WEBVTT

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[Shannon Ricles] All right.

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Well, hi, everyone.

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Welcome to the webinar.

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Today we commemorate the 160th anniversary

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of The Battle of Hampton Roads.

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The battle where iron met iron for the first time

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as the USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia engaged in a battle

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that changed history and naval warfare.

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And to tell us more about the battle and who won,

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we welcome John Quarstein as our guest speaker today.

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And this webinar is brought to you

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by NOAA's Monitor National Marine Sanctuary

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in collaboration with the North Carolina Office

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of State Archeology.

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I'm Shannon Ricles, the education and outreach coordinator

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for Monitor and Mallows Bay National Marine Sanctuaries

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and I'm gonna be your host today.

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And joining me as my co-host is Mark Losavio,

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the media and outreach coordinator for Monitor

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and Mallows as well.

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And we also have Tane Casserley.

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Who's going to be introducing John today,

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and he is Monitor and Mallow's resource protection

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and permit coordinator.

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Now partnering since 1975,

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NOAA and the state of North Carolina work to research honor

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and protect the hallmarks of North Carolina's underwater,

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cultural heritage, shipwrecks.

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Now these shipwrecks hold information

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about the ever-changing technologies and cultural

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and physical landscapes.

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They serve as a uniquely accessible underwater museum

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and a memorial to generations of mariners who lived, died,

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worked, and fought off our shores.

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This is one of the many webinars we will be hosting

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in the coming months,

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for the Submerged NC webinar series in collaboration

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with the North Carolina Office of State Archeology.

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Now Monitor is just one of 15 national marine sanctuaries

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and two marine national monuments in the

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National Marine Sanctuary System.

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The system encompasses more than 620,000 square miles

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of marine and Great Lakes waters from Washington State

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to Florida Keys from Lake Huron.

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Sorry about that from Lake Huron and American Samoa.

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Now during the presentation,

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all attendees will be in listen only mode,

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and you're welcome to type your questions for the presenters

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into the question box at the bottom of the control panel

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on the right hand side of your screen.

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And this is the same area you can let us know

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about any technical difficulties you may be having,

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and we will get to you just as soon as we can.

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So I'm going to turn it over to Tane now

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to do the introduction of John.

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[Tane Casserley] Thank you Shannon.

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It's my distinct pleasure today to be introducing

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author and historian, John Quarstein.

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Very proud to be standing here with my NOAA shipmates,

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Shannon and Mark,

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to really talk about this really important history

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and this partnership.

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So, you know, we have a long history with working

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with The Mariners' Museum and Park.

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They're our second longest partner

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after the North Carolina Office of State Archeology,

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So they're very near and dear to our hearts.

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We've partnered with them since 1987, when

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they became NOAA's central repository for Monitor artifacts

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and conservation.

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And through this 35-year history,

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we've done incredible things, telling Monitor's story,

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conserving these incredible materials,

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including the gun turret, that first rotating gun turret

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in the history of the world that went to war.

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And of course the USS Monitor Center

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and things like we're doing today.

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So we're very proud to be partnering,

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and we're very excited to be talking about things

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we'll be doing in the future as well.

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So one of those is,

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as Shannon mentioned, is the 160th anniversary

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of Monitor.

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It's the 160th anniversary of the launch

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on January 30th.

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The Battle of Hampton Roads of course

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on March 8th and 9th,

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and then the sinking event on December 31st.

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So this will be several...

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One of several events that we'll be talking

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about in celebrating that history.

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We'll also be looking at the museum. We'll be having events

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on March 11th with a lecture with John,

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as well as the 12th. There's activities there

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for kids programming and further lectures

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by John and the conservation team.

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And we're also really excited to help bring Monitor's story

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to the masses using the latest technology in May,

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when we do a telepresence project with a group

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called the Global Foundation for Ocean

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Exploration.

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We will be actually taking ROVs,

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remotely operated vehicles, down to the Monitor shipwreck

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and beam back live images and stories

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of the Monitor shipwreck.

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And we'd love to have you there and invite you

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to tell that story for America's greatest shipwreck.

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So it is my distinct pleasure to introduce John Quarstein,

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author historian and director emeritus

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of the USS Monitor Center at The Mariners' Museum and Park

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John, it's yours.

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[John Quarstein] Spring 1862 was a dark time for the

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Confederacy. Defeats along the Mississippi Valley,

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the North Carolina coast with a huge Union army

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in Washington D.C,

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ready to strike against the Confederate capital at Richmond.

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When the CSS Virginia entered Hampton Roads

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and began to change the tide in behalf of the Confederacy.

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That day, they proved the power of iron over wood.

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However, the next , it became a clash of irons,

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which proved all the more, all new ships

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were gonna have to be made of iron,

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with heavy guns, rifle guns.

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And this begins the evolution of naval warfare

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that will last all the way through the 19th century

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and into the 20th century.

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Well, you know, let's tell a little background to our story.

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This is the USS Merrimack.

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The USS Merrimack is of course a steam screw frigate,

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which was called the novel example of naval architecture

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when it was launched.

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You can see it has two different types of motor power,

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steam and sail.

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The trouble is they had to build a very sheer hull

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to make it a sailor, the steam was auxiliary.

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Those steam engines failed and so in February of 1860,

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the USS Merrimack,

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and just spell it always with a K at the end,

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was placed in ordinary at Gosport Navy Yard

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in Portsmouth, Virginia.

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Of course, as we know,

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dark clouds come with the secessionist movement

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and Virginia will leave the Union on April 17th, 1861.

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The federals tried to destroy Gosport Navy Yard,

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but they didn't do a good job.

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They lit the Merrimack on fire,

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but someone else pulled its seacox.

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My big question always is,

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how well does a burning ship burn when it sinks?

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Not well.

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They really did not destroy only half the yard.

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And so that gave the Confederacy,

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the wherewithal to transform the damaged hull

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and its engines of the Merrimack

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into the powerful ironclad ram, the CSS Virginia.

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Take a look at it here.

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This is in dry dock. What makes this a powerful vessel?

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Number one, it was actually a submerge tow.

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Number two, it is armed with some of the best ordinance

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available in 1861.

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They have rifled Brooke guns,

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which that meant it had greater range.

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And actually Brookewin inventing this rifle.

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He also invented the first armor piercing shot.

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Then going down the hull,

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we see a 6.4-inch Brooke rifle and then

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one 9-inch Dahlgren that's fitted to fire hot shot,

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which as you can imagine,

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a red hot shot going into the side of a wooden ship.

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The shot wins in that.

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And then two more 9-inch Dahlgrens

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at the stern, another 7-inch.

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So this is a pretty powerful ship.

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However, it is an airsoft ship.

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It is an amazing combination

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and improvisation of materials at hand.

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This gave the Confederacy...

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They started building this in June.

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The federals had no ironclads.

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So if the Confederacy could finish this ship quickly enough,

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they could actually rule the waves.

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Now the ship has a lot of problems.

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32-foot draft, the engines are compromised by their design

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and being in the saltwater of Elizabeth River,

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but nevertheless, the Confederates have made it work.

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And they added that ram.

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You know, we had really ram ships since 1571,

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The Battle of Lepanto.

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So this ship has a ram, why?

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Well, number one, to ram into those wooden ships,

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but number two, the Confederacy lacks gun powder.

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So this is the scene for Hampton Roads.

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And the federals have this powerful fleet there,

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blockading Norfolk and the James River.

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From Newport News Point,

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we have the Cumberland, the Congress,

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the Minnesota, Roanoke, Lawrence,

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and then some other support ships.

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Five major capital ships.

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So that's a pretty major accomplishment.

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As you can see from the Virginia,

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she has a seven point...

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The 7-inch Brooke gun is on a pivot mount

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and basically, the hull is made of wood.

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So let me just tell you.

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On the midday on March 8th, 1862,

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the commander of the Virginia

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brings the ship down towards Craney Island.

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And then he slows the ship

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and gives his men this admonition,

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"Today you will do your duty, not just your duty,

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but more than your duty. Those ships..."

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He points at the federal ships in Hampton Roads.

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"Must be taken. Some of you all have complained.

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I have not taken you close to the enemy.

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I will take you there now. To your cannons.

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We will sink before surrender."

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Oddly, one of the surgeons on the Virginia

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comes up and says,

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"Wait a second. This ship is untried."

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And Buchanan merely retorts,

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"If we sink the enemy fleet today,

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we know our ship is a success.

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If we fail, then we know we are a failure."

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So that's good odds.

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And so the Virginia takes an hour and a half to get

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across from Craney island to Newport News Point,

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where it dramatically sinks the USS Cumberland,

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a 24-gun sailing sloop of war,

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which Buchanan wants to attack first

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because he knows it has a rifle gun on board.

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At about three o'clock in the afternoon,

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when the Virginia rams the Cumberland,

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it proves the power of iron over wood.

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This is a big change in history.

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So the Cumberland however,

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doesn't sink right away

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and causes most of the damage to the Virginia.

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Reals its smoke stack, blows off two of her gun muzzles

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railing shot away, cutter shot away.

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Nevertheless, the Virginia is not deterred

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and the ship will then attack another Union frigate

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known as the USS Congress,

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which is powerless to do anything to defend itself.

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It actually has already been damaged when the Virginia

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went past it after the Cumberland, which in this slide,

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you can see the mass out of the water.

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And so the Virginia actually comes within a hundred yards

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and will be bombarding the Congress with shells

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and hotshot that causes fire.

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The shells decapitate the acting commander

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of the Congress, Lieutenant Joseph Smith,

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and basically the ship surrenders.

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Buchanan orders some of his supporting tugboats alongside

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take off wounded officers.

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However, the Union soldiers at the shore are not happy

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with what they see.

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They begin shooting at both the Beaufort and the Raleigh

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but also, Buchanan becomes enraged.

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He stands up on the top of the deck

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and starts shooting at the Union soldiers on the shore.

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Of course, if I was one of those Union soldiers,

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I'd fire back and Buchanan is grievously wounded.

264
00:13:32.560 --> 00:13:37.560
He is hit in the thigh, scratching his femoral artery.

