WEBVTT

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<v ->All right,</v>

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Aloha Kākou

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and welcome to our presentation today.

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Diving into the barf.

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New insights into ʻAoʻū Christmas Shearwater

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foraging ecology from Hōlanikū, Kure Atoll.

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We're glad you can join us today.

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Just a few housekeeping issues.

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If you're having problems with your audio,

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please check on the Go-To webinar control panel.

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There is a tab on there

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that has audio.

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That's usually where people have problems.

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So just make sure to have that as set

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to whatever your audio that you're using

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is whether your it's your headphones

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or your speakers, or our on-board audio,

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that's typically where people have issues.

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So if you still have concerns

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after checking that, please,

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please put your comment in the chat and we will

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we will try to help you get that resolved.

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And if you do have any questions

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or chat during the presentation,

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please put them into that question

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bar or the chat.

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And we'll also be posting resources

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into the chat and links

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and other things for you to download.

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But before we get started

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with the presentation in Hawaiʻi,

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it's very customary to open with

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an Oli or a chant to

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to open up the space for the presenter.

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And we are very fortunate to have

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our wonderful Malia Evans with us here today to

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to open with a very special chant

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called Mele no Papahānaumokuākea.

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And that's the name song

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for Papahānaumokuākea.

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And I'll turn it over to you Malia.

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Aloha mai Kākou

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so glad that you all were able to join us.

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So the chant is to set the space

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for the giving and the receiving of information

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and knowledge.

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And hopefully by listening to this Oli,

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this chant and viewing the stunning imagery,

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you'll understand why,

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why Papahānaumokuākea is such a sacred place

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worthy of protection.

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So I'm gonna turn off my camera

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and enjoy this beautiful images

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of Papahānaumokuākea.

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(chanting in Hawaiian begins)

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(chant in Hawaiian ends)

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<v ->Wonderful.</v>

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Mahalo Malia.

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So before we get started a little overview

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about the National Marine Sanctuary System

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and Papahānaumokuākea.

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So this is our Office of National Marine

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Sanctuary System,

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our nation of underwater parks

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across the United States and into the Pacific.

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And we have sites on the East Coast,

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such as some new ones,

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Mallows Bay, Potomac river

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National Marine Sanctuary,

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Stellwagen Bank,

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Monitor, Gray's Reef, Florida Keys

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down in the Southern part of Florida

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in the Keys,

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Flower Garden Banks,

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which was recently expanded

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in the Gulf of Mexico,

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a new site in The Great Lakes,

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the Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast site,

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and also one that's under designation process

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right now, Lake Ontario.

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Another site that's primarily focused

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on some of the fascinating shipwrecks

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and the commerce in the Great Lakes region,

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and Thunder Bay,

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which is also a site with numerous shipwrecks.

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On the West Coast.

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We have Olympic Coast,

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Greater Farallones, Monterey Bay,

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and these sites protect really incredible areas

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on the West Coast, in the United States.

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And we're also looking at a couple

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of other sites that may be in the process

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for being designated along the West Coast

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then potentially in Alaska,

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out here in the Pacific,

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we have two sites in Hawaiʻi

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and the Hawaiian Archipelago.

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that's the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale

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National Marine Sanctuary.

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And of course our site, Papahānaumokuākea

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Marine National Monument,

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which is co-managed by

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the Office of National Marine

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Sanctuaries, National Fisheries,

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US Fish and Wildlife Service,

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National Refuge System,

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National Wildlife Refuge System,

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the State of Hawaiʻi

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and the Office of Hawaiian Affairs.

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And down below us in the South Pacific,

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we have American National Marine Sanctuary

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of American Samoa,

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and also another marine national monument,

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Rose Atoll Marine National Monument.

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So this site, this map comprises our wonderful

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National Marine Sanctuary System.

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And we are about to celebrate half-century

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of protection of our ocean, great lakes,

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coastal resources.

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So keep an eye out for a lot of webinars

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and we changed our logo

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and other really fascinating things

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over the course of this next year,

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as we celebrate 50 years

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on our anniversary next year,

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right around this time in October of next year.

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So we look forward to having many,

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many unique events and cool products

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coming out that celebrates

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the work that we've done over this last

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half-century.

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And out here in the Pacific,

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we are Papahānaumokuākea Marine

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National Monument,

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and we are the world's largest,

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fully protected area at 582,578 square miles

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of the Central Pacific,

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Central North Pacific Ocean.

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And the Monument extends beyond

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the main Hawaiian Islands

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all the way out to what we're gonna hear

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about today, Hōlanikū, Kure Atoll

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at the northwestern most extent

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of the Hawaiian archipelago.

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And if you overlay this area

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over the United States,

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it would extend from roughly New Orleans

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all the way to Las Vegas,

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the Hawaiian archipelago.

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So it covers a vast area by comparison to

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to our (clears throat)

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to our country's overall area.

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So today, um, my title is wrong

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we have our webinar hosts

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are myself, Andy Collins,

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I'm an education coordinator,

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and also work at our local

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Mokupāpapa Discovery Center.

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Over in Hilo.

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We also have Justin Umholtz who is our

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education coordinator also

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works over at Mokupāpapa.

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And we have heard from before Malia Evans,

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who's our native Hawaiian education

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and native Hawaiian outreach specialist.

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And so we will be your host today,

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and we all work at a wonderful facility

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and Hilo in Mokupāpapa Discovery Center.

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Unfortunately we've been closed due to COVID

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and the pandemic,

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but we really hope to open as the

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as the pandemic hopefully recedes.

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Maybe potentially early next year.

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We have a wonderful 3,500 gallon

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salt water aquarium

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exhibits in the ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi and English.

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Many in

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many in some interactive exhibits.

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We have a beautiful facility

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right on the waterfront.

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So if you get to Hilo,

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please make sure to come visit us.

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But overall, the National Marine Sanctuary System

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protects biodiversity in the marine environment,

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many maritime heritage sites,

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including some incredible 19th century

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whaling vessel record wrecks

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in the Papahānaumokuākea National Monument,

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cultural heritage.

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This is a picture from Mokumanamana,

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and of course these birds,

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these red-footed boobies

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and great frigate birds utilizing some of the

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the Heiau, this ceremonial platform

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on Mokumanamana

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and the island has that that island

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is the highest density of cultural sites

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in the entire Hawaiian Archipelago.

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And of course it's a shelter

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and resting place for protected species,

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such as the green sea turtle

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and a Hawaiian monks seal

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enjoying a non-social distancing moment

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in the Monument.

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We do a lot of education like these programs,

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and we do that through our volunteers

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and a lot of the outreach programs we have.

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We do quite a bit of research to understand

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these areas and to see how they're changing

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over time.

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And that plays into our monitoring program.

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How our human activities and global phenomena

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are affecting these environments

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and how are they doing?

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We put out reports that rank the

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the state of the different sanctuary

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sites and Monuments.

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And we also do some restoration efforts.

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This is an incredible program in the Florida Keys,

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where they're out planting some coral fragments

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to try to restore the reef in South Florida.

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And these are just incredible places

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where we can go to,

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to bond with our, with our spirits,

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connect back with nature.

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And I think many of us have discovered

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that during the pandemic

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and this time of distancing that basically

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feeding our spirit is as important

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as just about anything else.

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So that's one of the reasons

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why we protect these places.

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And if you are interested,

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you can volunteer with us

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in our Mokupāpapa Discovery Center,

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or if you're elsewhere, as many of you are,

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I saw that there were people representing

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20 different countries around the world

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and almost many different states

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across the United States.

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So find your local sanctuary

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if you're in the US and,

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and volunteer.

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But today I would like to welcome

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our wonderful presenter,

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who is, Ilana Nimz, sorry.

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She is an ecologist with

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Oikonos Ecosystem Knowledge.

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She is from Oʻahu and has been working

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with the Monument since 2010.

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She recently graduated from

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Hawaiʻi Pacific University's

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Master's of Science and Marine Science Program,

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where she studied ʻAoʻū foraging ecology.

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She's currently an ecologist

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at Oikonos Ecosystem Knowledge

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where she manages an albatross education program.

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She'll tell you about later,

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called Winged Ambassadors.

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And we partnered with them on back.

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Nimz is also the vice chair

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of the Friends of the Hawaiian

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Islands National Wildlife Refuge,

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and an incredible artist

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and enjoys sharing stories and paintings

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of Papahānaumokuākea.

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So at this point Nimz, you can turn on your webcam

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and

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and mute yourself and I'll share

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the presenter role with you.

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<v ->Hi everyone. Thanks for having me.</v>

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<v ->Okay. You should, you should have control now.</v>

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<v ->Everyone see my screen?</v>

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<v Andy>It's great.</v>

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Looks good.

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<v ->Awesome.</v>

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Let's see. Perfect.

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00:13:00.660 --> 00:13:02.120
All right, well, thank you all

279
00:13:02.120 --> 00:13:03.540
for having me today.

280
00:13:03.540 --> 00:13:05.810
I'm really excited to talk about

281
00:13:05.810 --> 00:13:08.250
two of my favorite things.

282
00:13:08.250 --> 00:13:12.240
Kure Atoll and barf from birds. (laughs)

283
00:13:12.240 --> 00:13:16.530
So this talk will kind of be in two sections.

284
00:13:16.530 --> 00:13:18.110
I wanted to take the opportunity

285
00:13:18.110 --> 00:13:21.170
to share about how wonderful

286
00:13:21.170 --> 00:13:23.950
the management program on Kure Atoll is.

287
00:13:23.950 --> 00:13:26.600
So this was also created in partnership

288
00:13:26.600 --> 00:13:28.340
with Cynthia Vanderlip,

289
00:13:28.340 --> 00:13:31.270
who is the supervising manager

290
00:13:31.270 --> 00:13:34.040
of the Kure Atoll Wildlife Sanctuary

291
00:13:34.040 --> 00:13:36.490
for the division of land and natural res-

292
00:13:36.490 --> 00:13:38.200
Department of Land and Natural Resources

293
00:13:38.200 --> 00:13:39.460
or DLNR.

294
00:13:39.460 --> 00:13:43.080
So we're gonna start with 10 years

295
00:13:43.080 --> 00:13:44.960
of management on Kure Atoll

296
00:13:44.960 --> 00:13:47.333
before diving into Shearwater part.

297
00:13:49.150 --> 00:13:53.180
So Andy gave you a quick orientation

298
00:13:53.180 --> 00:13:56.920
to where Kure or Hōlanikū is.

299
00:13:56.920 --> 00:13:59.820
It is a 30 million year old atoll.

300
00:13:59.820 --> 00:14:01.700
It's the oldest Hawaiian island

301
00:14:01.700 --> 00:14:03.830
still above water and the world's

302
00:14:03.830 --> 00:14:05.160
northern most atoll.

303
00:14:05.160 --> 00:14:07.450
And at one time it was on the hotspot

304
00:14:07.450 --> 00:14:09.560
or the Big Island currently is,

305
00:14:09.560 --> 00:14:11.580
and it slowly moved, northwards

306
00:14:11.580 --> 00:14:12.920
started eroding away.

307
00:14:12.920 --> 00:14:14.730
And a fun fact,

308
00:14:14.730 --> 00:14:16.700
it was claimed in the 1900s

309
00:14:16.700 --> 00:14:18.510
by King Kalakaua.

310
00:14:18.510 --> 00:14:19.930
And so because of that,

311
00:14:19.930 --> 00:14:21.500
it's actually the only island

312
00:14:21.500 --> 00:14:24.860
in Papahānaumokuākea that is managed

313
00:14:24.860 --> 00:14:26.150
by the State of Hawaiʻi.

314
00:14:26.150 --> 00:14:28.240
And technically it is within the city

315
00:14:28.240 --> 00:14:29.470
and county of Honolulu,

316
00:14:29.470 --> 00:14:31.210
even though it's 1400 miles away.

317
00:14:31.210 --> 00:14:33.900
So Honolulu is a bigger city

318
00:14:33.900 --> 00:14:35.410
than most people realize

319
00:14:35.410 --> 00:14:36.590
because of this.

320
00:14:36.590 --> 00:14:38.730
And supposedly we got to get the rail

321
00:14:38.730 --> 00:14:39.760
across Honolulu.

