WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.030 --> 00:00:01.040 [Shannon Ricles} Hi everyone. 2 00:00:01.040 --> 00:00:03.770 Thank you so much for joining us today 3 00:00:03.770 --> 00:00:06.310 for the American Indian Log Boats - 4 00:00:06.310 --> 00:00:07.770 Every Tree Tells a Story 5 00:00:07.770 --> 00:00:09.993 with Chris Southerly and John Mintz. 6 00:00:11.260 --> 00:00:12.190 I'm Shannon Ricles, 7 00:00:12.190 --> 00:00:13.720 the Education and Outreach Coordinator 8 00:00:13.720 --> 00:00:15.350 for Monitor National Marine Sanctuary, 9 00:00:15.350 --> 00:00:17.400 and I'm going to be your host today. 10 00:00:17.400 --> 00:00:20.370 And joining me is Mark Losavio. 11 00:00:20.370 --> 00:00:22.270 He's the media and outreach and coordinator 12 00:00:22.270 --> 00:00:23.850 for Monitor National Marine Sanctuary. 13 00:00:23.850 --> 00:00:25.763 He's going to act as co-host today. 14 00:00:27.550 --> 00:00:28.730 This webinar is brought to you 15 00:00:28.730 --> 00:00:31.450 by NOAA's Monitor National Marine Sanctuary 16 00:00:32.670 --> 00:00:34.830 in collaboration with North Carolina Office 17 00:00:34.830 --> 00:00:36.323 of State Archeology. 18 00:00:38.020 --> 00:00:39.860 Partnering since 1975, 19 00:00:39.860 --> 00:00:41.990 NOAA and the State of North Carolina work 20 00:00:41.990 --> 00:00:44.180 to research honor and protect the hallmarks 21 00:00:44.180 --> 00:00:47.160 of North Carolina's underwater cultural heritage - 22 00:00:47.160 --> 00:00:48.130 shipwrecks. 23 00:00:48.130 --> 00:00:49.820 Now these shipwrecks hold information 24 00:00:49.820 --> 00:00:51.790 about the ever-changing technologies 25 00:00:51.790 --> 00:00:54.030 and cultural and physical landscapes. 26 00:00:54.030 --> 00:00:57.550 They serve as uniquely accessible underwater museums 27 00:00:57.550 --> 00:01:00.880 and a memorial to generations of Mariners who lived, died, 28 00:01:00.880 --> 00:01:02.930 worked and fought off our shores. 29 00:01:02.930 --> 00:01:05.440 This is one of the many webinars we will be hosting 30 00:01:05.440 --> 00:01:07.320 in the coming months for the Submerged NC 31 00:01:07.320 --> 00:01:09.550 webinar series in collaboration 32 00:01:09.550 --> 00:01:12.553 with the North Carolina Office of State Archeology. 33 00:01:14.200 --> 00:01:17.140 Monitor is just one of 15 national marine sanctuaries 34 00:01:17.140 --> 00:01:18.850 and two marine national monuments 35 00:01:18.850 --> 00:01:21.170 in the National Marine Sanctuary System. 36 00:01:21.170 --> 00:01:24.990 The system encompasses more than 620,000 square miles 37 00:01:24.990 --> 00:01:27.970 of marine and Great Lakes waters from Washington state 38 00:01:27.970 --> 00:01:31.393 to the Florida Keys and from Lake Huron to American Samoa. 39 00:01:32.234 --> 00:01:33.190 Now during this presentation, 40 00:01:33.190 --> 00:01:35.810 all attendees will be in listen-only mode. 41 00:01:35.810 --> 00:01:39.020 You are welcome to type questions into the question box 42 00:01:39.020 --> 00:01:41.470 at the bottom of the control panel on the right-hand side 43 00:01:41.470 --> 00:01:42.700 of your screen. 44 00:01:42.700 --> 00:01:44.910 Now, this is the same area you can let us know 45 00:01:44.910 --> 00:01:47.090 about any technical issues you may be having 46 00:01:47.090 --> 00:01:49.710 that we might be able to help you with. 47 00:01:49.710 --> 00:01:51.560 We'll be monitoring the incoming questions 48 00:01:51.560 --> 00:01:52.500 and technical issues, 49 00:01:52.500 --> 00:01:54.880 and we'll respond just as soon as we can. 50 00:01:54.880 --> 00:01:57.610 We are recording this session and will share the recording 51 00:01:57.610 --> 00:02:00.730 with registered participants via the webinar archive page. 52 00:02:00.730 --> 00:02:03.780 And we'll give you a URL for that webpage at the end 53 00:02:03.780 --> 00:02:04.923 of the presentation. 54 00:02:06.260 --> 00:02:07.360 So let's get started. 55 00:02:07.360 --> 00:02:10.650 Chris and John, tell us about log boat initiative 56 00:02:10.650 --> 00:02:12.840 of the North Carolina State of Archeology. 57 00:02:12.840 --> 00:02:15.070 And let us learn more. 58 00:02:15.070 --> 00:02:17.220 You ready? I'm going to change over to you. 59 00:02:18.330 --> 00:02:20.774 Let's see. Change presenter. 60 00:02:20.774 --> 00:02:21.607 Here we go. 61 00:02:25.400 --> 00:02:27.050 All right, Chris, do you have it? 62 00:02:30.660 --> 00:02:31.493 All right. 63 00:02:37.110 --> 00:02:40.133 You're muted, Chris, you need to unmute yourself. 64 00:02:42.220 --> 00:02:43.420 All right, there you go. 65 00:02:47.906 --> 00:02:48.739 [Chris Southerly] All right. 66 00:02:48.739 --> 00:02:51.100 Thanks Shannon and Mark and good afternoon, 67 00:02:51.100 --> 00:02:54.110 evening or morning to everyone, 68 00:02:54.110 --> 00:02:57.070 wherever you're watching from today. 69 00:02:57.070 --> 00:02:57.903 As Shannon said today, 70 00:02:57.903 --> 00:03:01.360 we're going to talk about American Indian log boats 71 00:03:01.360 --> 00:03:05.423 in North Carolina and how every tree can tell a tale. 72 00:03:06.860 --> 00:03:11.860 I'm gonna let state archeologist John Mintz start 73 00:03:12.600 --> 00:03:15.243 with the presentation here for us. 74 00:03:16.193 --> 00:03:19.483 And we'll kind of tag team on the slides here. 75 00:03:21.910 --> 00:03:23.160 [John Mintz] Okay. Thank you, Chris. 76 00:03:26.697 --> 00:03:28.760 American Indian log boats, each and everyone have 77 00:03:28.760 --> 00:03:30.566 a different story to tell. 78 00:03:30.566 --> 00:03:32.760 So we're going to try to tell that story to you today. 79 00:03:32.760 --> 00:03:36.860 North Carolina has a vast network of more than 37,000 miles 80 00:03:36.860 --> 00:03:41.580 of navigable lakes, rivers, sounds, inlets 81 00:03:41.580 --> 00:03:44.000 with access to the Atlantic Ocean, 82 00:03:44.000 --> 00:03:47.610 that forms the largest or the second largest estuary system 83 00:03:47.610 --> 00:03:49.380 in the United States. 84 00:03:49.380 --> 00:03:52.430 Almost 10% of the state is covered in water. 85 00:03:52.430 --> 00:03:55.260 And North Carolina has more water than the entire state 86 00:03:55.260 --> 00:03:57.183 of Connecticut has dry land. 87 00:03:58.030 --> 00:04:00.910 These waters have served the peoples of North Carolina 88 00:04:00.910 --> 00:04:02.543 for thousands of years. 89 00:04:04.080 --> 00:04:07.310 Today, we often think of water as a barrier that needs 90 00:04:07.310 --> 00:04:11.820 to be gone around or crossed with a bridge or ferry. 91 00:04:11.820 --> 00:04:13.820 However, from the beginning, 92 00:04:13.820 --> 00:04:16.740 even into the early 20th century, 93 00:04:16.740 --> 00:04:20.453 water was an early means of travel and transportation. 94 00:04:21.370 --> 00:04:24.790 Initial European settlements happened along the shorelines 95 00:04:24.790 --> 00:04:28.150 with public and private landings developed over time, 96 00:04:28.150 --> 00:04:31.860 all along the rivers, creeks, and sounds. 97 00:04:31.860 --> 00:04:35.060 In modern terms, you can think of the rivers like 98 00:04:35.060 --> 00:04:38.260 an interstate or major highway with the landings 99 00:04:38.260 --> 00:04:42.130 being exit ramps, giving access to a town 100 00:04:42.130 --> 00:04:44.720 or leading to a secondary road to go farther 101 00:04:44.720 --> 00:04:45.803 into the countryside. 102 00:04:54.220 --> 00:04:57.530 American Indians constructed dugout canoes 103 00:04:57.530 --> 00:05:00.550 and relied on them for transportation, fishing, 104 00:05:00.550 --> 00:05:03.680 hunting, trading, and sometimes defense, 105 00:05:03.680 --> 00:05:06.603 utilizing the extensive waters of North Carolina. 106 00:05:07.650 --> 00:05:10.590 First-hand accounts of early European explorers, 107 00:05:10.590 --> 00:05:13.440 John Smith and Thomas Harriet combined 108 00:05:13.440 --> 00:05:16.570 with Theodor De Bry's detail engravings 109 00:05:16.570 --> 00:05:18.450 of John White's early drawings 110 00:05:18.450 --> 00:05:21.170 provide a description of how these dugout canoes 111 00:05:21.170 --> 00:05:22.143 were constructed. 112 00:05:23.580 --> 00:05:26.240 The canoes were built using fire and tools. 113 00:05:26.240 --> 00:05:30.700 Tools made of stone, shell, and antler to hollow out 114 00:05:30.700 --> 00:05:33.680 and shape the logs into the forms and sizes 115 00:05:33.680 --> 00:05:36.180 to meet the Indians' needs. 116 00:05:36.180 --> 00:05:37.740 Large straight trees, 117 00:05:37.740 --> 00:05:41.900 typically pine or bald cypress were carefully skirted 118 00:05:41.900 --> 00:05:45.090 at the base and burned to fell them. 119 00:05:45.090 --> 00:05:48.680 The laborious process of stripping limbs, bark, 120 00:05:48.680 --> 00:05:50.430 and sometimes sapwood, 121 00:05:50.430 --> 00:05:52.530 then took place while the ends 122 00:05:52.530 --> 00:05:55.060 were further burned and shaped. 123 00:05:55.060 --> 00:05:56.520 The logs were then hollowed out 124 00:05:56.520 --> 00:06:00.000 by careful repetitive burning and scraping. 125 00:06:00.000 --> 00:06:03.300 Often wet clay, grass, rosin, 126 00:06:03.300 --> 00:06:06.390 and sometimes fat or grease were used to direct 127 00:06:06.390 --> 00:06:08.383 and control the burning process. 