44:18.520 The one meter dish is much smaller, easier to transport, 958 00:44:18.520 --> 00:44:20.503 but lower bandwidth. 959 00:44:21.930 --> 00:44:22.800 So in the upper left, 960 00:44:22.800 --> 00:44:23.806 you can see our large dish being loaded 961 00:44:23.806 --> 00:44:28.806 onto the NOAA ship Reuben Lasker two years ago, 962 00:44:29.380 --> 00:44:30.213 and in the lower right, 963 00:44:30.213 --> 00:44:35.213 you can see the smaller dish on GFOE's boat, Annie, 964 00:44:35.450 --> 00:44:36.923 that's in Lake Yellowstone. 965 00:44:37.770 --> 00:44:38.993 Next slide please. 966 00:44:42.530 --> 00:44:46.513 So just to show the mechanical logistics for the VSAT, 967 00:44:47.470 --> 00:44:49.840 in the left picture there, 968 00:44:49.840 --> 00:44:51.707 you can see in the center is the satellite dish, 969 00:44:51.707 --> 00:44:55.500 and it actually moves in all directions to track 970 00:44:55.500 --> 00:44:56.550 the satellite in the sky. 971 00:44:56.550 --> 00:44:58.183 So as the ship is moving, 972 00:44:59.040 --> 00:45:01.640 the satellite dish basically stays still locked onto 973 00:45:01.640 --> 00:45:02.473 the satellite, 974 00:45:03.499 --> 00:45:06.670 and we transport it in this container and it gets 975 00:45:06.670 --> 00:45:10.780 a two-day process to unload it all, 976 00:45:10.780 --> 00:45:13.580 get it installed on top of the container, 977 00:45:13.580 --> 00:45:15.340 and then get that container on the ship. 978 00:45:15.340 --> 00:45:18.050 You can see that in the right hand picture. 979 00:45:18.050 --> 00:45:19.223 Next slide please. 980 00:45:23.640 --> 00:45:26.830 Okay, so that was a brief summary of the technology 981 00:45:26.830 --> 00:45:30.230 that we'll be using to bring the video from the sea floor 982 00:45:30.230 --> 00:45:34.080 and to the public and the scientists at home. 983 00:45:34.080 --> 00:45:37.810 But another one of GFOE's strengths is a lot of experience 984 00:45:38.730 --> 00:45:41.510 exploring the sea floor, and particularly shipwrecks. 985 00:45:41.510 --> 00:45:43.390 I've been lucky enough to see 986 00:45:43.390 --> 00:45:44.940 probably a couple dozen wrecks. 987 00:45:45.800 --> 00:45:49.680 This B-29 off of Tinian, a bomber, 988 00:45:49.680 --> 00:45:51.893 the USS Baltimore off of Hawaii, 989 00:45:52.870 --> 00:45:56.420 the Japanese minisub, which off of Hawaii, 990 00:45:56.420 --> 00:45:59.770 which represents potentially the first shot of, you know, 991 00:45:59.770 --> 00:46:01.890 World War II by the U.S. 992 00:46:01.890 --> 00:46:05.653 And then the only wreck we ever just stumbled upon without, 993 00:46:06.640 --> 00:46:10.010 you know, previous mapping data was this unknown wreck 994 00:46:10.010 --> 00:46:12.362 in the Gulf of Mexico on the lower right. 995 00:46:12.362 --> 00:46:14.193 And we just came across that one day. 996 00:46:14.193 --> 00:46:15.783 A very cool experience. 997 00:46:16.690 --> 00:46:19.410 So we have the experience working around these very delicate 998 00:46:19.410 --> 00:46:22.240 and precious wrecks and also treating them respectfully, 999 00:46:22.240 --> 00:46:26.230 as many of them are war graves or graves to the sailors 1000 00:46:26.230 --> 00:46:27.430 who went down with them. 1001 00:46:28.290 --> 00:46:29.920 So thank you, everyone. 