265
00:13:38.987 --> 00:13:43.610
And so he's taken below and tells his executive officer

266
00:13:43.610 --> 00:13:48.420
Catesby Ap Jones, sink that damn Union ship.

267
00:13:48.420 --> 00:13:51.303
Fill her full of hotshot till she glows.

268
00:13:52.470 --> 00:13:56.730
Well that night, the Virginia will go back

269
00:13:56.730 --> 00:14:00.830
out of Hampton Roads and will actually damage

270
00:14:00.830 --> 00:14:03.840
several other Union ships.

271
00:14:03.840 --> 00:14:07.750
Damaged the Zouave, damaged the Minnesota,

272
00:14:07.750 --> 00:14:11.660
damages the St. Lawrence, all of whom have run a ground.

273
00:14:11.660 --> 00:14:12.900
And by the way,

274
00:14:12.900 --> 00:14:15.610
she also destroys two transports

275
00:14:15.610 --> 00:14:19.210
and captures another one known as the Reindeer.

276
00:14:19.210 --> 00:14:22.519
March 8th shocks the Union.

277
00:14:22.519 --> 00:14:26.090
In fact, they fear that the Virginia

278
00:14:26.090 --> 00:14:28.110
would soon be up the Potomac river.

279
00:14:28.110 --> 00:14:28.943
Of course it couldn't go there 'cause of its draft

280
00:14:28.943 --> 00:14:29.776
But the fear that the Confederates have a super weapon

281
00:14:34.820 --> 00:14:37.907
and in the discussions of the cabinet, Gideon Welles says,

282
00:14:37.907 --> 00:14:39.330
"Oh, wait a second.

283
00:14:39.330 --> 00:14:42.163
We have an ironclad going south right now."

284
00:14:43.570 --> 00:14:46.290
And Edward says, "Tell me about it, what is it?

285
00:14:46.290 --> 00:14:50.180
He says, "Well, it's the two gun Monitor."

286
00:14:50.180 --> 00:14:51.230
Back in the old days,

287
00:14:51.230 --> 00:14:54.500
how many guns you had usually gave you victory

288
00:14:54.500 --> 00:14:57.723
and Stanton laments.

289
00:15:01.220 --> 00:15:02.930
And when I mention the Monitor,

290
00:15:02.930 --> 00:15:05.730
this is the design of the Monitor.

291
00:15:05.730 --> 00:15:09.210
As a result of the Confederate ironclad construction,

292
00:15:09.210 --> 00:15:12.270
The Union will set up an ironclad board.

293
00:15:12.270 --> 00:15:16.853
And one of those ship selected is the John Ericsson design,

294
00:15:17.970 --> 00:15:19.860
USS Monitor.

295
00:15:19.860 --> 00:15:23.020
And so, as you can see, it's got a revolving turret.

296
00:15:23.020 --> 00:15:26.510
It is virtually flush with the water,

297
00:15:26.510 --> 00:15:29.130
that's 18 inches of freeboard

298
00:15:29.130 --> 00:15:33.170
and everybody lives in the hull below.

299
00:15:33.170 --> 00:15:35.010
They actually have, you know,

300
00:15:35.010 --> 00:15:37.760
Ericsson has a hundred patented items.

301
00:15:37.760 --> 00:15:42.200
30 some, he donates to the Union Navy.

302
00:15:42.200 --> 00:15:46.290
So this ship takes a little over a hundred days to build

303
00:15:46.290 --> 00:15:51.290
thanks to the Northern industrial superiority.

304
00:15:52.380 --> 00:15:55.100
So now this is a great map.

305
00:15:55.100 --> 00:16:00.100
So it's gonna show basically what happens on March 8th.

306
00:16:00.100 --> 00:16:02.730
This is a tremendous Confederate victory.

307
00:16:02.730 --> 00:16:05.740
Now, if you notice it comes, destroys the Cumberland,

308
00:16:05.740 --> 00:16:09.910
destroys the Congress, damages the Zouave

309
00:16:09.910 --> 00:16:13.940
and then damages the grounded Minnesota,

310
00:16:13.940 --> 00:16:16.640
the grounded St. Lawrence.

311
00:16:16.640 --> 00:16:20.930
It hits the White Hall and damages it.

312
00:16:20.930 --> 00:16:22.690
And then the Roanoke,

313
00:16:22.690 --> 00:16:26.440
which runs aground and will finally escape.

314
00:16:26.440 --> 00:16:30.600
So does the St. Marks, but the Minnesota,

315
00:16:30.600 --> 00:16:32.450
is a sitting duck.

316
00:16:32.450 --> 00:16:37.450
The Virginia by darkness comes down to a buoy that is right

317
00:16:39.010 --> 00:16:40.950
about near Sewells Point

318
00:16:40.950 --> 00:16:45.950
and awaits the 'morrow to destroy the Union fleet.

319
00:16:45.970 --> 00:16:48.680
Well, this because of Buchanan's wounding,

320
00:16:48.680 --> 00:16:53.330
this man will be in command of the Virginia

321
00:16:53.330 --> 00:16:55.200
for the next day's action.

322
00:16:55.200 --> 00:16:59.290
He is Commander Catesby Ap Roger Jones,

323
00:16:59.290 --> 00:17:02.200
a brilliant Naval officer,

324
00:17:02.200 --> 00:17:06.273
and he was executive officer of the Virginia.

325
00:17:07.730 --> 00:17:10.520
This of course is the man that becomes

326
00:17:10.520 --> 00:17:12.500
the hero of the Union.

327
00:17:12.500 --> 00:17:16.910
He is John Lorimer Worden, a Lieutenant.

328
00:17:16.910 --> 00:17:20.830
He, when given the assignment to go command the Monitor,

329
00:17:20.830 --> 00:17:23.710
he's known as a scientific officer.

330
00:17:23.710 --> 00:17:25.210
He goes alongside it.

331
00:17:25.210 --> 00:17:27.580
And he says, "Yes, I'll take the command.

332
00:17:27.580 --> 00:17:32.410
I will be the agent to prove it a success."

333
00:17:32.410 --> 00:17:33.730
Wow.

334
00:17:33.730 --> 00:17:36.340
So you can see what's unusual about the Monitor.

335
00:17:36.340 --> 00:17:38.880
Everything is beneath the waterline.

336
00:17:38.880 --> 00:17:43.880
They even have to have flush commodes down below.

337
00:17:44.640 --> 00:17:47.200
Half the people don't know what that means.

338
00:17:47.200 --> 00:17:50.292
And so, you know, we got farmers,

339
00:17:50.292 --> 00:17:53.680
others, immigrants on board this ship.

340
00:17:53.680 --> 00:17:58.417
So the sarge of the ship Daniel Logue will go and say,

341
00:17:58.417 --> 00:18:00.840
"I will test it for you."

342
00:18:00.840 --> 00:18:05.840
He hits the switch wrong and blows himself off the toilet.

343
00:18:05.970 --> 00:18:09.370
Well, that's the type of situation we have.

344
00:18:09.370 --> 00:18:11.453
All this new technology.

345
00:18:12.960 --> 00:18:16.290
Well, the Monitor actually, because of that low freeboard

346
00:18:18.120 --> 00:18:22.180
has to be towed south by the Seth Low

347
00:18:22.180 --> 00:18:27.180
and in doing so, it will almost sink two times.

348
00:18:28.440 --> 00:18:32.030
However, by five o'clock on the afternoon

349
00:18:32.030 --> 00:18:37.030
of March 8th, 1862, the Monitor,

350
00:18:42.480 --> 00:18:47.270
will clear Cape Charles entering the Chesapeake Bay.

351
00:18:47.270 --> 00:18:52.270
In the distance, Worden can see the splashes of gunfire.

352
00:18:52.870 --> 00:18:57.870
He can also see all the ships running out of Hampton Roads

353
00:18:58.740 --> 00:19:02.323
as if like chickens chased by a fox.

354
00:19:03.650 --> 00:19:08.650
Well, the Monitor then goes alongside the Roanoke,

355
00:19:09.860 --> 00:19:11.057
Captain John Marston says,

356
00:19:11.057 --> 00:19:13.640
"Look, I got orders to send you to D.C.

357
00:19:13.640 --> 00:19:18.007
You are going stay here and protect the Minnesota."

358
00:19:18.880 --> 00:19:21.560
The Monitor goes next to the Minnesota and you can,

359
00:19:21.560 --> 00:19:25.350
well imagine it looks like a pygmy

360
00:19:25.350 --> 00:19:28.830
against a elephant in essence.

361
00:19:28.830 --> 00:19:33.640
So what happens? John Worden stands up on the deck,

362
00:19:33.640 --> 00:19:36.507
on top of the turret and shouts up.

363
00:19:36.507 --> 00:19:38.290
"I'm here to save you."

364
00:19:38.290 --> 00:19:42.120
And the commander of the Minnesota,

365
00:19:42.120 --> 00:19:46.097
Captain Gershom Jacques Henry Van Brunt looks down and says,

366
00:19:46.097 --> 00:19:47.170
"What are you?"

367
00:19:47.170 --> 00:19:49.780
And Worden says, "I'm the Monitor."

368
00:19:49.780 --> 00:19:52.057
And Van Brunt looks down and says,

369
00:19:52.057 --> 00:19:55.070
"Well, I don't know what you're gonna do tomorrow.

370
00:19:55.070 --> 00:19:58.600
But if that ship comes back, I'm gonna fight my ship.

371
00:19:58.600 --> 00:20:01.970
And I will sink before surrender."

372
00:20:01.970 --> 00:20:04.617
Worden merely says, "I will save you."

373
00:20:06.220 --> 00:20:09.100
At six o'clock in the morning,

374
00:20:09.100 --> 00:20:14.100
the Virginia crews go to their guns.

375
00:20:14.660 --> 00:20:18.080
And I have to tell you, they wake up for a breakfast

376
00:20:18.080 --> 00:20:22.550
with two boiled eggs and two jiggers of whiskey.

377
00:20:22.550 --> 00:20:24.520
That's the way to start your day.

378
00:20:24.520 --> 00:20:28.000
And fog delays its entrance into Hampton Roads,

379
00:20:28.000 --> 00:20:32.040
but by eight o'clock, it moves towards the Minnesota.

