WEBVTT

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<v ->All right, aloha kakou and happy St. Patrick's Day.</v>

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Welcome to our Third Thursday by the Bay webinar,

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we have a really exciting feature for you today

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with Dr. Beth Orcutt called,

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"Living Between a Rock and Hard Place,

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Microbial Life in the Deep Sea

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and Potential Impacts of Deep-sea Mining."

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So, my name's Andy and just a quick overview

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of some of the issues you might be having.

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If you're having any issues with your sound,

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there is a control panel, go to webinar control panel

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and it should be in the upper right hand portion

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of your screen.

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There's a section on there called, "Audio,"

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just make sure your audio settings are correct,

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that your input,

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your microphone and your speakers are correct,

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usually that's where people have problems

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but if you do have any further issues,

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we may be able to help you.

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Please type it into the question box or the chat

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and we will see what we can do to help you

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if you're having any audios issues.

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And if you have any questions

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or other things during the webinar,

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please type in the question box.

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Hopefully, we'll be able to get some of your questions

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at the end or any comments into the chat box.

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So again, thank you for joining us today.

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We have over 370 participants

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from nearly every continent around the planet,

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including I saw somebody joining us from Myanmar today,

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that's a beautiful country.

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I had the the opportunity to go there not too long ago.

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So, thank you for joining us.

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And in Hawai'i, we start our webinars

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and many other things through doing a protocol.

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It's a proper way to open things in Hawai'i.

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So, I am going to invite our wonderful Malia Evans

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to come on and do protocol for us.

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So, mahalo Malia.

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<v ->Aloha mai kākou.</v>

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So, yes, we'll begin with Hawaiian cultural protocol,

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which actually is gonna be setting the space for the giving

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and receiving the of information and knowledge

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during today's presentation.

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I'm gonna turn off my camera

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so you all can enjoy the stunning imagery

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of Papahānaumokuākea

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and begin to realize why it's such a sacred place

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and worthy of protection.

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(chant in Hawaiian language)

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(webinar member applauds)

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<v ->Mahalo Malia, a wonderful opening.</v>

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Okay, well today we are here

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as a part of the National Marine Sanctuary System.

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So, Papahānaumokuākea is co-managed

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by several different management entities

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and National Marine Sanctuaries under NOAA is one of them

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but we also manage several sites around the United States

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and into the Pacific.

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On the east coast,

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we have sites such as Stellwagen Bank, Monitor,

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Florida keys.

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We have a couple of sites in the Great Lakes now,

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Thunder Bay, which is mostly a shipwreck site.

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Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast is a new site

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and also a new site under designation Lake Ontario.

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So, the system is expanding

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and it's very exciting time to be working in this field.

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Also Flower Garden Banks,

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down in the Gulf of Mexico recently expanded

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to protect more area.

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And on the west coast,

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we have several sites such as Monterey Bay,

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Greater Farallones, Olympic Coast

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and when you come out into the Pacific,

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we have two sites in Hawai'i.

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Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary

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and also Papahānaumokuākea Marine National monument.

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And we are currently undergoing a sanctuary designation

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within the boundaries

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of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.

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South of us,

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we have National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa

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and also a few other marine national monuments,

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such as Rose Atoll Marine National Monument.

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So, this is our National Marine Sanctuary System,

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your network of underwater parks around the country.

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And we are celebrating 50 years

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of National Marine Sanctuaries and their protection.

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So, we have a campaign going this year called,

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"Save Spectacular."

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We hope you can participate online

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or at your local sanctuary

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but it's quite an achievement to half a century

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of protecting our underwater parks around the country.

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Papahānaumokuākea,

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so we're the largest fully protected area in the world.

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582,578 square miles of ocean protected area.

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And we extend past the main Hawaiian Islands.

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The first island is Nihoa about 150 miles past Kauaʻi

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and it extends all the way out to Hōlanikū

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or Kure Atoll at the end

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and out to the Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States.

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It's a vast area.

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You can see it overlain over the United States

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in the lower left hand corner.

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And we protect it for the corals, the sea birds,

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the amazing deep-sea reefs.

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It's an incredible area and national heritage,

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we're also a World Heritage Site.

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Today, you met Malia earlier.

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We are your webinar hosts.

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Malia Evans, who is our

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Education and Native Hawaiian Outreach Coordinator

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under the National Marine Sanctuary Foundation.

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Myself, Andy Collins,

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I'm Education Coordinator and Justin Umholtz,

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our Education Specialist.

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And he's gonna be on the backend,

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managing a lot of your questions

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and posting really interesting links

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for related links into the chat.

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And we all work at the Mokupapapa Discovery Center in Hilo

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and we've been closed for two years

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but we're at actually getting ready to reopen,

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hopefully in May of this year,

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as long as some turn doesn't happen with the pandemic

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to set us back but that's the plan right now.

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So, we hope if you do make it over to Hilo,

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that you see our wonderful facility with panels in English

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and the 'Ōlelo Hawai'i, the Hawaiian language,

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our 3,500 gallon saltwater aquarium

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and many the exhibits that feature

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and talk about the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

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and why this area is so special.

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But across the program,

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we protect these underwater parks

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and National Marine Sanctuary System for their biodiversity,

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for the shelter and refuge they provide

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for many marine animals,

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also for their incredible cultural heritage.

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We have some incredible sites in Papahānaumokuākea.

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This is a picture from Mokumanamana,

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which has the highest concentration of cultural sites

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anywhere in Hawaiian Archipelago.

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Also for their maritime heritage in Papahānaumokuākea,

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we have quite a few whaling-era wrecks

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from the 1800's and also other historic wrecks

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and we protect these.

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We conduct a lot of research on the status of the critters

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that live in our sanctuaries, as well as the habitats.

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We also monitor for changes over time due to climate change

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and human impacts and other impacts.

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And we know how well we're doing

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with our management efforts.

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In some cases, we actually restore reefs.

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We're doing this huge project in the Florida Keys

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in partnership with the State of Florida and other entities

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to actually restore the reefs around Florida.

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We conduct education, such as this webinar

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and all also do classroom visits, mostly virtual right now

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and build curriculum,

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we'll talk a little bit about that more later

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and of course,

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outreach through one of our many volunteers for the program.

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And if you're interested in volunteering,

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please shoot us a chat

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but you can volunteer at your local sanctuary site.

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In some cases,

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there are very opportunities for volunteering.

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But one of the reasons why we protect this place

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is that it's a place to renew your soul.

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I think we experienced a lot of that during the pandemic,

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the reevaluation of where we're at,

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our relationship to work,

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our relationship to family members and other things.

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And these places are critical

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for rebalancing ourselves and for connecting back to nature.

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But today we are focusing and Beth,

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you can turn your camera on as I introduce you.

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We are going to have a talk by Dr. Beth Orcutt,

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who's the Senior Research Scientist at Bigelow Laboratory

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for Ocean Sciences.

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And her talk is titled,

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"Living between Rock and Hard Place,

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Microbial Life in the Deep Sea

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and Potential Impacts of Deep-sea Mining."

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So, Dr. Orcutt has been a Senior Research Scientist

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at the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences since 2012,

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where she leads a team to study the weird microscopic life

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that lives at the bottom of the ocean.

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For her research, Dr. Orcutt uses robots, submarines,

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seafloor scientific drilling and observatories

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to explore and monitor life in the deep sea

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and below the seafloor.

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In addition to leading research teams,

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Dr. Orcutt is the Director

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of the new Crustal Ocean Biosphere Research Accelerator,

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COBRA Network with a mission to accelerate research

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on the structure, function, resilience

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and ecosystem services of crustal ocean biosphere

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to inform decision making.

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Dr. Orcutt was awarded the Asahiko Taira Prize

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for Scientific Research in 2019

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from the American Geophysical Union,

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the largest international scientific society

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for earth science.

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She received her PhD in Marine Sciences

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from the University of Georgia, Athens.

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And I'm going to turn the presentation over to Dr. Orcutt

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and we can begin her talk.

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<v ->Yeah.</v>

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Thank you so much, Andy, for that lovely introduction.

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And thank you so much to the Marine Sanctuaries team

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for supporting my joining you today.

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Do I have sharing permission now?

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<v Andy Collins>I have you on here twice,</v>

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so I just did the other one.

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Maybe let me try to do-
<v ->Okay.</v>

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<v Andy Collins>Do you see the invite there?</v>

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Do you see the invite now to the?

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<v ->I do not.</v>

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<v Andy Collins>Okay, let me...</v>

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I think you joined twice is the issue.

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How about now?

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<v ->Nope, nothing changed on my side. (chuckles)</v>

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Sorry, Andy.

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<v Andy Collins>Okay.</v>

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That's weird 'cause yeah, usually-

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<v ->There we go, I see it now.</v>

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<v Andy Collins>Okay, okay, great.</v>

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<v ->Okay, so you can see my screen, I think</v>

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and I am going to go into presenter mode here.

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I might need to do a little screen reshuffling.

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Give me one moment, no that looks good.

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<v Andy Collins>Yes, perfect.</v>

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<v ->Just need to drag it over here so I can see it.</v>

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Okay, wonderful.

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So again, thank you all so much for inviting me

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to be here with you today

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and for everyone that's joined online,

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I hope to entertain you a little bit today

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with information about the wonderful deep blue sea.

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For anybody that would like to connect with me

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after this presentation,

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feel free to connect with me on Twitter.

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I use the handle @DeepMicrobe

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and would love to hear from you.

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So, to begin with, oops,

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let's see if this is gonna work.

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Here we go.

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To begin with,

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I want to start by telling you where I'm coming from

256
00:13:45.950 --> 00:13:48.980
'cause we're in this virtual space together

257
00:13:48.980 --> 00:13:50.180
joining from all over the world.

258
00:13:50.180 --> 00:13:55.180
So, I'm joining you from my home office in Maine.

259
00:13:55.360 --> 00:13:58.000
And I'd like to acknowledge that where I live and work

260
00:13:58.000 --> 00:14:02.030
is in the ancestral homelands of the people of the Dawn Land

261
00:14:02.030 --> 00:14:04.660
and Wabanaki Confederacy

262
00:14:04.660 --> 00:14:07.160
and both where I am here at my home,

263
00:14:07.160 --> 00:14:08.310
as well as where Bigelow is.

264
00:14:08.310 --> 00:14:09.500
And that's where I work,

265
00:14:09.500 --> 00:14:12.660
the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences.

266
00:14:12.660 --> 00:14:14.490
In case you've never heard of our institution,

267
00:14:14.490 --> 00:14:17.910
we're a nonprofit research organization

268
00:14:17.910 --> 00:14:18.910
with a mission to study

269
00:14:18.910 --> 00:14:21.210
the foundation of global ocean health

270
00:14:21.210 --> 00:14:23.218
and use our discoveries to improve the future

271
00:14:23.218 --> 00:14:24.607
for all life on the planet

272
00:14:24.607 --> 00:14:26.960
and you can find out more about our organization

273
00:14:26.960 --> 00:14:28.023
at bigelow.org.

274
00:14:29.460 --> 00:14:31.010
And again, to start with,

275
00:14:31.010 --> 00:14:35.350
just a lot of gratitude and thanks to the ancestral

276
00:14:35.350 --> 00:14:37.667
and modern caretakers of where I work now

277
00:14:37.667 --> 00:14:39.590
and where I've had the privilege to work

278
00:14:39.590 --> 00:14:40.683
throughout my career.

279
00:14:41.880 --> 00:14:42.910
To all the colleagues

280
00:14:42.910 --> 00:14:44.230
who have shared their knowledge with me

281
00:14:44.230 --> 00:14:46.220
and helped support the research journey

282
00:14:46.220 --> 00:14:48.220
that I'll be talking with you about.

283
00:14:48.220 --> 00:14:51.230
I couldn't do any of this without the crews, the ships

284
00:14:51.230 --> 00:14:54.880
and the various assets that we use to explore the deep sea,

285
00:14:54.880 --> 00:14:58.210
as well as the funders who support our work.

286
00:14:58.210 --> 00:15:00.400
And much of what I will talk to you about today

287
00:15:00.400 --> 00:15:03.300
is supported by the Ocean Exploration Trust,

288
00:15:03.300 --> 00:15:05.620
the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration

289
00:15:05.620 --> 00:15:08.210
and the National Science Foundation.