128 00:06:17.980 --> 00:06:20.580 To the left is a chart of the cultural period 129 00:06:20.580 --> 00:06:22.820 and representative traditions in the coastal plain 130 00:06:22.820 --> 00:06:24.790 of North Carolina. 131 00:06:24.790 --> 00:06:27.050 The earliest canoe dated in North Carolina 132 00:06:27.050 --> 00:06:31.360 is currently from Lake Phelps at about 2430 BC 133 00:06:31.360 --> 00:06:34.063 and falls within the late Archaic period. 134 00:06:34.940 --> 00:06:37.480 The earliest dugout canoe worldwide, 135 00:06:37.480 --> 00:06:40.223 dates to almost 8000 BC. 136 00:06:41.450 --> 00:06:44.200 To the right you see one of De Bry's engravings 137 00:06:44.200 --> 00:06:48.040 showing American Indians fishing from a dugout canoe 138 00:06:48.040 --> 00:06:52.920 in the late 1500's at about the time of European contact. 139 00:06:52.920 --> 00:06:56.470 Like the American Indians, early European settlers 140 00:06:56.470 --> 00:07:00.610 relied heavily on canoes for transportation, commerce, 141 00:07:00.610 --> 00:07:04.253 fishing, and exploration in North Carolina and Virginia. 142 00:07:05.370 --> 00:07:08.450 European settlers often acquired canoes 143 00:07:08.450 --> 00:07:10.600 from the American Indians they encountered 144 00:07:10.600 --> 00:07:13.140 and eventually emulated the construction techniques 145 00:07:13.140 --> 00:07:14.880 to make their own canoes, 146 00:07:14.880 --> 00:07:18.460 this time however, using iron tools to cut down 147 00:07:18.460 --> 00:07:20.523 and hew out the tree trunks. 148 00:07:24.890 --> 00:07:25.930 The slide in front of you, 149 00:07:25.930 --> 00:07:29.150 here you can see the distribution of dugout canoes 150 00:07:29.150 --> 00:07:32.760 in coastal North Carolina, broken down by county 151 00:07:32.760 --> 00:07:37.450 with prehistoric / pre-contact canoes on the left 152 00:07:37.450 --> 00:07:41.123 and historic post-European contact to the right. 153 00:07:42.100 --> 00:07:45.640 You will notice a large concentration of prehistoric canoes 154 00:07:45.640 --> 00:07:49.730 in Washington, Bladen and Columbus counties. 155 00:07:49.730 --> 00:07:52.270 This corresponds to the location of some 156 00:07:52.270 --> 00:07:55.840 of North Carolina's inland lakes that were extensively used 157 00:07:55.840 --> 00:07:59.860 by American Indians, specifically Jones Lake, 158 00:07:59.860 --> 00:08:03.850 Singletary Lake, and White Lake in Bladen County. 159 00:08:03.850 --> 00:08:06.347 Lake Waccamaw in Columbus County 160 00:08:06.347 --> 00:08:08.850 and the largest collection we have today 161 00:08:08.850 --> 00:08:11.363 at Lake Phelps in Washington County. 162 00:08:12.510 --> 00:08:15.980 line:15% The bottom table shows the distribution 163 00:08:15.980 --> 00:08:18.650 line:15% of prehistoric canoes by body of water 164 00:08:18.650 --> 00:08:22.240 line:15% within the respective counties noted in the top table, 165 00:08:22.240 --> 00:08:24.960 notably White Lake in Bladen County, 166 00:08:24.960 --> 00:08:27.620 Lake Waccamaw in Columbus County 167 00:08:27.620 --> 00:08:30.083 and Lake Phelps in Washington County. 168 00:08:36.560 --> 00:08:39.580 This table in front of you now shows the canoes that we have 169 00:08:39.580 --> 00:08:44.040 carbon-14 dates for, broken down by body of water. 170 00:08:44.040 --> 00:08:46.510 Now carbon-14, or as we normally call it, 171 00:08:46.510 --> 00:08:49.470 C14 dating is not exact. 172 00:08:49.470 --> 00:08:52.660 So for simplicity, what is recorded in this table 173 00:08:52.660 --> 00:08:57.220 is the mean date for each of the wood samples. 174 00:08:57.220 --> 00:08:59.650 Each of these samples have an error range 175 00:08:59.650 --> 00:09:02.083 of plus or minus 50 years. 176 00:09:03.060 --> 00:09:05.780 A few things to note on this table, 177 00:09:05.780 --> 00:09:08.920 Lake Phelps has the oldest canoe from 2430 178 00:09:08.920 --> 00:09:11.833 as previously mentioned in the late Archaic. 179 00:09:12.845 --> 00:09:16.700 And one of the youngest from 1400 AD in the Lake Woodland, 180 00:09:16.700 --> 00:09:20.430 less than 200 years from a European contact. 181 00:09:20.430 --> 00:09:22.940 The canoes in Lake Phelps are all constructed 182 00:09:22.940 --> 00:09:24.770 from bald cypress. 183 00:09:24.770 --> 00:09:28.120 Whereas the canoes farther south along the coastal plain 184 00:09:28.120 --> 00:09:29.890 are predominantly pine. 185 00:09:29.890 --> 00:09:31.670 Is this just a resource issue 186 00:09:31.670 --> 00:09:35.360 or is there a cultural preference for cypress over pine 187 00:09:35.360 --> 00:09:37.260 in the Northeastern part of the state? 188 00:09:39.218 --> 00:09:42.160 In Lake Phelps and Lake Waccamaw, there are several canoes 189 00:09:42.160 --> 00:09:47.030 that have a mean carbon date only 10 or 20 years apart. 190 00:09:47.030 --> 00:09:50.880 Given the error of plus or minus 50 years, 191 00:09:50.880 --> 00:09:54.250 as mentioned earlier, we know that many of these canoes 192 00:09:54.250 --> 00:09:56.373 were operating together on the lake. 193 00:10:05.270 --> 00:10:07.250 To this point, we have looked at a lot 194 00:10:07.250 --> 00:10:10.640 of background information with numbers and dates. 195 00:10:10.640 --> 00:10:13.190 Now let's take a look at some of the canoes themselves 196 00:10:13.190 --> 00:10:15.300 from around coastal North Carolina 197 00:10:15.300 --> 00:10:19.930 before focusing in on some of our most recent work. 198 00:10:19.930 --> 00:10:22.940 Here, you will see images of the Tar River canoe, 199 00:10:22.940 --> 00:10:26.080 which is on exhibit at Terrell Lane Middle School 200 00:10:26.080 --> 00:10:28.170 near where it was recovered. 201 00:10:28.170 --> 00:10:31.520 You can see the Lumber River canoe recovered decades ago, 202 00:10:31.520 --> 00:10:34.210 closer to the South Carolina line. 203 00:10:34.210 --> 00:10:37.250 You can also see the Cape Fear River canoe, 204 00:10:37.250 --> 00:10:39.250 which was recovered from one of the spoil islands 205 00:10:39.250 --> 00:10:40.640 in the middle of the river. 206 00:10:40.640 --> 00:10:44.820 And finally, in fragments of four different canoes 207 00:10:44.820 --> 00:10:47.603 found at White Lake in Bladen County. 208 00:10:57.873 --> 00:10:59.240 I've mentioned before North Carolina 209 00:10:59.240 --> 00:11:01.640 has six natural lakes that have 210 00:11:01.640 --> 00:11:03.930 had dugout canoes found in them. 211 00:11:03.930 --> 00:11:06.570 The greatest number of these, 23, 212 00:11:06.570 --> 00:11:09.630 are from Lake Phelps in Washington County. 213 00:11:09.630 --> 00:11:11.560 The canoes from Lake Phelps are associated 214 00:11:11.560 --> 00:11:14.340 with other terrestrial archeological artifacts 215 00:11:14.340 --> 00:11:17.200 and features, such as projectile points, 216 00:11:17.200 --> 00:11:19.730 cooking vessels and other ceramics 217 00:11:19.730 --> 00:11:23.910 dating back to almost 9000 BC. 218 00:11:23.910 --> 00:11:26.210 These artifacts indicate that the area 219 00:11:26.210 --> 00:11:27.810 around Lake Phelps supported 220 00:11:27.810 --> 00:11:30.830 a significant American Indian community 221 00:11:30.830 --> 00:11:32.670 for thousands of years. 222 00:11:32.670 --> 00:11:35.840 Although the oldest canoe sample only dates 223 00:11:35.840 --> 00:11:38.423 to around 2500 BC. 224 00:11:40.150 --> 00:11:42.800 Lake Phelps is only rain fed. 225 00:11:42.800 --> 00:11:46.210 During periods of extreme drought in the 1980s, 226 00:11:46.210 --> 00:11:49.000 numerous dugout canoes were discovered, 227 00:11:49.000 --> 00:11:52.710 primarily along the northern shoreline, as noted here. 228 00:11:52.710 --> 00:11:56.010 Initial documentation was done in 1986 229 00:11:56.010 --> 00:11:57.470 with many subsequent visits 230 00:11:57.470 --> 00:12:01.190 for monitoring and future research over the years. 231 00:12:01.190 --> 00:12:03.900 Four of the 23 canoes were recovered 232 00:12:03.900 --> 00:12:07.200 and conserved using sucrose or sugar, 233 00:12:07.200 --> 00:12:09.260 but the remainder were left in situ, 234 00:12:09.260 --> 00:12:11.080 meaning left where they were found 235 00:12:11.080 --> 00:12:14.180 after detailed mapping and collection of wooden samples 236 00:12:14.180 --> 00:12:15.030 for most of them. 237 00:12:23.140 --> 00:12:23.973 [Chris Southerly] All right. 238 00:12:23.973 --> 00:12:28.540 So here we see one of the longer canoes that was discovered 239 00:12:30.100 --> 00:12:34.530 at Lake Phelps, measuring in at about 30 feet long, 240 00:12:34.530 --> 00:12:37.270 dating to 900 BC. 241 00:12:37.270 --> 00:12:41.710 PHL0002, or Phelps Lake Two, was recovered, conserved 242 00:12:41.710 --> 00:12:45.670 and as John mentioned, conserved using sugar 243 00:12:46.530 --> 00:12:49.930 as the bulking agent to stabilize the waterlogged wood, 244 00:12:49.930 --> 00:12:52.823 and put on display at the Museum of History in Raleigh. 245 00:12:54.426 --> 00:12:57.600 Now the use of sucrose or sugar for stabilization 246 00:12:57.600 --> 00:13:00.373 and conservation is not ideal, 247 00:13:01.270 --> 00:13:05.523 but it was selected as the most viable option at the time. 248 00:13:11.610 --> 00:13:13.540 Here you see Phelps Lake number six 249 00:13:15.610 --> 00:13:17.423 is still sitting in situ. 250 00:13:19.310 --> 00:13:20.500 And this canoe, 251 00:13:20.500 --> 00:13:24.183 when it was discovered was already broken into two pieces. 