322
00:14:39.760 --> 00:14:40.920
So maybe we'll get a rail

323
00:14:40.920 --> 00:14:42.685
out to Kure one day. (laughs)

324
00:14:42.685 --> 00:14:45.030
Now holding my breath,

325
00:14:45.030 --> 00:14:47.290
but because it is the state managed,

326
00:14:47.290 --> 00:14:48.900
it's the only year-round,

327
00:14:48.900 --> 00:14:51.370
fully managed Northwestern Hawaiian island

328
00:14:51.370 --> 00:14:55.470
besides my Midway due to funding and logistics.

329
00:14:55.470 --> 00:14:58.233
And this little island has about 220 acres

330
00:14:58.233 --> 00:14:59.940
of emergent land.

331
00:14:59.940 --> 00:15:02.440
That lagoon you see is about six miles

332
00:15:02.440 --> 00:15:05.530
in diameter and provides 80,000 acres

333
00:15:05.530 --> 00:15:06.993
of coral reef habitat.

334
00:15:09.130 --> 00:15:12.740
So just think about how Kure was before people.

335
00:15:12.740 --> 00:15:15.900
A vibrant seabird colony, native plant habitat,

336
00:15:15.900 --> 00:15:18.680
a safe haven for migratory shorebirds,

337
00:15:18.680 --> 00:15:19.513
monk seals.

338
00:15:19.513 --> 00:15:22.220
You have your albatrosses and shearwaters

339
00:15:22.220 --> 00:15:25.250
returned to this little oasis in the Pacific.

340
00:15:25.250 --> 00:15:26.800
Young monk seals had empty

341
00:15:26.800 --> 00:15:28.433
beaches to relax on.

342
00:15:28.433 --> 00:15:31.550
Hawaiians did access this island,

343
00:15:31.550 --> 00:15:33.690
but it is far within Pō

344
00:15:33.690 --> 00:15:35.530
or the realm of their ancestors.

345
00:15:35.530 --> 00:15:37.410
So to my understanding,

346
00:15:37.410 --> 00:15:39.523
the island was not heavily used

347
00:15:39.523 --> 00:15:41.270
by the Hawaiian people,

348
00:15:41.270 --> 00:15:44.080
but it was frequented.

349
00:15:44.080 --> 00:15:46.280
So in the 1950s, you know,

350
00:15:46.280 --> 00:15:47.884
after World War 2,

351
00:15:47.884 --> 00:15:52.000
and we're all familiar with Battle of Midway,

352
00:15:52.000 --> 00:15:55.530
the 1950s, the US Navy and the US Coast Guard

353
00:15:55.530 --> 00:15:57.140
set up the LORAN station,

354
00:15:57.140 --> 00:15:59.150
which is long range navigation,

355
00:15:59.150 --> 00:16:02.210
and kind of the precursor to GPS.

356
00:16:02.210 --> 00:16:05.090
They constructed this runway that you see,

357
00:16:05.090 --> 00:16:08.880
on island here and had this giant antenna

358
00:16:08.880 --> 00:16:11.650
with all these guide wires that came out.

359
00:16:11.650 --> 00:16:15.490
And if you think about a 600 foot antenna

360
00:16:15.490 --> 00:16:18.960
with wires coming radially out from it,

361
00:16:18.960 --> 00:16:22.033
it's kind of a nightmare for these seabirds.

362
00:16:23.010 --> 00:16:25.030
Additionally, this is when many species

363
00:16:25.030 --> 00:16:26.850
introductions occurred to the island,

364
00:16:26.850 --> 00:16:31.000
including invasive plants and rats.

365
00:16:31.000 --> 00:16:32.100
And up until the nineties,

366
00:16:32.100 --> 00:16:35.750
it was managed by the military,

367
00:16:35.750 --> 00:16:37.330
but the State of Hawaiʻi took over

368
00:16:37.330 --> 00:16:39.520
the island management in 1993,

369
00:16:39.520 --> 00:16:41.030
with the goal of restoring

370
00:16:41.030 --> 00:16:43.870
it to pre-military status.

371
00:16:43.870 --> 00:16:45.660
And this was a daunting task.

372
00:16:45.660 --> 00:16:47.900
It started off slow with annual trips,

373
00:16:47.900 --> 00:16:49.267
about three to five months.

374
00:16:49.267 --> 00:16:51.730
And they also began initiating

375
00:16:51.730 --> 00:16:53.840
strict bio-security protocols

376
00:16:53.840 --> 00:16:56.810
to prevent the introduction of new species.

377
00:16:56.810 --> 00:16:59.230
And one of their biggest accomplishments,

378
00:16:59.230 --> 00:17:01.650
right from the get-go in 1995,

379
00:17:01.650 --> 00:17:04.480
the rats were eradicated from Kure,

380
00:17:04.480 --> 00:17:07.170
and that is a huge win for the seabirds

381
00:17:07.170 --> 00:17:08.193
that nest there.

382
00:17:10.094 --> 00:17:11.200
And in 2010,

383
00:17:11.200 --> 00:17:13.730
DLNR began these year round field camps

384
00:17:13.730 --> 00:17:15.470
to initiate an intensive

385
00:17:15.470 --> 00:17:17.540
habitat restoration program.

386
00:17:17.540 --> 00:17:18.940
And that's what I'll be focusing

387
00:17:18.940 --> 00:17:20.793
on for the first half of this talk.

388
00:17:22.690 --> 00:17:25.410
So what were once military buildings

389
00:17:25.410 --> 00:17:26.600
and an active runway

390
00:17:26.600 --> 00:17:30.910
has now become the Kure Atoll Wildlife Sanctuary.

391
00:17:30.910 --> 00:17:33.650
The camp headquarters has a,

392
00:17:33.650 --> 00:17:35.730
is made up of a couple of remnant buildings

393
00:17:35.730 --> 00:17:38.010
from the Coast Guard era.

394
00:17:38.010 --> 00:17:40.700
It's now a kitchen, bunkhouse, and office

395
00:17:40.700 --> 00:17:42.130
for the field stuff.

396
00:17:42.130 --> 00:17:44.770
The runway is still a prominent feature

397
00:17:44.770 --> 00:17:45.603
of the island,

398
00:17:45.603 --> 00:17:47.110
but it's no longer active.

399
00:17:47.110 --> 00:17:51.230
And now hundreds of thousands of birds use it

400
00:17:51.230 --> 00:17:54.460
as well as native plant habitat.

401
00:17:54.460 --> 00:17:56.870
The DLNR are starting to break up the coral

402
00:17:56.870 --> 00:17:59.698
rubble and put in some naupaka.

403
00:17:59.698 --> 00:18:04.470
So reclaiming the runway. (giggles)

404
00:18:04.470 --> 00:18:05.660
Just to give you a glimpse

405
00:18:05.660 --> 00:18:07.100
on life on Kure.

406
00:18:07.100 --> 00:18:08.300
This is a (giggles)

407
00:18:08.300 --> 00:18:09.230
few pictures.

408
00:18:09.230 --> 00:18:11.390
We've got water catchment systems

409
00:18:11.390 --> 00:18:12.860
to collect rainwater for

410
00:18:12.860 --> 00:18:16.090
doing dishes or out planting.

411
00:18:16.090 --> 00:18:18.270
Drinking water is usually gathered

412
00:18:18.270 --> 00:18:20.780
from the ship or there's an, a reverse osmosis

413
00:18:20.780 --> 00:18:22.670
system on the island.

414
00:18:22.670 --> 00:18:25.550
This is my messy bunk room from 2012

415
00:18:25.550 --> 00:18:26.383
when I was out there,

416
00:18:26.383 --> 00:18:27.740
but it is very cozy.

417
00:18:27.740 --> 00:18:29.880
And you could really add personality

418
00:18:29.880 --> 00:18:30.713
to this space,

419
00:18:30.713 --> 00:18:33.290
especially when you're out there for six months.

420
00:18:33.290 --> 00:18:36.361
You want it to feel comfortable and like home.

421
00:18:36.361 --> 00:18:40.150
We might be the only Northwestern Hawaiian island

422
00:18:40.150 --> 00:18:41.760
or one of few places in Hawaiʻi

423
00:18:41.760 --> 00:18:43.610
actually that has an over the water

424
00:18:43.610 --> 00:18:45.293
yoga studio here.

425
00:18:46.250 --> 00:18:48.780
That's actually an old pier

426
00:18:48.780 --> 00:18:51.670
that is not super functional,

427
00:18:51.670 --> 00:18:54.100
but it's used to store marine debris

428
00:18:54.100 --> 00:18:56.360
and to just gaze out

429
00:18:56.360 --> 00:18:57.733
and watch the sunset.

430
00:18:58.650 --> 00:19:00.360
And this is just an inside picture

431
00:19:00.360 --> 00:19:01.300
of the bunk house.

432
00:19:01.300 --> 00:19:03.160
We have a little library and art

433
00:19:03.160 --> 00:19:06.070
from former Kureans.

434
00:19:06.070 --> 00:19:08.510
So it's really a wonderful place

435
00:19:08.510 --> 00:19:09.963
to spend some time.

436
00:19:12.390 --> 00:19:13.410
And seabirds love it to.

437
00:19:13.410 --> 00:19:17.410
18 seabird species use and breed on Kure Atoll,

438
00:19:17.410 --> 00:19:20.440
And it also provides overwintering habitat

439
00:19:20.440 --> 00:19:23.590
for five shorebird species.

440
00:19:23.590 --> 00:19:24.670
Additionally,

441
00:19:24.670 --> 00:19:27.180
a population of Laysan ducks

442
00:19:27.180 --> 00:19:30.480
was translocated to Kure Atoll

443
00:19:30.480 --> 00:19:33.310
as a backup population from Midway,

444
00:19:33.310 --> 00:19:35.590
and they are doing quite well

445
00:19:35.590 --> 00:19:37.370
and seemed to have a lot of ducklings.

446
00:19:37.370 --> 00:19:39.680
They're very entertaining to be around

447
00:19:39.680 --> 00:19:42.500
and seem to get into a lot of trouble.

448
00:19:42.500 --> 00:19:44.150
You know, they poop on our dishes,

449
00:19:44.150 --> 00:19:46.073
but we just absolutely loved them.

450
00:19:47.770 --> 00:19:50.960 line:15% 
And it is also critical habitat

451
00:19:50.960 --> 00:19:52.270 line:15% 
for the Hawaiian monk seal.

452
00:19:52.270 --> 00:19:55.370 line:15% 
So there are about a hundred or so individ

453
00:19:55.370 --> 00:19:57.810 line:15% 
individual monk seals that seem

454
00:19:57.810 --> 00:20:00.180 line:15% 
to call Kure their home base.

455
00:20:00.180 --> 00:20:02.540 line:15% 
And if you hadn't heard one

456
00:20:02.540 --> 00:20:05.413 line:15% 
just did a really epic journey

457
00:20:05.413 --> 00:20:07.300 line:15% 
from Kure Atoll to Honolulu,

458
00:20:07.300 --> 00:20:09.353 line:15% 
and it took her about a month.

459
00:20:10.396 --> 00:20:11.229 line:15% 
And that was actually one of the seals

460
00:20:11.229 --> 00:20:13.320 line:15% 
I tagged when I was out there in 2015.

461
00:20:13.320 --> 00:20:15.730 line:15% 
So that was pretty impressive to see.

462
00:20:15.730 --> 00:20:18.575 line:15% 
So there's about 1400 monk seals

463
00:20:18.575 --> 00:20:20.888 line:15% 
in the world in Hawaiʻi.

464
00:20:20.888 --> 00:20:25.404 line:15% 
And so that's about 7-8% of the population

465
00:20:25.404 --> 00:20:27.973 line:15% 
is on Kure Atoll,

466
00:20:29.910 --> 00:20:32.240
but trying to accomplish restoring

467
00:20:32.240 --> 00:20:33.990
an island to its previous state

468
00:20:33.990 --> 00:20:35.930
is not an easy task.

469
00:20:35.930 --> 00:20:38.830
A lot of planning is involved,

470
00:20:38.830 --> 00:20:40.470
working in tough conditions,

471
00:20:40.470 --> 00:20:42.120
making sure everyone's safe,

472
00:20:42.120 --> 00:20:43.660
making sure there's enough money

473
00:20:43.660 --> 00:20:45.530
so that the people out

474
00:20:45.530 --> 00:20:48.500
there can get picked up in 6 months.