1002 00:46:29.920 --> 00:46:33.060 I'll hand it back to Tane now who will show you how 1003 00:46:33.060 --> 00:46:34.123 to connect to us. 1004 00:46:35.390 --> 00:46:36.350 [Tane] Yeah, that was phenomenal. 1005 00:46:36.350 --> 00:46:38.120 Thank you so much, Karl. 1006 00:46:38.120 --> 00:46:41.910 It's obviously a huge expertise in technology that GFOE is 1007 00:46:41.910 --> 00:46:45.460 bringing to the project, as well as, you know, 1008 00:46:45.460 --> 00:46:48.760 the expertise of our two Chrises with, of course, 1009 00:46:48.760 --> 00:46:51.700 the ecology and the archeology and history of the area. 1010 00:46:51.700 --> 00:46:54.690 So please come visit our website, 1011 00:46:54.690 --> 00:46:57.650 the Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration. 1012 00:46:57.650 --> 00:47:00.280 You can go do allwrecks.org. 1013 00:47:00.280 --> 00:47:04.090 Everything you want to know about a project is there using 1014 00:47:04.090 --> 00:47:05.540 this cutting-edge technology. 1015 00:47:06.710 --> 00:47:10.990 We have a great little promo video that GFEO put together. 1016 00:47:10.990 --> 00:47:12.700 This is where all the updates will be. 1017 00:47:12.700 --> 00:47:15.610 This is where you'll connect as well to actually watch 1018 00:47:15.610 --> 00:47:16.853 the broadcast live. 1019 00:47:17.830 --> 00:47:19.950 You know, we're just so privileged to work 1020 00:47:19.950 --> 00:47:22.320 with so many partners to make this happen, 1021 00:47:22.320 --> 00:47:26.020 to our subject matter experts from institutions 1022 00:47:26.020 --> 00:47:27.410 and experts across the country, 1023 00:47:27.410 --> 00:47:31.598 as well as partner venues as well, anywhere from of course, 1024 00:47:31.598 --> 00:47:34.780 the museums and aquariums of North Carolina all the way 1025 00:47:34.780 --> 00:47:38.300 across the country to Hawaii as well. 1026 00:47:38.300 --> 00:47:40.000 So we're very privileged and honored 1027 00:47:40.000 --> 00:47:43.000 to work with all these amazing partners to share this story. 1028 00:47:43.940 --> 00:47:47.970 We really just want to, again, just build excitement, 1029 00:47:47.970 --> 00:47:49.970 ask that you join on this expedition 1030 00:47:49.970 --> 00:47:50.970 so we go out there together 1031 00:47:50.970 --> 00:47:52.710 and share this wonderful history. 1032 00:47:52.710 --> 00:47:57.270 Again, it's gonna be between May 15th to the 25th, 2022. 1033 00:47:57.270 --> 00:47:59.490 You've seen some of the amazing shipwrecks we plan 1034 00:47:59.490 --> 00:48:02.490 to visit, including USS Monitor, all this wonderful history, 1035 00:48:02.490 --> 00:48:05.810 the amazing ecological work we're gonna do to show how 1036 00:48:05.810 --> 00:48:07.860 these are such important parts 1037 00:48:07.860 --> 00:48:10.770 of North Carolina's recreation, 1038 00:48:10.770 --> 00:48:13.540 the economy, to day-to-day life. 1039 00:48:13.540 --> 00:48:16.380 You know, these are habitats and oases of life, 1040 00:48:16.380 --> 00:48:19.210 and we couldn't be happier to work with, again, 1041 00:48:19.210 --> 00:48:22.890 the world experts in telepresence, in ROV technology, 1042 00:48:22.890 --> 00:48:25.090 the Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration. 1043 00:48:25.940 --> 00:48:26.773 So thank you. 1044 00:48:26.773 --> 00:48:28.240 And I'm gonna pass it to Mark and Shannon 1045 00:48:28.240 --> 00:48:29.843 to help field any questions. 