290
00:15:08.210 --> 00:15:10.520
And a special thank you to the co-trustees

291
00:15:10.520 --> 00:15:13.730
of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument

292
00:15:13.730 --> 00:15:15.100
who have permitted some of the research

293
00:15:15.100 --> 00:15:17.200
that I'll be talking with you about today.

294
00:15:18.370 --> 00:15:21.770
So, I'd like to start with this cartoon view

295
00:15:21.770 --> 00:15:24.910
where we think about the perspectives that we have

296
00:15:24.910 --> 00:15:26.870
as humans on land,

297
00:15:26.870 --> 00:15:30.390
who might look out to the blue ocean surrounding land

298
00:15:30.390 --> 00:15:34.320
and think I'm stranded, it's just flat empty space

299
00:15:34.320 --> 00:15:35.633
as far as the eye can see.

300
00:15:36.630 --> 00:15:40.580
Ignoring or blind to all of the life and interesting things

301
00:15:40.580 --> 00:15:42.223
below the sea surface.

302
00:15:43.140 --> 00:15:44.830
Weird animals, shipwrecks,

303
00:15:44.830 --> 00:15:48.500
the things that Andy was talking about at the introduction.

304
00:15:48.500 --> 00:15:52.313
So, we may have this skewed view of our own planet.

305
00:15:53.210 --> 00:15:55.170
And I like to also think about this

306
00:15:55.170 --> 00:15:57.640
in relation to what we know about our planet.

307
00:15:57.640 --> 00:16:01.860
We have better maps of other planets like Mars

308
00:16:01.860 --> 00:16:04.160
than we do of our ocean seafloor.

309
00:16:04.160 --> 00:16:06.150
So, our own planet that we live on,

310
00:16:06.150 --> 00:16:09.290
we have less knowledge about

311
00:16:09.290 --> 00:16:11.143
what it looks like at the surface.

312
00:16:12.200 --> 00:16:15.940
So, a time for a little bit interaction here,

313
00:16:15.940 --> 00:16:18.680
we're gonna put up a poll and ask you,

314
00:16:18.680 --> 00:16:20.310
how much of the seafloor has been mapped

315
00:16:20.310 --> 00:16:21.483
at high resolution?

316
00:16:22.420 --> 00:16:25.110
Malia, do you have the ability to post that poll?

317
00:16:25.110 --> 00:16:27.210
<v Malia Evans>I sure do.</v>

318
00:16:27.210 --> 00:16:28.230
Okay, friends.

319
00:16:28.230 --> 00:16:31.160
So, you are going to have a choice here.

320
00:16:31.160 --> 00:16:33.820
So, how much of the seafloor has been mapped

321
00:16:33.820 --> 00:16:38.820
at high resolution and your choices are 10%, 20% or 80%.

322
00:16:41.150 --> 00:16:44.820
So, go ahead and register your vote

323
00:16:44.820 --> 00:16:49.683
and we'll see what an educated audience we have here today.

324
00:16:50.700 --> 00:16:53.840
So, we'll give you, oh, we've got a lot of you voting.

325
00:16:53.840 --> 00:16:56.650
We've got, oh, almost 80%, good job.

326
00:16:56.650 --> 00:16:58.750
Okay, I'm gonna close out the poll in two

327
00:17:00.390 --> 00:17:02.160
and one

328
00:17:03.010 --> 00:17:05.810
and let's get you those results, Beth.

329
00:17:05.810 --> 00:17:06.643
<v ->All right.</v>

330
00:17:08.900 --> 00:17:13.737
<v Malia Evans>Okay, so our audience, 82% have said 10%,</v>

331
00:17:13.737 --> 00:17:14.570
<v ->Uh-hum.</v>

332
00:17:14.570 --> 00:17:18.480
<v Malia Evans>17% have said 20%</v>

333
00:17:18.480 --> 00:17:22.480
and 1% of our audience members say 80%.

334
00:17:22.480 --> 00:17:25.530
So, what is the correct answer?

335
00:17:25.530 --> 00:17:27.770
<v ->Thank you so much, Malia, for running the poll.</v>

336
00:17:27.770 --> 00:17:30.740
The correct answer is closer to 20%.

337
00:17:30.740 --> 00:17:35.253
We only have good maps of about 20% of our seafloor.

338
00:17:36.290 --> 00:17:37.123
I just wanna check

339
00:17:37.123 --> 00:17:39.223
that the presentation is looking okay still.

340
00:17:41.490 --> 00:17:42.710
<v Malia Evans>Yes.</v>

341
00:17:42.710 --> 00:17:44.150
<v ->Okay, great.</v>

342
00:17:44.150 --> 00:17:47.290
Yeah, so only 20% of our own seafloor

343
00:17:47.290 --> 00:17:49.150
has been mapped at high resolution.

344
00:17:49.150 --> 00:17:52.390
So, that means that there are features on our seafloor

345
00:17:52.390 --> 00:17:55.943
that we only have rough sketches of what they look like,

346
00:17:56.780 --> 00:17:59.470
which for me, is exciting as a deep sea explorer

347
00:17:59.470 --> 00:18:01.740
because there's so much left to explore.

348
00:18:01.740 --> 00:18:02.620
And in this image,

349
00:18:02.620 --> 00:18:04.830
you're seeing some of the things

350
00:18:04.830 --> 00:18:08.720
that I've been part of observing for the first time,

351
00:18:08.720 --> 00:18:10.330
first time humans have been able to see

352
00:18:10.330 --> 00:18:12.630
parts of the seafloor and this image

353
00:18:12.630 --> 00:18:14.820
comes from Papahānaumokuākea

354
00:18:14.820 --> 00:18:17.170
and I'll come back to it again in a little bit.

355
00:18:18.440 --> 00:18:21.490
So, if we were to strip away the water,

356
00:18:21.490 --> 00:18:23.440
what would we see on the seafloor?

357
00:18:23.440 --> 00:18:27.150
And here's an exaggerated view of what we might see.

358
00:18:27.150 --> 00:18:29.750
So, if you're looking into where the Atlantic Ocean would be

359
00:18:29.750 --> 00:18:33.210
between North America and Africa and Europe,

360
00:18:33.210 --> 00:18:36.470
you see this feature running through the seafloor,

361
00:18:36.470 --> 00:18:40.820
that's an underwater mountain chain, a mid-ocean ridge.

362
00:18:40.820 --> 00:18:42.670
It's a place where ocean plates

363
00:18:42.670 --> 00:18:45.410
are pulling apart or being pulled apart.

364
00:18:45.410 --> 00:18:48.030
And you have new ocean crust being created,

365
00:18:48.030 --> 00:18:49.740
just like with volcanoes on land

366
00:18:49.740 --> 00:18:52.010
but it's happening underwater.

367
00:18:52.010 --> 00:18:53.550
You also have features like that

368
00:18:53.550 --> 00:18:55.770
in the Eastern Pacific Ocean,

369
00:18:55.770 --> 00:18:57.850
you can see a similar feature

370
00:18:57.850 --> 00:18:59.530
that also goes into the Southern Ocean.

371
00:18:59.530 --> 00:19:01.830
And then as you look towards the western part

372
00:19:01.830 --> 00:19:02.663
of the Pacific,

373
00:19:02.663 --> 00:19:05.150
you see that the seafloor gets like much more jagged

374
00:19:05.150 --> 00:19:08.150
and strange looking, lots of underwater mountains,

375
00:19:08.150 --> 00:19:10.050
deep sea trenches.

376
00:19:10.050 --> 00:19:13.270
So, there's lots of habitats on the seafloor

377
00:19:13.270 --> 00:19:16.830
but we don't really have a good idea of what's down there.

378
00:19:16.830 --> 00:19:21.290
I've been extremely fortunate and privileged in my career

379
00:19:21.290 --> 00:19:23.610
that I've had a chance to go to the bottom of the ocean

380
00:19:23.610 --> 00:19:24.443
in a submarine.

381
00:19:24.443 --> 00:19:26.440
This is a picture of the Alvin submarine,

382
00:19:26.440 --> 00:19:27.780
operated by colleagues

383
00:19:27.780 --> 00:19:29.980
at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

384
00:19:31.150 --> 00:19:32.620
And going down to on the bottom ocean

385
00:19:32.620 --> 00:19:34.210
feels like going to another planet.

386
00:19:34.210 --> 00:19:37.340
You're seeing things that no one has ever seen before.

387
00:19:37.340 --> 00:19:41.910
Maybe seeing new species, documenting underwater phenomenon

388
00:19:41.910 --> 00:19:43.893
that maybe hasn't been observed before.

389
00:19:44.900 --> 00:19:46.550
So, what does it look like?

390
00:19:46.550 --> 00:19:48.940
Just showing you a picture, doesn't really do a great job.

391
00:19:48.940 --> 00:19:51.424
So, I wanna show you a little bit of a video.

392
00:19:51.424 --> 00:19:53.200 line:15% 
(inaudible)

393
00:19:53.200 --> 00:19:55.300 line:15% 
So, this is some video put together

394
00:19:55.300 --> 00:19:59.693 line:15% 
by colleagues at Ocean Exploration Trust and Nautilus Live.

395
00:20:01.960 --> 00:20:03.920
And what you're seeing here

396
00:20:03.920 --> 00:20:08.070
are underwater hydrothermal vents, were really hot water,

397
00:20:08.070 --> 00:20:12.370
it's way hotter than what you would experience

398
00:20:12.370 --> 00:20:15.680
in your own kitchen, is coming out of the seafloor.

399
00:20:15.680 --> 00:20:17.050
And it looks black

400
00:20:17.050 --> 00:20:19.440
because there's a bunch of chemicals in that water.

401
00:20:19.440 --> 00:20:20.880
And as those chemicals

402
00:20:20.880 --> 00:20:24.390
and hot water are interacting with cold sea water,

403
00:20:24.390 --> 00:20:27.580
they precipitate out a bunch of metals

404
00:20:27.580 --> 00:20:28.860
and things like that.

405
00:20:28.860 --> 00:20:32.110
But you also find all these cool animals in these places,

406
00:20:32.110 --> 00:20:35.350
animals that have come up with unique strategies

407
00:20:35.350 --> 00:20:39.793
to live in these warm environments with these chemicals

408
00:20:39.793 --> 00:20:43.270 line:15% 
and thrive in these ecosystems.

409
00:20:43.270 --> 00:20:45.730 line:15% 
So, the deep sea is not a barren environment

410
00:20:45.730 --> 00:20:48.483
but it's full of life and full of strange life.

411
00:20:50.340 --> 00:20:53.250
So, this is just one type of habitat that we might see

412
00:20:53.250 --> 00:20:54.310
on the seafloor.

413
00:20:54.310 --> 00:20:57.700
I'm gonna move outta this video and come to this cartoon.

414
00:20:57.700 --> 00:20:58.990
So, this is a one way

415
00:20:58.990 --> 00:21:00.760
that you can maybe think about our seafloor,

416
00:21:00.760 --> 00:21:04.003
if you focus in on the middle part of this cartoon.

417
00:21:04.840 --> 00:21:05.780
On the far left,

418
00:21:05.780 --> 00:21:07.900
you have some of those active have hydrothermal vents

419
00:21:07.900 --> 00:21:09.400
that I was just showing you.

420
00:21:09.400 --> 00:21:11.980
Places again, where the ocean plate is pulling apart.

421
00:21:11.980 --> 00:21:14.970
You have new underwater mountains being formed

422
00:21:14.970 --> 00:21:17.000
and hydrothermal activity.

423
00:21:17.000 --> 00:21:19.640
As those plates move away from the ridge,

424
00:21:19.640 --> 00:21:22.012
those underwater mountains get buried

425
00:21:22.012 --> 00:21:23.900
are surrounded by sediment

426
00:21:23.900 --> 00:21:26.050
and you have what are called seamounts,

427
00:21:26.050 --> 00:21:26.940
underwater sea mountains.

428
00:21:26.940 --> 00:21:28.110
These underwater mountains,

429
00:21:28.110 --> 00:21:30.917
they may not have hydrothermal activity anymore

430
00:21:30.917 --> 00:21:32.110
but there's still places

431
00:21:32.110 --> 00:21:34.500
where rocks are exposed on the seafloor.

432
00:21:34.500 --> 00:21:36.660
And then, as you move further to the right,

433
00:21:36.660 --> 00:21:38.170
you can also be out in places

434
00:21:38.170 --> 00:21:40.480
that are relatively flat seafloor

435
00:21:40.480 --> 00:21:42.610
but they might still have rocks on them.