380
00:20:32.040 --> 00:20:35.200
The Minnesota is shot at.

381
00:20:35.200 --> 00:20:38.270
The first shot sears through the rigging.

382
00:20:38.270 --> 00:20:42.880
But all of a sudden this tin can on a shingle,

383
00:20:42.880 --> 00:20:47.880
this cheese box on a raft will move away from the Minnesota

384
00:20:49.210 --> 00:20:52.587
and will engage the Virginia.

385
00:20:52.587 --> 00:20:56.330
The first battle between ironclad ships.

386
00:20:56.330 --> 00:20:58.530
They start to test each other out.

387
00:20:58.530 --> 00:21:02.980
The goal of the Virginia is to sink the Minnesota

388
00:21:02.980 --> 00:21:04.670
and then deal with the Monitor.

389
00:21:04.670 --> 00:21:08.210
The Monitor's goal is to save the Minnesota

390
00:21:08.210 --> 00:21:11.323
and the rest of the Union fleet.

391
00:21:12.530 --> 00:21:16.840
This is a 4-hour long battle,

392
00:21:16.840 --> 00:21:20.433
and sometimes the ships virtually touch.

393
00:21:21.460 --> 00:21:24.920
Basically, the Monitor has a lot of problems

394
00:21:24.920 --> 00:21:26.050
during the battle.

395
00:21:26.050 --> 00:21:31.050
Number one, the turret has a speaking tube

396
00:21:32.440 --> 00:21:33.700
with the pilothouse.

397
00:21:33.700 --> 00:21:37.130
However it's filled with water and doesn't operate.

398
00:21:37.130 --> 00:21:40.630
So they have to have runners going back from the pilot house

399
00:21:40.630 --> 00:21:42.850
to the turret.

400
00:21:42.850 --> 00:21:45.190
However, I gotta tell you,

401
00:21:45.190 --> 00:21:48.130
you can't really see out of the turret.

402
00:21:48.130 --> 00:21:53.130
And as a result of that, the Monitor has poor fire control.

403
00:21:54.820 --> 00:21:59.290
The Virginia, however, is leaking, it's slow.

404
00:21:59.290 --> 00:22:03.970
The Monitor goes 11 knots and furthermore,

405
00:22:03.970 --> 00:22:06.990
it has the wrong ammunition.

406
00:22:06.990 --> 00:22:10.160
Those Brooke bolts are back in Richmond.

407
00:22:10.160 --> 00:22:12.690
So as a result of that,

408
00:22:12.690 --> 00:22:16.050
this battle is going to see them fight

409
00:22:16.050 --> 00:22:17.973
in concentric circles.

410
00:22:19.000 --> 00:22:21.050
During early in the battle,

411
00:22:21.050 --> 00:22:23.630
the Monitor breaks off to bring more ammunition

412
00:22:23.630 --> 00:22:24.720
up in its turret.

413
00:22:24.720 --> 00:22:27.800
The Virginia tries to go after the Minnesota,

414
00:22:27.800 --> 00:22:29.020
it runs aground.

415
00:22:29.020 --> 00:22:30.800
The Monitor comes alongside,

416
00:22:30.800 --> 00:22:35.800
but because they can't really see out of the turret,

417
00:22:36.240 --> 00:22:40.620
I will have to tell you they have bad fire control.

418
00:22:40.620 --> 00:22:45.210
And actually the porthole is a little smaller than that.

419
00:22:45.210 --> 00:22:49.250
And so you well can imagine if you see something gray

420
00:22:49.250 --> 00:22:50.433
and dark as you turn the turn,

421
00:22:50.433 --> 00:22:54.520
'Cause the turret can't be stopped with any accuracy,

422
00:22:54.520 --> 00:22:57.300
'cause the linkage gears have rusted

423
00:22:57.300 --> 00:23:00.120
because it almost sank on the way down.

424
00:23:00.120 --> 00:23:04.380
So we have these several problems,

425
00:23:04.380 --> 00:23:07.030
'cause there are experimental ships, let me tell you.

426
00:23:07.030 --> 00:23:12.030
And so by the afternoon or midday,

427
00:23:14.860 --> 00:23:19.860
you know, after fighting in these great concentric circles,

428
00:23:20.100 --> 00:23:22.140
each ship having a goal,

429
00:23:22.140 --> 00:23:24.920
one to block the other and the other one

430
00:23:24.920 --> 00:23:28.070
is to get at that other federal ship.

431
00:23:28.070 --> 00:23:32.720
However, the Captain Worden sees the Virginia

432
00:23:32.720 --> 00:23:35.100
riding a little high out of the water,

433
00:23:35.100 --> 00:23:40.100
'cause all the use of the gun powder, cannon balls and coal.

434
00:23:40.380 --> 00:23:41.251
He says,

435
00:23:41.251 --> 00:23:46.251
"I'm gonna run right after the stern of the Virginia

436
00:23:46.550 --> 00:23:49.200
and ram her and disable her."

437
00:23:49.200 --> 00:23:52.440
Well, I gotta tell you that when they get close

438
00:23:52.440 --> 00:23:55.550
to their object, a steering malfunction,

439
00:23:55.550 --> 00:23:58.490
will make the Monitor veer off.

440
00:23:58.490 --> 00:24:00.290
And at that moment,

441
00:24:00.290 --> 00:24:03.770
Lieutenant John Taylor Wood, with a 7-inch Brooke gun,

442
00:24:03.770 --> 00:24:06.920
fires a shot that hits the pilot house

443
00:24:06.920 --> 00:24:09.170
and blinds Worden.

444
00:24:09.170 --> 00:24:11.230
Worden actually thinks he's dying.

445
00:24:11.230 --> 00:24:12.820
He has to be...

446
00:24:12.820 --> 00:24:15.040
The ship goes off into the shoal.

447
00:24:15.040 --> 00:24:18.640
The only medal of honor winner that day

448
00:24:18.640 --> 00:24:22.160
or recipient is going to be Peter Williams,

449
00:24:22.160 --> 00:24:25.410
who is the guy that steered the ship onto the shoal,

450
00:24:25.410 --> 00:24:28.053
away from the Confederate ironclad.

451
00:24:28.963 --> 00:24:32.920
Samuel Dana Greene takes over.

452
00:24:32.920 --> 00:24:37.487
He's a very young officer and he asks Worden,

453
00:24:37.487 --> 00:24:38.700
"What should I do?"

454
00:24:38.700 --> 00:24:39.617
And Worden says,

455
00:24:39.617 --> 00:24:43.882
"Look, don't look at me. I'm blind, I'm dying.

456
00:24:43.882 --> 00:24:48.330
Do everything you can save the Minnesota."

457
00:24:48.330 --> 00:24:52.690
The Virginia tries to strike at the Minnesota.

458
00:24:52.690 --> 00:24:57.690
However, the tide's going out and it goes back to Norfolk.

459
00:24:57.800 --> 00:25:00.940
The Monitor after a half hour is finally

460
00:25:00.940 --> 00:25:03.000
brought back into action

461
00:25:03.000 --> 00:25:08.000
and they see the Virginia sailing into the Elizabeth River.

462
00:25:08.620 --> 00:25:12.778
They shout and share that they've won a great victory.

463
00:25:12.778 --> 00:25:16.793
However, this gets a little more complex.

464
00:25:17.670 --> 00:25:21.070
It is a drawn battle, in essence.

465
00:25:21.070 --> 00:25:25.210
However, you've got to think, that the Virginia,

466
00:25:25.210 --> 00:25:29.380
not only, I mean, just think of what the Virginia did.

467
00:25:29.380 --> 00:25:33.110
It sank the Congress and Cumberland, it damaged the Zouave,

468
00:25:33.110 --> 00:25:36.110
it damaged the Minnesota, it damaged the St. Lawrence,

469
00:25:36.110 --> 00:25:38.730
it captures the transport Reindeer,

470
00:25:38.730 --> 00:25:43.730
it capture or sinks a transport Whilden and also the Arrago.

471
00:25:46.000 --> 00:25:49.686
So this is a pretty bad situation.

472
00:25:49.686 --> 00:25:53.840
The next day, the Virginia sank the Dragon,

473
00:25:53.840 --> 00:25:57.663
it also damaged the Monitor and the Minnesota.

474
00:25:58.560 --> 00:26:03.560
However, Gustavus Vasa Fox comes in and says,

475
00:26:03.627 --> 00:26:06.730
"You all have won a great victory."

476
00:26:06.730 --> 00:26:09.900
And he writes to Gideon Welles,

477
00:26:09.900 --> 00:26:14.870
"The Monitor will probably win the next battle,

478
00:26:14.870 --> 00:26:17.170
but I'm not positive."

479
00:26:17.170 --> 00:26:18.930
Whoa, what does that mean?

480
00:26:18.930 --> 00:26:23.300
That the Monitor is a break to the Virginia.

481
00:26:23.300 --> 00:26:25.060
'Cause at this very time,

482
00:26:25.060 --> 00:26:29.200
this man, Major General George Ellis...

483
00:26:29.200 --> 00:26:32.730
Excuse me, George Brinton McClellan will decide

484
00:26:32.730 --> 00:26:35.100
to bring his huge...

485
00:26:35.100 --> 00:26:36.240
He's had some problems.

486
00:26:36.240 --> 00:26:38.160
So he doesn't get along with Lincoln.

487
00:26:38.160 --> 00:26:40.740
He was going to attack the Confederate lines

488
00:26:40.740 --> 00:26:41.740
near Centerville.

489
00:26:41.740 --> 00:26:46.670
However, Joe Johnson retreats on May 6th,

490
00:26:46.670 --> 00:26:49.190
McClellan knows on May 7th,

491
00:26:49.190 --> 00:26:51.307
on the morning on May 8th, he tells Lincoln,

492
00:26:51.307 --> 00:26:53.070
"I'm going to the Peninsula"

493
00:26:53.070 --> 00:26:55.590
Of course, that afternoon, what do they learn?

494
00:26:55.590 --> 00:26:59.180
Shoot, the Virginia has come.

495
00:26:59.180 --> 00:27:02.480
There is stalemate in Hampton Roads.