1046 00:48:31.820 --> 00:48:33.940 [Shannon] Okay. Thank you, Tane. 1047 00:48:33.940 --> 00:48:37.290 Hopefully you can see my screen now. 1048 00:48:37.290 --> 00:48:38.300 Okay. 1049 00:48:38.300 --> 00:48:42.020 Well, everyone, if you haven't asked a question yet, 1050 00:48:42.020 --> 00:48:43.290 now is the time to do it. 1051 00:48:43.290 --> 00:48:46.530 There is a question box or a chat box that you can enter 1052 00:48:46.530 --> 00:48:47.363 your questions in. 1053 00:48:47.363 --> 00:48:48.520 So please do that. 1054 00:48:48.520 --> 00:48:51.880 And also if you haven't downloaded the speakers' bios in 1055 00:48:51.880 --> 00:48:54.930 the chat box, you might want to do that also now. 1056 00:48:54.930 --> 00:48:56.870 In the bios, you're gonna find more information 1057 00:48:56.870 --> 00:48:59.250 about our speakers today, and there are also, 1058 00:48:59.250 --> 00:49:00.740 on the second page, there are links 1059 00:49:00.740 --> 00:49:02.910 to all these websites that they have mentioned today, 1060 00:49:02.910 --> 00:49:06.760 and also some educational activities and curriculum that if 1061 00:49:06.760 --> 00:49:09.570 you're a teacher, you might be interested in downloading. 1062 00:49:09.570 --> 00:49:12.750 So I am gonna turn it over to Mark now and have him ask 1063 00:49:12.750 --> 00:49:13.933 our first question. 1064 00:49:15.010 --> 00:49:15.843 [Mark] Yes. 1065 00:49:15.843 --> 00:49:18.330 My first question is for Dr. Chris Taylor. 1066 00:49:18.330 --> 00:49:23.330 I'm curious to know as if you are interested in looking at, 1067 00:49:23.840 --> 00:49:27.310 or how much you are interested in looking 1068 00:49:27.310 --> 00:49:29.670 at the bottom-dwelling community of these wrecks, 1069 00:49:29.670 --> 00:49:31.680 like bottom dwelling invertebrates, 1070 00:49:31.680 --> 00:49:35.763 or maybe even algae or coral at these sites. 1071 00:49:37.320 --> 00:49:39.190 [Chris Taylor] Yeah. We call those basal communities. 1072 00:49:39.190 --> 00:49:40.900 Those are critical to understanding 1073 00:49:40.900 --> 00:49:43.180 how these habitats are functioning. 1074 00:49:43.180 --> 00:49:44.590 Both the attaching sponges. 1075 00:49:44.590 --> 00:49:48.150 We encounter attaching sponges, soft corals, algae, 1076 00:49:48.150 --> 00:49:48.983 like you indicated, 1077 00:49:48.983 --> 00:49:52.320 they're both plants and invertebrate animals. 1078 00:49:52.320 --> 00:49:54.560 And they're critical for our understanding 1079 00:49:54.560 --> 00:49:55.610 in the studies. 1080 00:49:55.610 --> 00:49:57.930 We can't detect those with any of the sonar technologies 1081 00:49:57.930 --> 00:49:58.763 that we're using. 1082 00:49:58.763 --> 00:50:00.640 So that's one of the reasons why we really need to get 1083 00:50:00.640 --> 00:50:02.060 these ROVs, these cameras, 1084 00:50:02.060 --> 00:50:04.310 our eyes in the water to help us characterize 1085 00:50:05.520 --> 00:50:06.750 what's covering these shipwrecks 1086 00:50:06.750 --> 00:50:08.813 since they've been resting on the seabed. 1087 00:50:09.920 --> 00:50:12.120 We're starting to develop an understanding of how 1088 00:50:12.120 --> 00:50:13.530 the different types of materials 1089 00:50:13.530 --> 00:50:15.470 that the shipwreck are made out of may be associated 1090 00:50:15.470 --> 00:50:16.780 with the attached organisms. 