436
00:21:42.610 --> 00:21:43.980
And those rocks actually formed

437
00:21:43.980 --> 00:21:45.340
from a very different process.

438
00:21:45.340 --> 00:21:47.280
They precipitate out of the water

439
00:21:47.280 --> 00:21:49.443
over really long periods of time.

440
00:21:50.620 --> 00:21:51.840
And in the bottom here,

441
00:21:51.840 --> 00:21:56.170
I'm showing you zoom in images of those habitats

442
00:21:56.170 --> 00:21:58.140
and that you might see different kinds of animals,

443
00:21:58.140 --> 00:21:59.950
as well as microscopic life.

444
00:21:59.950 --> 00:22:01.850
And we'll come back to that in a little bit

445
00:22:01.850 --> 00:22:03.843
and we'll come back to this cartoon too.

446
00:22:05.830 --> 00:22:08.500
So, let's think a little bit more

447
00:22:08.500 --> 00:22:11.820
about some of the interesting life

448
00:22:11.820 --> 00:22:13.920 line:15% 
that we see on the seafloor.

449
00:22:13.920 --> 00:22:15.670 line:15% 
So again, here's another video

450
00:22:15.670 --> 00:22:18.670 line:15% 
put together by colleagues from the Ocean Exploration Trust

451
00:22:18.670 --> 00:22:20.410 line:15% 
and Nautilus Live.

452
00:22:20.410 --> 00:22:21.330
And this is video

453
00:22:21.330 --> 00:22:25.360
that came from Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument

454
00:22:25.360 --> 00:22:30.360
on an expedition that took place in November of last year.

455
00:22:30.640 --> 00:22:34.120
So, you're seeing the view of the underwater robot

456
00:22:34.120 --> 00:22:36.640
from the other, there's two underwater robots.

457
00:22:36.640 --> 00:22:39.757
You were seeing a picture of one from the other

458
00:22:39.757 --> 00:22:42.760
and some of these fantastic deep sea corals

459
00:22:42.760 --> 00:22:45.510
that we observed in this expedition.

460
00:22:45.510 --> 00:22:46.750
Really zooming in close here,

461
00:22:46.750 --> 00:22:49.680
so you can see some of the polyp features on these corals.

462
00:22:49.680 --> 00:22:53.170
These are colonial organisms that live in the deep sea

463
00:22:53.170 --> 00:22:56.450
and they can be quite massive, right?

464
00:22:56.450 --> 00:22:59.240
So, that's probably three or four feet wide,

465
00:22:59.240 --> 00:23:01.540
that coral that you're seeing here.

466
00:23:01.540 --> 00:23:04.100
There's different types of corals down there

467
00:23:04.100 --> 00:23:06.060
attached to these rocks.

468
00:23:06.060 --> 00:23:08.820
You can also have deep sea sponges.

469
00:23:08.820 --> 00:23:12.020
And so, this is the view that you might get

470
00:23:12.020 --> 00:23:14.664
if you were to tune in to Nautilus Live

471
00:23:14.664 --> 00:23:16.520
during some of our expeditions

472
00:23:16.520 --> 00:23:19.020
and see what is being discovered

473
00:23:19.020 --> 00:23:21.420
in the bottom of the ocean in Papahānaumokuākea.

474
00:23:24.664 --> 00:23:27.040
And so, I don't wanna show this whole video

475
00:23:27.040 --> 00:23:29.200
but if you would like to watch it on your own,

476
00:23:29.200 --> 00:23:31.890
I think that Justin will put up some of the links

477
00:23:31.890 --> 00:23:33.700
for these YouTube videos/

478
00:23:33.700 --> 00:23:35.270
So, you can watch them on your own

479
00:23:35.270 --> 00:23:37.460
or you can go to the YouTube page

480
00:23:37.460 --> 00:23:40.450
for Ocean Exploration Trust and Nautilus Live

481
00:23:40.450 --> 00:23:41.490
and find some of these

482
00:23:41.490 --> 00:23:44.440
but just really beautiful animals down there

483
00:23:44.440 --> 00:23:46.320
that really sparked the imagination

484
00:23:46.320 --> 00:23:50.680
and make you think about how does life exist on this planet.

485
00:23:50.680 --> 00:23:54.350
And when you think about how much seafloor there is

486
00:23:54.350 --> 00:23:56.220
that could have these corals

487
00:23:56.220 --> 00:23:59.610
and we're still discovering new species of corals,

488
00:23:59.610 --> 00:24:00.540
it really changes

489
00:24:00.540 --> 00:24:03.600
how you might think about how life functions on earth

490
00:24:03.600 --> 00:24:05.443
and what the dominant organisms are.

491
00:24:07.010 --> 00:24:09.110
So, let's think a little bit more about coral

492
00:24:09.110 --> 00:24:10.820
and come to our second poll.

493
00:24:10.820 --> 00:24:13.023
Malia, are you ready for the second poll?

494
00:24:15.000 --> 00:24:16.820
<v Malia Evans>We sure are.</v>

495
00:24:16.820 --> 00:24:17.970
Alrighty.

496
00:24:17.970 --> 00:24:20.860
So, here we go, your question is how old

497
00:24:20.860 --> 00:24:23.880
are some of the oldest deep sea corals?

498
00:24:23.880 --> 00:24:28.880
And your options are 4 years, 40 years or 4,000 years.

499
00:24:29.680 --> 00:24:32.310
Go ahead and register your vote.

500
00:24:32.310 --> 00:24:35.160
We have about half of you so far,

501
00:24:35.160 --> 00:24:38.500
so we'll give you another five seconds

502
00:24:38.500 --> 00:24:41.560
and we'll see what our audience members think.

503
00:24:41.560 --> 00:24:42.610
Three.

504
00:24:42.610 --> 00:24:43.443
Two

505
00:24:43.443 --> 00:24:46.790
and one and I'm gonna close up that poll

506
00:24:46.790 --> 00:24:50.803
and let's see what our results are.

507
00:24:52.080 --> 00:24:52.950
Okay Beth,

508
00:24:52.950 --> 00:24:57.950
so four years, no one voted on that answer.

509
00:24:57.950 --> 00:25:01.370
40 years, there were 10% of our audience

510
00:25:01.370 --> 00:25:06.370
and 4,000 years was overwhelmingly, 90% of our audience.

511
00:25:06.910 --> 00:25:09.820
So, how did our audience do?
<v ->Wow.</v>

512
00:25:09.820 --> 00:25:11.970
We have a really smart audience

513
00:25:11.970 --> 00:25:14.120
that knows that corals can live

514
00:25:14.120 --> 00:25:16.720
an incredibly long period of time.

515
00:25:16.720 --> 00:25:20.250
There are corals that have been dated to,

516
00:25:20.250 --> 00:25:24.623
actually over 4,000 years from some parts of the seafloor.

517
00:25:26.070 --> 00:25:30.797
So again, in thinking about where life is in the ocean

518
00:25:30.797 --> 00:25:33.480
and how life exists in the ocean

519
00:25:33.480 --> 00:25:36.510
and how susceptible life might be to change, right?

520
00:25:36.510 --> 00:25:38.480
We've got animals in the deep sea

521
00:25:38.480 --> 00:25:42.810
that are older than some of the oldest trees on land.

522
00:25:42.810 --> 00:25:47.200
So, some of the oldest organisms on earth

523
00:25:47.200 --> 00:25:51.253
are probably in our oceans. (chuckles)

524
00:25:52.249 --> 00:25:54.763
And that's really fun to think about for me.

525
00:25:55.900 --> 00:25:56.733
Okay.

526
00:25:56.733 --> 00:25:59.090
So, moving on a little bit

527
00:25:59.090 --> 00:26:01.633
and let's come back to Papahānaumokuākea,

528
00:26:02.520 --> 00:26:07.350
which Andy so wonderfully introduced and Malia,

529
00:26:07.350 --> 00:26:09.220
thank you so much for the opening, really,

530
00:26:09.220 --> 00:26:10.950
that was wonderful.

531
00:26:10.950 --> 00:26:12.860
So, for anybody who joined late

532
00:26:12.860 --> 00:26:17.010
or wants a reminder where in the ocean we're talking about,

533
00:26:17.010 --> 00:26:19.800
the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument

534
00:26:19.800 --> 00:26:22.740
is to the northwest of the Hawaiian Islands.

535
00:26:22.740 --> 00:26:25.740
And this environment was recently visited

536
00:26:26.650 --> 00:26:29.220
by the exploration vessel Nautilus,

537
00:26:29.220 --> 00:26:32.390
which you're seeing a picture of in the top right,

538
00:26:32.390 --> 00:26:35.470
which is operated by the Ocean Exploration Trust.

539
00:26:35.470 --> 00:26:39.220
And Nautilus has been doing a series of expeditions

540
00:26:39.220 --> 00:26:44.220
in this part of the world to understand life in the deep sea

541
00:26:45.870 --> 00:26:47.230
in this place.

542
00:26:47.230 --> 00:26:50.130
As we heard about this place is a marine protected area

543
00:26:50.130 --> 00:26:51.690
but there's actually not a lot known

544
00:26:51.690 --> 00:26:53.080
about it's deep sea environment.

545
00:26:53.080 --> 00:26:54.850
And so, Ocean Exploration Trust

546
00:26:54.850 --> 00:26:58.373
is helping to discover what's down there.

547
00:26:59.500 --> 00:27:02.470
So, let's think a little bit about this place.

548
00:27:02.470 --> 00:27:03.780
And I want to acknowledge

549
00:27:03.780 --> 00:27:06.240
that there's probably people on the call

550
00:27:06.240 --> 00:27:11.160
who live in this place and are much closer connected to this

551
00:27:11.160 --> 00:27:14.900
than I am, as a guest coming from Maine to this place.

552
00:27:14.900 --> 00:27:17.794
And so, one way that I think about this place

553
00:27:17.794 --> 00:27:19.293
on our planet earth,

554
00:27:20.190 --> 00:27:23.710
is centering us and the bottom right here,

555
00:27:23.710 --> 00:27:26.617
the islands of Hawai'i that are very well known

556
00:27:26.617 --> 00:27:29.190
but the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands,

557
00:27:29.190 --> 00:27:31.483
moving out towards the northwest,

558
00:27:33.280 --> 00:27:35.840
which you may know of with names like Nihoa

559
00:27:35.840 --> 00:27:40.840
or the Midway Atoll, these are all other places

560
00:27:41.900 --> 00:27:45.450
that are part of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.

561
00:27:45.450 --> 00:27:49.580
And you see this line that surrounds this environment

562
00:27:49.580 --> 00:27:51.780
and that is delineating the boundary

563
00:27:51.780 --> 00:27:54.200
of the US Exclusive Economic Zone.

564
00:27:54.200 --> 00:27:56.470
So, going about 200 nautical miles away

565
00:27:56.470 --> 00:28:01.470
from the surficial land features in this part of the world.

566
00:28:02.580 --> 00:28:04.040
But you can also see in this map,

567
00:28:04.040 --> 00:28:05.394
some of those under water mountains

568
00:28:05.394 --> 00:28:07.940
that are also in this place

569
00:28:07.940 --> 00:28:12.940
and that are also either following the trajectory

570
00:28:13.250 --> 00:28:15.050
of the Northwest Hawaiian Islands

571
00:28:15.050 --> 00:28:18.680
and maybe formed over the Hawaiian hotspot long ago

572
00:28:18.680 --> 00:28:20.920
or maybe they formed in other ways.

573
00:28:20.920 --> 00:28:22.540
You can see that they cross over

574
00:28:22.540 --> 00:28:25.500
in many different orientations.

575
00:28:25.500 --> 00:28:28.070
So, this is one way to think about this place

576
00:28:28.070 --> 00:28:29.400
but I also wanna acknowledge

577
00:28:29.400 --> 00:28:32.013
that there's other ways to think about this place.

578
00:28:33.270 --> 00:28:37.630
And so, another way to view this part of the earth

579
00:28:37.630 --> 00:28:41.460
is through the lens of native Hawaiian indigenous culture

580
00:28:41.460 --> 00:28:44.730
and thinking about the spirit realm, Pō

581
00:28:44.730 --> 00:28:49.730
and the living realm, Ao, that's separated in space

582
00:28:49.960 --> 00:28:54.200
by what is commonly known as the Topic of Cancer,

583
00:28:54.200 --> 00:28:56.543
where the sun doesn't go any higher than that

584
00:28:56.543 --> 00:28:59.730
in the horizon.