252 00:13:25.350 --> 00:13:28.500 This one being a little over, in combined length, 253 00:13:28.500 --> 00:13:33.003 21 feet long and dates to 230 AD. 254 00:13:37.870 --> 00:13:41.790 Another of the canoes, a little bit younger, 18 feet long, 255 00:13:41.790 --> 00:13:46.320 number 10, AD 420 in situ. 256 00:13:46.320 --> 00:13:51.320 You can see both ends of the canoe, one part in the shallow 257 00:13:52.540 --> 00:13:55.290 and the other part is still partially buried 258 00:13:55.290 --> 00:13:57.373 a little further out into the lake. 259 00:14:01.012 --> 00:14:05.890 Now recently, again, with the problem of sucrose, 260 00:14:05.890 --> 00:14:10.228 additional research has been done concerning re-treatment 261 00:14:10.228 --> 00:14:13.955 of the Lake Phelps canoes to address some of those problems. 262 00:14:13.955 --> 00:14:16.310 A previous webinar in this series 263 00:14:16.310 --> 00:14:17.770 discussed this in detail 264 00:14:17.770 --> 00:14:20.620 and is available in the archive section, 265 00:14:20.620 --> 00:14:23.270 if you're interested in looking at that. 266 00:14:23.270 --> 00:14:25.283 One of our conservators, Tim Smith, 267 00:14:26.250 --> 00:14:31.250 took the lead on this project under a grant project 268 00:14:31.750 --> 00:14:34.973 for about a year and a half, looking at these in detail. 269 00:14:39.220 --> 00:14:43.730 Now let's turn to some of our more recent endeavors 270 00:14:43.730 --> 00:14:47.740 with the prehistoric dugout canoes that we have here 271 00:14:47.740 --> 00:14:48.893 in North Carolina. 272 00:14:49.950 --> 00:14:54.950 Now on May 16th, 2018, a local informant reported 273 00:14:56.570 --> 00:14:58.510 to the director of the Fayetteville Area 274 00:14:58.510 --> 00:15:02.140 Transportation and History Museum that they knew 275 00:15:02.140 --> 00:15:06.170 of someone that had found a dugout canoe while fishing 276 00:15:06.170 --> 00:15:07.723 along the South River, 277 00:15:08.730 --> 00:15:11.350 just down from the old railroad bridge, 278 00:15:11.350 --> 00:15:14.190 as they described it and planned to recover it, 279 00:15:14.190 --> 00:15:16.780 dry it out and use it for fishing 280 00:15:16.780 --> 00:15:18.823 because it was in such good shape. 281 00:15:20.080 --> 00:15:24.310 You can see the image to the right actually shows the canoe 282 00:15:25.780 --> 00:15:30.780 that the gentleman who discovered it had posted on Facebook, 283 00:15:31.810 --> 00:15:35.093 making a public announcement of his finds. 284 00:15:36.880 --> 00:15:40.250 Following the directions provided by the informant, 285 00:15:40.250 --> 00:15:44.410 the director of the museum and two city employees 286 00:15:44.410 --> 00:15:48.480 that he recruited from Fayetteville located the canoe 287 00:15:48.480 --> 00:15:53.410 just south of the bridge and confirming that it was a canoe 288 00:15:53.410 --> 00:15:56.200 and was relatively intact. 289 00:15:56.200 --> 00:15:59.120 Now by making their way back to the road, through the swamp, 290 00:15:59.120 --> 00:16:02.680 they passed two individuals, as he reported, 291 00:16:02.680 --> 00:16:06.130 one armed with a pistol heading into the swamp 292 00:16:06.130 --> 00:16:07.823 in the direction of the canoe. 293 00:16:09.010 --> 00:16:12.690 The director then notified local law enforcement 294 00:16:12.690 --> 00:16:17.690 and remained at the nearby bridge to monitor what 295 00:16:17.980 --> 00:16:20.880 was going on while the city staff returned to Fayetteville 296 00:16:20.880 --> 00:16:24.260 to assemble a crew, to get the necessary straps 297 00:16:24.260 --> 00:16:28.193 and recovery material to properly retrieve the canoe. 298 00:16:29.420 --> 00:16:32.913 By the time a Sampson County Sheriff's deputy arrived, 299 00:16:33.810 --> 00:16:37.110 the individuals had pulled the canoe from the water 300 00:16:37.110 --> 00:16:40.610 and appeared to be planning how to remove it from the swamp. 301 00:16:40.610 --> 00:16:42.890 The deputy informed the individuals that the canoe 302 00:16:42.890 --> 00:16:46.490 was state, in other words, public property, 303 00:16:46.490 --> 00:16:48.570 and to return to the roadway 304 00:16:48.570 --> 00:16:50.220 and leave the canoe where it was. 305 00:16:51.630 --> 00:16:54.780 The city crew returned shortly, went back into the swamp, 306 00:16:54.780 --> 00:16:57.320 along the river and recovered the canoe, 307 00:16:57.320 --> 00:17:01.203 taking it to the museum where it was kept wrapped and wet. 308 00:17:07.010 --> 00:17:10.570 Now it took until May 22nd, 2018, 309 00:17:10.570 --> 00:17:14.289 before UAB staff was able to make arrangements 310 00:17:14.289 --> 00:17:17.660 to transport the canoe to the conservation lab 311 00:17:17.660 --> 00:17:19.330 at Kure Beach. 312 00:17:19.330 --> 00:17:22.460 To the left here, you see the temporary measures 313 00:17:22.460 --> 00:17:26.090 that the museum staff took to keep the canoe wet 314 00:17:26.090 --> 00:17:27.543 until it was picked up, 315 00:17:28.510 --> 00:17:32.680 wrapping it in wet towels and keeping it filled with water, 316 00:17:32.680 --> 00:17:36.670 and spraying it on a regular basis. 317 00:17:36.670 --> 00:17:41.670 And to the right, you see museum director, Bruce Daws, 318 00:17:42.300 --> 00:17:47.300 the older gentleman in the green shirt and in blue jeans, 319 00:17:48.110 --> 00:17:51.240 and some of the staff and city crew that, in essence, 320 00:17:51.240 --> 00:17:56.240 saved this canoe from disappearing into someone's backyard, 321 00:17:58.260 --> 00:18:01.070 or probably, eventually a burn pit 322 00:18:01.070 --> 00:18:04.663 because it wouldn't have been conserved properly. 323 00:18:10.530 --> 00:18:15.473 Now the South River canoe was relatively small, 324 00:18:17.900 --> 00:18:21.810 only 12 feet, nine inches long, but it was fully intact. 325 00:18:21.810 --> 00:18:24.060 It was very structurally sound. 326 00:18:24.060 --> 00:18:29.060 And with the sides coming up almost to what 327 00:18:29.230 --> 00:18:31.430 would have probably been the original height 328 00:18:32.750 --> 00:18:37.750 and was an excellent example of how, had residue 329 00:18:38.960 --> 00:18:43.960 of how charring was used for hollowing out the canoe 330 00:18:44.000 --> 00:18:45.913 down the entire length of it. 331 00:18:47.420 --> 00:18:50.380 At the lab, the center picture here, you can see 332 00:18:50.380 --> 00:18:55.263 a wood sample was collected for carbon-14 dating. 333 00:18:56.709 --> 00:19:00.270 The mean date on this one was 1337 AD 334 00:19:02.980 --> 00:19:06.576 and had a, as John mentioned earlier, 335 00:19:06.576 --> 00:19:11.190 they typically have a 50 to 70 year error range. 336 00:19:11.190 --> 00:19:15.873 This one was given as a plus or minus 60 years on this. 337 00:19:16.870 --> 00:19:18.727 The initial treatment was started, 338 00:19:18.727 --> 00:19:22.113 which always starts with an antifungal treatment, 339 00:19:22.980 --> 00:19:25.030 coming from a waterlogged environment, 340 00:19:25.030 --> 00:19:29.373 it is prone to mold, mildew, and growth. 341 00:19:30.300 --> 00:19:35.163 So the antifungal treatment was begun at the same time. 342 00:19:39.680 --> 00:19:44.680 Now, as the canoe, as we said, was small 343 00:19:44.930 --> 00:19:49.660 and actually very robust compared to a lot that we find, 344 00:19:49.660 --> 00:19:53.200 the conservation team elected to fill the canoe 345 00:19:53.200 --> 00:19:55.950 and surround it with the bulking agent 346 00:19:55.950 --> 00:19:59.693 rather than completely immersing it in the solution. 347 00:20:00.537 --> 00:20:05.200 It was kept tightly wrapped and periodically monitored 348 00:20:05.200 --> 00:20:08.770 and more solution was added into the canoe. 349 00:20:08.770 --> 00:20:13.770 And also in the plastic wrapping around that, 350 00:20:14.770 --> 00:20:17.243 as it was absorbed into the wood. 351 00:20:19.050 --> 00:20:24.050 This canoe has an interesting story or a little blip 352 00:20:24.150 --> 00:20:26.950 in its conservation process as the treatment 353 00:20:26.950 --> 00:20:30.070 was interrupted by Hurricane Florence 354 00:20:30.070 --> 00:20:34.900 that was passing through and our lab 355 00:20:34.900 --> 00:20:36.500 and most of New Hanover County 356 00:20:36.500 --> 00:20:39.320 was in the direct path of the storm. 357 00:20:39.320 --> 00:20:43.240 So the departmental upper management decided 358 00:20:43.240 --> 00:20:46.190 that it would be most prudent to temporarily relocate 359 00:20:46.190 --> 00:20:50.823 the canoe to an inland location out of the direct path. 360 00:20:51.860 --> 00:20:56.490 This was acceptable because this was again, 361 00:20:56.490 --> 00:20:59.810 a very robust canoe and relatively small 362 00:20:59.810 --> 00:21:03.223 and easy to move safely. 363 00:21:10.750 --> 00:21:15.450 Once the canoe returned after the storm, it was, 364 00:21:15.450 --> 00:21:18.340 it completed its bulking treatment 365 00:21:18.340 --> 00:21:23.020 and began the dehydration monitoring process, 366 00:21:23.020 --> 00:21:27.450 where we continue to monitor the moisture content 367 00:21:27.450 --> 00:21:30.140 and make sure that it is staying stable 368 00:21:31.130 --> 00:21:34.770 as it moves to the appropriate relative humidity 369 00:21:34.770 --> 00:21:38.823 for its long-term storage or display. 