475
00:20:48.500 --> 00:20:50.670
There's just a lot of moving pieces

476
00:20:50.670 --> 00:20:53.810
and it's really a full-time and stressful job

477
00:20:53.810 --> 00:20:54.930
for everyone involved.

478
00:20:54.930 --> 00:20:58.060
Additionally, recruiting volunteers

479
00:20:58.060 --> 00:21:00.830
every year is a challenging task.

480
00:21:00.830 --> 00:21:03.450
You want plot, you know, competent people

481
00:21:03.450 --> 00:21:04.963
to be out there.

482
00:21:06.527 --> 00:21:08.400
And even the best workers and crew

483
00:21:08.400 --> 00:21:09.980
can only last for so long.

484
00:21:09.980 --> 00:21:14.440
So training for the staff to lead field camps

485
00:21:14.440 --> 00:21:16.500
does take several years,

486
00:21:16.500 --> 00:21:19.210
but there's many hurdles to overcome to achieve

487
00:21:19.210 --> 00:21:20.900
these longterm goals,

488
00:21:20.900 --> 00:21:23.250
but there are a great advantages

489
00:21:23.250 --> 00:21:25.260
for habitat restoration.

490
00:21:25.260 --> 00:21:26.890
And so far,

491
00:21:26.890 --> 00:21:29.210
all of these challenges have been tackled

492
00:21:29.210 --> 00:21:30.043
head

493
00:21:30.043 --> 00:21:33.420
head on by the DLNR team to really make

494
00:21:33.420 --> 00:21:37.257
Kure a true jewel and Papahānaumokuākea.

495
00:21:39.220 --> 00:21:41.610
So I'm just gonna start off

496
00:21:41.610 --> 00:21:43.330
by touching on some

497
00:21:43.330 --> 00:21:45.970
of the primary wildlife habitat restoration

498
00:21:45.970 --> 00:21:46.960
objectives that

499
00:21:46.960 --> 00:21:47.793
DLNR has,

500
00:21:47.793 --> 00:21:48.790
including maintaining

501
00:21:48.790 --> 00:21:50.880
bio-security for the island,

502
00:21:50.880 --> 00:21:52.810
managing invasive species,

503
00:21:52.810 --> 00:21:55.990
propagating and establishing native plants,

504
00:21:55.990 --> 00:21:57.250
removing the marine debris,

505
00:21:57.250 --> 00:21:59.706
and then monitoring the ecosystem and research.

506
00:21:59.706 --> 00:22:02.838
And that's when we'll transition

507
00:22:02.838 --> 00:22:07.350
to learning more about one particular species,

508
00:22:07.350 --> 00:22:10.140
our wonderful little shearwaters.

509
00:22:10.140 --> 00:22:12.000
So, overall there's a lot to get done

510
00:22:12.000 --> 00:22:14.360
to accomplish these goals.

511
00:22:14.360 --> 00:22:18.880
And it starts with preparing to go out there.

512
00:22:18.880 --> 00:22:21.260
Here is the team that just left,

513
00:22:21.260 --> 00:22:22.840
planning for food and supplies

514
00:22:22.840 --> 00:22:24.020
for six months.

515
00:22:24.020 --> 00:22:25.930
Takes a lot of planning to acquire

516
00:22:25.930 --> 00:22:27.617
all the supplies that you'll need

517
00:22:27.617 --> 00:22:30.700
and especially anticipating maybe

518
00:22:30.700 --> 00:22:32.610
having to stay longer as they did

519
00:22:32.610 --> 00:22:34.150
in the pandemic.

520
00:22:34.150 --> 00:22:35.900
Beginning when the ship wasn't able

521
00:22:35.900 --> 00:22:37.610
to get them on time.

522
00:22:37.610 --> 00:22:39.730
And obviously there's no Costco

523
00:22:39.730 --> 00:22:41.420
or hardware store out there.

524
00:22:41.420 --> 00:22:44.080
So a lot of the planning involves

525
00:22:44.080 --> 00:22:45.850
anticipating what could go wrong

526
00:22:45.850 --> 00:22:47.160
or what can break and

527
00:22:47.160 --> 00:22:49.710
being sure to pack enough of that,

528
00:22:49.710 --> 00:22:52.933
to deal with problems on the island.

529
00:22:54.590 --> 00:22:57.300
And the big key to success in this project

530
00:22:57.300 --> 00:22:58.590
is prevention.

531
00:22:58.590 --> 00:23:00.000
And that starts at the beginning.

532
00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:01.626
When we acquire the supplies,

533
00:23:01.626 --> 00:23:04.960
everyone that goes to these islands

534
00:23:04.960 --> 00:23:06.950
attends bio-security training

535
00:23:06.950 --> 00:23:08.940
impacts gear accordingly,

536
00:23:08.940 --> 00:23:11.070
and this involves removing excess

537
00:23:11.070 --> 00:23:13.600
packaging from food items

538
00:23:13.600 --> 00:23:15.020
and inspecting all things

539
00:23:15.020 --> 00:23:16.390
before deployment to the

540
00:23:16.390 --> 00:23:18.480
Northwestern Hawaiian islands.

541
00:23:18.480 --> 00:23:21.550
And this includes things like just simple tests,

542
00:23:21.550 --> 00:23:23.800
like removing cardboard boxes

543
00:23:23.800 --> 00:23:26.350
on cereals or pastas or cake mixes

544
00:23:26.350 --> 00:23:28.278
because little bugs can live in

545
00:23:28.278 --> 00:23:31.800
or seeds can be living in that cardboard.

546
00:23:31.800 --> 00:23:33.360
One of the downsides to this

547
00:23:33.360 --> 00:23:34.620
is ending up on the island

548
00:23:34.620 --> 00:23:35.630
without instructions

549
00:23:35.630 --> 00:23:37.810
for your cake or brownie mix.

550
00:23:37.810 --> 00:23:42.200
So baking fails are not uncommon in field camps,

551
00:23:42.200 --> 00:23:44.210
but always amusing.

552
00:23:44.210 --> 00:23:45.090
Additionally,

553
00:23:45.090 --> 00:23:47.220
everything you wear must be brand new

554
00:23:47.220 --> 00:23:49.830
or previously used only on the island.

555
00:23:49.830 --> 00:23:53.820
And that includes all your supplies as well.

556
00:23:53.820 --> 00:23:56.020
And everything is frozen

557
00:23:56.020 --> 00:23:58.920
that can be to kill any bugs

558
00:23:58.920 --> 00:23:59.860
that might be in there.

559
00:23:59.860 --> 00:24:01.760
And then everything gets fumigated

560
00:24:01.760 --> 00:24:05.100
before going on the ship and to the island.

561
00:24:05.100 --> 00:24:06.970
Everyone is constantly on alert

562
00:24:06.970 --> 00:24:08.653
for potential threats.

563
00:24:09.680 --> 00:24:12.080
And this is where we do our first quiz question.

564
00:24:15.810 --> 00:24:18.917
<v Malia>Okay. So I'm going to launch our poll.</v>

565
00:24:18.917 --> 00:24:23.010
And the question you need to answer audience

566
00:24:23.010 --> 00:24:25.620
is why do we remove excess packaging

567
00:24:25.620 --> 00:24:28.880
from items before going to Kure?

568
00:24:28.880 --> 00:24:32.460
So go ahead and register your vote.

569
00:24:32.460 --> 00:24:33.310
And let's see,

570
00:24:33.310 --> 00:24:35.620
is it to bring less trash?

571
00:24:35.620 --> 00:24:37.933
Island already has lots of marine debris,

572
00:24:37.933 --> 00:24:40.130
or maybe it's reduced the risk

573
00:24:40.130 --> 00:24:43.000
of packing cryptic seeds or bugs,

574
00:24:43.000 --> 00:24:45.780
or is it to play a prank on your camp mates

575
00:24:45.780 --> 00:24:47.480
that want to bake a cake?

576
00:24:47.480 --> 00:24:49.803
So go ahead, register your vote.

577
00:24:50.760 --> 00:24:52.107
I see that

578
00:24:55.996 --> 00:24:57.980
78 80% of you have voted.

579
00:24:57.980 --> 00:24:59.890
We'll give you about five more seconds.

580
00:24:59.890 --> 00:25:03.320
Let's see if we can get a 100% voting

581
00:25:03.320 --> 00:25:06.590
on this first question.

582
00:25:06.590 --> 00:25:08.560
And 3,

583
00:25:08.560 --> 00:25:09.830
2,

584
00:25:09.830 --> 00:25:10.663
1,

585
00:25:10.663 --> 00:25:12.120
we are gonna close the poll

586
00:25:12.120 --> 00:25:15.583
and see what our audience has come up with.

587
00:25:17.120 --> 00:25:19.670
All right, here's the results, Ilana.

588
00:25:19.670 --> 00:25:24.670
We have 8% who said it's brings less trash.

589
00:25:24.780 --> 00:25:26.610
Island already has a lot of marine debris.

590
00:25:26.610 --> 00:25:29.730
We have 90% who said it reduces

591
00:25:29.730 --> 00:25:33.040
the risk of packing cryptic seeds or bugs,

592
00:25:33.040 --> 00:25:37.304
and 2% who are the pranksters on the camp mates.

593
00:25:37.304 --> 00:25:38.137
(Ilana laughs)

594
00:25:38.137 --> 00:25:39.100
<v ->Excellent. Yes.</v>

595
00:25:39.100 --> 00:25:40.400
<v Malia>How did they do?</v>

596
00:25:41.390 --> 00:25:42.920
<v ->90% got it right.</v>

597
00:25:42.920 --> 00:25:44.310
But 8%, you know,

598
00:25:44.310 --> 00:25:45.640
that's not the wrong answer,

599
00:25:45.640 --> 00:25:47.320
but it's not the primary reason

600
00:25:47.320 --> 00:25:49.821
that we remove the excess packaging.

601
00:25:49.821 --> 00:25:53.060
And those 2% of pranksters,

602
00:25:53.060 --> 00:25:54.010
I don't know if I wanna be

603
00:25:54.010 --> 00:25:55.800
your camp mate. (laughs)

604
00:25:55.800 --> 00:25:56.633
Just kidding.

605
00:25:58.310 --> 00:26:00.373
So moving on.

606
00:26:01.500 --> 00:26:04.580
So we want to avoid cryptic seeds

607
00:26:04.580 --> 00:26:07.240
and bugs because that is how we got

608
00:26:07.240 --> 00:26:10.777
our Kure's most wanted criminal,

609
00:26:10.777 --> 00:26:13.550
the Verbesina encelioides

610
00:26:13.550 --> 00:26:15.413
or the golden crownbeard.

611
00:26:16.760 --> 00:26:19.300
This is a very beautiful plant.

612
00:26:19.300 --> 00:26:21.460
If you're not really dealing with it

613
00:26:21.460 --> 00:26:23.300
or managing it in its habitat,

614
00:26:23.300 --> 00:26:26.010
it's in the sunflower family, family,

615
00:26:26.010 --> 00:26:27.580
and it's an annual plant.

616
00:26:27.580 --> 00:26:30.180
Each has a prolific seeder or flowerer.

617
00:26:30.180 --> 00:26:34.190
Each flower contains like up to 350 seeds.

618
00:26:34.190 --> 00:26:37.370
The seed bank can last almost seven years

619
00:26:37.370 --> 00:26:39.940
and these plants can grow over six feet tall.

620
00:26:39.940 --> 00:26:42.180
So of the 32 plants species

621
00:26:42.180 --> 00:26:44.300
controlled on Kure,

622
00:26:44.300 --> 00:26:47.250
complete and permanent eradication of Verbesina

623
00:26:47.250 --> 00:26:49.970
is the highest management priority.

624
00:26:49.970 --> 00:26:51.990
And a lot of the funding for this

625
00:26:51.990 --> 00:26:53.880
came from NFWF National Fish

626
00:26:53.880 --> 00:26:55.333
and Wildlife Foundation.

627
00:26:57.700 --> 00:26:59.530
So the negative impacts

628
00:26:59.530 --> 00:27:01.370
of this plant are numerous.

629
00:27:01.370 --> 00:27:04.180
And the big one is, has to do with the seasons.

630
00:27:04.180 --> 00:27:06.620
So in the winter with increased rainfall,

631
00:27:06.620 --> 00:27:09.470
Verbesina is just sprouting after the dry

632
00:27:09.470 --> 00:27:11.270
summer season die back.