585
00:28:59.730 --> 00:29:03.080
And Pō, this area around the Northwest Hawaiian Islands

586
00:29:03.080 --> 00:29:04.973
is considered a sacred place.

587
00:29:05.900 --> 00:29:07.330
And so, I try to remember of that

588
00:29:07.330 --> 00:29:10.270
and think about that when I'm thinking about the research

589
00:29:10.270 --> 00:29:11.720
that I'm doing in this space.

590
00:29:12.660 --> 00:29:13.493 line:15% 
And then again,

591
00:29:13.493 --> 00:29:15.030 line:15% 
coming back to this way of thinking

592
00:29:15.030 --> 00:29:20.030 line:15% 
of this part of the earth as Andy introduced it to us,

593
00:29:20.270 --> 00:29:22.360 line:15% 
is through the lens of the boundary

594
00:29:22.360 --> 00:29:25.677 line:15% 
of this Marine National Monument, Papahānaumokuākea.

595
00:29:26.670 --> 00:29:29.330 line:15% 
And I like this map too because it's also showing

596
00:29:29.330 --> 00:29:32.120 line:15% 
some of the original traditional names

597
00:29:32.120 --> 00:29:34.250 line:15% 
of some of these features

598
00:29:34.250 --> 00:29:36.680 line:15% 
instead of the names that they're commonly referred to

599
00:29:36.680 --> 00:29:37.820 line:15% 
in the English language.

600
00:29:37.820 --> 00:29:41.530 line:15% 
So again, thinking about these places in multiple ways

601
00:29:41.530 --> 00:29:43.063 line:15% 
and through multiple lenses.

602
00:29:44.300 --> 00:29:46.630 line:15% 
For our other guests to this place,

603
00:29:46.630 --> 00:29:49.380 line:15% 
who maybe have less familiarity with Papahānaumokuākea,

604
00:29:50.620 --> 00:29:52.100 line:15% 
I'd like to give you a little background

605
00:29:52.100 --> 00:29:54.400 line:15% 
in my understanding of this place.

606
00:29:54.400 --> 00:29:58.110 line:15% 
And first, thinking about the name, Papahānaumokuākea

607
00:29:58.110 --> 00:29:59.880 line:15% 
and what it represents

608
00:29:59.880 --> 00:30:02.690 line:15% 
and that this name commemorates and honors the union

609
00:30:02.690 --> 00:30:05.574 line:15% 
of two Hawaiian ancestors, Papahānaumoku

610
00:30:05.574 --> 00:30:08.340 line:15% 
and Wākea, whose union gave rise

611
00:30:08.340 --> 00:30:10.010 line:15% 
to the Hawaiian Archipelago,

612
00:30:10.010 --> 00:30:12.110 line:15% 
the taro plant and the Hawaiian people

613
00:30:12.110 --> 00:30:16.260 line:15% 
as understood in the creation story for Hawai'i.

614
00:30:16.260 --> 00:30:17.170 line:15% 
And as I mentioned,

615
00:30:17.170 --> 00:30:20.010 line:15% 
this place is considered a sacred area

616
00:30:20.010 --> 00:30:22.400 line:15% 
from which some people believe that all life springs

617
00:30:22.400 --> 00:30:24.920 line:15% 
into which spirits to return to after death.

618
00:30:24.920 --> 00:30:27.980 line:15% 
And as a place for modern practitioners

619
00:30:27.980 --> 00:30:29.280 line:15% 
of native Hawaiian culture,

620
00:30:29.280 --> 00:30:31.713 line:15% 
to reconnect with their ancestors and gods.

621
00:30:32.600 --> 00:30:33.480 line:15% 
And so, again,

622
00:30:33.480 --> 00:30:36.150 line:15% 
trying to center that understanding of this place

623
00:30:36.150 --> 00:30:37.500 line:15% 
as a guest in this place

624
00:30:37.500 --> 00:30:41.010 line:15% 
is important to how we're trying to approach our research.

625
00:30:41.010 --> 00:30:43.710 line:15% 
If you'd like to know more about this,

626
00:30:43.710 --> 00:30:48.710 line:15% 
one place to start is the papahanaumokuakea.gov website,

627
00:30:49.360 --> 00:30:51.293 line:15% 
which provides some great resources.

628
00:30:52.900 --> 00:30:56.300
And then finally, another view of this place on the earth,

629
00:30:56.300 --> 00:30:59.740
removed with all the labels of what we see on land

630
00:30:59.740 --> 00:31:03.540
so that we can focus our attention to what is underwater.

631
00:31:03.540 --> 00:31:05.810
And again, these underwater mountains.

632
00:31:05.810 --> 00:31:08.270
And as we talked about at the beginning,

633
00:31:08.270 --> 00:31:09.910
only 20% of our seafloor

634
00:31:09.910 --> 00:31:11.990
has been mapped at high resolution.

635
00:31:11.990 --> 00:31:14.140
So, there's probably a lot of these places

636
00:31:14.140 --> 00:31:17.820
that have never been mapped, let alone explored before.

637
00:31:17.820 --> 00:31:21.490
So, this was really something that sparked my imagination

638
00:31:21.490 --> 00:31:24.400
and got me involved with the work that was done

639
00:31:24.400 --> 00:31:26.143
in Papahānaumokuākea.

640
00:31:27.110 --> 00:31:31.990 line:15% 
So, recently again, the exploration vessel Nautilus

641
00:31:31.990 --> 00:31:35.630 line:15% 
did some research in this area back in November

642
00:31:36.520 --> 00:31:41.520 line:15% 
on an expedition with the number, Nautilus Expedition 134

643
00:31:42.080 --> 00:31:45.510 line:15% 
but with a name, Luʻuaeaahikiikapapakū

644
00:31:46.390 --> 00:31:48.780 line:15% 
and I'll come back to that in a minute.

645
00:31:48.780 --> 00:31:50.600 line:15% 
In just a few weeks,

646
00:31:50.600 --> 00:31:52.840 line:15% 
we will be going out again to this area

647
00:31:52.840 --> 00:31:55.330 line:15% 
but to a site that's a little bit further north

648
00:31:55.330 --> 00:31:58.193 line:15% 
to visit another string of underwater mountains.

649
00:32:00.163 --> 00:32:05.163 line:15% 
And talk to that about that in just a moment.

650
00:32:05.980 --> 00:32:08.520 line:15% 
So, this expedition we went on in November,

651
00:32:08.520 --> 00:32:12.070 line:15% 
Lu'u aea ahiki i ka papakū.

652
00:32:12.070 --> 00:32:15.180 line:15% 
Again, a name to help us understand

653
00:32:15.180 --> 00:32:17.000 line:15% 
what we're doing as part of this expedition.

654
00:32:17.000 --> 00:32:18.580 line:15% 
And I'd like to thank

655
00:32:18.580 --> 00:32:21.350 line:15% 
the Native Hawaiian Cultural Working Group

656
00:32:21.350 --> 00:32:23.170 line:15% 
of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs,

657
00:32:23.170 --> 00:32:25.800 line:15% 
who worked with Ocean Exploration Trust

658
00:32:25.800 --> 00:32:27.360 line:15% 
to develop a series of names

659
00:32:27.360 --> 00:32:29.790 line:15% 
for the work that's happening in this space

660
00:32:29.790 --> 00:32:31.800 line:15% 
and using the name to represent

661
00:32:31.800 --> 00:32:35.590 line:15% 
the actions that are happening as part of these expeditions

662
00:32:35.590 --> 00:32:38.340 line:15% 
that we're diving and coming up

663
00:32:38.340 --> 00:32:40.190 line:15% 
until we arrive at the seafloor

664
00:32:40.190 --> 00:32:42.190 line:15% 
and that's what's conveyed in this name.

665
00:32:44.380 --> 00:32:45.820
I'd also like to acknowledge,

666
00:32:45.820 --> 00:32:48.050
that as part of our work in this place

667
00:32:48.050 --> 00:32:49.950
with Ocean Exploration Trust,

668
00:32:49.950 --> 00:32:54.950
that we also wanted to honor the observation of protocol

669
00:32:55.000 --> 00:32:57.720
as part of native Hawaiian indigenous culture.

670
00:32:57.720 --> 00:33:01.294
So, asking permission

671
00:33:01.294 --> 00:33:04.560
and also releasing ourself from the work

672
00:33:04.560 --> 00:33:07.672
and trying to center our understanding of what we're doing

673
00:33:07.672 --> 00:33:09.300
in that mindset.

674
00:33:09.300 --> 00:33:10.530
And so, again,

675
00:33:10.530 --> 00:33:13.660
a thank you to the Native Hawaiian Cultural Working Group

676
00:33:13.660 --> 00:33:14.900
and their advisors

677
00:33:14.900 --> 00:33:18.890
for sharing advice with Ocean Exploration Trust

678
00:33:18.890 --> 00:33:21.663
about how to work in this space with honor and respect.

679
00:33:23.290 --> 00:33:25.647
So, on this expedition, what did we do?

680
00:33:25.647 --> 00:33:29.160
The expedition that I was on in November,

681
00:33:29.160 --> 00:33:32.280
we visited a series of seamounts in the southern part

682
00:33:32.280 --> 00:33:35.253
of the Papahānaumokuākea National Monument.

683
00:33:36.200 --> 00:33:38.530
And so, you can see some of those seamounts here

684
00:33:38.530 --> 00:33:39.700
and you can see that some of them

685
00:33:39.700 --> 00:33:41.870
are in higher definition than others.

686
00:33:41.870 --> 00:33:46.180
That's representing the mapping data

687
00:33:46.180 --> 00:33:48.030
that we had before we went out there.

688
00:33:48.950 --> 00:33:51.199
And you can see in the right hand image,

689
00:33:51.199 --> 00:33:55.510
a 3D view of what it might look like

690
00:33:55.510 --> 00:33:58.050
to see the ROV going down to the seafloor

691
00:33:58.050 --> 00:34:00.170
and exploring some of these seamounts.

692
00:34:00.170 --> 00:34:02.700
So, each of these little whites strings that you see

693
00:34:02.700 --> 00:34:04.670
is the track of the robot

694
00:34:04.670 --> 00:34:06.710
that we sent down from the surface,

695
00:34:06.710 --> 00:34:08.720
down to the side of the seamount,

696
00:34:08.720 --> 00:34:09.710
we moved along part of the seamount

697
00:34:09.710 --> 00:34:11.740
and then we came back up.

698
00:34:11.740 --> 00:34:13.040
So, in this image,

699
00:34:13.040 --> 00:34:17.200
you see five different dives that our robot did

700
00:34:17.200 --> 00:34:19.080
and how much of these underwater mountains

701
00:34:19.080 --> 00:34:21.180
we were able to explore on any given dive.

702
00:34:22.080 --> 00:34:25.470
So again, thinking about that 20% has only been mapped

703
00:34:25.470 --> 00:34:27.700
we've seen even far less

704
00:34:27.700 --> 00:34:29.860
because it takes a while to get down there

705
00:34:29.860 --> 00:34:31.747
and to move on the seafloor.

706
00:34:33.053 --> 00:34:34.160
And this is what we saw.

707
00:34:34.160 --> 00:34:35.750
So again, this is an image

708
00:34:35.750 --> 00:34:39.270
that was collected on that November expedition,

709
00:34:39.270 --> 00:34:44.270
where the ROV Hercules is seen here from of the ROV Argus

710
00:34:44.870 --> 00:34:47.830
and you're seeing these white features on the seafloor.

711
00:34:47.830 --> 00:34:49.993
Those are polyopogon sponges.

712
00:34:51.170 --> 00:34:52.510
For context,

713
00:34:52.510 --> 00:34:55.440
that little underwater robot

714
00:34:55.440 --> 00:34:58.500
is about the size of a small SUV. (chuckles)

715
00:34:58.500 --> 00:35:02.270
And so, imagine how big that sponge is

716
00:35:02.270 --> 00:35:03.663
in relation to that robot.

717
00:35:05.840 --> 00:35:08.410
We also saw, so again,

718
00:35:08.410 --> 00:35:10.590
here's another image of some of those deep sea sponges,

719
00:35:10.590 --> 00:35:13.970
as well as a variety of the deep sea corals that we found,

720
00:35:13.970 --> 00:35:16.420
all kinds of fascinating animals.

721
00:35:16.420 --> 00:35:17.920
I am not an animal scientist,

722
00:35:17.920 --> 00:35:20.210
so I'm gonna switch gears a little bit here

723
00:35:20.210 --> 00:35:23.260
and focus on what else is in this image.