1091 00:50:16.780 --> 00:50:19.840 And there's a body of research called shipwreck ecology 1092 00:50:19.840 --> 00:50:21.070 that this is helping to formulate 1093 00:50:21.070 --> 00:50:23.730 and help us better understand those associations and what we 1094 00:50:23.730 --> 00:50:25.840 might expect when we encounter these wrecks 1095 00:50:25.840 --> 00:50:28.223 of different material types and different ages. 1096 00:50:29.710 --> 00:50:31.490 [Shannon] Okay. Thank you, Chris. 1097 00:50:31.490 --> 00:50:33.500 Tane, this is one is for you. 1098 00:50:33.500 --> 00:50:35.730 It says, "Can you briefly cover what you'd like 1099 00:50:35.730 --> 00:50:38.390 from a reception site, like a museum, 1100 00:50:38.390 --> 00:50:40.117 to do during the broadcast?" 1101 00:50:41.190 --> 00:50:42.023 [Tane] Yeah, absolutely. 1102 00:50:42.023 --> 00:50:42.856 Well, you know, 1103 00:50:42.856 --> 00:50:45.440 it's really sharing this heritage and story, 1104 00:50:45.440 --> 00:50:47.100 the science with that community. 1105 00:50:47.100 --> 00:50:51.180 So we're hoping to work with our partner venues to have, 1106 00:50:51.180 --> 00:50:54.040 you know, interactions with that audience, you know, 1107 00:50:54.040 --> 00:50:57.340 hopefully where we could have people in a venue, 1108 00:50:57.340 --> 00:50:59.500 we could be talking to them directly, you know, 1109 00:50:59.500 --> 00:51:02.090 maybe field some questions then too, but really, 1110 00:51:02.090 --> 00:51:05.810 the objective is to immerse that public in our story 1111 00:51:05.810 --> 00:51:06.890 and into the science. 1112 00:51:06.890 --> 00:51:08.340 That's what I hope we can do. 1113 00:51:11.910 --> 00:51:12.743 [Mark] Awesome. 1114 00:51:12.743 --> 00:51:14.760 And I just wanna note that anybody can stream 1115 00:51:14.760 --> 00:51:16.240 this expedition at any time. 1116 00:51:16.240 --> 00:51:18.810 So if you have internet and a screen, 1117 00:51:18.810 --> 00:51:20.950 you can show as many people as you want 1118 00:51:20.950 --> 00:51:22.700 this amazing experience. 1119 00:51:22.700 --> 00:51:27.700 But I think this next question, you know what, 1120 00:51:27.870 --> 00:51:30.970 I'm gonna pose it to both Carl and Chris, 1121 00:51:30.970 --> 00:51:34.423 but has been your favorite or most exciting find? 1122 00:51:35.610 --> 00:51:38.433 Chris Southerly, sorry. (laughs) 1123 00:51:41.670 --> 00:51:43.220 [Shannon] Chris you're muted. 1124 00:51:46.880 --> 00:51:48.493 No, still muted. 1125 00:51:49.900 --> 00:51:51.083 Let's go on to Karl. 1126 00:51:54.270 --> 00:51:55.170 [Karl] Yeah, 1127 00:51:55.170 --> 00:51:59.250 actually probably the most exciting find was one 1128 00:51:59.250 --> 00:52:04.250 of the first shipwrecks that I had the luck to explore. 1129 00:52:04.857 --> 00:52:07.020 And it was one of the Monterrey wrecks 1130 00:52:07.020 --> 00:52:08.363 in the Gulf of Mexico. 1131 00:52:09.240 --> 00:52:13.237 They were identified by in an oil block, to BOEM, 1132 00:52:13.237 --> 00:52:17.511 the oil companies report potential sites to BOEM 1133 00:52:17.511 --> 00:52:18.930 so they can protect them. 1134 00:52:18.930 --> 00:52:21.330 And we got to be the first people to explore it. 1135 00:52:22.361 --> 00:52:26.180 And it was just a beautiful copper-clad shipwreck with, 1136 00:52:26.180 --> 00:52:31.180 you could see swords and guns and cannon, all the bottles, 1137 00:52:32.910 --> 00:52:34.940 there were still contents in some of the bottles and it was 1138 00:52:34.940 --> 00:52:38.350 all just the copper and the bottles and metal was still 1139 00:52:38.350 --> 00:52:39.610 there and the wood was all gone. 1140 00:52:39.610 --> 00:52:41.993 It was just a absolutely beautiful wreck. 