370 00:21:40.900 --> 00:21:45.763 Now, during the dehydration monitoring, 371 00:21:49.210 --> 00:21:54.210 the canoe was transported for temporary display 372 00:21:55.620 --> 00:21:59.800 at the Coharie Tribal Center in Clinton, North Carolina. 373 00:21:59.800 --> 00:22:02.990 Now this was for their annual powwow 374 00:22:02.990 --> 00:22:06.270 and it was, when it was relocated, 375 00:22:06.270 --> 00:22:09.770 it was given a traditional blessing by the tribe 376 00:22:09.770 --> 00:22:14.406 and was available for tribal members and visitors 377 00:22:14.406 --> 00:22:19.050 to see during the powwow. 378 00:22:19.050 --> 00:22:24.050 And it was met with an overwhelming response 379 00:22:25.310 --> 00:22:29.430 by tribal members and elders that visited, 380 00:22:29.430 --> 00:22:32.730 as well as just the general population that came 381 00:22:32.730 --> 00:22:35.143 to participate in the powwow. 382 00:22:40.140 --> 00:22:43.283 Now from the Coharie Tribal Center, 383 00:22:44.520 --> 00:22:47.560 the canoe was taken just a little farther up the road 384 00:22:47.560 --> 00:22:50.390 to Dunn, North Carolina. 385 00:22:50.390 --> 00:22:52.380 To the Dunn Area History Museum 386 00:22:53.410 --> 00:22:58.410 for additional public display over a short period of time. 387 00:23:00.030 --> 00:23:03.260 Now from Dunn, the canoe returned to the UAB lab 388 00:23:03.260 --> 00:23:06.690 for final assessments, documentation, 389 00:23:06.690 --> 00:23:11.690 and the eventual exhibit planning for this canoe. 390 00:23:17.410 --> 00:23:22.410 And fast forward to July of this year, 2021, 391 00:23:22.680 --> 00:23:27.680 the South River canoe was transferred on long-term loan 392 00:23:28.150 --> 00:23:30.980 to the Coharie Tribal Centers' newly renovated 393 00:23:30.980 --> 00:23:33.940 cultural exhibit space for public display 394 00:23:33.940 --> 00:23:35.770 and interpretation. 395 00:23:35.770 --> 00:23:40.180 One of the reasons that we would place the canoe 396 00:23:40.180 --> 00:23:42.270 where it was is, 397 00:23:42.270 --> 00:23:44.420 the Underwater Archeology Branch has always 398 00:23:44.420 --> 00:23:49.300 prioritized placing recovered and conserved artifacts 399 00:23:49.300 --> 00:23:52.840 at an appropriate location for public education, 400 00:23:52.840 --> 00:23:57.460 interpretation, and outreach that was as close as possible 401 00:23:57.460 --> 00:23:59.883 to the original recovery area. 402 00:24:01.000 --> 00:24:06.000 And this was very close to the, as the crow flies, 403 00:24:08.410 --> 00:24:12.923 to its original discovery location. 404 00:24:19.430 --> 00:24:22.220 Now, over the years, both pre-contact 405 00:24:22.220 --> 00:24:25.230 and post-contact dugout canoes had been found 406 00:24:25.230 --> 00:24:26.970 in Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina, 407 00:24:26.970 --> 00:24:29.989 as you recall from the slides earlier, 408 00:24:29.989 --> 00:24:32.870 the extensive numbers that were there 409 00:24:32.870 --> 00:24:35.940 in the Southeastern part of the state. 410 00:24:35.940 --> 00:24:38.970 Some of the early discoveries were recovered. 411 00:24:38.970 --> 00:24:43.970 Later ones have been placed in stable on-site holding areas 412 00:24:46.410 --> 00:24:49.328 where there was not some place for them 413 00:24:49.328 --> 00:24:53.020 to be properly put on display and to alleviate the need 414 00:24:53.020 --> 00:24:56.083 for some of the expensive conservation process. 415 00:24:57.650 --> 00:25:01.280 Now in late June 2019, UAB was notified 416 00:25:01.280 --> 00:25:04.490 by the Lake Waccamaw State Park Rangers that 417 00:25:04.490 --> 00:25:07.270 a large dugout canoe had blown up into the shallows 418 00:25:07.270 --> 00:25:09.650 along the east shore of the lake. 419 00:25:09.650 --> 00:25:12.560 On inspection, the canoe was found to be significantly 420 00:25:12.560 --> 00:25:15.310 out of the water and was beginning to dry out 421 00:25:15.310 --> 00:25:16.683 where it had blown up. 422 00:25:17.640 --> 00:25:20.730 To prevent further damage, the canoe was floated 423 00:25:20.730 --> 00:25:24.650 into a deeper area and secured in place 424 00:25:24.650 --> 00:25:27.220 while we began making plans for either 425 00:25:27.220 --> 00:25:30.823 a long-term relocation or recovery of the canoe. 426 00:25:32.750 --> 00:25:37.290 As it was a full canoe and the sides were mostly intact, 427 00:25:37.290 --> 00:25:40.490 not as good a shape as the South River canoe, 428 00:25:40.490 --> 00:25:44.803 but still significantly there along the edges, 429 00:25:45.790 --> 00:25:48.872 and the fact that the lake would be extremely busy 430 00:25:48.872 --> 00:25:52.030 during the upcoming 4th of July weekend, 431 00:25:52.030 --> 00:25:56.410 limiting our ability to securely relocate in the lake 432 00:25:56.410 --> 00:25:59.440 to a discreet area, we determined that recovery 433 00:25:59.440 --> 00:26:02.023 would end up, would be the best option for this. 434 00:26:03.360 --> 00:26:07.760 So a custom-built treatment tank was constructed 435 00:26:07.760 --> 00:26:11.220 at the UAB lab and logistical plans were made 436 00:26:11.220 --> 00:26:12.573 for the immediate recovery. 437 00:26:14.390 --> 00:26:18.310 A diverse team was rapidly drawn together, 438 00:26:18.310 --> 00:26:22.080 which included staff from the Underwater Archeology Branch, 439 00:26:22.080 --> 00:26:26.240 staff from our main office in Raleigh, 440 00:26:26.240 --> 00:26:28.450 the Office of State Archeology. 441 00:26:28.450 --> 00:26:31.730 We had personnel from state historic sites, 442 00:26:31.730 --> 00:26:36.113 the Lake Waccamaw State Park staff, Lake Waccamaw police. 443 00:26:38.245 --> 00:26:40.970 One of the gentlemen there you see in the picture 444 00:26:40.970 --> 00:26:45.163 is Mr. Matt Thompson with Thompson Maritime Consulting. 445 00:26:46.060 --> 00:26:50.070 He's the principal archeologist for the company 446 00:26:50.070 --> 00:26:54.700 and was a former UAB intern whose family happened 447 00:26:54.700 --> 00:26:56.280 to own property at the lake 448 00:26:56.280 --> 00:27:00.260 and he made his services and resources available to us. 449 00:27:00.260 --> 00:27:02.710 And most importantly, in this process, 450 00:27:02.710 --> 00:27:06.330 we had members of the Waccamaw Siouan tribe present 451 00:27:07.760 --> 00:27:11.343 during the planning and the recovery of this canoe. 452 00:27:16.930 --> 00:27:19.410 Now on the day of recovery, 453 00:27:19.410 --> 00:27:22.493 this canoe, which was almost 24 feet long, 454 00:27:23.410 --> 00:27:28.410 was carefully supported and padded with PFDs, life jackets, 455 00:27:29.690 --> 00:27:34.690 and alternatively walked, or walked through the shallows 456 00:27:35.980 --> 00:27:40.010 or slowly towed by the recovery boat, 457 00:27:40.010 --> 00:27:43.640 approximately one and a half miles around the lake 458 00:27:43.640 --> 00:27:48.640 to the closest boat ramp that we had, in Big Creek, 459 00:27:49.500 --> 00:27:53.773 to actually be able to do an effective recovery. 460 00:27:54.720 --> 00:27:58.080 On the left here, you see the life jackets 461 00:27:58.080 --> 00:28:01.163 and canoe getting positioned beside the guide boat. 462 00:28:02.070 --> 00:28:05.360 To the right, you can see staff walking the canoe 463 00:28:05.360 --> 00:28:09.963 through the access canal from Big Creek to the boat ramp. 464 00:28:22.720 --> 00:28:26.900 So here you can actually see some video shot from the bridge 465 00:28:26.900 --> 00:28:30.253 that we floated under, as we were approaching the ramp. 466 00:28:31.340 --> 00:28:33.950 What you don't see in this video 467 00:28:33.950 --> 00:28:36.250 and what we didn't notice in some cases, 468 00:28:36.250 --> 00:28:41.250 were the eyes and noses of three to four foot alligators 469 00:28:41.410 --> 00:28:43.520 disappearing as we approached, 470 00:28:43.520 --> 00:28:46.163 and then reappearing after we had passed by. 471 00:28:48.400 --> 00:28:51.060 Doing underwater archeology and diving 472 00:28:51.060 --> 00:28:53.710 and doing things like that, we sometimes joke 473 00:28:54.640 --> 00:28:56.900 that we're cheating death for science. 474 00:28:56.900 --> 00:29:01.053 So we were in alligator-infested canals here, 475 00:29:02.000 --> 00:29:07.000 bringing a canoe back to stabilize it and document it. 476 00:29:11.330 --> 00:29:14.450 Once at the boat ramp, we released from the guide boat 477 00:29:14.450 --> 00:29:16.410 and carefully floated the canoe onto 478 00:29:16.410 --> 00:29:20.550 a specially prepared padded stretcher that was attached 479 00:29:20.550 --> 00:29:23.043 to a modern boat trailer. 480 00:29:28.710 --> 00:29:32.300 And once loaded and carefully wrapped, padded 481 00:29:32.300 --> 00:29:35.260 and secured for transport, 482 00:29:35.260 --> 00:29:39.906 line:15% the canoe traveled 55 miles from the boat ramp 483 00:29:39.906 --> 00:29:44.450 line:15% to the UAB lab at Kure Beach, North Carolina. 484 00:29:44.450 --> 00:29:46.090 line:15% And, you know, here, you see kind of 485 00:29:46.090 --> 00:29:51.070 line:15% the obligatory trophy photo or accomplishment photo 486 00:29:51.980 --> 00:29:55.920 line:15% of the successful first half of the day, 487 00:29:55.920 --> 00:29:59.380 line:15% and some of the participants that were there, 488 00:29:59.380 --> 00:30:04.380 line:15% again state park, local police, Thompson Maritime, 489 00:30:06.520 --> 00:30:08.250 line:15% members of the Waccamaw Siouan tribe, 490 00:30:08.250 --> 00:30:12.963 line:15% as well as our staff at State Archeology. 