724
00:35:23.260 --> 00:35:24.830
Rocks.

725
00:35:24.830 --> 00:35:27.760
I am really interested in what's happening in the rocks

726
00:35:27.760 --> 00:35:29.133
in these images.

727
00:35:30.480 --> 00:35:32.130
So, if we were to pick up a rock,

728
00:35:33.000 --> 00:35:35.660
why is anybody interested in a rock? (chuckles)

729
00:35:35.660 --> 00:35:39.803
What I see when I look at these rocks, is microscopic life.

730
00:35:40.860 --> 00:35:42.430
And so, here's two different pictures.

731
00:35:42.430 --> 00:35:44.380
One was collected on that recent expedition,

732
00:35:44.380 --> 00:35:45.720
in the lower right hand corner

733
00:35:45.720 --> 00:35:47.440
of one of the rocks that we picked up.

734
00:35:47.440 --> 00:35:49.798
I'm also showing you a an older image of a rock

735
00:35:49.798 --> 00:35:53.220
that was picked up from the seamount,

736
00:35:53.220 --> 00:35:55.540
the underwater volcano (chuckles)

737
00:35:55.540 --> 00:35:59.930
that is off the southeast coast of the Island of Hawai'i,

738
00:35:59.930 --> 00:36:01.970
formally known as Lo'ihi Seamount.

739
00:36:01.970 --> 00:36:03.470
And I like to use this image

740
00:36:03.470 --> 00:36:07.360
because you can actually see the features of microbes

741
00:36:07.360 --> 00:36:12.330
that are able to use iron and oxygen to get energy

742
00:36:12.330 --> 00:36:16.580
and they precipitate rust as a byproduct of their reactions

743
00:36:16.580 --> 00:36:20.693
and those form really interesting structures.

744
00:36:22.810 --> 00:36:25.180
So, some of you might have gotten grossed out

745
00:36:25.180 --> 00:36:27.580
when you heard me say microbes and that I study microbes

746
00:36:27.580 --> 00:36:31.670
because we often associate those words, "Microbes,"

747
00:36:31.670 --> 00:36:34.453
with things that make us sick, right?

748
00:36:35.580 --> 00:36:38.380
So, what do I mean when I say microbes?

749
00:36:38.380 --> 00:36:41.250
Well first, let's think of all the beneficial things

750
00:36:41.250 --> 00:36:42.930
that microbes provide to us.

751
00:36:42.930 --> 00:36:45.850
And I'd like to start with food, right?

752
00:36:45.850 --> 00:36:48.170
So, microbes are really important

753
00:36:48.170 --> 00:36:50.660
for making some of the delicious things that we like to eat,

754
00:36:50.660 --> 00:36:52.810
like fermented vegetables,

755
00:36:52.810 --> 00:36:56.850
yogurt, beer, microbes are really important, right?

756
00:36:56.850 --> 00:36:59.313
That they have this ability to ferment,

757
00:37:00.750 --> 00:37:03.180
which creates these lovely things for us to eat.

758
00:37:03.180 --> 00:37:04.240
So, not all microbes are bad.

759
00:37:04.240 --> 00:37:06.190
There's a lot of really great microbes.

760
00:37:07.180 --> 00:37:08.980
And really the word, "Microbe,"

761
00:37:08.980 --> 00:37:10.920
is really an operational definition.

762
00:37:10.920 --> 00:37:12.950
It just means that something is really small

763
00:37:12.950 --> 00:37:15.160
and you need a microscope to see it.

764
00:37:15.160 --> 00:37:18.280
And it can actually represent a large variety of life.

765
00:37:18.280 --> 00:37:21.740
So, bacteria is often used to mean microbes

766
00:37:21.740 --> 00:37:24.170
but there's actually a whole domains of life

767
00:37:24.170 --> 00:37:28.880
that are also microscopic, including microscopic fungi,

768
00:37:28.880 --> 00:37:31.913
viruses, another domain of life called Archaea.

769
00:37:32.760 --> 00:37:35.020
So, all of those are interesting to me

770
00:37:35.020 --> 00:37:39.120
and I like thinking about them in how small they are

771
00:37:39.120 --> 00:37:43.350
but how powerful they are and that's because some microbes

772
00:37:43.350 --> 00:37:46.000
can perform amazing chemistry.

773
00:37:46.000 --> 00:37:47.740
And I know this table is boring

774
00:37:48.790 --> 00:37:50.243
but what I wanna convey here

775
00:37:50.243 --> 00:37:53.430
is that there's a variety of different chemical reactions

776
00:37:53.430 --> 00:37:58.350
that microbes can perform as compared to us, right?

777
00:37:58.350 --> 00:38:00.910
We eat carbon and we breathe oxygen

778
00:38:00.910 --> 00:38:02.440
to that burn that carbon.

779
00:38:02.440 --> 00:38:05.250
Microbes can eat all kinds of carbon

780
00:38:05.250 --> 00:38:09.070
and they can breathe all kinds of things besides oxygen.

781
00:38:09.070 --> 00:38:10.210
Of course, they don't have lungs,

782
00:38:10.210 --> 00:38:13.210
they're not really breathing but hopefully you get my point.

783
00:38:15.249 --> 00:38:18.110
So, I like to think about what are the microbes doing

784
00:38:18.110 --> 00:38:19.410
in the deep sea

785
00:38:19.410 --> 00:38:23.170
and how is the chemistry that they're involved in

786
00:38:23.170 --> 00:38:26.620
providing benefit to the ecosystems.

787
00:38:26.620 --> 00:38:28.550
And so, using a framework

788
00:38:28.550 --> 00:38:32.210
that was developed maybe 20 years ago or so

789
00:38:32.210 --> 00:38:34.010
in thinking about ecosystems

790
00:38:34.010 --> 00:38:38.113
and the services that those ecosystems provide to humans.

791
00:38:38.990 --> 00:38:42.840
You can break services down into three different categories

792
00:38:42.840 --> 00:38:47.520
or more, provisioning services, supporting services,

793
00:38:47.520 --> 00:38:49.770
regulating services.

794
00:38:49.770 --> 00:38:51.870
And some of the specific types of things

795
00:38:51.870 --> 00:38:53.850
that microbes might do,

796
00:38:53.850 --> 00:38:54.890
are listed in those.

797
00:38:54.890 --> 00:38:56.540
So, I'm gonna give you some examples, right?

798
00:38:56.540 --> 00:38:58.720
'Cause that may not make any sense.

799
00:38:58.720 --> 00:38:59.880
And in the picture here,

800
00:38:59.880 --> 00:39:01.820
I'm showing you one of those examples

801
00:39:01.820 --> 00:39:05.300
where microbes can take carbon dioxide

802
00:39:05.300 --> 00:39:10.030
out of the environment and convert it into organic matter.

803
00:39:10.030 --> 00:39:12.890
So, that's a very similar process to photosynthesis, right?

804
00:39:12.890 --> 00:39:15.360
Where plants are using energy from the sun

805
00:39:15.360 --> 00:39:18.860
to convert carbon dioxide into plant material.

806
00:39:18.860 --> 00:39:20.617
There's microbes that can do that

807
00:39:20.617 --> 00:39:22.510
but they're not using sun energy,

808
00:39:22.510 --> 00:39:24.500
they're using chemical energy.

809
00:39:24.500 --> 00:39:27.360
And that process is called Primary Production.

810
00:39:27.360 --> 00:39:29.300
So, here's another way to think of that,

811
00:39:29.300 --> 00:39:31.190
microbes taking carbon dioxide,

812
00:39:31.190 --> 00:39:33.020
turning it into organic carbon.

813
00:39:33.020 --> 00:39:36.360
Maybe you've heard of this referred to as chemosynthesis.

814
00:39:36.360 --> 00:39:39.100
So, that's one service that microbes might be providing.

815
00:39:39.100 --> 00:39:42.763
They might be making food for other organisms to eat.

816
00:39:43.810 --> 00:39:47.200
They might also be transforming a larger,

817
00:39:47.200 --> 00:39:49.120
more complex organic carbon

818
00:39:49.120 --> 00:39:51.560
into simpler carbon that other organisms can eat.

819
00:39:51.560 --> 00:39:53.170
So, maybe they're breaking down proteins

820
00:39:53.170 --> 00:39:55.420
and turning them into amino acids, for example,

821
00:39:55.420 --> 00:39:58.500
that's another service that they may providing.

822
00:39:58.500 --> 00:40:01.220
Microbes are also incredibly diverse

823
00:40:01.220 --> 00:40:03.550
and have really crazy genomes.

824
00:40:03.550 --> 00:40:06.660
And there is interest by some,

825
00:40:06.660 --> 00:40:10.300
in exploring the genetic novelty

826
00:40:10.300 --> 00:40:12.340
of some of these deep sea microbes

827
00:40:12.340 --> 00:40:14.350
because some of the genes that they have

828
00:40:14.350 --> 00:40:17.390
might lead to the production of novel antibiotics,

829
00:40:17.390 --> 00:40:19.640
novel anti-cancer compounds,

830
00:40:19.640 --> 00:40:22.180
things that we might use in cosmetics, et cetera,

831
00:40:22.180 --> 00:40:25.720
and all those things are considered genetic resources.

832
00:40:25.720 --> 00:40:28.200
So, those are just a couple examples

833
00:40:28.200 --> 00:40:30.760
of types of services that microbes might provide

834
00:40:30.760 --> 00:40:34.440
in the deep sea but what I wanna leave here with

835
00:40:34.440 --> 00:40:36.490
is that for most of these,

836
00:40:36.490 --> 00:40:38.910
we actually have very little data

837
00:40:38.910 --> 00:40:42.240
to quantify the magnitude of these services.

838
00:40:42.240 --> 00:40:43.760
And that's really important

839
00:40:43.760 --> 00:40:46.640
because if we want to value them in some way

840
00:40:46.640 --> 00:40:49.210
and understand what their worth to us

841
00:40:50.330 --> 00:40:52.470
in this ecosystem service framework,

842
00:40:52.470 --> 00:40:54.420
we need that kind of data.

843
00:40:54.420 --> 00:40:58.100
And so, that's some of the work that my team does at Bigelow

844
00:40:58.100 --> 00:41:00.580
and my collaborators, that I'm fortunate to work with.

845
00:41:00.580 --> 00:41:02.040
We go out, we get these samples,

846
00:41:02.040 --> 00:41:03.360
we look for the microbes on 'em

847
00:41:03.360 --> 00:41:05.850
and the questions we're asking are, who are they?

848
00:41:05.850 --> 00:41:09.210
And what's their diversity like?

849
00:41:09.210 --> 00:41:10.043
What do they do?

850
00:41:10.043 --> 00:41:10.876
What can they do?

851
00:41:10.876 --> 00:41:12.080
And how fast are they doing those things?

852
00:41:12.080 --> 00:41:13.450
How much are they doing those things?

853
00:41:13.450 --> 00:41:15.173
How much are they fixing carbon?

854
00:41:16.320 --> 00:41:17.800
Things like that.

855
00:41:17.800 --> 00:41:22.500
And so, as part of these expeditions to Papahānaumokuākea,

856
00:41:22.500 --> 00:41:25.500
we would see all these different seafloor environments

857
00:41:25.500 --> 00:41:28.200
and the different types of rocks that were down there.

858
00:41:28.200 --> 00:41:31.210
Here's one type of rock feature

859
00:41:31.210 --> 00:41:34.760
that you can really see how these environments

860
00:41:34.760 --> 00:41:36.620
are ancient volcanoes.

861
00:41:36.620 --> 00:41:39.050
This is a like lava tube that you might see

862
00:41:39.050 --> 00:41:41.970
if you were looking at a volcano on land.

863
00:41:41.970 --> 00:41:44.950
So, we might collect rocks from an environment like this.

864
00:41:44.950 --> 00:41:46.700
We might see other types of rocks

865
00:41:46.700 --> 00:41:48.880
on the seafloor at these seamounts,

866
00:41:48.880 --> 00:41:52.530
including both the original rocks of the seamount

867
00:41:52.530 --> 00:41:54.180
that are crusty looking.

868
00:41:54.180 --> 00:41:57.630
They've got a coating of alteration minerals on them

869
00:41:57.630 --> 00:42:01.930
but you also see these little nodules on the seafloor.

870
00:42:01.930 --> 00:42:03.780
These are called ferromanganese nodules

871
00:42:03.780 --> 00:42:07.747
and they form precipitation (inaudible) on smaller features.