1141 00:52:43.050 --> 00:52:43.883 [Shannon] Awesome. 1142 00:52:43.883 --> 00:52:46.623 Chris, did you get your sound back or audio back? 1143 00:52:48.270 --> 00:52:49.220 Nope. 1144 00:52:49.220 --> 00:52:50.090 Okay. 1145 00:52:50.090 --> 00:52:52.450 All right. Sorry about that, Chris. 1146 00:52:52.450 --> 00:52:53.283 All right. 1147 00:52:53.283 --> 00:52:57.090 Well next question up. Karl, this one is for you. 1148 00:52:57.090 --> 00:52:58.320 It says, "What does it take 1149 00:52:58.320 --> 00:53:00.777 to make a ship telepresence capable?" 1150 00:53:05.660 --> 00:53:07.000 [Karl] Well, I showed you, 1151 00:53:07.000 --> 00:53:10.570 we have the two different size satellite dishes. 1152 00:53:10.570 --> 00:53:11.857 So depending on the size of the ship 1153 00:53:11.857 --> 00:53:14.050 and the bandwidth you want, you know, 1154 00:53:14.050 --> 00:53:15.743 you can select any range there. 1155 00:53:17.350 --> 00:53:18.320 So you need someone, 1156 00:53:18.320 --> 00:53:20.700 you need some engineers with the expertise to, you know, 1157 00:53:20.700 --> 00:53:23.160 physically bring and install the dish. 1158 00:53:23.160 --> 00:53:26.550 And then we have the telepresence and network engineers 1159 00:53:26.550 --> 00:53:29.350 who actually hook it up, you know, 1160 00:53:29.350 --> 00:53:32.403 connect to the satellite and get that, 1161 00:53:33.270 --> 00:53:35.830 get that signal onto the network onto the wifi 1162 00:53:35.830 --> 00:53:37.163 and the wired computers. 1163 00:53:39.460 --> 00:53:41.940 Yeah, so it takes a team of, yeah, 1164 00:53:41.940 --> 00:53:43.940 a few engineers and the right equipment. 1165 00:53:47.800 --> 00:53:50.180 [Shannon] Okay. Mark, do you have another question? 1166 00:53:50.180 --> 00:53:51.340 [Mark] Yes. 1167 00:53:51.340 --> 00:53:53.617 I think this one is actually directed Tane. 1168 00:53:53.617 --> 00:53:57.570 "How long does it take to conserve the iron 1169 00:53:57.570 --> 00:53:59.820 or rust artifacts from Monitor 1170 00:53:59.820 --> 00:54:03.653 and comparable old artifacts by removing sea salt?" 1171 00:54:03.653 --> 00:54:06.323 [Tane] (laughs) It's the eternal question. 1172 00:54:07.490 --> 00:54:10.210 You know, it, it's a very long process. 1173 00:54:10.210 --> 00:54:14.733 We, for example, we brought up the Monitor's turret 2002, 1174 00:54:15.620 --> 00:54:16.453 20 years ago. 1175 00:54:16.453 --> 00:54:19.070 That process is still ongoing 1176 00:54:19.070 --> 00:54:22.530 for the flushing of those sodium chloride ions, 1177 00:54:22.530 --> 00:54:25.800 the salts, out of the metals. 1178 00:54:25.800 --> 00:54:27.510 So it all depends, you know, 1179 00:54:27.510 --> 00:54:29.690 some of the gun carriages 1180 00:54:29.690 --> 00:54:31.400 and the cannons are about finished, 1181 00:54:31.400 --> 00:54:33.148 but it's a long process. 1182 00:54:33.148 --> 00:54:34.560 And actually this is a good one for Chris Southerly, 1183 00:54:34.560 --> 00:54:37.990 because they do a lot of work on, you know, 1184 00:54:37.990 --> 00:54:40.470 doing conservation on cannons in North Carolina. 