491 00:30:18.960 --> 00:30:23.960 Now upon arrival at UAB, the second crew was standing by 492 00:30:23.960 --> 00:30:27.330 to carefully move the canoe from the trailer and stretcher 493 00:30:27.330 --> 00:30:30.180 to the custom-built conservation tank. 494 00:30:30.180 --> 00:30:33.110 At this location, staff from Carolina Beach State Park, 495 00:30:33.110 --> 00:30:35.690 Fort Fisher State Recreation area, 496 00:30:35.690 --> 00:30:38.470 and Fort Fisher State Historic Site, 497 00:30:38.470 --> 00:30:41.920 which were nearby state entities, 498 00:30:41.920 --> 00:30:45.300 joined the UAB staff to transfer the canoe. 499 00:30:45.300 --> 00:30:48.120 Now they say many hands make light work, 500 00:30:48.120 --> 00:30:51.260 but even with 12 people, 501 00:30:51.260 --> 00:30:55.050 this canoe was extremely heavy out of the water 502 00:30:55.050 --> 00:30:57.090 with it being fully waterlogged 503 00:30:57.090 --> 00:31:02.090 and a challenge to move safely into the conservation tank. 504 00:31:04.710 --> 00:31:08.880 The canoe was then fully immersed in, first in water, 505 00:31:08.880 --> 00:31:12.110 just for temporary holding. 506 00:31:12.110 --> 00:31:14.630 And then the water was replaced 507 00:31:14.630 --> 00:31:19.630 with the bulking solution that would then permeate in 508 00:31:19.950 --> 00:31:22.713 and stabilize the waterlogged wood. 509 00:31:24.080 --> 00:31:29.080 The bulking solution was purchased through the support 510 00:31:29.663 --> 00:31:34.663 of UNC-Pembroke, where it would eventually, 511 00:31:36.310 --> 00:31:37.939 the plan was at that point, 512 00:31:37.939 --> 00:31:41.323 that was a likely possible location for it to go. 513 00:31:42.450 --> 00:31:46.100 The canoe was monitored over a six-month period, 514 00:31:46.100 --> 00:31:51.100 and now has reached the dehydration monitoring stage. 515 00:31:52.550 --> 00:31:55.053 If all continues to progress well, 516 00:31:57.270 --> 00:32:01.100 a custom cradle will be constructed for this, 517 00:32:01.100 --> 00:32:05.280 similar, but larger, to what you saw 518 00:32:05.280 --> 00:32:07.920 with the South River canoe. 519 00:32:07.920 --> 00:32:12.920 And at some point, sometime this winter, 520 00:32:12.980 --> 00:32:17.087 it will make a stop at the Waccamaw Siouan Tribal Center 521 00:32:17.087 --> 00:32:19.130 in Buckhead, North Carolina, 522 00:32:19.130 --> 00:32:24.130 to receive a formal blessing and for the local tribe members 523 00:32:24.200 --> 00:32:26.440 to spend some time with it there, 524 00:32:26.440 --> 00:32:31.440 before it continues on with the display loan to the museum 525 00:32:32.970 --> 00:32:37.450 of the Southeast American Indian that's at UNC-Pembroke, 526 00:32:37.450 --> 00:32:39.280 where it will be there for interpretation 527 00:32:39.280 --> 00:32:41.023 and educational outreach. 528 00:32:45.350 --> 00:32:48.550 Now, almost exactly two years later, 529 00:32:48.550 --> 00:32:52.650 in early July of this year, 2021, 530 00:32:52.650 --> 00:32:54.730 Lake Waccamaw again produced 531 00:32:54.730 --> 00:32:56.983 a previously unknown dugout canoe. 532 00:32:58.176 --> 00:33:02.520 UAB and OSA archeologists visited Lake Waccamaw 533 00:33:02.520 --> 00:33:05.720 at the request of the Hill family, 534 00:33:07.430 --> 00:33:10.530 whose children discovered the canoe partially buried 535 00:33:10.530 --> 00:33:12.710 while swimming and playing in the lake shallows 536 00:33:12.710 --> 00:33:17.253 near their pier that was out into the lake. 537 00:33:18.680 --> 00:33:23.420 Upon inspection, the canoe was intact end to end, 538 00:33:23.420 --> 00:33:25.033 almost 29 feet in length, 539 00:33:25.880 --> 00:33:30.880 but had much more degraded sides, which is somewhat typical 540 00:33:31.010 --> 00:33:32.803 of finding the canoes. 541 00:33:33.800 --> 00:33:36.360 Being partially buried in the shallow water, 542 00:33:36.360 --> 00:33:40.480 which was about waist deep, it appeared to have been hit 543 00:33:40.480 --> 00:33:43.810 and damaged at least once, possibly twice 544 00:33:43.810 --> 00:33:46.870 by a passing boat propeller 545 00:33:46.870 --> 00:33:50.860 or more likely the skeg off 546 00:33:50.860 --> 00:33:53.223 of the outboard motor sticking down. 547 00:33:54.970 --> 00:33:57.348 Portions of the canoe were too deeply buried 548 00:33:57.348 --> 00:34:01.950 to relocate it at that time. 549 00:34:01.950 --> 00:34:05.828 So plans were made to return with the appropriate equipment 550 00:34:05.828 --> 00:34:10.828 to stage it to a safe location away from boat traffic, 551 00:34:12.330 --> 00:34:14.873 and where someone else might hit it. 552 00:34:15.990 --> 00:34:20.760 Now, here on this slide, you see UAB and OSA staff 553 00:34:20.760 --> 00:34:24.060 with members of the Waccamaw Siouan tribe 554 00:34:24.060 --> 00:34:26.530 during the initial reconnaissance, 555 00:34:26.530 --> 00:34:30.820 moving out into the water to do the assessment 556 00:34:30.820 --> 00:34:33.853 and some of the measurements and planning. 557 00:34:35.440 --> 00:34:39.580 To the right of the slide, you see Ms. Pamela Young-Jacobs, 558 00:34:39.580 --> 00:34:42.630 who's the chair of the Waccamaw Siouan Tribal Council, 559 00:34:42.630 --> 00:34:46.240 along with Jess Hill, who happens to be the Clerk 560 00:34:46.240 --> 00:34:48.370 of the Columbus County Superior Court 561 00:34:48.370 --> 00:34:52.170 and one of the middle generation members of the family 562 00:34:52.170 --> 00:34:53.873 who owns the property. 563 00:34:54.793 --> 00:34:59.210 It's interesting to note here, that Mr. Hill, 564 00:34:59.210 --> 00:35:03.080 he was dressed and heading to work when we arrived, 565 00:35:03.080 --> 00:35:07.193 but he was so enthusiastic and concerned for the canoe, 566 00:35:08.030 --> 00:35:10.550 he took off his jacket, took off his tie, 567 00:35:10.550 --> 00:35:12.950 slipped out of his leather dress shoes 568 00:35:12.950 --> 00:35:16.340 and proceeded to wade into the lake with us 569 00:35:17.440 --> 00:35:20.360 to look at the canoe during the assessment 570 00:35:20.360 --> 00:35:22.963 and be a bit late for work that day. 571 00:35:25.080 --> 00:35:28.423 You know, when we revisited this, 572 00:35:30.960 --> 00:35:33.970 one of the Superior Court judges for Columbus County, 573 00:35:33.970 --> 00:35:37.520 his direct boss, actually came out as well 574 00:35:37.520 --> 00:35:38.973 to see the canoe. 575 00:35:41.360 --> 00:35:46.360 Now, our staff returned on July 23rd, 2021 576 00:35:48.570 --> 00:35:51.160 to excavate and stage the canoe 577 00:35:51.160 --> 00:35:54.220 to a secure location under the Hill family pier 578 00:35:54.220 --> 00:35:56.820 until an appropriate tank could be built 579 00:35:56.820 --> 00:36:00.150 and plans made for transportation 580 00:36:00.150 --> 00:36:02.163 and conservation of this canoe. 581 00:36:03.430 --> 00:36:06.090 As is typical for shallow water operations, 582 00:36:06.090 --> 00:36:09.750 we used a water induction dredge system 583 00:36:09.750 --> 00:36:13.250 to excavate, carefully excavate, the buried portions 584 00:36:13.250 --> 00:36:18.250 of the canoe with the outflow from that suction being passed 585 00:36:19.330 --> 00:36:22.610 through a quarter-inch archeological screen 586 00:36:22.610 --> 00:36:25.040 to collect anything that would have been around 587 00:36:25.040 --> 00:36:27.390 or associated with the canoe. 588 00:36:27.390 --> 00:36:29.871 Detailed photos, video and measurements were taken 589 00:36:29.871 --> 00:36:33.650 prior to moving the canoe approximately 30 yards 590 00:36:33.650 --> 00:36:35.440 from where it was located 591 00:36:35.440 --> 00:36:38.833 to a prepared location under the Hill family pier. 592 00:36:40.250 --> 00:36:42.990 On the left, you can see the canoe sitting 593 00:36:42.990 --> 00:36:46.370 in shallow clear water after being moved and aligned 594 00:36:46.370 --> 00:36:50.760 with the pier and on the right, you can see the canoe 595 00:36:50.760 --> 00:36:54.290 being reburied for protection under the pier, 596 00:36:54.290 --> 00:36:57.313 covering, being covered up with some protective sand. 597 00:36:59.080 --> 00:37:04.080 Now, at 27 and a half feet long, almost 28 feet long, 598 00:37:06.980 --> 00:37:10.270 it's about three and a half feet longer than 599 00:37:10.270 --> 00:37:12.720 the canoe recovered in 2019. 600 00:37:14.510 --> 00:37:18.610 And the mean carbon date of this one, 1047 AD, 601 00:37:18.610 --> 00:37:23.560 is 10 years younger than the previous canoe, 602 00:37:23.560 --> 00:37:27.470 but they were undoubtedly in use at the same time 603 00:37:27.470 --> 00:37:29.120 on the lake. You know, 604 00:37:29.120 --> 00:37:32.150 this is back in the mid-11th century, 605 00:37:32.150 --> 00:37:34.170 500 years before European contact 606 00:37:34.170 --> 00:37:37.650 that these two large canoes were being used for fishing 607 00:37:37.650 --> 00:37:40.623 and trade and transport on Lake Waccamaw. 608 00:37:46.048 --> 00:37:51.048 Here, you'll see a a short video clip of the canoe. 609 00:37:51.350 --> 00:37:55.770 This was shot immediately prior to it being reburied 610 00:37:55.770 --> 00:37:58.933 to await recovery. 