872
00:42:12.920 --> 00:42:15.920
So, we would take all kinds of samples of these rocks

873
00:42:15.920 --> 00:42:17.630
as part of the expedition.

874
00:42:17.630 --> 00:42:21.500
And my job was to take sub-samples of these rocks

875
00:42:21.500 --> 00:42:23.310
so that I could try to study the microbes.

876
00:42:23.310 --> 00:42:25.210
So, here's a picture of me on the ship

877
00:42:27.350 --> 00:42:29.840
trying to gently break one of these rocks (chuckles)

878
00:42:29.840 --> 00:42:32.530
and then dividing it up for all the different experiments

879
00:42:32.530 --> 00:42:33.460
that I wanna do.

880
00:42:33.460 --> 00:42:36.130
So, bring these back to my lab and again,

881
00:42:36.130 --> 00:42:38.980
the things that I'm trying to measure are things like,

882
00:42:38.980 --> 00:42:41.210
how much food are these microbes making

883
00:42:41.210 --> 00:42:42.260
through primary production?

884
00:42:42.260 --> 00:42:46.320
What is their biodiversity and their genetic resources

885
00:42:46.320 --> 00:42:48.970
and how are they involved in nutrient and metal cycling?

886
00:42:48.970 --> 00:42:51.470
Those are some of the main questions that I'm trying to ask

887
00:42:51.470 --> 00:42:53.170
with the research that I wanna do.

888
00:42:54.130 --> 00:42:57.480
So, time for more audience participation,

889
00:42:57.480 --> 00:42:59.690
here is our third poll question.

890
00:42:59.690 --> 00:43:02.590
Malia, can you please put up the poll?

891
00:43:02.590 --> 00:43:04.830
<v Malia Evans>I surely will.</v>

892
00:43:04.830 --> 00:43:05.700
Okay, folks.

893
00:43:05.700 --> 00:43:10.700
So, how many microbes are in a teaspoon of deep seawater?

894
00:43:10.780 --> 00:43:15.667
And your choices are 1 million, 1,000 or 100.

895
00:43:16.530 --> 00:43:19.140
So, go ahead and register your answer.

896
00:43:19.140 --> 00:43:21.200
And these are fascinating,

897
00:43:21.200 --> 00:43:22.880
I didn't know much about microbes

898
00:43:22.880 --> 00:43:25.400
but I am learning so much.

899
00:43:25.400 --> 00:43:26.890
<v ->Great.</v>
<v Malia Evans>All right.</v>

900
00:43:26.890 --> 00:43:28.450
So, about 70...

901
00:43:28.450 --> 00:43:31.490
Okay, we've got about 75% of you have voted.

902
00:43:31.490 --> 00:43:35.500
I'm gonna close out the poll in three,

903
00:43:35.500 --> 00:43:36.570
two

904
00:43:36.570 --> 00:43:37.850
and one

905
00:43:37.850 --> 00:43:40.313
and let's get those results for you, Beth.

906
00:43:43.130 --> 00:43:43.990
All righty.

907
00:43:43.990 --> 00:43:48.230
So, 78% chose 1 million.

908
00:43:48.230 --> 00:43:51.200
21% chose 1,000.

909
00:43:51.200 --> 00:43:54.620
And 2% chose 100.

910
00:43:54.620 --> 00:43:58.080
So, what is the correct answer?

911
00:43:58.080 --> 00:44:01.424
<v ->This is a little bit of a trick question.</v>

912
00:44:01.424 --> 00:44:06.424
So, it really depends on where in the deep sea you are,

913
00:44:06.600 --> 00:44:10.340
a lot of deep seawater is probably closer to answer B,

914
00:44:10.340 --> 00:44:11.173
of 1,000.

915
00:44:11.173 --> 00:44:13.760
So, between 1 to 10,000,

916
00:44:13.760 --> 00:44:15.370
it's a ballpark number

917
00:44:15.370 --> 00:44:19.940
of how many different microbe cells

918
00:44:19.940 --> 00:44:22.290
would be in deep seawater.

919
00:44:22.290 --> 00:44:24.360
But if you're around a hydrothermal vent system,

920
00:44:24.360 --> 00:44:25.400
where there's more energy,

921
00:44:25.400 --> 00:44:29.150
maybe you're getting closer to a million.

922
00:44:29.150 --> 00:44:30.420
So, there's not one right answer

923
00:44:30.420 --> 00:44:32.420
but I wanted to leave you with the idea

924
00:44:32.420 --> 00:44:33.700
that there's a lot of microbes

925
00:44:33.700 --> 00:44:36.540
in even a small amount of material.

926
00:44:36.540 --> 00:44:37.920
And so, if we, again,

927
00:44:37.920 --> 00:44:39.750
if we wanna understand life in the deep sea,

928
00:44:39.750 --> 00:44:42.050
we need to be thinking about the microbes

929
00:44:42.050 --> 00:44:45.283
and their diversity and what they bring to these systems.

930
00:44:46.800 --> 00:44:49.220
So, I wanna switch gears here a little bit

931
00:44:49.220 --> 00:44:52.350
and talk about what might be happening in the future

932
00:44:52.350 --> 00:44:53.183
of the deep sea.

933
00:44:53.183 --> 00:44:55.210
So, coming back to this cartoon,

934
00:44:55.210 --> 00:44:56.740
one of the things you might have noticed

935
00:44:56.740 --> 00:44:57.920
on the right hand side

936
00:44:57.920 --> 00:45:02.920
are these this little vessel in the top right bubble

937
00:45:04.400 --> 00:45:05.640
and it's connection

938
00:45:05.640 --> 00:45:07.870
to what's called a mining support vessel.

939
00:45:07.870 --> 00:45:09.900
And I wanna talk to you a little bit

940
00:45:09.900 --> 00:45:13.913
about this emerging potential industry of deep sea mining.

941
00:45:15.000 --> 00:45:19.317
And here's a cartoon view of what this might look like.

942
00:45:21.600 --> 00:45:24.770
You might have a vehicle that goes along the seafloor

943
00:45:24.770 --> 00:45:27.290
and tries to collect some of these rock materials

944
00:45:27.290 --> 00:45:28.580
and bring them up to the surface.

945
00:45:28.580 --> 00:45:30.330
And this is very much a stylized view,

946
00:45:30.330 --> 00:45:32.730
you're not seeing a sediment plume that might be generated.

947
00:45:32.730 --> 00:45:34.330
You're not seeing a lot of animals.

948
00:45:34.330 --> 00:45:36.830
This is a a prototype idea

949
00:45:36.830 --> 00:45:39.077
of what a machine would look like.

950
00:45:39.077 --> 00:45:40.610
And when I was a student

951
00:45:40.610 --> 00:45:42.120
and I won't tell you how long ago that was

952
00:45:42.120 --> 00:45:43.523
but it wasn't that long ago,

953
00:45:44.580 --> 00:45:48.356
this idea was like sci-fi, this isn't gonna happen.

954
00:45:48.356 --> 00:45:53.070
There's not really economic interest in doing this

955
00:45:53.070 --> 00:45:56.800
but that situation has changed because these rocks

956
00:45:56.800 --> 00:45:57.633
and you might ask yourself,

957
00:45:57.633 --> 00:46:00.830
why does anybody want to vacuum rocks off the seafloor?

958
00:46:00.830 --> 00:46:03.113
And that's because rocks contain metals.

959
00:46:05.232 --> 00:46:08.550
And metals and other critical minerals

960
00:46:09.720 --> 00:46:11.720
that are in concentrations

961
00:46:11.720 --> 00:46:14.603
that make them potentially economically valuable.

962
00:46:16.180 --> 00:46:17.900
And why is that?

963
00:46:17.900 --> 00:46:22.270
And that's because we, as people on land,

964
00:46:22.270 --> 00:46:25.520
need more and more of these metals and critical minerals

965
00:46:25.520 --> 00:46:29.913
for some of the new technologies that we have embraced.

966
00:46:31.110 --> 00:46:33.663
Solar panels, windmills,

967
00:46:34.540 --> 00:46:37.540
all kinds of things that run on lithium ion batteries.

968
00:46:37.540 --> 00:46:40.300
Cars, electric vehicles, right?

969
00:46:40.300 --> 00:46:41.610
A lot of these things

970
00:46:41.610 --> 00:46:44.440
that we need to get ourself off of fossil fuels,

971
00:46:44.440 --> 00:46:46.020
they take a lot of metals.

972
00:46:46.020 --> 00:46:48.020
And so, there's been increasing demand

973
00:46:48.020 --> 00:46:50.870
for critical minerals.

974
00:46:50.870 --> 00:46:52.620
And that's just one reason,

975
00:46:52.620 --> 00:46:54.360
there's all kinds of technologies

976
00:46:54.360 --> 00:46:56.010
and all kinds of material science

977
00:46:56.010 --> 00:47:00.480
that use these rare metals, critical metals.

978
00:47:00.480 --> 00:47:02.460
And so, it's driving an interest

979
00:47:02.460 --> 00:47:05.460
and maybe even trying to get these metals from the seafloor.

980
00:47:06.620 --> 00:47:10.560
This is a map, a stylized map,

981
00:47:10.560 --> 00:47:14.260
of the three different types of metal resources,

982
00:47:14.260 --> 00:47:15.940
if you want to give it that name,

983
00:47:15.940 --> 00:47:20.340
that might be in a high enough concentration

984
00:47:20.340 --> 00:47:22.770
to make them economically interesting.

985
00:47:22.770 --> 00:47:26.053
So, there's three different types of, (inaudible) resources

986
00:47:28.280 --> 00:47:29.113
I showed you some examples of that.

987
00:47:29.113 --> 00:47:32.193
They're in shown blue, darker blue in this map,

988
00:47:33.280 --> 00:47:36.840
the metals that precipitate from hydrothermal vent systems,

989
00:47:36.840 --> 00:47:38.750
those are indicated with the yellow dots

990
00:47:38.750 --> 00:47:42.520
and those string along those mid-ocean ridge features.

991
00:47:42.520 --> 00:47:45.100
And then another type of environment

992
00:47:45.100 --> 00:47:47.600
that is often associated with seamounts,

993
00:47:47.600 --> 00:47:50.350
where the crusts that form on those rocks

994
00:47:50.350 --> 00:47:52.100
over very long periods of time,

995
00:47:52.100 --> 00:47:55.860
can precipitate out lots of metals and critical minerals.

996
00:47:55.860 --> 00:47:58.483
Sometimes they're referred to as cobalt rich crusts.

997
00:47:59.750 --> 00:48:01.440
And so, you can see that these resources

998
00:48:01.440 --> 00:48:04.860
are not evenly distributed around the seafloor

999
00:48:04.860 --> 00:48:06.500
and that some of them are thought

1000
00:48:06.500 --> 00:48:10.960
to maybe be in relatively high concentration

1001
00:48:10.960 --> 00:48:13.880
around Hawai'i and the Papahānaumokuākea

1002
00:48:13.880 --> 00:48:15.770
which would be just to the left of that area

1003
00:48:15.770 --> 00:48:20.590
that's circled with the dotted line

1004
00:48:20.590 --> 00:48:22.420
called Clarion Clipperton Zone.

1005
00:48:22.420 --> 00:48:24.780
And the area that's circled there,

1006
00:48:24.780 --> 00:48:27.630
is one of the areas that's received the most attention

1007
00:48:27.630 --> 00:48:31.190
in international waters for potential deep sea mining.

1008
00:48:31.190 --> 00:48:32.950
And so, this interest

1009
00:48:32.950 --> 00:48:36.290
in potentially mining these resources from the seafloor

1010
00:48:36.290 --> 00:48:38.550
has spurred quite a lot of research lately

1011
00:48:38.550 --> 00:48:42.230
to try to understand what are these ecosystems like?

1012
00:48:42.230 --> 00:48:44.270
What are these habitats that might be impacted

1013
00:48:44.270 --> 00:48:45.343
by deep sea mining?

1014
00:48:46.702 --> 00:48:50.550
And so, I'm showing you here a few images of animals

1015
00:48:50.550 --> 00:48:52.020
that been have documented,

1016
00:48:52.020 --> 00:48:56.880
associated with some of these deep sea resources,

1017
00:48:56.880 --> 00:48:58.050
mineral resources.