496
00:27:02.480 --> 00:27:07.480
Nevertheless, he comes down to Hampton Roads

497
00:27:07.720 --> 00:27:12.720
and he will begin landing his troops on 17 April 1862.

498
00:27:15.300 --> 00:27:18.430
Now his plan is to originally,

499
00:27:18.430 --> 00:27:23.430
to move up the Peninsula, using the James and York rivers

500
00:27:24.110 --> 00:27:25.743
to protect his flanks.

501
00:27:26.610 --> 00:27:31.200
Well, the commander of the North Atlantic

502
00:27:31.200 --> 00:27:33.740
blockading squadron is a man known

503
00:27:33.740 --> 00:27:38.740
as rear Admiral Louis Malesherbes Goldsborough.

504
00:27:39.460 --> 00:27:43.060
He's five foot 10, about 340 pounds.

505
00:27:43.060 --> 00:27:45.140
He's known not to do anything in a rush,

506
00:27:45.140 --> 00:27:48.720
but the big thing is he suffers a dreaded disease

507
00:27:48.720 --> 00:27:53.720
in spring of 1862, - ram fever or Merrimack on the brain.

508
00:27:55.760 --> 00:28:00.150
So when McClellan moves up the Peninsula,

509
00:28:00.150 --> 00:28:04.260
he runs into defenses created by this man,

510
00:28:04.260 --> 00:28:07.800
Major General Bankhead Magruder.

511
00:28:07.800 --> 00:28:11.050
West Point graduate, class of 1830.

512
00:28:11.050 --> 00:28:14.333
Very flamboyant, in fact it says that

513
00:28:14.333 --> 00:28:18.720
Magruder would always appear in a great gallop

514
00:28:18.720 --> 00:28:22.090
and with the perfect uniform and mustache.

515
00:28:22.090 --> 00:28:24.750
And he would start talking incessantly,

516
00:28:24.750 --> 00:28:26.550
despite having a slight lisp

517
00:28:28.210 --> 00:28:30.950
because it allowed him to speak longer.

518
00:28:30.950 --> 00:28:35.950
Well, anyway, he's built a tremendous defensive line.

519
00:28:36.480 --> 00:28:40.490
McClellan's maps do not show how the Warwick River

520
00:28:40.490 --> 00:28:42.420
flows towards Yorktown.

521
00:28:42.420 --> 00:28:47.420
And so when they on April 5th, they meet at Lees Mill.

522
00:28:48.070 --> 00:28:51.310
The Union are repulsed in a minor battle.

523
00:28:51.310 --> 00:28:54.217
McClellan sends a note to Goldsborough says,

524
00:28:54.217 --> 00:28:56.290
"Hey, can you help me here?

525
00:28:56.290 --> 00:29:01.290
Can you run past the Gloucester Point batteries?

526
00:29:01.520 --> 00:29:03.820
Can you get into the James River?"

527
00:29:03.820 --> 00:29:07.770
And Goldsborough says, "Look, the James River

528
00:29:07.770 --> 00:29:10.560
is closed to our navigation

529
00:29:10.560 --> 00:29:15.450
because of that Confederate ironclad the Merrimack.

530
00:29:15.450 --> 00:29:19.010
And because I have to protect against it,

531
00:29:19.010 --> 00:29:23.527
I cannot send ships to run past Gloucester Point."

532
00:29:23.527 --> 00:29:26.720
Now at that point, it's a half mile wide.

533
00:29:26.720 --> 00:29:28.850
Yes, there are Confederate batteries on it,

534
00:29:28.850 --> 00:29:33.390
but let's think forward to what Farragut did.

535
00:29:33.390 --> 00:29:35.280
And with steam power,

536
00:29:35.280 --> 00:29:37.580
you could have, with some losses,

537
00:29:37.580 --> 00:29:40.080
made it past Gloucester Point.

538
00:29:40.080 --> 00:29:45.080
Well, this is causing almost a 30-day siege,

539
00:29:45.433 --> 00:29:50.433
which is going, despite McClellan having hot air balloons

540
00:29:51.920 --> 00:29:56.270
or gas balloons, the Intrepid and the Constellation,

541
00:29:56.270 --> 00:29:58.830
he's going to observe the Confederate lines.

542
00:29:58.830 --> 00:30:03.830
And he, you know, Magruder at first only has 13,500 men.

543
00:30:05.750 --> 00:30:08.870
But when they go up in the balloon, they look and say,

544
00:30:08.870 --> 00:30:12.270
he's got not 50,000 men.

545
00:30:12.270 --> 00:30:14.950
He's got not 100,000 men,

546
00:30:14.950 --> 00:30:19.740
but he has 200,000 men defending the Peninsula.

547
00:30:19.740 --> 00:30:22.150
McClellan says, I need reinforcements,

548
00:30:22.150 --> 00:30:25.793
I need naval support, which he does not get.

549
00:30:27.257 --> 00:30:31.680
Now what is going to happen is that

550
00:30:33.350 --> 00:30:34.183
basically the Virginia is still extremely active.

551
00:30:34.183 --> 00:30:35.016
It goes into dry dock

552
00:30:40.240 --> 00:30:45.240
right after the Battle of Hampton Roads

553
00:30:45.650 --> 00:30:50.100
and will have more armor put on, plates replaced.

554
00:30:50.100 --> 00:30:52.290
They actually get those Brooke bolts.

555
00:30:52.290 --> 00:30:54.520
They actually build a new ram

556
00:30:54.520 --> 00:30:57.370
that was designed by John Mercer Brook,

557
00:30:57.370 --> 00:31:00.690
that was 12-feet long with a steel tip.

558
00:31:00.690 --> 00:31:05.060
It is the cock of the walk, as they said.

559
00:31:05.060 --> 00:31:09.300
And one Confederate officer said it was equal

560
00:31:09.300 --> 00:31:13.610
to a division of soldiers and what it did.

561
00:31:13.610 --> 00:31:15.300
It blocked that James River.

562
00:31:15.300 --> 00:31:16.893
However, I gotta tell you,

563
00:31:18.160 --> 00:31:22.740
Abraham Lincoln is going to come down to Fort Monroe.

564
00:31:22.740 --> 00:31:27.653
He says, "where is McClellan?" McClellan finally has...

565
00:31:29.850 --> 00:31:33.460
The Confederates did retreat on the evening of April 4th.

566
00:31:33.460 --> 00:31:35.400
And then on April 5th,

567
00:31:35.400 --> 00:31:37.830
they fight the Battle of Williamsburg.

568
00:31:37.830 --> 00:31:40.530
So McClellan says, "I'm too busy to meet with you."

569
00:31:40.530 --> 00:31:43.010
Lincoln then goes amongst the fleet,

570
00:31:43.010 --> 00:31:45.740
he goes on the Monitor, and he also talks to this,

571
00:31:45.740 --> 00:31:48.957
the commander of the Galena, John Rogers, who says,

572
00:31:48.957 --> 00:31:52.530
"Look, this is pretty simple. We can send a force

573
00:31:52.530 --> 00:31:57.530
into the James River and we can send a force

574
00:31:59.190 --> 00:32:01.000
after Sewells Point,

575
00:32:01.000 --> 00:32:04.680
the Virginia can't fight against both."

576
00:32:04.680 --> 00:32:06.470
And he's quite correct.

577
00:32:06.470 --> 00:32:09.200
Now the Virginia has already come out on a sortie

578
00:32:09.200 --> 00:32:11.090
on April 11th.

579
00:32:11.090 --> 00:32:14.010
However, the Monitor, because they perceive

580
00:32:14.010 --> 00:32:19.003
it has numerous weaknesses, refuses to fight the Virginia.

581
00:32:20.000 --> 00:32:25.000
So on May 8th, the Confederates will,

582
00:32:25.220 --> 00:32:29.140
or the federals, Lincoln, will organize a Naval attack

583
00:32:29.140 --> 00:32:30.640
against Sewells Point.

584
00:32:30.640 --> 00:32:35.140
Rogers takes the Galena and other ships into the James River

585
00:32:35.140 --> 00:32:38.650
capturing or disabling the Confederate forts there.

586
00:32:38.650 --> 00:32:43.033
But when the Virginia comes out, the Monitor retreats.

587
00:32:44.540 --> 00:32:49.540
Well, I did not think, as John Taylor would say,

588
00:32:50.350 --> 00:32:52.760
that Jeffers was such a coward.

589
00:32:52.760 --> 00:32:55.530
Because the command of the Monitor has gone

590
00:32:55.530 --> 00:32:59.370
from John Worden to Samuel Dana Green,

591
00:32:59.370 --> 00:33:04.370
to Thomas O' Selfridge and then to William Jeffers.

592
00:33:05.503 --> 00:33:08.937
So what happens, Lincoln says,

593
00:33:08.937 --> 00:33:09.770
"Oh my gosh."

594
00:33:09.770 --> 00:33:11.070
He's disgusted by the failure

595
00:33:11.070 --> 00:33:13.373
of the Naval action against Sewells Point.

596
00:33:14.567 --> 00:33:17.050
So he'll actually go, land on the beach at Ocean View.

597
00:33:17.050 --> 00:33:20.100
He'll come back, tell the commander of Fort Monroe

598
00:33:20.100 --> 00:33:22.443
in the Virginia Department of Virginia,

599
00:33:22.443 --> 00:33:25.000
Major General John Ellis Wool,

600
00:33:25.000 --> 00:33:29.390
"Why can't we land at Norfolk and capture Norfolk by land?"

601
00:33:29.390 --> 00:33:32.260
He said, "I told McClellan that a long time ago,

602
00:33:32.260 --> 00:33:35.520
and that that should have been the first thing we did."

603
00:33:35.520 --> 00:33:40.520
Well, what's going to happen is that Lincoln does land

604
00:33:40.700 --> 00:33:45.700
and he with Union troops on Ocean View on May 10th, 1862,

605
00:33:48.710 --> 00:33:51.570
Norfolk is surrendered.