611 00:38:06.304 --> 00:38:07.420 Here we go. 612 00:38:07.420 --> 00:38:09.930 So now, as previously noted, 613 00:38:09.930 --> 00:38:12.832 UAB and OSA are collaborating closely with the 614 00:38:12.832 --> 00:38:15.090 Waccamaw Siouan tribe. 615 00:38:15.090 --> 00:38:18.900 The conservation tank for this canoe has been completed, 616 00:38:18.900 --> 00:38:23.270 and we will be checking on that probably later this week, 617 00:38:23.270 --> 00:38:28.200 and then moving forward with plans to recover the canoe 618 00:38:30.040 --> 00:38:34.330 and take it to the conservation lab 619 00:38:34.330 --> 00:38:39.330 to begin detailed examination and stabilization. 620 00:38:58.920 --> 00:39:02.610 All right, you know, currently North Carolina 621 00:39:02.610 --> 00:39:06.370 is participating with the State of Virginia 622 00:39:06.370 --> 00:39:07.970 and the State of Maryland 623 00:39:07.970 --> 00:39:10.323 in the Mid-Atlantic Log Boat Registry, 624 00:39:11.688 --> 00:39:16.470 begun in 2018 by the Maritime Heritage Chapter 625 00:39:16.470 --> 00:39:19.260 of the Archeological Society of Virginia, 626 00:39:19.260 --> 00:39:22.590 the goal is to create a searchable database 627 00:39:22.590 --> 00:39:25.550 for the mid-Atlantic region that will be a resource 628 00:39:25.550 --> 00:39:28.843 for researchers interested in studying both prehistoric 629 00:39:28.843 --> 00:39:33.370 and historic log boats ranging from dugout canoes 630 00:39:34.260 --> 00:39:36.320 like what we're looking at here, 631 00:39:36.320 --> 00:39:40.860 all the way up to Chesapeake Bay bugeyes that were used 632 00:39:40.860 --> 00:39:44.363 in the Mid-Atlantic region in the oystering industry. 633 00:39:45.420 --> 00:39:47.690 These recent finds that we've had 634 00:39:47.690 --> 00:39:48.700 over the past couple of years, 635 00:39:48.700 --> 00:39:50.460 continue to build that database 636 00:39:50.460 --> 00:39:54.430 and indicate the likelihood that many more discoveries 637 00:39:54.430 --> 00:39:57.833 can be added to this database. 638 00:39:59.610 --> 00:40:02.588 Since the beginnings of the Underwater Archeology Branch 639 00:40:02.588 --> 00:40:06.530 in 1962 with the recovery of artifacts 640 00:40:06.530 --> 00:40:09.100 from the Civil War blockade runner, Modern Greece, 641 00:40:09.100 --> 00:40:10.970 in collaboration with the U.S. Navy 642 00:40:10.970 --> 00:40:12.370 and the U.S. Coast Guard, 643 00:40:12.370 --> 00:40:14.713 our office has always worked with partners. 644 00:40:16.640 --> 00:40:20.033 What was true almost 60 years ago is still true today. 645 00:40:21.680 --> 00:40:26.170 Things get done and are accomplished more efficiently 646 00:40:26.170 --> 00:40:29.393 working with colleagues towards a common goal. 647 00:40:31.438 --> 00:40:34.217 It's one of the reasons I've highlighted NOAA here, 648 00:40:36.350 --> 00:40:38.847 NOAA's Monitor National Marine Sanctuary 649 00:40:38.847 --> 00:40:41.660 and North Carolina's Underwater Archeology Branch 650 00:40:41.660 --> 00:40:46.110 of the Office of State Archeology have partnered since 1975, 651 00:40:46.110 --> 00:40:49.394 as Shannon mentioned in the intro, to research, honor 652 00:40:49.394 --> 00:40:53.580 and protect our shared underwater cultural heritage. 653 00:40:53.580 --> 00:40:56.890 And we want to keep that moving forward 654 00:40:56.890 --> 00:41:01.890 and also partner with as many other agencies and entities 655 00:41:02.780 --> 00:41:05.403 as we can to achieve these common goals. 656 00:41:09.560 --> 00:41:13.760 Now, the Submerge webinar, Submerged NC webinar series 657 00:41:13.760 --> 00:41:16.140 kind of exemplifies that goal. 658 00:41:16.140 --> 00:41:18.330 It began in February of this year. 659 00:41:18.330 --> 00:41:21.680 And this webinar that we're providing today 660 00:41:21.680 --> 00:41:23.553 is number 18 in the series. 661 00:41:24.890 --> 00:41:27.290 This slide shows a few of the topics covered. 662 00:41:27.290 --> 00:41:28.640 If you've missed any, 663 00:41:28.640 --> 00:41:33.510 you can go to the NOAA archive page to view them. 664 00:41:33.510 --> 00:41:36.380 And if you have any suggestions or requests 665 00:41:36.380 --> 00:41:37.440 for future webinars, 666 00:41:37.440 --> 00:41:41.573 please don't hesitate to reach out and let us know. 667 00:41:43.784 --> 00:41:45.360 And kind of with that said, 668 00:41:45.360 --> 00:41:48.693 I'd like to turn it back to John, 669 00:41:49.710 --> 00:41:53.517 if he's got any closing thoughts to add. 670 00:41:55.990 --> 00:41:57.180 [John Mintz] Thank you, Chris. 671 00:41:57.180 --> 00:41:59.790 In closing, I, on behalf of the North Carolina 672 00:41:59.790 --> 00:42:02.710 Department of Natural and Cultural Resources 673 00:42:02.710 --> 00:42:05.040 and the Office of State Archeology, 674 00:42:05.040 --> 00:42:07.740 we'd like to thank you for sharing your time 675 00:42:07.740 --> 00:42:10.840 and your interest and our research efforts 676 00:42:11.690 --> 00:42:14.123 with American Indian Log Boat Initiative. 677 00:42:15.290 --> 00:42:17.810 I would like to thank the American Indian community 678 00:42:17.810 --> 00:42:21.130 of North Carolina for their partnership and their support, 679 00:42:21.130 --> 00:42:23.280 the American Indian community of North Carolina 680 00:42:23.280 --> 00:42:25.933 were first on the land, and they're still on the land. 681 00:42:27.247 --> 00:42:28.510 I'd like to acknowledge the North Carolina Commission 682 00:42:28.510 --> 00:42:31.760 of Indian Affairs, North Carolina State Parks, 683 00:42:31.760 --> 00:42:35.082 and in particular, the Waccamaw Siouan tribe 684 00:42:35.082 --> 00:42:36.600 and the Coharie tribe. 685 00:42:36.600 --> 00:42:38.470 Together, we are identifying 686 00:42:38.470 --> 00:42:42.730 and preserving North Carolina's endangered 687 00:42:42.730 --> 00:42:46.530 and nonrenewable cultural artifact resource, 688 00:42:46.530 --> 00:42:48.060 the American Indian log boat. 689 00:42:49.000 --> 00:42:53.010 I feel very confident that by continuing to work together, 690 00:42:53.010 --> 00:42:57.310 sharing our information, partnering with one another, 691 00:42:57.310 --> 00:42:59.880 and actually doing recoveries with one another, 692 00:42:59.880 --> 00:43:01.940 that we can continue to protect 693 00:43:01.940 --> 00:43:04.580 what I term a nonrenewable resource. 694 00:43:04.580 --> 00:43:05.693 Thank you very much. 695 00:43:06.610 --> 00:43:08.050 Glad that you were able to take the time 696 00:43:08.050 --> 00:43:09.233 to visit with us today. 697 00:43:12.803 --> 00:43:13.930 [Shannon Ricles] All right. Thank you both. 698 00:43:13.930 --> 00:43:14.990 This is awesome. 699 00:43:14.990 --> 00:43:19.283 I am going to take back the presentation, just a second, 700 00:43:20.930 --> 00:43:23.523 but we had lots of questions come in. 701 00:43:24.642 --> 00:43:26.020 But if you haven't typed in a question yet, 702 00:43:26.020 --> 00:43:27.470 and you do have one there, 703 00:43:27.470 --> 00:43:31.350 go ahead and start doing that now in the questions box. 704 00:43:31.350 --> 00:43:36.103 And also if you, sorry, I did forget to turn my camera on. 705 00:43:37.202 --> 00:43:38.860 And also if you haven't downloaded Chris 706 00:43:38.860 --> 00:43:43.180 and John's bios yet, they're also in the chat box. 707 00:43:43.180 --> 00:43:46.600 Be sure to do that now before you exit the webinar 708 00:43:46.600 --> 00:43:48.680 and we're going to begin taking questions. 709 00:43:48.680 --> 00:43:50.481 I'll start out. 710 00:43:50.481 --> 00:43:52.150 We have one that came in early, it said, 711 00:43:52.150 --> 00:43:55.360 did the tribes ever take the canoes into the ocean? 712 00:43:55.360 --> 00:43:57.393 Do you know that? If they did or not? 713 00:44:01.103 --> 00:44:05.690 [Chris Southerly] The, not to my knowledge, I'm sure. 714 00:44:05.690 --> 00:44:08.560 I mean, we know that they were used in the rivers 715 00:44:08.560 --> 00:44:11.870 and the sounds, which were salt water, 716 00:44:11.870 --> 00:44:15.900 and presumably it would be feasible maybe to take them out 717 00:44:15.900 --> 00:44:20.900 in the ocean, but they were the style and design of them, 718 00:44:21.860 --> 00:44:24.223 they sit low, they're a little heavy. 719 00:44:25.830 --> 00:44:28.740 In some cases they may have been, 720 00:44:28.740 --> 00:44:31.870 at least the ones around in North Carolina, 721 00:44:31.870 --> 00:44:35.460 the, I kind of view them as they were as much, 722 00:44:35.460 --> 00:44:38.873 almost like a modern sit-on-top kayak would be, 723 00:44:39.970 --> 00:44:41.693 with a really shallow draft. 724 00:44:43.112 --> 00:44:44.890 I don't know that they would have been seaworthy enough 725 00:44:44.890 --> 00:44:45.760 to go out on the ocean, 726 00:44:45.760 --> 00:44:49.390 but they were definitely extensively used in the sounds 727 00:44:49.390 --> 00:44:51.870 and the rivers and the lakes. 728 00:44:51.870 --> 00:44:54.653 [Shannon Ricles] OK Mark is there a question you wanna ask? 729 00:44:58.110 --> 00:44:59.360 Think you're muted, Mark. 730 00:45:01.490 --> 00:45:03.180 [Mark Losavio] Sorry about that. 731 00:45:03.180 --> 00:45:05.130 You were showing us all these really interesting ways 732 00:45:05.130 --> 00:45:08.190 that you guys use to move the canoes. 