1018
00:48:58.050 --> 00:49:01.410
And one of the points to emphasize in this study

1019
00:49:01.410 --> 00:49:06.020
was that many of these animals were found either exclusively

1020
00:49:06.020 --> 00:49:08.310
or predominantly in association

1021
00:49:08.310 --> 00:49:11.300
with the hard substrate of those rocks.

1022
00:49:11.300 --> 00:49:14.943
They didn't seem to also be in the surrounding sediment.

1023
00:49:16.041 --> 00:49:18.310
And so, that's something important to consider,

1024
00:49:18.310 --> 00:49:20.360
is that if we were to remove these rocks,

1025
00:49:20.360 --> 00:49:24.530
we might remove the places for these animals to live on.

1026
00:49:24.530 --> 00:49:28.120
And there have been a few studies to actually try to examine

1027
00:49:28.120 --> 00:49:30.524
what happens if you were remove those rocks,

1028
00:49:30.524 --> 00:49:32.803
do the ecosystems recover?

1029
00:49:33.940 --> 00:49:37.560
And so, this is another study or similar study

1030
00:49:37.560 --> 00:49:42.480
where an environment had been experimentally mined

1031
00:49:43.350 --> 00:49:46.030
and then revisited 35 years later.

1032
00:49:46.030 --> 00:49:47.780
And so, in the top left hand corner,

1033
00:49:47.780 --> 00:49:50.860
you can see an image of that part of the seafloor

1034
00:49:50.860 --> 00:49:53.570
that hadn't been impacted but still those rocks.

1035
00:49:53.570 --> 00:49:56.800
And you can also see that big purple thing,

1036
00:49:56.800 --> 00:49:59.280
that's a sea cucumber,

1037
00:49:59.280 --> 00:50:01.250
there's other animals in this image, right?

1038
00:50:01.250 --> 00:50:04.640
So, that's what undisturbed seafloor looks like with rocks.

1039
00:50:04.640 --> 00:50:08.060
In the top right hand corner is undisturbed seafloor.

1040
00:50:08.060 --> 00:50:09.890
It doesn't necessarily have a lot of rocks

1041
00:50:09.890 --> 00:50:12.910
but you can see that there's evidence of animal behavior

1042
00:50:12.910 --> 00:50:16.870
because there's all little trails in the image.

1043
00:50:16.870 --> 00:50:19.530
And if you contrast that to the image on the bottom

1044
00:50:19.530 --> 00:50:22.690
and the area that had been experimentally dredged

1045
00:50:23.624 --> 00:50:28.624
to replicate removal of rocks and disturbance of sediment,

1046
00:50:30.080 --> 00:50:32.400
coming back a couple decades later,

1047
00:50:32.400 --> 00:50:35.760
there was no evidence of recovery of that environment.

1048
00:50:35.760 --> 00:50:39.180
And so, at least in human time scales,

1049
00:50:39.180 --> 00:50:41.180
the environments that might be disturbed

1050
00:50:42.170 --> 00:50:45.770
may stay that way for quite a long time,

1051
00:50:45.770 --> 00:50:47.930
unless there's some kind of intervention

1052
00:50:47.930 --> 00:50:50.194
to try to repopulate those areas.

1053
00:50:50.194 --> 00:50:51.327
And that is very experimental

1054
00:50:51.327 --> 00:50:53.327
and hasn't really been demonstrated yet.

1055
00:50:55.050 --> 00:50:57.270
So, this is just an example,

1056
00:50:57.270 --> 00:51:00.020
there's a lot we still need to know about the deep sea.

1057
00:51:00.980 --> 00:51:05.470
What are the services, how resilient is it to pertubation?

1058
00:51:05.470 --> 00:51:07.870
Are there strategies to monitor this?

1059
00:51:07.870 --> 00:51:09.690
And part, to do that,

1060
00:51:09.690 --> 00:51:12.510
we need more people engaged in this work

1061
00:51:12.510 --> 00:51:14.630
and conversing with stakeholders.

1062
00:51:14.630 --> 00:51:16.420 line:15% 
And so, as Andy mentioned,

1063
00:51:16.420 --> 00:51:20.340 line:15% 
I am the Director of a new research accelerator

1064
00:51:20.340 --> 00:51:23.260 line:15% 
that has a mission to try to accelerate research

1065
00:51:23.260 --> 00:51:27.070 line:15% 
of the deep sea and understand its resilience.

1066
00:51:27.070 --> 00:51:28.850 line:15% 
We've got a lot of different partners,

1067
00:51:28.850 --> 00:51:30.860 line:15% 
I'm not gonna go into those right now

1068
00:51:30.860 --> 00:51:33.020 line:15% 
or what COBRA really does

1069
00:51:33.020 --> 00:51:35.520 line:15% 
but please check out cobra.bigelow.org

1070
00:51:35.520 --> 00:51:38.191 line:15% 
if you're interested in learning more.

1071
00:51:38.191 --> 00:51:41.660
And I wanna end with, what can you do, right?

1072
00:51:41.660 --> 00:51:43.830
You can't necessarily go to the bottom of the ocean.

1073
00:51:43.830 --> 00:51:46.700
Maybe you can, depending on who you are

1074
00:51:46.700 --> 00:51:49.130
but we can all be part of thinking

1075
00:51:49.130 --> 00:51:51.950
about the impacts of deep sea mining.

1076
00:51:51.950 --> 00:51:54.360
And so, I'm not trying to say in this talk

1077
00:51:54.360 --> 00:51:56.650
that we should stop buying electric vehicles

1078
00:51:56.650 --> 00:51:59.200
and all that kind of stuff, that's not what I'm saying.

1079
00:51:59.200 --> 00:52:01.530
We do need to get off fossil fuels

1080
00:52:01.530 --> 00:52:04.410
to prevent an increase in climate change

1081
00:52:04.410 --> 00:52:07.230
but we can be smart as consumers about how we do this.

1082
00:52:07.230 --> 00:52:08.860
And so, one way we can do that

1083
00:52:08.860 --> 00:52:11.340
is to encourage battery recycling

1084
00:52:11.340 --> 00:52:14.840
and other recycling strategies to recapture metals

1085
00:52:14.840 --> 00:52:17.960
that we already have in our products,

1086
00:52:17.960 --> 00:52:20.540
as well as supporting better development of batteries.

1087
00:52:20.540 --> 00:52:24.270
And that's because there's a lot of metals in our landfills

1088
00:52:24.270 --> 00:52:25.350
and in our things.

1089
00:52:25.350 --> 00:52:29.110
And so, if we were better about how we design and we reuse,

1090
00:52:29.110 --> 00:52:31.310
we wouldn't need to go to other places

1091
00:52:31.310 --> 00:52:33.460
and get these metals and critical minerals.

1092
00:52:34.350 --> 00:52:36.050
If you have electronic components,

1093
00:52:36.050 --> 00:52:37.570
please don't throw them away.

1094
00:52:37.570 --> 00:52:40.120
There are ways to recycle them.

1095
00:52:40.120 --> 00:52:42.057
In Maine, grocery stores,

1096
00:52:45.800 --> 00:52:49.760
I've seen bins where you can drop in your old phone,

1097
00:52:49.760 --> 00:52:50.650
things like that.

1098
00:52:50.650 --> 00:52:51.710
That is really important

1099
00:52:51.710 --> 00:52:54.343
for a way to recapture some of these metals.

1100
00:52:55.860 --> 00:52:58.160 line:15% 
If you'd like to know more about these expeditions

1101
00:52:58.160 --> 00:53:00.730 line:15% 
and follow along, go to nautiluslive.org,

1102
00:53:00.730 --> 00:53:03.670 line:15% 
you can follow along with the upcoming expeditions.

1103
00:53:03.670 --> 00:53:05.600 line:15% 
We'll be departing on the...

1104
00:53:05.600 --> 00:53:06.680 line:15% 
Well, they're out right now.

1105
00:53:06.680 --> 00:53:08.670 line:15% 
And you can follow along with what they're doing

1106
00:53:08.670 --> 00:53:12.670 line:15% 
and tune in in April for the next expedition

1107
00:53:12.670 --> 00:53:14.353 line:15% 
to Papahānaumokuākea.

1108
00:53:15.770 --> 00:53:19.830 line:15% 
On this website, there are also lots of other resources.

1109
00:53:19.830 --> 00:53:21.950 line:15% 
And the one I wanna point out to you in the middle

1110
00:53:21.950 --> 00:53:24.770 line:15% 
is the chance to sign up for Ship-to-Shore engagement.

1111
00:53:24.770 --> 00:53:26.530 line:15% 
So, if you're in a classroom,

1112
00:53:26.530 --> 00:53:29.160 line:15% 
a teacher or a community group,

1113
00:53:29.160 --> 00:53:32.040 line:15% 
you can sign up to have scientists and educators

1114
00:53:32.040 --> 00:53:35.720 line:15% 
chat with you live from the ocean as we're exploring.

1115
00:53:35.720 --> 00:53:40.053 line:15% 
So, go to nautilusive.org/education to check that out.

1116
00:53:41.370 --> 00:53:44.080 line:15% 
I want to acknowledge and uplift that one of the things

1117
00:53:44.080 --> 00:53:46.790 line:15% 
that Ocean Exploration Trust is working on

1118
00:53:46.790 --> 00:53:50.290 line:15% 
in tandem with partners in the Cultural Working Group

1119
00:53:50.290 --> 00:53:53.750 line:15% 
and elsewhere is to really try to promote the engagement

1120
00:53:53.750 --> 00:53:58.300 line:15% 
of the deep sea with communities in Hawai'i,

1121
00:53:58.300 --> 00:54:00.960 line:15% 
in 'Ōlelo Hawai'i, in the native language.

1122
00:54:00.960 --> 00:54:03.190 line:15% 
And so, if that's something of interest you,

1123
00:54:03.190 --> 00:54:08.190 line:15% 
there are resources to connect with your classrooms.

1124
00:54:09.330 --> 00:54:11.580 line:15% 
And here's an example of on our expedition,

1125
00:54:11.580 --> 00:54:15.680 line:15% 
Kainalu Stewart connecting with a classroom.

1126
00:54:15.680 --> 00:54:18.970
There's also resources on the Nautilus Live website

1127
00:54:18.970 --> 00:54:21.313
about trying to build this engagement,

1128
00:54:22.390 --> 00:54:24.767
thinking about the terminology in the deep sea

1129
00:54:24.767 --> 00:54:27.820
and how we connect that to the Hawaiian language

1130
00:54:27.820 --> 00:54:29.870
and its importance for what we're doing.

1131
00:54:31.420 --> 00:54:33.063 line:15% 
So, there are resources there,

1132
00:54:33.900 --> 00:54:36.100 line:15% 
there's more at deep ocean education.

1133
00:54:36.100 --> 00:54:37.440 line:15% 
I realize I'm running short on time,

1134
00:54:37.440 --> 00:54:39.900 line:15% 
so I'm going through this quick., I apologize.

1135
00:54:39.900 --> 00:54:42.800 line:15% 
Lots of great videos, photos,

1136
00:54:42.800 --> 00:54:45.283 line:15% 
classroom activities that you can check out.

1137
00:54:46.730 --> 00:54:47.580
And then finally,

1138
00:54:47.580 --> 00:54:49.700
I'll end with a little promo

1139
00:54:49.700 --> 00:54:52.610
for an event happening here in Maine soon.

1140
00:54:52.610 --> 00:54:57.050
A colleague of mine is developing paintings

1141
00:54:57.050 --> 00:54:58.612
inspired by the deep sea

1142
00:54:58.612 --> 00:55:03.500
and they'll be presenting those coming up very soon.

1143
00:55:03.500 --> 00:55:06.480
And I will be giving a presentation about the deep sea

1144
00:55:06.480 --> 00:55:10.610
and its connection to art in May,

1145
00:55:10.610 --> 00:55:12.350
so please come check that out.

1146
00:55:12.350 --> 00:55:13.890
And with that, I will end

1147
00:55:13.890 --> 00:55:15.690
and I'd be happy to take any questions.

1148
00:55:15.690 --> 00:55:18.713
Thank you so much, mahalo for being here.

1149
00:55:20.130 --> 00:55:21.180
<v ->Yeah, mahalo Beth.</v>

1150
00:55:21.180 --> 00:55:23.822
That was a fascinating, fascinating talk.

1151
00:55:23.822 --> 00:55:27.580
We do have time for maybe one or two questions

1152
00:55:27.580 --> 00:55:31.260
and there are a few that center around the same topic.