633
00:27:11.270 --> 00:27:13.800
And this coincides with albatross egg

634
00:27:13.800 --> 00:27:16.960
laying and hatching in December and January.

635
00:27:16.960 --> 00:27:18.920
So the Verbesina kind of grows

636
00:27:18.920 --> 00:27:20.730
up with the albatross chicks

637
00:27:20.730 --> 00:27:22.430
and grows around it,

638
00:27:22.430 --> 00:27:23.900
causing and entrapment hazards

639
00:27:23.900 --> 00:27:25.010
for parents trying to find

640
00:27:25.010 --> 00:27:26.470
the ways to chicks

641
00:27:26.470 --> 00:27:27.890
and a lot of heat stress.

642
00:27:27.890 --> 00:27:29.680
When you think of an albatross colony,

643
00:27:29.680 --> 00:27:31.900
you think of a flat land

644
00:27:31.900 --> 00:27:33.380
and all the albatross stick

645
00:27:33.380 --> 00:27:34.950
up like bowling pins.

646
00:27:34.950 --> 00:27:36.650
And that's because they're using

647
00:27:36.650 --> 00:27:39.420
the wind to thermoregulate,

648
00:27:39.420 --> 00:27:41.840
but here you can't even see the albatross

649
00:27:41.840 --> 00:27:43.250
because the plant is higher.

650
00:27:43.250 --> 00:27:44.970
So they're not getting that wind flow.

651
00:27:44.970 --> 00:27:46.803
And a lot of them can overheat.

652
00:27:48.130 --> 00:27:49.602
This plant also displaces

653
00:27:49.602 --> 00:27:52.380
and out competes the native species.

654
00:27:52.380 --> 00:27:55.540
And it harbors ants that farm invasive pests

655
00:27:55.540 --> 00:27:57.853
like mealy bugs on the plants.

656
00:27:59.040 --> 00:28:02.040
So about 80% of the workbook

657
00:28:02.040 --> 00:28:03.330
for the state of Hawaiʻi

658
00:28:03.330 --> 00:28:04.920
is plant management.

659
00:28:04.920 --> 00:28:06.731
In the nineties,

660
00:28:06.731 --> 00:28:07.564
when the state took it over,

661
00:28:07.564 --> 00:28:09.470
the camps were limited to the summer season.

662
00:28:09.470 --> 00:28:11.900
So the Verbesina had already flowered

663
00:28:11.900 --> 00:28:13.150
and dropped seeds.

664
00:28:13.150 --> 00:28:15.460
So progress to eradicate this plant

665
00:28:15.460 --> 00:28:17.510
was pretty slow and only

666
00:28:17.510 --> 00:28:19.590
small areas were maintained.

667
00:28:19.590 --> 00:28:20.730
So in 2010,

668
00:28:20.730 --> 00:28:22.610
when the year round camps began

669
00:28:22.610 --> 00:28:24.030
with the intention of targeting

670
00:28:24.030 --> 00:28:26.750
Verbesina in the winter, prior to seed drop,

671
00:28:26.750 --> 00:28:28.580
a real progress is made

672
00:28:28.580 --> 00:28:30.260
in a really quick timeframe.

673
00:28:30.260 --> 00:28:31.470
So over four years,

674
00:28:31.470 --> 00:28:34.570
full island searches and treatments

675
00:28:34.570 --> 00:28:37.620
for the plant occurred every six weeks.

676
00:28:37.620 --> 00:28:40.340
And in 2014, the island was relieved

677
00:28:40.340 --> 00:28:42.320
of the pressure of Verbesina.

678
00:28:42.320 --> 00:28:43.640
So we'll just run through a few

679
00:28:43.640 --> 00:28:45.210
before and after pictures.

680
00:28:45.210 --> 00:28:47.030
Here's the Monument.

681
00:28:47.030 --> 00:28:48.670
You can see that anchor here,

682
00:28:48.670 --> 00:28:50.210
kind of fell over in this picture,

683
00:28:50.210 --> 00:28:52.610
but Verbesina as far as the eye can see,

684
00:28:52.610 --> 00:28:54.260
you see the albatross clustered

685
00:28:54.260 --> 00:28:57.023
in this one small open area.

686
00:28:57.023 --> 00:29:01.160
And once the pressure of Verbesina was removed,

687
00:29:01.160 --> 00:29:03.320
the albatrosses are scattered throughout.

688
00:29:03.320 --> 00:29:07.620
They can take off and really opened

689
00:29:07.620 --> 00:29:10.690
up more habitat for them to nest

690
00:29:10.690 --> 00:29:13.323
and native plants started filling in as well.

691
00:29:14.180 --> 00:29:15.580
So another before and after,

692
00:29:15.580 --> 00:29:17.880
the section of a little hill where

693
00:29:17.880 --> 00:29:20.205
the albatrosses come to get the air,

694
00:29:20.205 --> 00:29:23.530
when the Verbesina was so thick,

695
00:29:23.530 --> 00:29:25.170
so they'd come spread their wings,

696
00:29:25.170 --> 00:29:26.544
take off and land here,

697
00:29:26.544 --> 00:29:30.930
but now that the Verbesina has gone,

698
00:29:30.930 --> 00:29:34.463
they can do that anywhere throughout the colony.

699
00:29:36.010 --> 00:29:37.670
And just one more final picture.

700
00:29:37.670 --> 00:29:39.710
This is a actually in 2009,

701
00:29:39.710 --> 00:29:41.636
they built a seep. They dug seep here.

702
00:29:41.636 --> 00:29:43.350
You can't even see it because

703
00:29:43.350 --> 00:29:44.325
of the Verbesina.

704
00:29:44.325 --> 00:29:47.000
And here's the seep right here.

705
00:29:47.000 --> 00:29:50.350
And that's used by those Laysan ducks now,

706
00:29:50.350 --> 00:29:52.570
and just a really nice before and after.

707
00:29:52.570 --> 00:29:56.210
So with 11 years of rear of year-round treatments

708
00:29:56.210 --> 00:29:58.960
successfully eradicating Verbesina

709
00:29:58.960 --> 00:30:00.810
is just around the corner.

710
00:30:00.810 --> 00:30:02.350
It's not quite eradicated yet,

711
00:30:02.350 --> 00:30:06.846
but the birds are responding positively.

712
00:30:06.846 --> 00:30:10.280
So this leads us to our second quiz question.

713
00:30:10.280 --> 00:30:13.673
What season are Verbesina plants small sprouts?

714
00:30:14.630 --> 00:30:15.463
<v Malia>Okay.</v>

715
00:30:15.463 --> 00:30:16.760
So there you folks have it,

716
00:30:16.760 --> 00:30:18.495
go ahead and register your vote.

717
00:30:18.495 --> 00:30:22.276
When are the small sprouts in the spring,

718
00:30:22.276 --> 00:30:26.030
the summer, the fall,

719
00:30:26.030 --> 00:30:27.020
or the winter?

720
00:30:27.020 --> 00:30:29.950
Let's see who is paying attention.

721
00:30:29.950 --> 00:30:32.690
All right. We have about 50% of you have voted.

722
00:30:32.690 --> 00:30:35.840
Let's give you another five seconds

723
00:30:36.990 --> 00:30:38.650
and let's see what the results

724
00:30:38.650 --> 00:30:40.260
are gonna be.

725
00:30:40.260 --> 00:30:42.880
4, 3,

726
00:30:42.880 --> 00:30:46.940
2, and one,

727
00:30:46.940 --> 00:30:48.620
I'm gonna close the poll,

728
00:30:48.620 --> 00:30:50.540
but 70% of you have voted

729
00:30:51.640 --> 00:30:54.890
and let's see what the results are.

730
00:30:54.890 --> 00:30:57.030
Alrighty, well, Ilana,

731
00:30:57.030 --> 00:30:59.482
we've got almost 50% saying winter,

732
00:30:59.482 --> 00:31:02.060
5% at fall,

733
00:31:02.060 --> 00:31:04.210
10% at summer,

734
00:31:04.210 --> 00:31:07.670
and 37% during spring.

735
00:31:07.670 --> 00:31:09.410
How did the audience do?

736
00:31:09.410 --> 00:31:11.860
<v ->Yeah. Winter is the correct answer.</v>

737
00:31:11.860 --> 00:31:14.690
The plants die back in the summer and fall.

738
00:31:14.690 --> 00:31:17.020
They'll start sprouting in the winter

739
00:31:17.020 --> 00:31:18.700
when the albatross are nesting.

740
00:31:18.700 --> 00:31:20.124
And then by the spring,

741
00:31:20.124 --> 00:31:22.210
there's already some flowering.

742
00:31:22.210 --> 00:31:24.970
So targeting the plants before

743
00:31:24.970 --> 00:31:26.280
they even start to flower

744
00:31:26.280 --> 00:31:28.470
was the really main goal.

745
00:31:28.470 --> 00:31:29.303
So good job.

746
00:31:31.720 --> 00:31:35.100
The next big effort that deal

747
00:31:35.100 --> 00:31:38.640
and decided to tackle was eradicating

748
00:31:38.640 --> 00:31:40.159
the big-headed ant.

749
00:31:40.159 --> 00:31:43.300
These ants form these super colonies

750
00:31:43.300 --> 00:31:45.670
and can swarm seabirds that nest

751
00:31:45.670 --> 00:31:46.800
on the ground.

752
00:31:46.800 --> 00:31:49.350
And they can even chew at the soft tissue

753
00:31:49.350 --> 00:31:51.440
on seabird feet and webbing,

754
00:31:51.440 --> 00:31:53.320
around the eyes.

755
00:31:53.320 --> 00:31:55.740
So it was really stressful for these birds

756
00:31:55.740 --> 00:31:57.150
and negatively impacts

757
00:31:57.150 --> 00:31:59.310
their reproductive success.

758
00:31:59.310 --> 00:32:01.350
So in 2014,

759
00:32:01.350 --> 00:32:04.550
an application of Amdro granular bait

760
00:32:04.550 --> 00:32:06.440
was applied to the island

761
00:32:06.440 --> 00:32:07.780
and after two full

762
00:32:07.780 --> 00:32:09.010
island applications and

763
00:32:09.010 --> 00:32:11.550
semi-annual monitoring,

764
00:32:11.550 --> 00:32:13.840
the ants are basically gone

765
00:32:13.840 --> 00:32:16.520
from the ecosystem and the ecosystem

766
00:32:16.520 --> 00:32:18.440
has responded positively.

767
00:32:18.440 --> 00:32:20.100
There's kind of a wait period

768
00:32:20.100 --> 00:32:23.360
before you claim something is eradicated.

769
00:32:23.360 --> 00:32:25.420
So I'm just gonna say success

770
00:32:25.420 --> 00:32:29.070
is just ahead as we wait out that period

771
00:32:29.070 --> 00:32:31.260
to make sure that there definitely

772
00:32:31.260 --> 00:32:32.813
are no ants on the island.

773
00:32:34.430 --> 00:32:35.940
Native plant propagation

774
00:32:35.940 --> 00:32:39.240
and establishment is a really wonderful

775
00:32:39.240 --> 00:32:41.773
effort that has had great success on Kure.

776
00:32:42.670 --> 00:32:43.840
A lot of the nursery work

777
00:32:43.840 --> 00:32:46.090
is done on the rainy days.

778
00:32:46.090 --> 00:32:48.330
As you can see the two people

779
00:32:48.330 --> 00:32:49.940
with their raincoats,

780
00:32:49.940 --> 00:32:53.460
because you can't do the spraying

781
00:32:53.460 --> 00:32:56.240
for the habitat management in the rain.

782
00:32:56.240 --> 00:32:59.070
So they're preparing some bunch grass

783
00:32:59.070 --> 00:33:00.170
or Kawelu,

784
00:33:00.170 --> 00:33:02.680
that's really great for seabird burrows.

785
00:33:02.680 --> 00:33:05.790
It has these strong roots that stabilize

786
00:33:05.790 --> 00:33:07.170
their sand burrows.

787
00:33:07.170 --> 00:33:08.470
And in this corner here is

788
00:33:08.470 --> 00:33:13.245
Popolo, Solanum nelsonii an endangered plant.

789
00:33:13.245 --> 00:33:16.360
This is a really beautiful picture

790
00:33:16.360 --> 00:33:19.150
showing all the natives that have reestablished

791
00:33:19.150 --> 00:33:19.983
in the foreground.

792
00:33:19.983 --> 00:33:22.373
We have the morning glory ipomea.