606
00:33:51.570 --> 00:33:55.340
Portsmouth is burned and the Virginia,

607
00:33:55.340 --> 00:33:59.750
not having a port to go to, has no choice,

608
00:33:59.750 --> 00:34:03.580
but to run itself aground on Craney Island

609
00:34:03.580 --> 00:34:06.940
and commit the ship to the flames.

610
00:34:06.940 --> 00:34:09.823
As one of the crew members, William Curtis, says,

611
00:34:10.707 --> 00:34:14.880
"What a sad finish to such a bright beginning."

612
00:34:14.880 --> 00:34:17.770
Now the Union Navy is in action,

613
00:34:17.770 --> 00:34:19.550
the Confederates are retreating.

614
00:34:19.550 --> 00:34:24.550
The federals, then bring a squadron up to Drewry's Bluff.

615
00:34:25.270 --> 00:34:27.940
Now the Confederates have hastily defended it.

616
00:34:27.940 --> 00:34:32.400
Actually, part of the crew of the Virginia

617
00:34:32.400 --> 00:34:35.208
are manning some of the guns.

618
00:34:35.208 --> 00:34:39.240
Now basically, Catesby Jones is there,

619
00:34:39.240 --> 00:34:41.917
along with several other officers (indistinct).

620
00:34:43.421 --> 00:34:46.750
And so they're organizing this battery.

621
00:34:46.750 --> 00:34:50.600
Of course, that's what Drewry's Bluff look like.

622
00:34:50.600 --> 00:34:52.950
Here comes the federal ships.

623
00:34:52.950 --> 00:34:55.760
From left to right, it's the Galena,

624
00:34:55.760 --> 00:35:00.760
a 3-inch plated ironclad, not a very good design.

625
00:35:02.090 --> 00:35:06.810
The Monitor, which cannot elevate its guns to strike

626
00:35:06.810 --> 00:35:10.300
at Drewry's Bluff.

627
00:35:10.300 --> 00:35:14.920
Then there is the Aroostook and then,

628
00:35:14.920 --> 00:35:19.550
there is the Port Royal, these are both wooden ships

629
00:35:19.550 --> 00:35:24.110
and that little vessel at last is the Naugatuck.

630
00:35:24.110 --> 00:35:28.690
It is an ironclad built on the concepts of Steven's battery,

631
00:35:28.690 --> 00:35:31.330
with 100-pounder gun.

632
00:35:31.330 --> 00:35:34.090
Early in the action, the gun burst.

633
00:35:34.090 --> 00:35:36.730
So it doesn't really do much.

634
00:35:36.730 --> 00:35:41.730
Hampered by sharp shooters on the shore and the Naval,

635
00:35:43.066 --> 00:35:47.170
the ability of the Confederate to fire plunging shots.

636
00:35:47.170 --> 00:35:50.190
You know, the Galena is hit 33 times,

637
00:35:50.190 --> 00:35:53.200
its hull 13 times.

638
00:35:53.200 --> 00:35:56.207
And so the Union break off battle.

639
00:35:56.207 --> 00:36:00.453
That's a final victory for the crew of the Virginia.

640
00:36:01.300 --> 00:36:06.090
As the Monitor steams back down the James River,

641
00:36:06.090 --> 00:36:09.887
John Taylor Wood will shout at the Monitor,

642
00:36:09.887 --> 00:36:14.340
"That is the wrong way to go to Richmond."

643
00:36:14.340 --> 00:36:18.730
Well, the Navy plays a very minor role now

644
00:36:18.730 --> 00:36:20.410
in the Peninsula Campaign,

645
00:36:20.410 --> 00:36:23.290
but they had opened the James River.

646
00:36:23.290 --> 00:36:28.093
The biggest thing is how do we evaluate this battle?

647
00:36:29.170 --> 00:36:31.816
It's kind of complex if you ask me.

648
00:36:31.816 --> 00:36:35.900
I know that on May 9th,

649
00:36:35.900 --> 00:36:40.900
the Monitor becomes the little ship that saves the nation.

650
00:36:41.290 --> 00:36:44.840
And it did so because it stopped the rampage

651
00:36:44.840 --> 00:36:46.763
of the CSS Virginia.

652
00:36:47.940 --> 00:36:52.940
But we have to look at this battle in many different ways.

653
00:36:53.100 --> 00:36:57.360
You know, if I was in the 19th century, early

654
00:36:57.360 --> 00:37:01.060
and I fought a naval battle, I won a victory

655
00:37:01.060 --> 00:37:04.410
if I sank more of the enemy's ships.

656
00:37:04.410 --> 00:37:09.410
And that's what the Virginia did on March 8th and 9th.

657
00:37:10.310 --> 00:37:14.780
Just to let you all know, it sank on March 8th,

658
00:37:14.780 --> 00:37:19.780
four ships, one transport captured, three ships damaged,

659
00:37:21.360 --> 00:37:22.193
right?

660
00:37:22.193 --> 00:37:26.410
And so that's the Zouave, the Minnesota, St. Lawrence.

661
00:37:26.410 --> 00:37:29.900
The next day,

662
00:37:29.900 --> 00:37:34.470
the Virginia will actually damage two ships,

663
00:37:34.470 --> 00:37:39.470
including the Monitor and sank another ship, the Dragon.

664
00:37:41.060 --> 00:37:43.533
So if we add all that up,

665
00:37:44.570 --> 00:37:49.550
the Virginia's total of what it did to the federal fleet

666
00:37:49.550 --> 00:37:51.540
outweighs the Monitor.

667
00:37:51.540 --> 00:37:55.560
The Monitor does not really damage the Virginia at all.

668
00:37:55.560 --> 00:37:59.990
Its damage was occurred from the close end battle

669
00:37:59.990 --> 00:38:03.800
with the USS Cumberland.

670
00:38:03.800 --> 00:38:08.800
So if I'm in the, like, if I'm sailing with Nelson,

671
00:38:10.590 --> 00:38:12.910
I would've said, "Wow, we won that day.

672
00:38:12.910 --> 00:38:15.260
And also, we closed the James River.

673
00:38:15.260 --> 00:38:19.177
Also, we froze the Naval assets of the federals."

674
00:38:20.130 --> 00:38:23.690
That is, I think, a very, very powerful.

675
00:38:23.690 --> 00:38:28.690
And the Virginia influenced the 1862 Peninsula Campaign

676
00:38:32.170 --> 00:38:34.230
in a major way.

677
00:38:34.230 --> 00:38:37.050
Had not there been the Virginia,

678
00:38:37.050 --> 00:38:42.050
or if it had been destroyed on 9 March by the Monitor,

679
00:38:42.288 --> 00:38:47.288
then we would've seen, like McClellan being able to use

680
00:38:47.800 --> 00:38:51.329
both rivers, and they would've been at the door

681
00:38:51.329 --> 00:38:56.000
with their gunboats and their men at Richmond.

682
00:38:56.000 --> 00:39:00.680
You put the Monitor in the James River at Rocketts Landing,

683
00:39:00.680 --> 00:39:04.920
its shells could hit the Virginia capital,

684
00:39:04.920 --> 00:39:09.570
which was used by the Confederacy as its capital.

685
00:39:09.570 --> 00:39:12.230
So that is a close call,

686
00:39:12.230 --> 00:39:17.230
but it didn't happen because the Virginia was successful

687
00:39:17.510 --> 00:39:22.510
in holding back the federals by closing the James River

688
00:39:24.780 --> 00:39:27.750
and making the Union fearful of running

689
00:39:27.750 --> 00:39:29.803
past the Gloucester Point batteries.

690
00:39:30.980 --> 00:39:35.980
So if we think in a concept of 1862,

691
00:39:37.090 --> 00:39:41.820
the Virginia really gets the credit for winning the day.

692
00:39:41.820 --> 00:39:44.280
They won the day, its influence

693
00:39:44.280 --> 00:39:47.400
on the land operations, strategic.

694
00:39:47.400 --> 00:39:50.545
It wins the day because tactically,

695
00:39:50.545 --> 00:39:53.110
it damaged so many ships.

696
00:39:53.110 --> 00:39:57.500
However, the Monitor also damaged so many ships.

697
00:39:57.500 --> 00:40:01.010
The faith in the Monitor, as the little ship

698
00:40:01.010 --> 00:40:05.870
that saves the nation is going to be heralded

699
00:40:05.870 --> 00:40:07.163
throughout the North.

700
00:40:08.350 --> 00:40:13.350
The federals will then build over 60 Monitors.

701
00:40:13.440 --> 00:40:17.530
Now they kind of forget that the Monitor almost sank

702
00:40:17.530 --> 00:40:19.440
on the way south.

703
00:40:19.440 --> 00:40:24.440
In fact, it will sink on 31 December 1862.

704
00:40:28.495 --> 00:40:31.560
What is wrong with the Monitor's design?

705
00:40:31.560 --> 00:40:34.150
Well, it's got limited firepower,

706
00:40:34.150 --> 00:40:39.150
that's why they'll eventually build twin turreted ironclads.

707
00:40:39.240 --> 00:40:43.500
It has poor fire control, it can only make seven knots,

708
00:40:43.500 --> 00:40:45.270
which when we think of things,

709
00:40:45.270 --> 00:40:48.410
that's faster than any Confederate ironclad,

710
00:40:48.410 --> 00:40:50.970
but it does not make it sea worthy.

711
00:40:50.970 --> 00:40:54.220
And of course, as we know off Cape Hatteras,

712
00:40:54.220 --> 00:40:58.150
the ship is going to sink for a couple of reasons.

713
00:40:58.150 --> 00:41:01.300
Number one, you can't caulk the turret

714
00:41:01.300 --> 00:41:04.610
and expect that to stay in a violent storm.

715
00:41:04.610 --> 00:41:07.230
Water comes down and sometimes

716
00:41:07.230 --> 00:41:08.910
through the top of the turret.

717
00:41:08.910 --> 00:41:11.760
It eeks it's way through the gun ports,

718
00:41:11.760 --> 00:41:16.121
through the pilot house and the hull of the Monitor,

719
00:41:16.121 --> 00:41:20.950
the iron deck, the armor deck as an overhang.

720
00:41:20.950 --> 00:41:25.170
And so every time the Monitor went up and smashed down,

721
00:41:25.170 --> 00:41:27.210
it weakened the connections

722
00:41:27.210 --> 00:41:30.140
between the armor jack and the hull.