1153
00:55:31.260 --> 00:55:34.070
So, I'll ask one and then Justin will grab the next one

1154
00:55:34.070 --> 00:55:36.540
but how did you get started in this career

1155
00:55:36.540 --> 00:55:37.953
and why microbes?

1156
00:55:39.640 --> 00:55:41.203
<v ->Yeah, thank you for that.</v>

1157
00:55:42.395 --> 00:55:44.620
When I was in school,

1158
00:55:44.620 --> 00:55:48.980
one of the subjects I found interesting was chemistry

1159
00:55:48.980 --> 00:55:50.820
and I went to school to study chemistry

1160
00:55:50.820 --> 00:55:54.590
and I was so lucky as a freshman to get invited,

1161
00:55:54.590 --> 00:55:57.600
to do some work in a marine chemistry lab.

1162
00:55:57.600 --> 00:55:58.920
Was my first exposure

1163
00:55:58.920 --> 00:56:01.510
to the idea that there's microbes in the environment

1164
00:56:01.510 --> 00:56:03.320
and microbes do all this cool chemistry

1165
00:56:03.320 --> 00:56:07.610
and I got to go to sea as part of my studies,

1166
00:56:07.610 --> 00:56:10.220
I was just like, you can do this as a job?

1167
00:56:10.220 --> 00:56:12.320
I am doing this is a job.

1168
00:56:12.320 --> 00:56:14.920
And so, it was really luck

1169
00:56:14.920 --> 00:56:17.260
that I got some of these research opportunities

1170
00:56:17.260 --> 00:56:18.650
and that's why I'm so excited

1171
00:56:18.650 --> 00:56:21.713
about trying to make opportunities for other students.

1172
00:56:22.740 --> 00:56:24.810
So, it was not something I thought I would do

1173
00:56:24.810 --> 00:56:28.322
as a young girl but it's what I'm doing now. (Andy chuckles)

1174
00:56:28.322 --> 00:56:29.370
<v ->Yeah, that's the best part.</v>

1175
00:56:29.370 --> 00:56:32.030
Justin, we got one more question.

1176
00:56:32.030 --> 00:56:32.863
<v Justin Umholtz>Sure.</v>

1177
00:56:32.863 --> 00:56:33.810
Well, I'll do the follow up to that,

1178
00:56:33.810 --> 00:56:37.080
how did you specifically get on board the Nautilus

1179
00:56:37.080 --> 00:56:38.950
to conduct research?

1180
00:56:38.950 --> 00:56:41.483
<v ->Yeah, thank you for that question.</v>

1181
00:56:42.540 --> 00:56:44.470
Again, a little bit of luck.

1182
00:56:44.470 --> 00:56:46.760
I was invited to a meeting

1183
00:56:48.292 --> 00:56:51.720
to think about where should we prioritize,

1184
00:56:51.720 --> 00:56:53.600
trying to map the seafloor.

1185
00:56:53.600 --> 00:56:58.500
And through that, I realized that the Monument

1186
00:56:58.500 --> 00:57:01.550
wanted to work with Ocean Exploration Trust

1187
00:57:01.550 --> 00:57:03.770
to understand the animals and the ecosystem system

1188
00:57:03.770 --> 00:57:04.800
and other scientists

1189
00:57:04.800 --> 00:57:07.370
interested in the ages of the seamounts.

1190
00:57:07.370 --> 00:57:08.827
And so, I emailed them and said,

1191
00:57:08.827 --> 00:57:11.010
"Hey, I am interested in microbes.

1192
00:57:11.010 --> 00:57:13.260
Can I maybe partner with you?"

1193
00:57:13.260 --> 00:57:16.670
And was so thankful of the welcomingness

1194
00:57:16.670 --> 00:57:21.670
to engage and Ocean Exploration Trust is a unique model,

1195
00:57:22.840 --> 00:57:25.250
that their mission is to go explore

1196
00:57:25.250 --> 00:57:28.230
and they bring in scientists and educators

1197
00:57:28.230 --> 00:57:29.500
to help them with that mission

1198
00:57:29.500 --> 00:57:32.410
and so I was able to partner with that.

1199
00:57:32.410 --> 00:57:34.260
If anybody would like more information,

1200
00:57:34.260 --> 00:57:35.893
please go to nautiluslive.org.

1201
00:57:36.920 --> 00:57:40.372
And there are tabs at the top for if you're a scientist,

1202
00:57:40.372 --> 00:57:41.220
how to get involved.

1203
00:57:41.220 --> 00:57:42.920
If you're an educator, how to get involved.

1204
00:57:42.920 --> 00:57:45.700
If you're a member of the public, how to get involved.

1205
00:57:45.700 --> 00:57:48.200
And so, there's lots of different ways to do that.

1206
00:57:49.550 --> 00:57:50.840
<v ->Great, great.</v>

1207
00:57:50.840 --> 00:57:52.106
Thank you.

1208
00:57:52.106 --> 00:57:53.610
Well, yeah, we're just about outta time,

1209
00:57:53.610 --> 00:57:55.020
I know that there are other questions

1210
00:57:55.020 --> 00:58:00.020
but we will be sending these to Beth to answer later.

1211
00:58:00.280 --> 00:58:02.060
So, thank you for your interaction

1212
00:58:02.060 --> 00:58:05.280
and thank you for a wonderful, wonderful talk.

1213
00:58:05.280 --> 00:58:08.410
I have a few closing slides here,

1214
00:58:08.410 --> 00:58:10.120
so I'm gonna take back presenter

1215
00:58:10.120 --> 00:58:13.460
and you could probably pop off your webcam

1216
00:58:13.460 --> 00:58:15.730
but thank you again, for joining us today.

1217
00:58:15.730 --> 00:58:18.093
That was really fascinating.

1218
00:58:19.092 --> 00:58:20.570
And let's see.

1219
00:58:20.570 --> 00:58:24.744
Okay, well, again, mahalo for joining us.

1220
00:58:24.744 --> 00:58:27.290
We have a full webinar series

1221
00:58:27.290 --> 00:58:29.630
from all the other different sites around the system

1222
00:58:29.630 --> 00:58:31.050
and including ours

1223
00:58:31.050 --> 00:58:34.010
but you can see some of the archives of these presentations,

1224
00:58:34.010 --> 00:58:35.660
got that link there.

1225
00:58:35.660 --> 00:58:37.460
This one will be up in a few weeks,

1226
00:58:37.460 --> 00:58:39.524
after we finish captioning it

1227
00:58:39.524 --> 00:58:42.680
and then we'll have it live on our website.

1228
00:58:42.680 --> 00:58:43.660
So, you can watch it again

1229
00:58:43.660 --> 00:58:46.360
or share it with whomever you like.

1230
00:58:46.360 --> 00:58:47.850
You also get a certificate

1231
00:58:47.850 --> 00:58:50.770
for an hour's worth of professional development

1232
00:58:50.770 --> 00:58:52.160
from this presentation

1233
00:58:52.160 --> 00:58:54.970
and we should have that to you by tomorrow.

1234
00:58:54.970 --> 00:58:58.010
So, for your professional development or teacher

1235
00:58:58.010 --> 00:59:00.960 line:15% 
or anything like that, it'd be useful to you.

1236
00:59:00.960 --> 00:59:03.730 line:15% 
Our next webinar is also focused on the deep sea.

1237
00:59:03.730 --> 00:59:06.370 line:15% 
We have Dr. Jeff Drazen

1238
00:59:06.370 --> 00:59:08.800 line:15% 
from the University of Hawai'i at Manoa.

1239
00:59:08.800 --> 00:59:10.650 line:15% 
And he's gonna be talking about, again,

1240
00:59:10.650 --> 00:59:11.740 line:15% 
about deep sea mining

1241
00:59:11.740 --> 00:59:13.750 line:15% 
and the connections between deep sea mining,

1242
00:59:13.750 --> 00:59:15.520 line:15% 
the Monuments and fisheries.

1243
00:59:15.520 --> 00:59:18.860 line:15% 
So, you should see a link to that pretty soon,

1244
00:59:18.860 --> 00:59:20.040 line:15% 
advertisement for that,

1245
00:59:20.040 --> 00:59:23.350 line:15% 
it's April 21st at 12:00 pm Hawai'i time.

1246
00:59:23.350 --> 00:59:25.430 line:15% 
So, third Thursday of April.

1247
00:59:25.430 --> 00:59:27.400 line:15% 
So, we hope you can join us for that.

1248
00:59:27.400 --> 00:59:30.530 line:15% 
Dr. Drazen's done some amazing work throughout Hawai'i

1249
00:59:30.530 --> 00:59:31.870 line:15% 
and the Pacific

1250
00:59:31.870 --> 00:59:35.110 line:15% 
and that should be a really fascinating talk.

1251
00:59:35.110 --> 00:59:36.930 line:15% 
And again, Dr Orcutt,

1252
00:59:36.930 --> 00:59:38.560 line:15% 
really explained about Nautilus Live

1253
00:59:38.560 --> 00:59:39.950 line:15% 
but they are live right now.

1254
00:59:39.950 --> 00:59:41.810 line:15% 
They're doing some mapping south of us,

1255
00:59:41.810 --> 00:59:43.100 line:15% 
south of the Hawaiian Islands

1256
00:59:43.100 --> 00:59:46.700 line:15% 
and heading towards the Pacific Remote Islands

1257
00:59:46.700 --> 00:59:47.960 line:15% 
Marine National Monument.

1258
00:59:47.960 --> 00:59:51.940 line:15% 
So, please check that out and definitely join us in April.

1259
00:59:51.940 --> 00:59:53.590 line:15% 
Justin's gonna be on that cruise,

1260
00:59:53.590 --> 00:59:55.590 line:15% 
Dr. Orcutt's gonna be on that cruise

1261
00:59:55.590 --> 00:59:57.760 line:15% 
and should be really fascinating to explore

1262
00:59:57.760 --> 01:00:02.290 line:15% 
the Lili'uokalani Seamounts in Papahānaumokuākea.

1263
01:00:02.290 --> 01:00:03.610 line:15% 
And again, if you're a teacher

1264
01:00:03.610 --> 01:00:07.160 line:15% 
or if you teach in 'Ōlelo Hawai'i, in Hawaiian,

1265
01:00:07.160 --> 01:00:09.290 line:15% 
you can join up for Ship-to-Shore,

1266
01:00:09.290 --> 01:00:14.050 line:15% 
free Ship-to-Shore segment with our scientist on board.

1267
01:00:14.050 --> 01:00:16.870 line:15% 
And we are conducting those in either English

1268
01:00:16.870 --> 01:00:17.950 line:15% 
or 'Ōlelo Hawai'i.

1269
01:00:17.950 --> 01:00:18.950 line:15% 
The first time,

1270
01:00:18.950 --> 01:00:21.510 line:15% 
well, we offered that in November for the first time

1271
01:00:21.510 --> 01:00:23.140 line:15% 
but we're the only ones really doing that.

1272
01:00:23.140 --> 01:00:25.060 line:15% 
So, it's really changing the game

1273
01:00:25.060 --> 01:00:28.010 line:15% 
for integrating native communities,

1274
01:00:28.010 --> 01:00:30.760 line:15% 
ancestral communities into these expeditions

1275
01:00:30.760 --> 01:00:33.663 line:15% 
in a way that's really meaningful for them.

1276
01:00:35.120 --> 01:00:38.980 line:15% 
So please, after this, fill out our survey,

1277
01:00:38.980 --> 01:00:40.450 line:15% 
this is how we know how we're doing

1278
01:00:40.450 --> 01:00:42.050 line:15% 
and how we justify these programs

1279
01:00:42.050 --> 01:00:44.760 line:15% 
and also lets us know if there's anything in particular

1280
01:00:44.760 --> 01:00:46.490 line:15% 
you want to hear about.

1281
01:00:46.490 --> 01:00:48.940 line:15% 
So, please do fill that out and again,

1282
01:00:48.940 --> 01:00:52.260 line:15% 
mahalo for joining us today, happy St. Patrick's Day,

1283
01:00:52.260 --> 01:00:54.580 line:15% 
be safe, be well.

1284
01:00:54.580 --> 01:00:57.900 line:15% 
And we look forward to seeing you next month and again,

1285
01:00:57.900 --> 01:01:00.720 line:15% 
extreme mahalo to Dr. Beth Orcutt

1286
01:01:00.720 --> 01:01:02.333 line:15% 
for a wonderful talk today.

1287
01:01:03.490 --> 01:01:04.323 line:15% 
Aloha.