793
00:33:23.260 --> 00:33:25.460
A little bit dying back seasonally,

794
00:33:25.460 --> 00:33:28.590
but it's Alena boerhavia ground cover.

795
00:33:28.590 --> 00:33:30.660
We've got Kawelu, the bunch grass.

796
00:33:30.660 --> 00:33:33.550
And then this layer out here is now paka.

797
00:33:33.550 --> 00:33:36.290
So native plant re-establishment

798
00:33:36.290 --> 00:33:37.933
definitely a success.

799
00:33:40.260 --> 00:33:42.940
Marine debris is a constant battle.

800
00:33:42.940 --> 00:33:47.050
And just based on the position of the island

801
00:33:47.050 --> 00:33:49.000
in the ocean,

802
00:33:49.000 --> 00:33:51.460
basically the current spring,

803
00:33:51.460 --> 00:33:53.410
a lot of trash and these big net

804
00:33:53.410 --> 00:33:56.070
conglomerates to the island constantly,

805
00:33:56.070 --> 00:33:57.150
and thousands of pounds

806
00:33:57.150 --> 00:33:58.850
of entanglement hazards are removed

807
00:33:58.850 --> 00:34:01.670
from Kure every year to prevent seals

808
00:34:01.670 --> 00:34:03.520
like this from getting entangled

809
00:34:03.520 --> 00:34:06.020
and additionally entanglements happen,

810
00:34:06.020 --> 00:34:09.010
but people are there monitoring

811
00:34:09.010 --> 00:34:11.773
to remove entanglements from seals.

812
00:34:13.148 --> 00:34:15.940
And not only does it wash the shore,

813
00:34:15.940 --> 00:34:16.950
but birds bring it.

814
00:34:16.950 --> 00:34:19.280
So birds like albatrosses ingest plastic

815
00:34:19.280 --> 00:34:22.010
inadvertently as most of us know.

816
00:34:22.010 --> 00:34:24.220
Ocean plastics smells like their food,

817
00:34:24.220 --> 00:34:25.660
and since they didn't evolve

818
00:34:25.660 --> 00:34:27.280
to know what plastic is,

819
00:34:27.280 --> 00:34:28.490
they unknowingly knowingly ingest it

820
00:34:28.490 --> 00:34:30.310
and feed it to their chicks.

821
00:34:30.310 --> 00:34:31.340
So the

822
00:34:31.340 --> 00:34:33.160
before the chicks leave the nest and fly to sea.

823
00:34:33.160 --> 00:34:34.710
They throw up these hard items

824
00:34:34.710 --> 00:34:35.727
they can't digest.

825
00:34:35.727 --> 00:34:39.000
Squid beaks and pumice stones or some natural ones

826
00:34:39.000 --> 00:34:41.850
that they would, but nowadays it's plastic.

827
00:34:41.850 --> 00:34:43.240
And I can't do a presentation

828
00:34:43.240 --> 00:34:45.440
about barf without showing you bird barfing.

829
00:34:45.440 --> 00:34:47.143
So quick clip.

830
00:34:50.220 --> 00:34:51.200
Quick and easy.

831
00:34:51.200 --> 00:34:53.050
Sometimes it doesn't go that quick.

832
00:34:53.050 --> 00:34:55.710
And especially if they're struggling

833
00:34:55.710 --> 00:34:56.753
to get it out,

834
00:34:58.545 --> 00:34:59.378
they make these high pitch like (squeals)

835
00:34:59.378 --> 00:35:01.190
sounds at all hours of the night.

836
00:35:01.190 --> 00:35:04.390
So it can be quite alarming

837
00:35:04.390 --> 00:35:06.310
to wake up to a bird

838
00:35:06.310 --> 00:35:07.660
bolusing right by your head.

839
00:35:10.100 --> 00:35:12.408
Most of the time plastic is not lethal,

840
00:35:12.408 --> 00:35:13.819
but it can be.

841
00:35:13.819 --> 00:35:16.929
And it always ends up taking up valuable space

842
00:35:16.929 --> 00:35:18.850
in the bird's stomachs,

843
00:35:18.850 --> 00:35:21.240
especially for these growing chicks,

844
00:35:21.240 --> 00:35:24.040
sometimes plastic overload can kill them

845
00:35:24.040 --> 00:35:26.150
and cause detrimental stomach issues.

846
00:35:26.150 --> 00:35:28.600
Here, this bird is chock-full of plastic

847
00:35:28.600 --> 00:35:31.743
and likely it died from complications to it.

848
00:35:32.865 --> 00:35:33.698
But most of the time,

849
00:35:33.698 --> 00:35:36.180
they are able to regurgitate these things

850
00:35:36.180 --> 00:35:37.640
and head off to sea.

851
00:35:37.640 --> 00:35:41.380
And so this is a bolus from

852
00:35:41.380 --> 00:35:42.730
a black footed albatross.

853
00:35:42.730 --> 00:35:45.003
So this is our bird barf,

854
00:35:47.240 --> 00:35:49.850
and the plastic barfed up by albatrosses,

855
00:35:49.850 --> 00:35:51.080
well, terrible and sad,

856
00:35:51.080 --> 00:35:53.380
has a higher purpose.

857
00:35:53.380 --> 00:35:55.020
students worldwide get to learn

858
00:35:55.020 --> 00:35:57.070
about the threats to marine wildlife

859
00:35:57.070 --> 00:35:59.160
and global plastic pollution problem

860
00:35:59.160 --> 00:36:03.050
by dissecting albatross barf from Kure Atoll.

861
00:36:03.050 --> 00:36:06.070
Every year, staff collects hundreds of boluses

862
00:36:06.070 --> 00:36:08.730
for education and research.

863
00:36:08.730 --> 00:36:11.610
Educators loved the bird barf,

864
00:36:11.610 --> 00:36:13.170
some quotes like this has been

865
00:36:13.170 --> 00:36:14.970
one of the most engaging activities

866
00:36:14.970 --> 00:36:17.140
because it connects to so many environmental

867
00:36:17.140 --> 00:36:19.539
topics far beyond just the albatross.

868
00:36:19.539 --> 00:36:22.540
And another educator simply said,

869
00:36:22.540 --> 00:36:24.680
actually cutting the boluses open

870
00:36:24.680 --> 00:36:27.820
is profoundly impacting to students.

871
00:36:27.820 --> 00:36:31.440
So since 2008, over 2,400 boluses

872
00:36:31.440 --> 00:36:33.250
have been sent to 7 countries

873
00:36:33.250 --> 00:36:36.700
and 42 US states and have reached

874
00:36:36.700 --> 00:36:39.501
over 180,000 students.

875
00:36:39.501 --> 00:36:43.270
So surprisingly barf is a really hot

876
00:36:43.270 --> 00:36:46.850
commodity and a powerful teaching tool.

877
00:36:46.850 --> 00:36:49.890
And we're really grateful for Kure staff

878
00:36:49.890 --> 00:36:52.873
picking up boluses for educators.

879
00:36:54.090 --> 00:36:56.270
And this bolus project

880
00:36:56.270 --> 00:36:58.750
is paired with a free five-part

881
00:36:58.750 --> 00:37:00.290
ocean literacy curriculum

882
00:37:00.290 --> 00:37:02.820
that was developed by Oikonos and NOAA.

883
00:37:02.820 --> 00:37:04.790
And it is a major outreach component

884
00:37:04.790 --> 00:37:06.113
for Kure Atoll.

885
00:37:07.050 --> 00:37:08.660
Lessons are all set for teachers

886
00:37:08.660 --> 00:37:10.290
to use and edit as they wish.

887
00:37:10.290 --> 00:37:14.320
We just did a big update to the lessons.

888
00:37:14.320 --> 00:37:16.760
So if you have used it before,

889
00:37:16.760 --> 00:37:18.530
check them out now.

890
00:37:18.530 --> 00:37:20.640
It covers things like sanctuaries that,

891
00:37:20.640 --> 00:37:24.016
protecting sea floors, ocean hot spots,

892
00:37:24.016 --> 00:37:26.460
tracking where albatrosses go.

893
00:37:26.460 --> 00:37:29.490
And then there's also a whole lesson

894
00:37:29.490 --> 00:37:34.490
on the bird barf and using real data from boluses,

895
00:37:34.920 --> 00:37:37.063
from Kure and Tern islands.

896
00:37:38.600 --> 00:37:39.940
What I'm really excited about.

897
00:37:39.940 --> 00:37:41.790
I'm gonna do a quick little demo here.

898
00:37:41.790 --> 00:37:45.710
We just developed with Tara Alvarez,

899
00:37:45.710 --> 00:37:48.210
a really cool tool

900
00:37:48.210 --> 00:37:51.370
that uses virtual bolus.

901
00:37:51.370 --> 00:37:54.020
So can you still see my screen here?

902
00:37:54.020 --> 00:37:54.872
Hopefully.

903
00:37:54.872 --> 00:37:59.870
We have a virtual bolus dissection activity.

904
00:37:59.870 --> 00:38:01.570
This is a bolus from Kure,

905
00:38:01.570 --> 00:38:03.570
so you can click the item

906
00:38:03.570 --> 00:38:05.620
and students can measure it,

907
00:38:05.620 --> 00:38:07.510
they'll get a length and they can

908
00:38:07.510 --> 00:38:09.390
also classify it here.

909
00:38:09.390 --> 00:38:11.870
So we have a hard plastic item

910
00:38:11.870 --> 00:38:14.610
and it keeps a tally of every item

911
00:38:14.610 --> 00:38:15.800
that you've done.

912
00:38:15.800 --> 00:38:18.930
And there's a worksheet and an ID guide

913
00:38:18.930 --> 00:38:20.370
that goes with this bolus.

914
00:38:20.370 --> 00:38:24.188
So since boluses are a hard item to come by,

915
00:38:24.188 --> 00:38:27.610
cause it takes a lot of effort to collect them.

916
00:38:27.610 --> 00:38:29.003
We developed this.

917
00:38:29.997 --> 00:38:30.830
So students still get that

918
00:38:30.830 --> 00:38:34.280
interactive bolus activity feel.

919
00:38:36.530 --> 00:38:38.880
So that just was finished

920
00:38:38.880 --> 00:38:39.730
a couple of weeks ago

921
00:38:39.730 --> 00:38:41.870
and we're releasing it in this next week.

922
00:38:41.870 --> 00:38:43.023
It's very exciting.

923
00:38:46.270 --> 00:38:48.343
So this is our next quiz question.

924
00:38:50.130 --> 00:38:52.730
<v Malia>All right. So here we are folks,</v>

925
00:38:52.730 --> 00:38:53.790
how many students

926
00:38:53.790 --> 00:38:57.880
have participated in a bolus dissection

927
00:38:57.880 --> 00:39:02.210
using bird barf from Kure in the last 12 years?

928
00:39:02.210 --> 00:39:04.900
Go ahead and register your vote.

929
00:39:04.900 --> 00:39:07.390
And I got to say it is a very powerful lesson.

930
00:39:07.390 --> 00:39:09.094
We've done the bird barf

931
00:39:09.094 --> 00:39:12.100
and bolus dissection at Mokupāpapa

932
00:39:12.100 --> 00:39:17.100
and students are hugely affected by this lesson.

933
00:39:17.960 --> 00:39:19.700
So let's see how many of you

934
00:39:19.700 --> 00:39:21.620
have voted about 70%.

935
00:39:21.620 --> 00:39:24.621
We'll give you about five more seconds

936
00:39:24.621 --> 00:39:28.070
and we'll see what you all,

937
00:39:28.070 --> 00:39:30.890
if you have the right answers. All right.

938
00:39:30.890 --> 00:39:33.560
3, 2, 1.

939
00:39:33.560 --> 00:39:35.570
And I'm gonna close up that poll

940
00:39:36.710 --> 00:39:39.620
and let's see what the results are, Ilana.

941
00:39:39.620 --> 00:39:43.960
So we have 62% of our audience members

942
00:39:43.960 --> 00:39:47.210
say 180,000.

943
00:39:47.210 --> 00:39:48.318
<v ->Yes.</v>

944
00:39:48.318 --> 00:39:49.151
<v Malia>Is that correct?</v>

945
00:39:49.151 --> 00:39:50.070
<v ->That is correct.</v>

946
00:39:50.070 --> 00:39:52.260
And I really liked the enthusiasm

947
00:39:52.260 --> 00:39:55.110
of the 2% that said 1.8 million.