723
00:41:30.140 --> 00:41:32.087
As some of the crew members said,

724
00:41:32.087 --> 00:41:36.150
"We thought the ship was going to break apart

725
00:41:36.150 --> 00:41:37.757
before it sank."

726
00:41:38.890 --> 00:41:41.650
But despite these flaws,

727
00:41:41.650 --> 00:41:45.570
the federals are able to build actually

728
00:41:45.570 --> 00:41:47.843
a total of 83 ironclads.

729
00:41:49.070 --> 00:41:51.550
Over 60 of them are gonna be Monitors,

730
00:41:51.550 --> 00:41:53.920
all modified, improved,

731
00:41:53.920 --> 00:41:57.653
and actually the Confederates can only do 23.

732
00:41:58.530 --> 00:42:03.530
So the Monitor becomes the symbol of a change in the nation,

733
00:42:04.150 --> 00:42:06.500
the change to the nation because of the rise

734
00:42:06.500 --> 00:42:08.080
of industrialization.

735
00:42:08.080 --> 00:42:12.200
The rise of inventiveness and as well, as how

736
00:42:12.200 --> 00:42:15.370
the North can harness all those things,

737
00:42:15.370 --> 00:42:20.370
to build so many iron ships that overwhelm the Confederacy.

738
00:42:21.040 --> 00:42:24.780
Their casemated design, such as the Virginia.

739
00:42:24.780 --> 00:42:29.780
Well, it didn't work very well when the federals used

740
00:42:29.820 --> 00:42:33.530
15-inch Dahlgren shell guns,

741
00:42:33.530 --> 00:42:37.570
which in two battles can break the back

742
00:42:37.570 --> 00:42:40.947
of a Confederate ironclad as seen in the capture

743
00:42:40.947 --> 00:42:45.030
of the USS Atlanta and in the Battle of Mobile Bay

744
00:42:45.030 --> 00:42:46.853
with the capture of the Tennessee.

745
00:42:48.350 --> 00:42:51.400
So if I want to summarize,

746
00:42:51.400 --> 00:42:56.400
I will say that the Virginia in old terms won the day.

747
00:42:57.570 --> 00:43:02.570
The Monitor proved itself a match and in the long run,

748
00:43:03.350 --> 00:43:05.860
plays a tremendous role.

749
00:43:05.860 --> 00:43:10.800
Its design, its concept, its abilities to withstand shot,

750
00:43:10.800 --> 00:43:14.780
proves itself a tremendous success,

751
00:43:14.780 --> 00:43:19.401
because of how it blockades the Southern coastline

752
00:43:19.401 --> 00:43:24.401
and proves it can defeat any Confederate ironclad

753
00:43:25.000 --> 00:43:28.780
because it has better guns.

754
00:43:28.780 --> 00:43:31.380
Especially, that 15-inch Dahlgrens.

755
00:43:31.380 --> 00:43:34.310
So who won the battle of Hampton Roads?

756
00:43:34.310 --> 00:43:36.010
Just the battle.

757
00:43:36.010 --> 00:43:38.713
I would have to say that CSS Virginia.

758
00:43:40.180 --> 00:43:45.180
But the Monitor is a symbol of what won the war.

759
00:43:45.970 --> 00:43:50.220
It is indeed the little ship that saved the nation.

760
00:43:50.220 --> 00:43:51.053
Thank you.

761
00:43:56.340 --> 00:43:58.030
[Shannon] All right. Thank you John.

762
00:43:58.030 --> 00:44:00.093
Let me take the screen back from you.

763
00:44:05.760 --> 00:44:08.390
[John] Oh yeah, I forgot to mention that this weekend

764
00:44:08.390 --> 00:44:13.040
is the Battle of Hampton Roads and...

765
00:44:13.040 --> 00:44:14.660
Go back, yes.

766
00:44:14.660 --> 00:44:16.840
And so we are celebrating it here

767
00:44:17.824 --> 00:44:19.400
at The Mariners' Museum with lectures.

768
00:44:19.400 --> 00:44:22.440
I'm giving a lecture Friday at noon.

769
00:44:22.440 --> 00:44:25.520
It's gonna be a virtual lecture about Franklin Buchanan.

770
00:44:25.520 --> 00:44:29.580
And then on Saturday, Will Hoffman is giving a lecture

771
00:44:29.580 --> 00:44:31.540
about the conservation of the Monitor.

772
00:44:31.540 --> 00:44:35.290
I'm giving a lecture about the more nitty gritty

773
00:44:35.290 --> 00:44:36.850
terms of the battle.

774
00:44:36.850 --> 00:44:39.450
I'm gonna do a book signing and we're gonna have

775
00:44:39.450 --> 00:44:43.740
artifact stations, games for children, and so much more.

776
00:44:43.740 --> 00:44:45.490
So anyway.
[Shannon] Thank you, John.

777
00:44:45.490 --> 00:44:47.874
Yeah, and Tane put a link in the chat.

778
00:44:47.874 --> 00:44:49.260
So if you're interested,

779
00:44:49.260 --> 00:44:51.410
just go to the chat box and you'll see the link

780
00:44:51.410 --> 00:44:53.880
that Tane put in that will all the activities

781
00:44:53.880 --> 00:44:56.450
that are happening on the weekend.

782
00:44:56.450 --> 00:44:58.950
So if you have any questions for John,

783
00:44:58.950 --> 00:45:01.400
now is the time to put them in the question box.

784
00:45:01.400 --> 00:45:03.340
Go ahead and start thinking of your questions

785
00:45:03.340 --> 00:45:04.830
and entering them in.

786
00:45:04.830 --> 00:45:06.800
And we'll have him answer as many as we can

787
00:45:06.800 --> 00:45:08.770
in the time that we have left.

788
00:45:08.770 --> 00:45:11.550
And also if you haven't downloaded John's bio yet,

789
00:45:11.550 --> 00:45:14.750
it's also in the chat box, so do that now.

790
00:45:14.750 --> 00:45:17.220
And in that bio, you will also find some links

791
00:45:17.220 --> 00:45:20.040
to The Mariners' Museum, the USS Monitor Center,

792
00:45:20.040 --> 00:45:23.040
John's books and his blog.

793
00:45:23.040 --> 00:45:25.781
So, all right, well, let's get started.

794
00:45:25.781 --> 00:45:26.850
Let's see.

795
00:45:26.850 --> 00:45:29.810
Mark do you have a question you wanna start out with?

796
00:45:29.810 --> 00:45:30.643
[Mark] Yes.

797
00:45:30.643 --> 00:45:33.810
You had touched upon this a little earlier in your talk,

798
00:45:33.810 --> 00:45:38.350
but can you kind of expand more on the ramming aspect

799
00:45:38.350 --> 00:45:39.830
of the CSS Virginia?

800
00:45:39.830 --> 00:45:41.670
This question asks, ramming, which we see

801
00:45:41.670 --> 00:45:43.430
in the old Naval battles of Greece

802
00:45:43.430 --> 00:45:46.070
and Rome was a naval tactic not really used

803
00:45:46.070 --> 00:45:49.059
since The Battle of Lepanto three centuries earlier

804
00:45:49.059 --> 00:45:52.393
and started to be used again since this battle.

805
00:45:53.746 --> 00:45:55.890
Why did this come back into fashion?

806
00:45:55.890 --> 00:45:58.500
[John] Okay. There's a couple of fun things about that.

807
00:45:58.500 --> 00:46:01.666
Number one, during The Battle of Lepanto,

808
00:46:01.666 --> 00:46:06.666
the Turks were trying to ram the Christian fleet,

809
00:46:07.280 --> 00:46:10.240
which a combination of several Christian nations

810
00:46:10.240 --> 00:46:15.240
and Don Juan of Austria

811
00:46:15.410 --> 00:46:17.240
was in command of the fleets.

812
00:46:17.240 --> 00:46:20.780
He knew that the musket and the cannon

813
00:46:20.780 --> 00:46:23.850
would blow those Turks out of the water,

814
00:46:23.850 --> 00:46:27.170
and therefore, they won the battle.

815
00:46:27.170 --> 00:46:31.830
So because we have cannon, you can't ram ships anymore,

816
00:46:31.830 --> 00:46:33.561
or you're gonna be shot up and they sink

817
00:46:33.561 --> 00:46:36.070
before you get there.

818
00:46:36.070 --> 00:46:38.443
So that means we can't do that.

819
00:46:39.280 --> 00:46:44.280
Now in the 1590's, we don't do ramming,

820
00:46:45.620 --> 00:46:48.110
but we do have the first ironclad,

821
00:46:48.110 --> 00:46:51.640
which is called the Turtle Boat that the Koreans used.

822
00:46:51.640 --> 00:46:56.380
They have 1-inch iron shields with spear points

823
00:46:56.380 --> 00:46:58.270
so that they can actually,

824
00:46:58.270 --> 00:46:59.450
they have a cannon,

825
00:46:59.450 --> 00:47:04.000
they do have a ram, but they stopped the Japanese invasion.

826
00:47:04.000 --> 00:47:06.880
Sadly, that's when you know,

827
00:47:06.880 --> 00:47:10.130
Japan didn't wanna share any information with the West.

828
00:47:10.130 --> 00:47:12.960
Korea didn't want to either.

829
00:47:12.960 --> 00:47:15.210
So the forbidden kingdoms.

830
00:47:15.210 --> 00:47:20.210
So it's not until we build steam power,

831
00:47:20.560 --> 00:47:25.460
which can get me where I wanna go, when I want to go,

832
00:47:25.460 --> 00:47:26.947
and ironclads.

833
00:47:28.030 --> 00:47:32.810
If you are shot proof and you can go where you want to go,

834
00:47:32.810 --> 00:47:37.810
why not put a ram on the bow of your ship?

835
00:47:37.900 --> 00:47:40.760
And as a result of that,

836
00:47:40.760 --> 00:47:44.860
they will have a ram fleet in the Mississippi River,

837
00:47:44.860 --> 00:47:49.020
done by the federals, the Confederates do the same.