733 00:45:08.190 --> 00:45:09.510 And we have a question in the audience 734 00:45:09.510 --> 00:45:10.343 that's wondering, 735 00:45:10.343 --> 00:45:13.520 how much does the South River canoe weigh, 736 00:45:13.520 --> 00:45:15.640 considering how inventive you all had to get 737 00:45:15.640 --> 00:45:16.853 in transporting them? 738 00:45:19.842 --> 00:45:24.220 [Chris] I don't know that we ever actually got a weight 739 00:45:24.220 --> 00:45:25.893 on the South River canoe. 740 00:45:27.780 --> 00:45:31.363 You know what, 12 feet, nine inches, 741 00:45:33.350 --> 00:45:35.903 I would guess it was probably. 742 00:45:37.262 --> 00:45:40.793 Two of us were able to pick it up with effort, 743 00:45:42.878 --> 00:45:47.513 so I'm guessing probably 250, maybe 300 pounds total, 744 00:45:49.650 --> 00:45:51.503 something along those lines. 745 00:45:52.810 --> 00:45:53.643 [Shannon Ricles] Okay. 746 00:45:53.643 --> 00:45:55.670 [Mark Losavio] Wow. Thank you. 747 00:45:55.670 --> 00:45:57.870 [Shannon Ricles] Okay. This is kind of a technical question. 748 00:45:57.870 --> 00:46:00.607 So I'm going to do my best with it here. 749 00:46:00.607 --> 00:46:04.730 It says, is there a suitable local dendrochronology 750 00:46:04.730 --> 00:46:07.210 available for dating the canoes? 751 00:46:07.210 --> 00:46:10.430 And are there different types found than those that you 752 00:46:10.430 --> 00:46:13.230 presented such as birch bark canoes? 753 00:46:13.230 --> 00:46:16.033 And in case there are, what are their dates? 754 00:46:21.900 --> 00:46:25.530 [Chris Southerly] To my knowledge in North Carolina, 755 00:46:25.530 --> 00:46:28.430 Eastern North Carolina, we don't, 756 00:46:28.430 --> 00:46:30.690 and John can weigh in on this, 757 00:46:30.690 --> 00:46:35.013 I don't think we have a good dendrochronological series 758 00:46:37.490 --> 00:46:42.490 that had been established, especially in conjunction 759 00:46:42.730 --> 00:46:47.123 with bald cypress and pine that were used in these canoes. 760 00:46:48.456 --> 00:46:52.040 So we can't really use the dendrochronology 761 00:46:52.040 --> 00:46:56.943 or tree rings to date the ones that we have. 762 00:46:57.960 --> 00:47:01.863 We rely almost exclusively on the carbon-14 dating. 763 00:47:04.460 --> 00:47:05.980 In terms of the types of canoes, 764 00:47:05.980 --> 00:47:10.980 the ones we have here are all dugout canoes. 765 00:47:12.490 --> 00:47:14.370 The birch bark canoes, 766 00:47:14.370 --> 00:47:19.130 or the bark on frame construction canoes were more common, 767 00:47:19.130 --> 00:47:24.130 further north, typically associated with the Iroquois 768 00:47:24.520 --> 00:47:27.350 or the Algonquin further up into the Northeast 769 00:47:27.350 --> 00:47:30.173 where the birch bark trees were available. 770 00:47:31.690 --> 00:47:34.970 So we really, the ones we have here are pretty much 771 00:47:34.970 --> 00:47:38.743 all dugout construction in North Carolina. 772 00:47:40.388 --> 00:47:42.842 [John Mintz] Chris, if I could follow up on that question, 773 00:47:42.842 --> 00:47:45.420 we're currently in the process, as part of our initiative, 774 00:47:45.420 --> 00:47:48.720 as we mentioned earlier, we do not have carbon-14, 775 00:47:48.720 --> 00:47:51.630 C14 dates, for all of our canoes. 776 00:47:51.630 --> 00:47:56.020 So we're presently in the process of taking samples 777 00:47:56.020 --> 00:47:57.550 of each canoe that we know, 778 00:47:57.550 --> 00:47:59.990 the in situ ones, which as we said earlier, 779 00:47:59.990 --> 00:48:01.830 are the ones that were left in place 780 00:48:01.830 --> 00:48:03.860 and any that we may have recovered that are in storage 781 00:48:03.860 --> 00:48:05.870 or conservation now. 782 00:48:05.870 --> 00:48:09.570 To begin to do what we would call temporal database 783 00:48:09.570 --> 00:48:13.380 as to what do these canoes date to across the state 784 00:48:13.380 --> 00:48:14.870 by body of water. 785 00:48:14.870 --> 00:48:18.293 Are there any similarities or non similarities, if you will. 786 00:48:19.200 --> 00:48:21.340 And to begin to look for, possibly add to, 787 00:48:21.340 --> 00:48:26.064 a burgeoning or nascent dendrochronology database as well. 788 00:48:26.064 --> 00:48:28.010 So once we recover these canoes 789 00:48:28.010 --> 00:48:29.490 and they go through conservation 790 00:48:29.490 --> 00:48:31.950 and they go through interpretation and exhibit, 791 00:48:31.950 --> 00:48:33.330 you know, we're not finished then. 792 00:48:33.330 --> 00:48:36.370 We continue to do what we call condition reporting 793 00:48:36.370 --> 00:48:37.890 or condition monitoring, 794 00:48:37.890 --> 00:48:41.020 and continue to try to get as much information out 795 00:48:41.020 --> 00:48:44.240 of these canoes as possible because that information 796 00:48:44.240 --> 00:48:46.640 in some respects may help us to replay, 797 00:48:46.640 --> 00:48:49.890 to recreate what we would call pre-settlement visitation 798 00:48:51.200 --> 00:48:56.200 and the environmental conditions at that time. 799 00:48:56.660 --> 00:49:01.470 So these canoes individually and collectively within 800 00:49:01.470 --> 00:49:04.000 and without their body of water of recovery 801 00:49:04.000 --> 00:49:07.750 are actually a lab, an archeological lab, 802 00:49:07.750 --> 00:49:09.580 that gives us a lot of information, 803 00:49:09.580 --> 00:49:13.710 but as time goes on, more advanced techniques 804 00:49:13.710 --> 00:49:15.860 methodological will be developed. 805 00:49:15.860 --> 00:49:18.550 So we can continue to use these canoes, 806 00:49:18.550 --> 00:49:21.480 not only as a representative of the American Indian people 807 00:49:21.480 --> 00:49:24.900 of North Carolina, but as a science to continue 808 00:49:24.900 --> 00:49:27.123 to develop science and refine science. 809 00:49:28.330 --> 00:49:30.053 [Shannon Ricles] Okay, perfect. Mark? 810 00:49:31.290 --> 00:49:34.760 [Mark] So we have quite a few questions in the audience that 811 00:49:34.760 --> 00:49:38.433 are asking what exactly is in the bulking solution. 812 00:49:41.566 --> 00:49:46.566 [Chris] The, pretty much the industry standard at this point 813 00:49:46.920 --> 00:49:50.573 that we use for conservation is, 814 00:49:51.920 --> 00:49:55.063 it's a type of wax, it's called polyethylene glycol. 815 00:49:56.310 --> 00:49:58.893 It's a soluble compound. 816 00:50:01.730 --> 00:50:03.440 We typically get it in a powder state, 817 00:50:03.440 --> 00:50:05.920 it's then mixed with water. 818 00:50:05.920 --> 00:50:10.920 It's designed to permeate into the wood, 819 00:50:11.260 --> 00:50:13.306 into the wood cells. 820 00:50:13.306 --> 00:50:14.623 Now with waterlogged wood, 821 00:50:15.697 --> 00:50:20.697 the cell walls begin to degrade with submersion. 822 00:50:22.470 --> 00:50:26.340 And if the wood is allowed to dry out 823 00:50:27.429 --> 00:50:30.140 without some type of bulking agent 824 00:50:30.140 --> 00:50:33.000 or support within those wood cells, 825 00:50:33.000 --> 00:50:34.500 then it's going to shrink. 826 00:50:34.500 --> 00:50:36.650 It's going to collapse. It's going to warp. 827 00:50:38.826 --> 00:50:41.780 And so, you know, PEG or polyethylene glycol 828 00:50:41.780 --> 00:50:46.780 is used to permeate into the degraded wood cells. 829 00:50:47.790 --> 00:50:52.790 And then when it is dehydrated out, 830 00:50:52.820 --> 00:50:57.783 this can be done in a, very slowly, in a humidity chamber. 831 00:50:58.690 --> 00:51:03.690 The best thing or the most efficient means of conservation 832 00:51:03.740 --> 00:51:08.170 and drying out, is if you have a freeze dryer, 833 00:51:08.170 --> 00:51:13.170 it dries it quickly and consistently 834 00:51:14.730 --> 00:51:19.180 over a short period of time to minimize any chance 835 00:51:19.180 --> 00:51:24.180 of the warping or distorting with the process. 836 00:51:27.414 --> 00:51:30.520 But yeah, polyethylene glycol is the industry standard 837 00:51:30.520 --> 00:51:33.193 that we have right now for these objects. 838 00:51:34.780 --> 00:51:36.410 [John Mintz] And for the discussion this afternoon, 839 00:51:36.410 --> 00:51:38.070 I am not a conservator, 840 00:51:38.070 --> 00:51:43.070 but basically from the time of removal from water 841 00:51:43.300 --> 00:51:46.170 to exhibit time can be anywhere, easily, 842 00:51:46.170 --> 00:51:48.200 from two and a half to four years. 843 00:51:48.200 --> 00:51:51.230 Getting the canoe out and getting it into conservation, 844 00:51:51.230 --> 00:51:54.850 getting it conserved, getting it ready for transport, 845 00:51:54.850 --> 00:51:58.170 getting it transported, set up in an exhibit 846 00:51:58.170 --> 00:52:02.580 and preparing the the exhibit notes, if you will, 847 00:52:02.580 --> 00:52:04.130 the interpretive panels. 848 00:52:04.130 --> 00:52:07.490 So this process, it's labor intensive and time consuming, 849 00:52:07.490 --> 00:52:09.020 it generally can take from, 850 00:52:09.020 --> 00:52:11.260 we'll just say a good two to four years. 851 00:52:11.260 --> 00:52:12.590 And then sometimes, as we've mentioned, 852 00:52:12.590 --> 00:52:15.050 as Chris mentioned earlier with the Coharie, 853 00:52:15.050 --> 00:52:16.690 they have to come back for re-conservation. 