948
00:39:55.110 --> 00:39:56.763
I hope we'll get there one day.

949
00:40:00.300 --> 00:40:01.653
Awesome. Thank you.

950
00:40:03.145 --> 00:40:06.234
So finally DLNR monitors the ecosystem,

951
00:40:06.234 --> 00:40:08.910
obviously you're doing a lot of changes

952
00:40:08.910 --> 00:40:10.930
to it with this habitat restoration.

953
00:40:10.930 --> 00:40:14.000
So wanna see how animals are responding.

954
00:40:14.000 --> 00:40:16.750
Is the hard work paying off?

955
00:40:16.750 --> 00:40:21.470
So setting up small monitoring plots

956
00:40:21.470 --> 00:40:25.210
to understand how the ecosystem is changing.

957
00:40:25.210 --> 00:40:26.870
Here we have a vegetation plot

958
00:40:26.870 --> 00:40:30.173
in here we're banding a black-footed albatross.

959
00:40:31.230 --> 00:40:34.290
So this is just a really quick graph

960
00:40:35.533 --> 00:40:37.210
here with time, 2012 to 15

961
00:40:37.210 --> 00:40:40.700
summer and winter seasons and a percent coverage

962
00:40:40.700 --> 00:40:43.820
in those little vegetation plot cover it,

963
00:40:43.820 --> 00:40:45.423
vegetation plots you saw.

964
00:40:46.442 --> 00:40:48.380
So overall, we're seeing an increase

965
00:40:48.380 --> 00:40:51.070
in native plants and a decrease

966
00:40:51.070 --> 00:40:52.220
in non-native plants,

967
00:40:52.220 --> 00:40:54.360
especially Verbesina dropping off.

968
00:40:54.360 --> 00:40:57.183
And there are some seasonal variability there,

969
00:40:58.274 --> 00:41:01.820
but looking at the overall trends in 2016,

970
00:41:01.820 --> 00:41:04.700
200,000 individual Verbesina plants

971
00:41:04.700 --> 00:41:05.690
were counted,

972
00:41:05.690 --> 00:41:10.230
in 2021, 15,000 were counted.

973
00:41:10.230 --> 00:41:14.020
So that's a 92% decrease in that Verbesina

974
00:41:14.020 --> 00:41:16.873
seed bank over the last few years.

975
00:41:17.941 --> 00:41:20.450
And if the downward projection keeps going,

976
00:41:20.450 --> 00:41:23.020
we're expecting maybe 6,000 plants

977
00:41:23.020 --> 00:41:26.400
in 2022 and eventually getting rid

978
00:41:26.400 --> 00:41:27.330
of that seed bank.

979
00:41:27.330 --> 00:41:29.563
So really great progress there.

980
00:41:30.900 --> 00:41:34.320
And this is a graph showing the nesting

981
00:41:34.320 --> 00:41:35.880
Laysan albatrosses.

982
00:41:35.880 --> 00:41:38.093
Here's our population here.

983
00:41:39.296 --> 00:41:43.030
And the red is the chicks and the blue

984
00:41:43.982 --> 00:41:44.815
is the nesting.

985
00:41:45.901 --> 00:41:49.270
There's a lot of variability with survival,

986
00:41:49.270 --> 00:41:51.050
but overall, we're seeing an increase

987
00:41:51.050 --> 00:41:55.050
in the nesting of albatrosses.

988
00:41:55.050 --> 00:41:58.349
And so we're a little over 40,000

989
00:41:58.349 --> 00:42:00.003
nesting pairs, really exciting.

990
00:42:02.028 --> 00:42:04.143
And this is the Christmas Shearwater.

991
00:42:06.220 --> 00:42:08.170
This species was nearly extirpated

992
00:42:09.399 --> 00:42:12.120
in the Coast Guard era

993
00:42:12.120 --> 00:42:15.210
because of all the activity and runway

994
00:42:15.210 --> 00:42:16.570
nonsense going on.

995
00:42:16.570 --> 00:42:20.180
So from 2000 to 2014,

996
00:42:20.180 --> 00:42:23.320
started a mark recapture study,

997
00:42:23.320 --> 00:42:27.150
looking at the population is increasing.

998
00:42:27.150 --> 00:42:28.800
And it certainly is,

999
00:42:28.800 --> 00:42:31.860
before rat eradication in 1995,

1000
00:42:31.860 --> 00:42:34.260
there are only about 40 to 60,

1001
00:42:34.260 --> 00:42:37.740
and now they're over 400 individuals.

1002
00:42:37.740 --> 00:42:40.130
So this is a really another example

1003
00:42:40.130 --> 00:42:42.473
of the slow success of ratting,

1004
00:42:43.658 --> 00:42:44.640
eradicating invasive species,

1005
00:42:44.640 --> 00:42:47.470
but it's a great recovery story.

1006
00:42:47.470 --> 00:42:49.730
And this is what leads into the next segment

1007
00:42:49.730 --> 00:42:50.563
of our talk,

1008
00:42:51.578 --> 00:42:53.628
which will focus on this special seabird.

1009
00:42:54.870 --> 00:42:57.073
So this is the Christmas Shearwater.

1010
00:42:58.178 --> 00:42:59.770
I personally call them chocolate shearwaters

1011
00:42:59.770 --> 00:43:01.610
because of their color.

1012
00:43:01.610 --> 00:43:02.920
And I just love chocolate.

1013
00:43:02.920 --> 00:43:03.800
So (giggles)

1014
00:43:03.800 --> 00:43:06.030
if you hear me interchange Christmas

1015
00:43:06.030 --> 00:43:08.620
and chocolate, it's the same bird.

1016
00:43:08.620 --> 00:43:10.480
They just got a new Hawaiian name,

1017
00:43:10.480 --> 00:43:11.980
which was really exciting.

1018
00:43:11.980 --> 00:43:13.280
It's ʻAoʻū.

1019
00:43:13.280 --> 00:43:15.830
And that's because of their sound.

1020
00:43:15.830 --> 00:43:18.740
They make this really cool call

1021
00:43:18.740 --> 00:43:20.389
and what I'll do right now.

1022
00:43:20.389 --> 00:43:21.722
Aw oohh hoo hoo.

1023
00:43:23.240 --> 00:43:25.532
So that's what they sound like.

1024
00:43:25.532 --> 00:43:26.365
It's really cool.

1025
00:43:26.365 --> 00:43:29.310
It's kind of creepy, but adorable. (laughs)

1026
00:43:29.310 --> 00:43:30.490
They breathe throughout

1027
00:43:30.490 --> 00:43:32.920
the Pacific, Tropical Pacific.

1028
00:43:32.920 --> 00:43:35.950
Major colonies are on Christmas Island,

1029
00:43:35.950 --> 00:43:37.140
which is their namesake.

1030
00:43:37.140 --> 00:43:39.390
And in Papahānaumokuākea

1031
00:43:39.390 --> 00:43:41.260
Marine National Monument

1032
00:43:41.260 --> 00:43:45.220
and their marine range is kind of this green blob

1033
00:43:45.220 --> 00:43:48.073
estimate around the Pacific.

1034
00:43:49.059 --> 00:43:50.250
And so I've spent several seasons

1035
00:43:50.250 --> 00:43:52.400
on Kure and was really enthralled

1036
00:43:52.400 --> 00:43:54.470
by this little seabird.

1037
00:43:54.470 --> 00:43:56.330
I decided to do my master's research

1038
00:43:56.330 --> 00:43:57.730
on this species because

1039
00:43:57.730 --> 00:43:59.590
there's not a lot known about them,

1040
00:43:59.590 --> 00:44:01.580
especially what they do when

1041
00:44:01.580 --> 00:44:02.760
they leave the colony.

1042
00:44:02.760 --> 00:44:04.650
And really what are they doing

1043
00:44:04.650 --> 00:44:06.993
in this green blob we have here?

1044
00:44:08.760 --> 00:44:09.740
Additionally,

1045
00:44:09.740 --> 00:44:11.840
this was listed as a species

1046
00:44:11.840 --> 00:44:14.650
of high concern in the 2008 Monument

1047
00:44:14.650 --> 00:44:16.080
Management Plan

1048
00:44:16.080 --> 00:44:18.090
and also in the 2021,

1049
00:44:18.090 --> 00:44:19.660
US Fish and Wildlife Service,

1050
00:44:19.660 --> 00:44:21.620
Birds of Conservation Concern.

1051
00:44:21.620 --> 00:44:23.070
And this is due to declining

1052
00:44:23.070 --> 00:44:24.993
populations worldwide,

1053
00:44:24.993 --> 00:44:28.100
loss of habitat in some colonies

1054
00:44:28.100 --> 00:44:29.840
that are habitated,

1055
00:44:29.840 --> 00:44:31.299
changing ocean conditions and predation

1056
00:44:31.299 --> 00:44:33.653
at colony sites.

1057
00:44:36.630 --> 00:44:38.040
But they are part of this

1058
00:44:38.040 --> 00:44:40.360
foraging guild called the tuna birds.

1059
00:44:40.360 --> 00:44:43.150
So this is a group of seabirds that associate

1060
00:44:43.150 --> 00:44:45.130
with subsurface predators

1061
00:44:45.130 --> 00:44:46.950
that drive prey to the surface.

1062
00:44:46.950 --> 00:44:48.740
And this makes it easier pickings

1063
00:44:48.740 --> 00:44:50.260
for shearwaters, terns

1064
00:44:50.260 --> 00:44:51.900
noddies and boobies

1065
00:44:51.900 --> 00:44:53.960
that are all part of this foraging guild.

1066
00:44:53.960 --> 00:44:55.610
And fishermen like seabirds,

1067
00:44:55.610 --> 00:44:56.860
because it's a clear signal

1068
00:44:56.860 --> 00:44:58.700
that indicates where those big fish

1069
00:44:58.700 --> 00:45:01.460
are and where they put their lines in the water.

1070
00:45:01.460 --> 00:45:05.240
So not much is known about what these chocolate

1071
00:45:05.240 --> 00:45:06.690
shearwaters waters are doing.

1072
00:45:08.207 --> 00:45:09.190
There's been observation

1073
00:45:09.190 --> 00:45:12.180
that they've dived more than other shearwaters.

1074
00:45:12.180 --> 00:45:14.060
So just seeing that they're highly aquatic,

1075
00:45:14.060 --> 00:45:17.420
but nothing has really quantified

1076
00:45:17.420 --> 00:45:19.293
how they're getting their food.

1077
00:45:21.090 --> 00:45:23.360
So I just wanna share a few fun facts

1078
00:45:23.360 --> 00:45:25.290
about shearwaters underwater.

1079
00:45:25.290 --> 00:45:27.890
They use their legs to kick and propel

1080
00:45:27.890 --> 00:45:30.590
and an adaptation is their leg bones

1081
00:45:30.590 --> 00:45:32.940
are flattened and streamlined

1082
00:45:32.940 --> 00:45:34.460
to allow them to move through

1083
00:45:34.460 --> 00:45:36.240
the water really easily.

1084
00:45:36.240 --> 00:45:38.670
Their wings are used to fly underwater

1085
00:45:38.670 --> 00:45:41.280
and species with short and stubby wings

1086
00:45:41.280 --> 00:45:43.360
are better at swimming.

1087
00:45:43.360 --> 00:45:45.340
They have this hybrid vision

1088
00:45:45.340 --> 00:45:48.050
for seeing underwater and in air,

1089
00:45:48.050 --> 00:45:52.150
and that is made possible by flattened cornea,

1090
00:45:52.150 --> 00:45:54.600
to compensate for loss of refractive

1091
00:45:54.600 --> 00:45:56.580
properties underwater.

1092
00:45:56.580 --> 00:45:59.170
And additionally, they don't take big breaths

1093
00:45:59.170 --> 00:46:00.230
before they dive,

1094
00:46:00.230 --> 00:46:02.330
their oxygen is stored in their blood.

1095
00:46:02.330 --> 00:46:04.270
So this allows them to stay under longer

1096
00:46:04.270 --> 00:46:06.800
and not have buoyancy complications.

1097
00:46:06.800 --> 00:46:09.376
And we're gonna just watch a really

1098
00:46:09.376 --> 00:46:12.080
quick wonderful David Attenborough clip

1099
00:46:13.060 --> 00:46:15.347
of shearwaters. It'll be a little bit slow.