838
00:47:49.020 --> 00:47:53.600
However, all Confederate ironclads are fitted

839
00:47:53.600 --> 00:47:58.600
with an ironclad or an iron, cast iron ram.

840
00:47:59.180 --> 00:48:01.310
Now what does this mean in the long run?

841
00:48:01.310 --> 00:48:05.960
Well, if you look at Naval design after the Civil War,

842
00:48:05.960 --> 00:48:09.830
they're all gonna have these bows that are rams.

843
00:48:09.830 --> 00:48:14.830
And in fact, at the Battle of Lissa in 1866,

844
00:48:14.860 --> 00:48:18.970
the Austro-Hungarian Navy, and yes, they had a navy,

845
00:48:18.970 --> 00:48:23.970
sank the fed of the Italian ships by ramming.

846
00:48:24.890 --> 00:48:26.810
And this was like,

847
00:48:26.810 --> 00:48:28.810
oh my, they even had a wooden ship,

848
00:48:28.810 --> 00:48:30.800
a steam powered ship of the line,

849
00:48:30.800 --> 00:48:35.800
the Kaiser that actually also rammed a Italian ironclad.

850
00:48:36.580 --> 00:48:39.550
It helped sinks it, but it loses its entire bow.

851
00:48:39.550 --> 00:48:42.973
So you really wanna have ironclads ramming other ironclads.

852
00:48:44.190 --> 00:48:48.779
That design is gonna be kept in Naval design

853
00:48:48.779 --> 00:48:51.267
until we figure it out.

854
00:48:51.267 --> 00:48:56.267
Oh gosh, a steel rifled, 10-inch gun can fire 10 miles

855
00:49:00.390 --> 00:49:03.930
and you can't ram me 'cause I'm gonna shoot you there.

856
00:49:03.930 --> 00:49:08.930
So it's a brief interlude in the terms of naval warfare.

857
00:49:09.830 --> 00:49:12.770
They do ram a couple of ships during World War II

858
00:49:12.770 --> 00:49:15.340
and World War I, but it's not...

859
00:49:15.340 --> 00:49:17.130
They're not designed as rams.

860
00:49:17.130 --> 00:49:19.820
So yeah it...

861
00:49:19.820 --> 00:49:24.630
The Virginia opens up a whole new tactic

862
00:49:24.630 --> 00:49:28.650
that lasts effectively for maybe 20 years

863
00:49:28.650 --> 00:49:31.850
and actually ship design about 30 years.

864
00:49:31.850 --> 00:49:33.310
So anyway, yeah.

865
00:49:33.310 --> 00:49:38.310
It's all about iron over wood, you know, so...

866
00:49:38.800 --> 00:49:40.220
[Shannon] Right.

867
00:49:40.220 --> 00:49:42.350
Okay John, we have a question here.

868
00:49:42.350 --> 00:49:45.300
Do you know what the range of the Virginia's guns were

869
00:49:45.300 --> 00:49:47.453
and how did they compare to the Monitor's?

870
00:49:48.300 --> 00:49:53.300
[John] Well, the Virginia's 7-inch and 6.4-inch rifles

871
00:49:55.350 --> 00:50:00.350
had a greater range than the 11-inch Dahlgrens.

872
00:50:00.660 --> 00:50:05.660
11-inch Dahlgren as it's inventor John Dahlgren will say,

873
00:50:08.601 --> 00:50:10.670
it's like a shotgun.

874
00:50:10.670 --> 00:50:14.840
I can fire solid shot, but I can also fire shells.

875
00:50:14.840 --> 00:50:17.030
So that's pretty good.

876
00:50:17.030 --> 00:50:21.010
And however, that has a limited range,

877
00:50:21.010 --> 00:50:23.560
the rifled guns on the Virginia,

878
00:50:23.560 --> 00:50:25.920
which are the first prototypes,

879
00:50:25.920 --> 00:50:30.920
could probably damage a ship at two and a half miles.

880
00:50:32.850 --> 00:50:37.850
So in terms of who had the better guns, it's the Virginia.

881
00:50:40.290 --> 00:50:44.520
However, because all these ironclad actions in the future

882
00:50:44.520 --> 00:50:49.520
are gonna be close actions because they substituted

883
00:50:49.950 --> 00:50:52.350
one of those 11-inch guns

884
00:50:52.350 --> 00:50:57.350
with a 15-inch Dahlgren shell gun,

885
00:50:58.190 --> 00:51:02.660
which could hurl a shot weighing 440 pounds, right?

886
00:51:04.010 --> 00:51:07.270
And you get within a hundred yards of a Confederate ship

887
00:51:07.270 --> 00:51:11.620
or actually the Manhattan and Chickasaw,

888
00:51:11.620 --> 00:51:13.720
during The Battle of Mobile Bay,

889
00:51:13.720 --> 00:51:16.070
they got within 10 to 50 yards,

890
00:51:16.070 --> 00:51:18.470
and they're firing a 15-inch shot.

891
00:51:18.470 --> 00:51:19.530
What's that gonna do?

892
00:51:19.530 --> 00:51:21.470
It breaks the casemate you know,

893
00:51:21.470 --> 00:51:26.470
brittle iron versus the force of 440 pounds.

894
00:51:27.270 --> 00:51:32.270
So I'm being technical, I guess here, but you know,

895
00:51:32.845 --> 00:51:35.940
on the day of March 9th,

896
00:51:35.940 --> 00:51:40.680
I think the Confederacy had better armament

897
00:51:40.680 --> 00:51:42.193
because of those rifle guns.

898
00:51:43.580 --> 00:51:44.610
[Shannon] Okay. And-

899
00:51:45.630 --> 00:51:47.397
[John] Yeah, the federals learned that,

900
00:51:47.397 --> 00:51:49.520
"Oh my gosh, we need that 15-inch gun."

901
00:51:49.520 --> 00:51:51.010
So anyway.

902
00:51:51.010 --> 00:51:52.750
[Shannon] Okay. Mark, do you have another one?

903
00:51:52.750 --> 00:51:53.853
That's okay, John.

904
00:51:53.853 --> 00:51:56.308
[Mark] Yes. We have plenty of questions today.

905
00:51:56.308 --> 00:51:58.770
And I do just wanna say that a lot of these questions

906
00:51:58.770 --> 00:52:01.390
are asking about that status of the conservation

907
00:52:01.390 --> 00:52:03.660
of the ship, of the Monitor,

908
00:52:03.660 --> 00:52:05.640
which I guess the best way to answer that is to go

909
00:52:05.640 --> 00:52:07.900
and see it at The Mariners' Museum, what that status is.

910
00:52:07.900 --> 00:52:10.030
But this question is actually really interesting

911
00:52:10.030 --> 00:52:11.650
that I'm curious about,

912
00:52:11.650 --> 00:52:14.020
but can you discuss the loading procedures

913
00:52:14.020 --> 00:52:16.940
used to load the Dahlgren guns onto the Monitor?

914
00:52:16.940 --> 00:52:19.920
How did they get them on the ship?

915
00:52:19.920 --> 00:52:24.920
[John] They used cranes or lifts and they put 'em down

916
00:52:25.390 --> 00:52:28.390
and then you had these carriages.

917
00:52:28.390 --> 00:52:32.060
They also developed a little crane-type of device.

918
00:52:32.060 --> 00:52:34.590
You'd have carriages and stuff like that.

919
00:52:34.590 --> 00:52:39.200
Then you actually had a lift to move the shot

920
00:52:39.200 --> 00:52:41.400
in front of the muzzle.

921
00:52:41.400 --> 00:52:44.370
So it could be put down the muzzle

922
00:52:44.370 --> 00:52:45.327
because I don't...

923
00:52:45.327 --> 00:52:50.327
You know, one person on the Monitor got a hernia

924
00:52:51.700 --> 00:52:53.590
from lifting shots.

925
00:52:53.590 --> 00:52:55.840
So there...Moses Stearns.

926
00:52:55.840 --> 00:52:59.540
So they had to have some better ways of doing that.

927
00:52:59.540 --> 00:53:02.453
And so they had trundles, it's just like a hotshot.

928
00:53:03.484 --> 00:53:05.090
That has to be in a special,

929
00:53:05.090 --> 00:53:08.210
you know, cherry, red hotshot.

930
00:53:08.210 --> 00:53:12.000
You're taking it up to a gun deck where there's gun powder

931
00:53:12.000 --> 00:53:12.960
and everything.

932
00:53:12.960 --> 00:53:17.253
So they load the hotshot gun with gun powder,

933
00:53:17.253 --> 00:53:21.387
a dry sabot, a wet sabot and then that shot

934
00:53:21.387 --> 00:53:23.020
and then you fire it.

935
00:53:23.020 --> 00:53:26.530
And so you use a trundle to bring it up.

936
00:53:26.530 --> 00:53:29.470
So they developed these little cranes

937
00:53:29.470 --> 00:53:33.233
that actually were fitted with many land-based guns.

938
00:53:34.470 --> 00:53:35.480
[Shannon] Okay.

939
00:53:35.480 --> 00:53:37.740
Now this is a question that I get asked a lot.

940
00:53:37.740 --> 00:53:40.440
So I'm gonna let you answer it so that I know the answer,

941
00:53:40.440 --> 00:53:41.840
at least the correct answer.

942
00:53:41.840 --> 00:53:44.240
How did the toilet on the Monitor work (laughs).

943
00:53:45.250 --> 00:53:50.250
[John] Well (laughs) well, you know, back in the old days,

944
00:53:52.170 --> 00:53:55.440
you had different ways of distributing your waste.

945
00:53:55.440 --> 00:53:57.750
You had little areas where you'd go to the bathroom

946
00:53:57.750 --> 00:53:59.520
and it just went into the sea.

947
00:53:59.520 --> 00:54:02.420
You'd bring your chamber pot up, throw it into the sea.

948
00:54:02.420 --> 00:54:05.910
Yeah, no one cared back then about the environment.

949
00:54:05.910 --> 00:54:10.910
So, but if your entire living area on your ship

950
00:54:11.460 --> 00:54:13.553
is beneath the waves,

951
00:54:14.990 --> 00:54:18.250
that there's no way just to throw the waste

952
00:54:18.250 --> 00:54:20.490
over on the shore.