1185 00:54:40.470 --> 00:54:41.770 So maybe I'll toss it to Chris. 1186 00:54:41.770 --> 00:54:44.380 How long do you think, Chris, for some of these things? 1187 00:54:44.380 --> 00:54:47.060 [Chris]Okay so hope hopefully my audio is working again now. 1188 00:54:47.060 --> 00:54:47.893 [Shannon] Yes. 1189 00:54:47.893 --> 00:54:49.403 [Chris] Yeah, I reset everything. 1190 00:54:50.580 --> 00:54:54.743 Yeah, I would have to echo what Tane's saying. 1191 00:54:55.990 --> 00:54:59.840 These objects, the iron and steel, you know, 1192 00:54:59.840 --> 00:55:02.970 they spend a lot of time under pressure absorbing 1193 00:55:02.970 --> 00:55:05.000 the chlorides. 1194 00:55:05.000 --> 00:55:08.380 And, you know, we see with some of the cannons 1195 00:55:08.380 --> 00:55:11.563 that have been on the bottom for, you know, 200, 300 years. 1196 00:55:13.550 --> 00:55:17.900 We're seeing six, eight years of dedicated conservation 1197 00:55:17.900 --> 00:55:21.630 with those in electrolytic reduction to push 1198 00:55:21.630 --> 00:55:24.210 the chlorides and the salts back out. 1199 00:55:24.210 --> 00:55:28.920 And, you know, people tend to think it takes a lot of time, 1200 00:55:28.920 --> 00:55:31.060 but if you balance out, you know, 1201 00:55:31.060 --> 00:55:34.100 couple centuries on the bottom versus, you know, 1202 00:55:34.100 --> 00:55:39.030 five or six years in a lab to reverse the process 1203 00:55:39.030 --> 00:55:42.500 as best as possible, it's really not that bad of a ratio 1204 00:55:42.500 --> 00:55:44.190 and a trade off there. 1205 00:55:44.190 --> 00:55:46.900 But a lot depends on the condition of the object 1206 00:55:46.900 --> 00:55:48.927 and how long it's been exposed. 1207 00:55:48.927 --> 00:55:50.370 And lot of cases, 1208 00:55:50.370 --> 00:55:54.660 the better the quality of the metal and the object, 1209 00:55:54.660 --> 00:55:56.100 the longer it takes to conserve. 1210 00:55:56.100 --> 00:55:58.030 So the newer metals and steels, 1211 00:55:58.030 --> 00:56:00.970 like from the Monitor are gonna take longer than say 1212 00:56:00.970 --> 00:56:02.640 a colonial period cannon 1213 00:56:02.640 --> 00:56:04.860 to get the chlorides back out once 1214 00:56:04.860 --> 00:56:06.860 the chemical processes have taken place. 1215 00:56:07.920 --> 00:56:08.753 [Shannon] Okay. Thank you. 1216 00:56:08.753 --> 00:56:10.870 And I think this one is gonna be our last question, 1217 00:56:10.870 --> 00:56:13.150 'cause we're just about out of time. 1218 00:56:13.150 --> 00:56:17.140 And let's see, this one's gonna be for Chris Taylor. 1219 00:56:17.140 --> 00:56:19.740 It says, "Can you tell from the echo sounder data 1220 00:56:19.740 --> 00:56:21.840 the size of the fish you were looking at?" 1221 00:56:24.210 --> 00:56:26.760 [Chris] Yeah, that's one of the properties that we can 1222 00:56:26.760 --> 00:56:28.130 capture with the echo sounder. 1223 00:56:28.130 --> 00:56:31.930 The returning strength of the echo return gives us 1224 00:56:31.930 --> 00:56:33.530 an indication of the fish size. 1225 00:56:33.530 --> 00:56:36.270 Most of that sound is being reflected off the swim bladder. 1226 00:56:36.270 --> 00:56:38.680 So it's air pocket that's in the body of the fish, 1227 00:56:38.680 --> 00:56:41.670 of many fish, and that oftentimes a larger fish 1228 00:56:41.670 --> 00:56:43.670 is gonna have a larger swim bladder. 