1100
00:46:26.650 --> 00:46:28.680
So you see the subsurface predators

1101
00:46:28.680 --> 00:46:29.910
pushing those

1102
00:46:32.615 --> 00:46:35.447
the bait to the surface and all the birds on top.

1103
00:46:45.894 --> 00:46:46.727
And you can see them really spreading

1104
00:46:46.727 --> 00:46:48.850
their wings and propelling themselves

1105
00:46:48.850 --> 00:46:50.373
with their legs and feet.

1106
00:46:52.810 --> 00:46:57.530
So they, the hosts will share this link.

1107
00:46:59.687 --> 00:47:01.840
So you guys can watch the full clip

1108
00:47:01.840 --> 00:47:03.080
a little bit later.

1109
00:47:03.080 --> 00:47:05.218
They know it's a little hard

1110
00:47:05.218 --> 00:47:07.533
to see on the webinar.

1111
00:47:09.490 --> 00:47:11.140
So here's our next quiz question.

1112
00:47:13.280 --> 00:47:14.760
<v Malia>Okay, here we go.</v>

1113
00:47:14.760 --> 00:47:17.880
The question is what is an adaptation

1114
00:47:17.880 --> 00:47:20.060
of diving shearwaters?

1115
00:47:20.060 --> 00:47:21.924
Is it flattened leg bones,

1116
00:47:21.924 --> 00:47:24.560
long slender wings,

1117
00:47:24.560 --> 00:47:26.950
large lung capacity

1118
00:47:26.950 --> 00:47:29.100
or rounded corneas?

1119
00:47:29.100 --> 00:47:32.050
Go ahead and register your vote.

1120
00:47:32.050 --> 00:47:32.883
And we'll see,

1121
00:47:32.883 --> 00:47:34.300
who's been paying attention

1122
00:47:34.300 --> 00:47:36.010
to this fascinating bird.

1123
00:47:36.010 --> 00:47:37.360
The shearwaters or the ʻAoʻū.

1124
00:47:40.600 --> 00:47:41.433
All right,

1125
00:47:41.433 --> 00:47:43.770
we'll give you a couple of more seconds

1126
00:47:45.460 --> 00:47:47.593
and I'm gonna close the poll,

1127
00:47:50.949 --> 00:47:52.550
and let's see what the results are, Ilana.

1128
00:47:52.550 --> 00:47:55.910
So we've got 70% flatten leg bones,

1129
00:47:55.910 --> 00:47:58.580
18 but long slender wings,

1130
00:47:58.580 --> 00:48:01.470
4% at large lung capacity

1131
00:48:01.470 --> 00:48:04.503
and 8% with round corneas.

1132
00:48:05.531 --> 00:48:06.583
How did our audience do?

1133
00:48:07.441 --> 00:48:08.274
<v ->Did really great.</v>

1134
00:48:08.274 --> 00:48:09.107
Flatten leg bones is right,

1135
00:48:09.107 --> 00:48:11.963
streamlined, help them kick, really good.

1136
00:48:14.110 --> 00:48:14.943
All right.

1137
00:48:14.943 --> 00:48:17.230
So I'm just gonna do a quick overview

1138
00:48:17.230 --> 00:48:19.580
of some of my thesis research

1139
00:48:19.580 --> 00:48:20.720
and what we learned about

1140
00:48:20.720 --> 00:48:22.130
the chocolate shearwaters.

1141
00:48:22.130 --> 00:48:24.970
So my two big questions were,

1142
00:48:24.970 --> 00:48:27.080
how deep are they diving

1143
00:48:27.080 --> 00:48:28.170
and what are they fave

1144
00:48:28.170 --> 00:48:30.220
their favorite foods. (giggles)

1145
00:48:30.220 --> 00:48:32.560
So to answer these questions,

1146
00:48:32.560 --> 00:48:34.242
looked at what tools we have available.

1147
00:48:34.242 --> 00:48:37.610
So to look at how they dive,

1148
00:48:37.610 --> 00:48:39.780
we instrumented the birds with the little

1149
00:48:39.780 --> 00:48:40.950
dive recorder,

1150
00:48:40.950 --> 00:48:43.410
and then what their favorite foods

1151
00:48:43.410 --> 00:48:44.243
thought about,

1152
00:48:44.243 --> 00:48:47.020
what do we have at Hawaiʻi Pacific University

1153
00:48:47.020 --> 00:48:49.160
and we have access to genetics lab

1154
00:48:49.160 --> 00:48:50.920
that can help us develop

1155
00:48:50.920 --> 00:48:52.970
a way to see what these birds are eating.

1156
00:48:55.305 --> 00:48:56.140
So in the spirit of Halloween,

1157
00:48:56.140 --> 00:48:58.030
we're gonna get into the mode

1158
00:48:58.030 --> 00:49:01.080
of catching a bird to instrument it.

1159
00:49:01.080 --> 00:49:03.720
So kind of think of us as the big'ol aliens.

1160
00:49:03.720 --> 00:49:07.810
We've got our tractor beam of red headlamp,

1161
00:49:07.810 --> 00:49:09.660
and we find them at the colony

1162
00:49:09.660 --> 00:49:12.008
at night because they're there with their chick

1163
00:49:12.008 --> 00:49:13.780
during the day they're foraging,

1164
00:49:13.780 --> 00:49:16.200
at least that's our hypothesis.

1165
00:49:16.200 --> 00:49:18.040
So we chose for that.

1166
00:49:18.040 --> 00:49:20.030
We knew would return to the same spot

1167
00:49:20.030 --> 00:49:21.883
because they had a chick to feed.

1168
00:49:23.520 --> 00:49:25.230
We captured the birds.

1169
00:49:25.230 --> 00:49:27.060
Sometimes their natural defense

1170
00:49:27.060 --> 00:49:29.250
is to barf on us because of this,

1171
00:49:29.250 --> 00:49:31.060
we try to wait till we hear them feeding

1172
00:49:31.060 --> 00:49:32.550
a chick before we capture them.

1173
00:49:32.550 --> 00:49:34.380
Sometimes we still get barfed on.

1174
00:49:34.380 --> 00:49:36.660
So to not let the meal go to waste

1175
00:49:36.660 --> 00:49:38.520
and we can't feed it back to the chick,

1176
00:49:38.520 --> 00:49:39.883
we collect it.

1177
00:49:41.490 --> 00:49:43.660
We then touch these little time depth

1178
00:49:43.660 --> 00:49:46.090
recorder tags to the underside of the tail.

1179
00:49:46.090 --> 00:49:47.280
They look like this,

1180
00:49:47.280 --> 00:49:49.050
and they're only about 1% of the bird's

1181
00:49:49.050 --> 00:49:49.883
body mass,

1182
00:49:49.883 --> 00:49:51.300
really small. We tuck it in.

1183
00:49:51.300 --> 00:49:53.790
So it doesn't really impact their diving

1184
00:49:53.790 --> 00:49:55.070
or flying.

1185
00:49:55.070 --> 00:49:57.750
And there were set to record every second,

1186
00:49:57.750 --> 00:50:00.380
when the bird goes underwater,

1187
00:50:00.380 --> 00:50:02.220
and then we release the birds

1188
00:50:02.220 --> 00:50:03.940
and cross our fingers and hope

1189
00:50:03.940 --> 00:50:07.360
that it will bring some awesome data back.

1190
00:50:07.360 --> 00:50:09.330
We let it go for at least three days

1191
00:50:09.330 --> 00:50:11.053
until we tried to find it again.

1192
00:50:12.410 --> 00:50:14.010
So from eight birds,

1193
00:50:14.010 --> 00:50:16.390
we got 33 days of data

1194
00:50:16.390 --> 00:50:19.900
and that was about 1500 dives recorded

1195
00:50:19.900 --> 00:50:22.030
and really big success of this

1196
00:50:22.030 --> 00:50:23.873
was we got all of our tags back.

1197
00:50:25.750 --> 00:50:28.770
So really cool was we found

1198
00:50:28.770 --> 00:50:30.210
that these chocolate shearwaters

1199
00:50:30.210 --> 00:50:32.130
can dive to 24 meters.

1200
00:50:32.130 --> 00:50:33.480
Really impressive.

1201
00:50:33.480 --> 00:50:34.997
Not all of them dove that deep,

1202
00:50:34.997 --> 00:50:37.666
but they all dove below 10 meters.

1203
00:50:37.666 --> 00:50:42.666
So for us Americans, it's 35 to about 80 feet

1204
00:50:42.790 --> 00:50:45.180
and spent up to 30 seconds under water.

1205
00:50:45.180 --> 00:50:47.310
This is just a graph of the deepest dive

1206
00:50:47.310 --> 00:50:49.370
with time on the bottom

1207
00:50:49.370 --> 00:50:50.770
and the depth from the surface

1208
00:50:50.770 --> 00:50:53.010
to 25 meters here in each dot

1209
00:50:53.010 --> 00:50:55.150
is one second that the tag recorded

1210
00:50:55.150 --> 00:50:57.000
the bird really kicked down

1211
00:50:57.000 --> 00:50:59.270
to get that prey item and then spread it

1212
00:50:59.270 --> 00:51:01.530
swings and floated back up.

1213
00:51:01.530 --> 00:51:03.097
So also fun fact,

1214
00:51:03.097 --> 00:51:05.020
that depth is the equivalent

1215
00:51:05.020 --> 00:51:07.578
of four and a half giraffes.

1216
00:51:07.578 --> 00:51:11.020
But when you think about a free diver,

1217
00:51:11.020 --> 00:51:12.630
a typical free diver,

1218
00:51:12.630 --> 00:51:15.090
they are descending and ascending

1219
00:51:15.090 --> 00:51:17.588
at a rate of about one meter per second,

1220
00:51:17.588 --> 00:51:19.160
give or take.

1221
00:51:19.160 --> 00:51:20.910
So this little tiny chocolate shearwater,

1222
00:51:20.910 --> 00:51:22.783
your water's going much faster about

1223
00:51:22.783 --> 00:51:25.103
1.5 meters per second.

1224
00:51:27.160 --> 00:51:28.860
We also use this information

1225
00:51:28.860 --> 00:51:30.328
to see when they're diving.

1226
00:51:30.328 --> 00:51:32.300
It's a little bit complicated,

1227
00:51:32.300 --> 00:51:33.230
but I'll walk you through it.

1228
00:51:33.230 --> 00:51:36.010
So we have midnight to 11:00 PM

1229
00:51:36.010 --> 00:51:37.390
on the bottom here.

1230
00:51:37.390 --> 00:51:40.280
And the proportion of all the dives we recorded,

1231
00:51:40.280 --> 00:51:43.720
this is the nighttime, sunrises in this pink.

1232
00:51:43.720 --> 00:51:45.660
We've got daytime foraging

1233
00:51:45.660 --> 00:51:48.750
and then sunset in this other pic here.

1234
00:51:48.750 --> 00:51:50.180
I'm looking at this line,

1235
00:51:50.180 --> 00:51:52.870
it's flat until a little after sunrise,

1236
00:51:52.870 --> 00:51:55.420
that's when they're sitting at the colony

1237
00:51:55.420 --> 00:51:57.260
and they're not out foraging,

1238
00:51:57.260 --> 00:51:59.500
they're a little bit late risers,

1239
00:51:59.500 --> 00:52:00.800
not the early birds

1240
00:52:00.800 --> 00:52:02.110
getting worms. (laughs)

1241
00:52:02.110 --> 00:52:04.880
Late risers, getting some fish.

1242
00:52:04.880 --> 00:52:06.540
They are diving throughout the day,

1243
00:52:06.540 --> 00:52:08.111
but peak diving occurs

1244
00:52:08.111 --> 00:52:11.340
in the evening before it drops off

1245
00:52:11.340 --> 00:52:12.940
and they returned to the colony.

1246
00:52:14.800 --> 00:52:16.670
And we also wanted to see

1247
00:52:16.670 --> 00:52:20.700
if they were using Papahānaumokuākea to forage.

1248
00:52:20.700 --> 00:52:23.750
So using a little middle-school math here,

1249
00:52:23.750 --> 00:52:25.560
because unfortunately these tags

1250
00:52:25.560 --> 00:52:27.620
don't have GPS locators on it.

1251
00:52:27.620 --> 00:52:30.510
We decided to try this out.