854 00:52:16.690 --> 00:52:18.943 So it's definitely not a one and done. 855 00:52:20.290 --> 00:52:21.960 [Shannon Ricles] Gotcha. Okay. 856 00:52:21.960 --> 00:52:24.760 One of the questions asked for canoes that you leave 857 00:52:24.760 --> 00:52:27.420 in situ, are there any markings on them 858 00:52:27.420 --> 00:52:30.026 for protective measures to alert the public 859 00:52:30.026 --> 00:52:32.340 that is a state artifact, 860 00:52:32.340 --> 00:52:34.850 I guess, just do you mark them in some way? 861 00:52:34.850 --> 00:52:38.570 And then the second half of their question is, 862 00:52:38.570 --> 00:52:40.820 is there any interest in geocaching, 863 00:52:40.820 --> 00:52:42.680 citizen science or the like, 864 00:52:42.680 --> 00:52:46.353 to help preserve and manage the in situ historical items? 865 00:52:48.660 --> 00:52:53.660 [Chris] The, with the ones we leave in situ, for example, 866 00:52:54.960 --> 00:52:59.290 the ones in Lake Waccamaw had been relocated 867 00:52:59.290 --> 00:53:02.290 from the shallows into a deeper area 868 00:53:02.290 --> 00:53:06.593 and buried in the sand and the mud at the bottom. 869 00:53:07.450 --> 00:53:08.810 We've got coordinates on those 870 00:53:08.810 --> 00:53:11.100 and a means to relocate them ourselves, 871 00:53:11.100 --> 00:53:14.360 but they are pretty much out of sight, out of view. 872 00:53:14.360 --> 00:53:19.150 And the idea is to put them in an area where they won't 873 00:53:19.150 --> 00:53:24.010 be re-encountered and be safe from boat traffic 874 00:53:24.010 --> 00:53:27.293 or curious onlookers in that regard, 875 00:53:28.260 --> 00:53:32.950 because the, for preservation of most artifacts, 876 00:53:32.950 --> 00:53:36.093 especially wood in a wet environment, 877 00:53:39.050 --> 00:53:42.390 if it can be buried in an anaerobic 878 00:53:42.390 --> 00:53:43.940 or relatively anaerobic environment, 879 00:53:43.940 --> 00:53:47.480 it's going to preserve and stay intact much longer 880 00:53:48.910 --> 00:53:51.470 and changes in the environment 881 00:53:51.470 --> 00:53:54.293 are what will speed up the degradation. 882 00:53:55.401 --> 00:53:59.690 So exposed to buried, wet to dry, sunlight to darkness, 883 00:53:59.690 --> 00:54:03.570 things like that will speed up the degradation process. 884 00:54:03.570 --> 00:54:05.370 So we try and put them 885 00:54:05.370 --> 00:54:08.610 where they're gonna remain stable, undisturbed. 886 00:54:08.610 --> 00:54:12.870 In the cases of the canoes at Lake Phelps 887 00:54:12.870 --> 00:54:16.210 in the mid eighties and then we have revisited 888 00:54:16.210 --> 00:54:18.830 and done more research in the nineties 889 00:54:18.830 --> 00:54:20.303 and in the two thousands. 890 00:54:21.670 --> 00:54:25.860 You know, they are, most of them, were buried 891 00:54:25.860 --> 00:54:29.190 to start off with, they had just become exposed 892 00:54:29.190 --> 00:54:30.813 because of the extreme drought, 893 00:54:31.896 --> 00:54:35.784 the water levels on those, you know, where, 894 00:54:35.784 --> 00:54:37.510 when they were initially looked at were, you know, 895 00:54:37.510 --> 00:54:40.180 maybe only a foot or two deep. 896 00:54:40.180 --> 00:54:43.203 The last time we went out, it was three or four feet deep. 897 00:54:44.190 --> 00:54:46.280 So again, they are, they're hidden 898 00:54:47.515 --> 00:54:49.380 and not likely to be disturbed 899 00:54:49.380 --> 00:54:51.880 and non disturbance is the best means 900 00:54:51.880 --> 00:54:53.080 of preservation in situ. 901 00:54:53.930 --> 00:54:55.200 [Shannon Ricles] Okay. Gotcha. 902 00:54:55.200 --> 00:54:56.920 Okay, Mark, I think we might have time 903 00:54:56.920 --> 00:54:59.270 for one more question, if there's one that you think 904 00:54:59.270 --> 00:55:00.820 can be answered fairly quickly? 905 00:55:01.660 --> 00:55:05.210 [Mark] Yes, I know you touched on this earlier, but can you, 906 00:55:05.210 --> 00:55:08.693 do you find these canoes anywhere else in the United States? 907 00:55:11.827 --> 00:55:16.827 [Chris Southerly] There are canoes, dugout canoes all over. 908 00:55:18.400 --> 00:55:21.570 Recently, there was one found in Wisconsin. 909 00:55:21.570 --> 00:55:25.730 There have been numerous canoes, dugout canoes 910 00:55:25.730 --> 00:55:28.960 found in Florida, South Carolina, 911 00:55:28.960 --> 00:55:33.960 pretty much the dugout canoe was very ubiquitous 912 00:55:34.850 --> 00:55:39.850 to boat traffic or early vessels worldwide. 913 00:55:42.310 --> 00:55:44.950 You find them in Europe as well. 914 00:55:44.950 --> 00:55:46.600 In fact, the oldest one, I think, 915 00:55:47.864 --> 00:55:50.140 was found in the Netherlands, 916 00:55:50.140 --> 00:55:53.170 I think the one that dated back to almost 8,000 BC 917 00:55:53.170 --> 00:55:55.193 was somewhere in Northern Europe. 918 00:55:56.230 --> 00:56:00.287 So the tradition and the construction exists all over. 919 00:56:00.287 --> 00:56:03.110 So yeah, there's potential for finding them all 920 00:56:03.110 --> 00:56:06.263 over the U.S. in various forms and construction. 921 00:56:07.440 --> 00:56:08.790 [Shannon Ricles] All right. Well, thank you. 922 00:56:08.790 --> 00:56:09.993 This was awesome. 923 00:56:11.670 --> 00:56:14.940 So if we didn't get to your question, we're sorry. 924 00:56:14.940 --> 00:56:16.220 Or if you have additional ones, 925 00:56:16.220 --> 00:56:18.240 you can always send them directly to John or Chris 926 00:56:18.240 --> 00:56:21.278 at the email addresses listed here on the screen. 927 00:56:21.278 --> 00:56:23.300 I think they also gave you their contact information earlier 928 00:56:23.300 --> 00:56:25.020 in the program. 929 00:56:25.020 --> 00:56:27.200 So please don't hesitate to reach out to them, 930 00:56:27.200 --> 00:56:30.050 if you have questions that we just couldn't get to today. 931 00:56:31.120 --> 00:56:34.190 A video recording of this presentation will be available 932 00:56:34.190 --> 00:56:37.740 as I said earlier on our Sanctuaries Webinar page, 933 00:56:37.740 --> 00:56:40.610 it's going to be found at our URL that's listed at the top. 934 00:56:40.610 --> 00:56:42.330 That's a long URL, but don't worry, 935 00:56:42.330 --> 00:56:45.020 I'm going to send that to you in an email. 936 00:56:45.020 --> 00:56:46.780 In addition, the webinar will be archived 937 00:56:46.780 --> 00:56:49.380 on the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary's website. 938 00:56:49.380 --> 00:56:51.290 You'll just click on the multimedia section 939 00:56:51.290 --> 00:56:53.730 in the toolbar to access the webinar box. 940 00:56:53.730 --> 00:56:56.380 You'll also find future webinars in that same section. 941 00:56:56.380 --> 00:56:58.880 And don't worry, all of this information, as I said, 942 00:56:58.880 --> 00:57:00.660 is going to be sent to you in an email, 943 00:57:00.660 --> 00:57:03.403 once the video recording is ready for you to view. 944 00:57:04.370 --> 00:57:06.440 These are some of our upcoming webinars. 945 00:57:06.440 --> 00:57:07.460 I hope that you'll tune in. 946 00:57:07.460 --> 00:57:09.630 In January, we're going to have Holly Rotondi, 947 00:57:09.630 --> 00:57:11.330 she's the Executive Director 948 00:57:11.330 --> 00:57:14.406 at the Friends of the National World War II Memorial 949 00:57:14.406 --> 00:57:16.830 in Washington, DC be our presenter. 950 00:57:16.830 --> 00:57:19.720 Then in February, we're going to have James Charlet, 951 00:57:19.720 --> 00:57:21.680 he's a historian, author, 952 00:57:21.680 --> 00:57:24.480 he used to manage the Chicamacomico Life-Saving Station, 953 00:57:24.480 --> 00:57:27.300 and he's going to tell us about the African-American crews 954 00:57:27.300 --> 00:57:28.963 who served in North Carolina. 955 00:57:30.110 --> 00:57:31.460 And then on March the eighth, 956 00:57:31.460 --> 00:57:33.740 we have Dr. Sal coming back again, 957 00:57:33.740 --> 00:57:37.640 he's Associate Professor of History at Campbell University, 958 00:57:37.640 --> 00:57:39.980 and he's going to be talking about World War One 959 00:57:39.980 --> 00:57:43.000 and the German U-boat force off the North Carolina coast. 960 00:57:43.000 --> 00:57:46.140 So we have some great ones lined up for the next year. 961 00:57:46.140 --> 00:57:49.630 So please check them out and join us for those. 962 00:57:49.630 --> 00:57:52.030 And of course, we always invite you to follow us 963 00:57:52.030 --> 00:57:53.333 on our social media. 964 00:57:54.367 --> 00:57:56.730 And lastly, as you exit the webinar, 965 00:57:56.730 --> 00:57:59.610 there is a short survey for formal and informal educators. 966 00:57:59.610 --> 00:58:02.440 So if you are an educator, NOAA would really appreciate it 967 00:58:02.440 --> 00:58:05.370 if you would take a minute or two to complete the survey. 968 00:58:05.370 --> 00:58:08.140 Your answers will help NOAA to develop future webinars 969 00:58:08.140 --> 00:58:11.440 to meet your needs and your participation is voluntary 970 00:58:11.440 --> 00:58:13.803 and your answers will be completely anonymous. 971 00:58:15.320 --> 00:58:16.830 Once again, we want to thank you 972 00:58:16.830 --> 00:58:19.150 Chris and John for a great presentation, 973 00:58:19.150 --> 00:58:21.930 and thank you for taking the time today to join us. 974 00:58:21.930 --> 00:58:24.100 You have a wonderful day, happy holidays, 975 00:58:24.100 --> 00:58:25.880 and this concludes the presentation, 976 00:58:25.880 --> 00:58:28.010 and I will end the broadcast now for all. 977 00:58:28.010 --> 00:58:29.553 Thank you. Bye everyone.