1229 00:56:43.670 --> 00:56:45.400 The fish in normal situations use that swim ladder 1230 00:56:45.400 --> 00:56:49.200 to maintain buoyancy and maintain the relative position 1231 00:56:49.200 --> 00:56:50.690 within the water column. 1232 00:56:50.690 --> 00:56:53.280 And that sound, that that air pocket, reflects a significant 1233 00:56:53.280 --> 00:56:56.660 amount of sound compared to the other parts of the fish. 1234 00:56:56.660 --> 00:56:58.100 Larger fish have larger swim bladders. 1235 00:56:58.100 --> 00:56:59.550 That gives us an indication of size, 1236 00:56:59.550 --> 00:57:01.350 but we also know that some fish species have 1237 00:57:01.350 --> 00:57:03.070 different shaped swim bladders, 1238 00:57:03.070 --> 00:57:04.410 and it's a little bit more complicated for us 1239 00:57:04.410 --> 00:57:07.527 to pick apart the signals of that echo return 1240 00:57:07.527 --> 00:57:09.210 to understand the fish species. 1241 00:57:09.210 --> 00:57:11.200 And that's why we always need to pair, 1242 00:57:11.200 --> 00:57:13.600 and most often need to pair the acoustic surveys that we 1243 00:57:13.600 --> 00:57:14.970 conduct with the eyes in the water, 1244 00:57:14.970 --> 00:57:17.240 with either an ROV with a camera, 1245 00:57:17.240 --> 00:57:18.960 with divers with video cameras, 1246 00:57:18.960 --> 00:57:22.510 something to give us to validate and verify the fish 1247 00:57:22.510 --> 00:57:24.000 that we're seeing. 1248 00:57:24.000 --> 00:57:25.647 [Shannon] Okay. Thank you. 1249 00:57:25.647 --> 00:57:27.420 [Tane] And you know, Shannon, I should add too, 1250 00:57:27.420 --> 00:57:30.700 just with the conservation question that we know when we 1251 00:57:30.700 --> 00:57:33.130 bring these things up with a lot of planning and approvals 1252 00:57:33.130 --> 00:57:34.970 that it's gonna be a long process, 1253 00:57:34.970 --> 00:57:39.400 so we build in with that knowledge for a viewable area. 1254 00:57:39.400 --> 00:57:41.040 So for like, for us, 1255 00:57:41.040 --> 00:57:43.270 for the turret may take another 10 years to finish, 1256 00:57:43.270 --> 00:57:45.560 the Monitor's turret at the Mariners' Museum and Park, 1257 00:57:45.560 --> 00:57:47.890 but we built in viewing platforms. 1258 00:57:47.890 --> 00:57:49.130 So you could go there and actually see 1259 00:57:49.130 --> 00:57:49.963 these things happening. 1260 00:57:49.963 --> 00:57:53.380 So by all means, it's done to still share the story, 1261 00:57:53.380 --> 00:57:54.540 even if it's immersed in the tank. 1262 00:57:54.540 --> 00:57:57.700 So you can still see it 'cause it's a long process. 1263 00:57:57.700 --> 00:57:59.700 [Mark] And for those of you who are still interested 1264 00:57:59.700 --> 00:58:01.270 in the conservation of these artifacts, 1265 00:58:01.270 --> 00:58:04.320 there is a fascinating webinar given by the director 1266 00:58:04.320 --> 00:58:06.190 of conservation at The Mariners' Museum, 1267 00:58:06.190 --> 00:58:07.720 that's current currently on the same place 1268 00:58:07.720 --> 00:58:10.320 where this webinar will be archived on our website. 1269 00:58:10.320 --> 00:58:11.820 So please stay tuned. 