953
00:54:20.490 --> 00:54:24.943
So Erickson develops this pressurized commode

954
00:54:26.960 --> 00:54:31.860
that kind of, it works like commodes on submarines

955
00:54:31.860 --> 00:54:33.150
and so forth.

956
00:54:33.150 --> 00:54:34.620
So there's...

957
00:54:34.620 --> 00:54:38.120
So you go do your business and you have these levers,

958
00:54:38.120 --> 00:54:42.590
you know, these handles to churn.

959
00:54:42.590 --> 00:54:44.807
And so, you know, everyone thinks,

960
00:54:44.807 --> 00:54:46.720
"Oh, I'm supposed to do it clockwise."

961
00:54:46.720 --> 00:54:49.940
Well, no, you're supposed to do it counterclockwise.

962
00:54:49.940 --> 00:54:52.640
But they didn't have an instruction manual.

963
00:54:52.640 --> 00:54:57.200
So that's why David Long got blown off of it.

964
00:54:57.200 --> 00:55:00.070
So they had...

965
00:55:00.070 --> 00:55:02.030
Yeah, it's you know,

966
00:55:02.030 --> 00:55:02.870
it's kind of like a...

967
00:55:02.870 --> 00:55:05.530
Almost like a bilge pump to make it simple,

968
00:55:05.530 --> 00:55:09.840
but it's for one use and it used air

969
00:55:09.840 --> 00:55:12.663
and water pressure to make it happen.

970
00:55:13.800 --> 00:55:14.830
[Shannon] All right.

971
00:55:14.830 --> 00:55:17.570
Well, we might have time for one more short answer.

972
00:55:17.570 --> 00:55:19.240
Mark, do you have something that looks like

973
00:55:19.240 --> 00:55:22.650
that could be answered in a couple of minutes.

974
00:55:22.650 --> 00:55:27.083
[Mark] Yes. How did the gun crews cope with the noise?

975
00:55:28.390 --> 00:55:29.623
[John] Huh?

976
00:55:29.623 --> 00:55:30.456
(Shannon and Tane laugh)

977
00:55:30.456 --> 00:55:32.830
[Mark] How did the gun crews cope with the noise

978
00:55:32.830 --> 00:55:34.080
of the cannons?

979
00:55:35.180 --> 00:55:37.690
[John] Well, they didn't, you know.

980
00:55:37.690 --> 00:55:41.000
In fact, when you, in my Monitor Boy's book,

981
00:55:41.000 --> 00:55:44.900
I think I found 50 people wanting a pension, because why?

982
00:55:44.900 --> 00:55:46.470
They couldn't hear.

983
00:55:46.470 --> 00:55:49.920
And so they said it was all because I was in that turret.

984
00:55:49.920 --> 00:55:54.260
So what you were supposed to do when you fired the gun

985
00:55:55.200 --> 00:55:58.900
is you leaned away from the gun,

986
00:55:58.900 --> 00:56:03.130
put your hand over one ear and open your mouth.

987
00:56:06.990 --> 00:56:10.850
So I don't know about you all, but I don't think that works.

988
00:56:10.850 --> 00:56:13.799
You know, so yeah.

989
00:56:13.799 --> 00:56:16.740
It's...

990
00:56:16.740 --> 00:56:18.140
They didn't know any better.

991
00:56:19.105 --> 00:56:23.010
And really that is saving you from puncturing your eardrum,

992
00:56:23.010 --> 00:56:27.050
but there are other things that work in a ear, so yeah.

993
00:56:27.050 --> 00:56:27.890
That's what they did

994
00:56:27.890 --> 00:56:32.770
and no answer from me is short (Shannon laughs)

995
00:56:32.770 --> 00:56:33.930
remind you all.

996
00:56:33.930 --> 00:56:36.880
<v ->I know that's why I specifically said maybe 2 minutes.</v>

997
00:56:37.830 --> 00:56:39.760
[Shannon] All right. Well, John, I think we are out of time

998
00:56:39.760 --> 00:56:40.593
for questions.

999
00:56:40.593 --> 00:56:42.020
You had a lot of questions.

1000
00:56:42.020 --> 00:56:43.860
If we did not get to your question,

1001
00:56:43.860 --> 00:56:46.340
John will receive a copy of all the questions,

1002
00:56:46.340 --> 00:56:49.880
and he will answer them as he has time.

1003
00:56:49.880 --> 00:56:51.050
And so...

1004
00:56:51.050 --> 00:56:53.020
But also if you think of other questions

1005
00:56:53.020 --> 00:56:54.010
or additional ones

1006
00:56:54.010 --> 00:56:57.480
that you forgot to ask, his email is here on the screen.

1007
00:56:57.480 --> 00:57:01.620
So feel free to email him at johnquarstein@ gmail.org,

1008
00:57:01.620 --> 00:57:04.963
or that should be .com or should it say .org.

1009
00:57:06.230 --> 00:57:08.210
[John] It's .com.

1010
00:57:08.210 --> 00:57:09.620
[Shannon] That's what I thought, okay.

1011
00:57:09.620 --> 00:57:12.552
So it's yes. Oh, sorry go ahead.

1012
00:57:12.552 --> 00:57:16.270
[John] I'm doing a lecture this Friday,

1013
00:57:16.270 --> 00:57:17.773
which will be virtual again.

1014
00:57:18.660 --> 00:57:20.980
It's about Franklin Buchanan,

1015
00:57:20.980 --> 00:57:25.420
but I will have time for questions then if you want to

1016
00:57:25.420 --> 00:57:29.980
turn in and learn about one of the greatest admirals.

1017
00:57:29.980 --> 00:57:31.900
Do so Friday at noon.

1018
00:57:31.900 --> 00:57:33.320
[Shannon] All right.

1019
00:57:33.320 --> 00:57:35.110
Okay, and you can, of course always

1020
00:57:35.110 --> 00:57:36.810
visit The Mariners' Museum online

1021
00:57:36.810 --> 00:57:39.880
to learn more about the USS Monitor, conservation efforts.

1022
00:57:39.880 --> 00:57:42.190
And I think Tane put a link in there as well

1023
00:57:42.190 --> 00:57:44.350
to the conservation area.

1024
00:57:44.350 --> 00:57:48.530
So the presentation will be archived.

1025
00:57:48.530 --> 00:57:50.930
The recording of this presentation will be available

1026
00:57:50.930 --> 00:57:53.210
on the sanctuaries webinar archive page,

1027
00:57:53.210 --> 00:57:55.030
which is found at that long URL

1028
00:57:55.030 --> 00:57:57.020
listed up at the top of the page.

1029
00:57:57.020 --> 00:57:59.230
And it's also gonna be

1030
00:57:59.230 --> 00:58:03.150
on the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary's website.

1031
00:58:03.150 --> 00:58:05.910
You just click on the multimedia section in the toolbar

1032
00:58:05.910 --> 00:58:07.560
to access the webinar box.

1033
00:58:07.560 --> 00:58:10.870
And there you'll find future webinars in that same section.

1034
00:58:10.870 --> 00:58:13.580
And don't worry, all of this information will be sent to you

1035
00:58:13.580 --> 00:58:16.360
in a follow up email once the recording is ready to view.

1036
00:58:16.360 --> 00:58:18.850
Once it's up online, we will send you an email.

1037
00:58:18.850 --> 00:58:21.160
It usually takes anywhere from a week to two weeks,

1038
00:58:21.160 --> 00:58:22.420
but we will send you an email

1039
00:58:22.420 --> 00:58:24.663
with the link to the recording.

1040
00:58:26.030 --> 00:58:28.830
And please join us for the upcoming webinars

1041
00:58:28.830 --> 00:58:30.354
that we're gonna have. April 12th,

1042
00:58:30.354 --> 00:58:32.740
Tane mentioned it briefly that we're going be doing

1043
00:58:32.740 --> 00:58:35.237
Valor in the Atlantic in May

1044
00:58:35.237 --> 00:58:38.150
and we're going learn more about it on April 12th

1045
00:58:38.150 --> 00:58:40.890
at 1:00 pm, Tane Casserley and Chris Taylor

1046
00:58:40.890 --> 00:58:43.130
and Avery Paxton and Chris Southerly are all going to give

1047
00:58:43.130 --> 00:58:46.190
an overview of that upcoming expedition

1048
00:58:46.190 --> 00:58:48.560
and tell you about how you can tune in live

1049
00:58:48.560 --> 00:58:50.700
as they explore the Monitor

1050
00:58:50.700 --> 00:58:53.550
and other shipwrecks off the coast there.

1051
00:58:53.550 --> 00:58:54.960
And of course, as always,

1052
00:58:54.960 --> 00:58:57.443
we invite you to follow us on social media.

1053
00:58:59.360 --> 00:59:01.130
And lastly, as you exit the webinar,

1054
00:59:01.130 --> 00:59:04.280
there is a short survey for formal and informal educators.

1055
00:59:04.280 --> 00:59:06.910
If you are an educator, we would really appreciate it

1056
00:59:06.910 --> 00:59:09.570
if you take just a minute or two to complete the survey.

1057
00:59:09.570 --> 00:59:12.040
Your answers will help NOAA develop future webinars

1058
00:59:12.040 --> 00:59:13.500
to meet your needs.

1059
00:59:13.500 --> 00:59:15.370
Your participation is voluntary

1060
00:59:15.370 --> 00:59:17.713
and your answers will be completely anonymous.

1061
00:59:19.200 --> 00:59:22.360
Once again, we want to thank John for a great presentation

1062
00:59:22.360 --> 00:59:24.400
and thank all of you for joining us today,

1063
00:59:24.400 --> 00:59:26.370
and taking time out of your day to be with us,

1064
00:59:26.370 --> 00:59:27.440
we really appreciate it.

1065
00:59:27.440 --> 00:59:28.620
You have a wonderful day

1066
00:59:28.620 --> 00:59:30.520
and this concludes the presentation.

1067
00:59:30.520 --> 00:59:32.210
Thank you.
[John] Huzzah!

1068
00:59:32.210 --> 00:59:33.223
<v ->Bye everyone.</v>