1270 00:58:12.653 --> 00:58:13.486 [Shannon] Yeah. Thank you, Mark. 1271 00:58:13.486 --> 00:58:15.020 So if we didn't get to your question, 1272 00:58:15.020 --> 00:58:16.270 or if you have additional ones, 1273 00:58:16.270 --> 00:58:18.150 you can always send them to the presenters 1274 00:58:18.150 --> 00:58:21.053 and their email addresses are listed here on the screen. 1275 00:58:22.280 --> 00:58:25.360 A video recording of this presentation will be available 1276 00:58:25.360 --> 00:58:27.430 on the sanctuary's webinar archives page, 1277 00:58:27.430 --> 00:58:30.070 which is found at that URL listed there at the top 1278 00:58:30.070 --> 00:58:31.070 of the page. 1279 00:58:31.070 --> 00:58:32.630 It's a very long one, but don't worry. 1280 00:58:32.630 --> 00:58:35.250 I'm gonna send it to you in an email. 1281 00:58:35.250 --> 00:58:37.910 In addition, the webinar's gonna also be archived 1282 00:58:37.910 --> 00:58:40.060 on the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary's website. 1283 00:58:40.060 --> 00:58:43.070 You can click on the multimedia section in the toolbar 1284 00:58:43.070 --> 00:58:44.640 to access the webinar box. 1285 00:58:44.640 --> 00:58:47.940 You will also find future webinars in that same section. 1286 00:58:47.940 --> 00:58:49.110 And as I said, don't worry. 1287 00:58:49.110 --> 00:58:52.260 I'm gonna send all of this to you in an email 1288 00:58:52.260 --> 00:58:54.160 once the recording is ready to view, 1289 00:58:54.160 --> 00:58:55.623 which takes about a week. 1290 00:58:56.630 --> 00:58:58.400 Now on April 21st, 1291 00:58:58.400 --> 00:59:00.740 the Office of National Marine Sanctuary Webinar Series 1292 00:59:00.740 --> 00:59:03.500 will host Dr. Jeff Drazen to learn how moving away 1293 00:59:03.500 --> 00:59:06.680 from carbon-based energy has increased the need for metals, 1294 00:59:06.680 --> 00:59:08.370 particularly for batteries 1295 00:59:08.370 --> 00:59:11.060 and has renewed the interest in deep sea mining. 1296 00:59:11.060 --> 00:59:12.810 So you might wanna join in on that one. 1297 00:59:12.810 --> 00:59:15.950 It's at 6:00 PM Eastern time. 1298 00:59:15.950 --> 00:59:17.210 And of course, as always, 1299 00:59:17.210 --> 00:59:19.513 we invite you to join us on social media. 1300 00:59:20.620 --> 00:59:22.330 And lastly, as you exit the webinar, 1301 00:59:22.330 --> 00:59:25.210 there is a short survey for formal and informal educators. 1302 00:59:25.210 --> 00:59:28.100 If you are an educator, NOAA would really appreciate it 1303 00:59:28.100 --> 00:59:30.740 if you just take a minute or two to complete the survey. 1304 00:59:30.740 --> 00:59:33.090 Your answers will help NOAA develop future webinars 1305 00:59:33.090 --> 00:59:34.390 to meet your needs. 1306 00:59:34.390 --> 00:59:37.050 Your participation is voluntary and your answers 1307 00:59:37.050 --> 00:59:38.463 will remain anonymous. 1308 00:59:39.920 --> 00:59:43.040 So once again, we will want to thank Tane, Chris, Chris, 1309 00:59:43.040 --> 00:59:44.760 and Karl for a great presentation. 1310 00:59:44.760 --> 00:59:46.940 And thank you for taking the time to join us today, 1311 00:59:46.940 --> 00:59:49.700 and we hope you will all come back and join us in May 1312 00:59:49.700 --> 00:59:52.230 when we actually have the expedition. 1313 00:59:52.230 --> 00:59:55.290 Have a wonderful day, and this concludes the presentation. 1314 00:59:55.290 --> 00:59:56.283 Bye everyone.