1252
00:52:30.510 --> 00:52:33.660
So get your pens and pencils. Just kidding.

1253
00:52:33.660 --> 00:52:34.800
You're not (laughs)

1254
00:52:34.800 --> 00:52:36.140
doing too much here,

1255
00:52:36.140 --> 00:52:37.410
but we've got the time.

1256
00:52:37.410 --> 00:52:40.160
So the time was when the last divers

1257
00:52:40.160 --> 00:52:41.350
recorded on the tag.

1258
00:52:41.350 --> 00:52:42.830
And then when we picked the tag up

1259
00:52:42.830 --> 00:52:45.170
on Kure Atoll from the bird,

1260
00:52:45.170 --> 00:52:47.852
we've got multiplied by speed.

1261
00:52:47.852 --> 00:52:50.450
And this is from the published literature

1262
00:52:50.450 --> 00:52:51.960
for similar species.

1263
00:52:51.960 --> 00:52:55.913
They can probably 24 to 39 miles an hour,

1264
00:52:57.233 --> 00:52:59.910
and that equals distance.

1265
00:52:59.910 --> 00:53:01.820
So this orange circle here

1266
00:53:01.820 --> 00:53:04.160
is the maximum zone that they

1267
00:53:04.160 --> 00:53:05.910
would have been diving in.

1268
00:53:05.910 --> 00:53:08.300
So they are foraging anywhere

1269
00:53:08.300 --> 00:53:12.900
29 to 130 miles off the shores

1270
00:53:12.900 --> 00:53:15.200
of Kure Atoll for their last dive.

1271
00:53:15.200 --> 00:53:17.160
We can't calculate all the other dives

1272
00:53:17.160 --> 00:53:18.060
that we recorded,

1273
00:53:18.060 --> 00:53:19.430
but we know they're at least

1274
00:53:19.430 --> 00:53:22.060
using the Monument a bit to forage.

1275
00:53:22.060 --> 00:53:25.790
And when you think about the peak in graph,

1276
00:53:25.790 --> 00:53:28.161
where they were diving a lot

1277
00:53:28.161 --> 00:53:30.760
before returning to the colony,

1278
00:53:30.760 --> 00:53:32.960
kind of suggests that Papahānaumokuākea's

1279
00:53:32.960 --> 00:53:34.270
has protected areas,

1280
00:53:34.270 --> 00:53:36.683
really important for these species.

1281
00:53:39.656 --> 00:53:41.296
And that leads us to what's for dinner.

1282
00:53:41.296 --> 00:53:43.150
I'll try to run through this quickly.

1283
00:53:43.150 --> 00:53:45.170
I know we're running out of time here,

1284
00:53:45.170 --> 00:53:48.540
but shearwater eats basically fish, squid,

1285
00:53:48.540 --> 00:53:49.610
and a bunch of mush.

1286
00:53:49.610 --> 00:53:51.670
But if I gave you a taxonomic key

1287
00:53:51.670 --> 00:53:53.485
in this pile of barf and told you

1288
00:53:53.485 --> 00:53:57.340
to figure it out, you'd have a tough time.

1289
00:53:57.340 --> 00:53:58.465
I'll take a quick step back.

1290
00:53:58.465 --> 00:54:02.077
We collected this barf not on purpose,

1291
00:54:02.077 --> 00:54:04.500
but the shearwaters were handled

1292
00:54:04.500 --> 00:54:06.220
for that mark recapture survey

1293
00:54:06.220 --> 00:54:08.665
that told us the population of the birds.

1294
00:54:08.665 --> 00:54:10.580
When we pick them up,

1295
00:54:10.580 --> 00:54:13.200
sometimes they puke as a natural

1296
00:54:13.200 --> 00:54:14.520
defense mechanism,

1297
00:54:14.520 --> 00:54:16.500
and instead of letting it go to waste,

1298
00:54:16.500 --> 00:54:20.120
we collect it and store it in fresh water.

1299
00:54:20.120 --> 00:54:21.260
So it was a huge freezer

1300
00:54:21.260 --> 00:54:23.730
full of bird barf stored up.

1301
00:54:23.730 --> 00:54:24.940
So we can answer questions

1302
00:54:24.940 --> 00:54:26.750
about what they eat and connect

1303
00:54:26.750 --> 00:54:29.063
how they're diving to what they're diving for.

1304
00:54:30.610 --> 00:54:33.277
I'm not gonna go too much details into it.

1305
00:54:33.277 --> 00:54:35.690
You can email me some questions and we're,

1306
00:54:35.690 --> 00:54:37.420
we've got a publication coming out

1307
00:54:37.420 --> 00:54:38.580
next year about this,

1308
00:54:38.580 --> 00:54:41.580
but we use a technique

1309
00:54:41.580 --> 00:54:43.559
called MetaBARFcoding,

1310
00:54:43.559 --> 00:54:44.713
which we coined.

1311
00:54:44.713 --> 00:54:47.235
It's really genetic Meta bar coding

1312
00:54:47.235 --> 00:54:48.733
to process barf.

1313
00:54:48.733 --> 00:54:51.760
And instead of using the individual prey items,

1314
00:54:51.760 --> 00:54:53.720
we kind of use the water that we stored

1315
00:54:53.720 --> 00:54:55.143
all those tissues in,

1316
00:54:55.143 --> 00:54:56.760
concentrated it,

1317
00:54:56.760 --> 00:54:57.870
sub sampled it,

1318
00:54:57.870 --> 00:55:00.560
ran it through a PCR machine,

1319
00:55:00.560 --> 00:55:03.450
got our Tʻs, Aʻs, Gʻs and Cʻs,

1320
00:55:03.450 --> 00:55:05.820
which translated into species IDs.

1321
00:55:05.820 --> 00:55:09.710
So on the menu for these chocolate shearwaters

1322
00:55:09.710 --> 00:55:11.190
were going to the dive bar

1323
00:55:11.190 --> 00:55:13.184
to see what they are eating.

1324
00:55:13.184 --> 00:55:16.030
Turns out there's 68 species

1325
00:55:16.030 --> 00:55:19.170
that they have consumed from our data.

1326
00:55:19.170 --> 00:55:21.890
The popular dishes for these guys,

1327
00:55:21.890 --> 00:55:24.820
the brick soldierfish about 40%

1328
00:55:24.820 --> 00:55:26.475
of these shearwater customers

1329
00:55:26.475 --> 00:55:29.330
chose these species when they came

1330
00:55:29.330 --> 00:55:30.694
to the dive bar.

1331
00:55:30.694 --> 00:55:34.110
But there were some interesting things,

1332
00:55:34.110 --> 00:55:36.430
limited quantity on the tasting menu.

1333
00:55:36.430 --> 00:55:38.160
About 5% of the birds

1334
00:55:38.160 --> 00:55:40.970
ate these really cool Obama fish,

1335
00:55:40.970 --> 00:55:42.483
deep sea myctophids,

1336
00:55:42.483 --> 00:55:45.160
marlins, mahi mahis, moon fish.

1337
00:55:45.160 --> 00:55:46.660
These are some things that we,

1338
00:55:47.625 --> 00:55:48.458
but they're already in the juvenile

1339
00:55:48.458 --> 00:55:49.291
forms of them.

1340
00:55:50.460 --> 00:55:52.830
So if you're a little shearwaters out at sea,

1341
00:55:52.830 --> 00:55:54.240
this is what it looks like to you.

1342
00:55:54.240 --> 00:55:56.290
You're out in the open ocean.

1343
00:55:56.290 --> 00:55:57.890
And most frequently you're gonna

1344
00:55:59.053 --> 00:55:59.886
be eating these aerial families

1345
00:55:59.886 --> 00:56:01.330
that are coming up into your realm

1346
00:56:01.330 --> 00:56:02.963
or in the surface.

1347
00:56:03.880 --> 00:56:05.930
Also these reef fish.

1348
00:56:05.930 --> 00:56:07.160
So some of these,

1349
00:56:07.160 --> 00:56:09.130
especially that brick soldierfish,

1350
00:56:09.130 --> 00:56:11.350
if you're familiar with diving in Hawaiʻi,

1351
00:56:11.350 --> 00:56:13.040
these guys are nocturnal

1352
00:56:13.040 --> 00:56:16.000
and live in caves during the day,

1353
00:56:16.000 --> 00:56:18.240
but these shearwaters are not eating

1354
00:56:18.240 --> 00:56:19.130
them at the reef.

1355
00:56:19.130 --> 00:56:20.840
They're eating juvenile forms,

1356
00:56:20.840 --> 00:56:23.723
which are pelagic and out at sea.

1357
00:56:25.300 --> 00:56:28.505
They also eat things that are huge fish,

1358
00:56:28.505 --> 00:56:30.750
but they're eating the small juvenile

1359
00:56:30.750 --> 00:56:35.650
versions of jacks, tunas, mackerels, and scads.

1360
00:56:35.650 --> 00:56:38.420
And they're also eating really deep sea

1361
00:56:38.420 --> 00:56:41.140
fish that either vertically migrate

1362
00:56:41.140 --> 00:56:43.850
or occasionally occur at the surface.

1363
00:56:43.850 --> 00:56:47.023
So these are usually found below 200 meters.

1364
00:56:48.830 --> 00:56:51.253
So this is our last quiz question.

1365
00:56:52.910 --> 00:56:55.053
<v Malia>Okay, friends, last chance,</v>

1366
00:56:55.053 --> 00:56:56.310
here we are.

1367
00:56:56.310 --> 00:56:59.996
Question is how are CHSH eating nocturnal

1368
00:56:59.996 --> 00:57:01.720
reef fishes?

1369
00:57:01.720 --> 00:57:05.660
And your choices are cave dives during the day,

1370
00:57:05.660 --> 00:57:08.120
at night when the fish are out hunting,

1371
00:57:08.120 --> 00:57:11.340
or catching young ones far out at sea.

1372
00:57:11.340 --> 00:57:14.690
Go ahead and register your vote

1373
00:57:14.690 --> 00:57:15.770
and let's see,

1374
00:57:15.770 --> 00:57:19.183
how are they eating these nocturnal reef fishes?

1375
00:57:20.730 --> 00:57:23.610
All right, we'll give you a few more seconds.

1376
00:57:23.610 --> 00:57:25.850
About 70% of you have voted

1377
00:57:26.760 --> 00:57:30.830
and three, two, and one,

1378
00:57:30.830 --> 00:57:33.240
I'm gonna close up the poll

1379
00:57:33.240 --> 00:57:35.760
and let's see what the results are, Ilana.

1380
00:57:35.760 --> 00:57:39.650
So we've got 74% said catching

1381
00:57:39.650 --> 00:57:41.750
young ones far out at sea.

1382
00:57:41.750 --> 00:57:45.590
20% at night when the fish are out hunting.

1383
00:57:45.590 --> 00:57:47.650
And 6% of our audience says,

1384
00:57:47.650 --> 00:57:50.540
Cave dives during the day.

1385
00:57:50.540 --> 00:57:52.580
<v ->74</v>
<v ->How did the audience go?</v>

1386
00:57:52.580 --> 00:57:53.420
<v ->Right. Yeah.</v>

1387
00:57:53.420 --> 00:57:54.970
Catching young ones at sea,

1388
00:57:54.970 --> 00:57:56.740
the juvenile forms of fish

1389
00:57:56.740 --> 00:57:58.690
out at sea is how they're getting them.

1390
00:57:59.790 --> 00:58:02.300
They're about the same size as an adult fish.

1391
00:58:02.300 --> 00:58:03.950
So it'd be really hard for them

1392
00:58:03.950 --> 00:58:06.163
to eat them. (laughs)

1393
00:58:08.798 --> 00:58:10.190
All right. So just gonna end this,

1394
00:58:10.190 --> 00:58:12.030
talk about these chocolates shearwaters

1395
00:58:12.030 --> 00:58:13.820
with a little food for thought

1396
00:58:13.820 --> 00:58:17.240
and going into, you know,

1397
00:58:17.240 --> 00:58:20.270
warmer ocean conditions with climate change.

1398
00:58:20.270 --> 00:58:23.250
How is this gonna work for these little birds?

1399
00:58:23.250 --> 00:58:25.840
So they have this generalist diet, you know,

1400
00:58:25.840 --> 00:58:27.280
there are some species

1401
00:58:27.280 --> 00:58:28.920
that they tend to eat a lot of,

1402
00:58:28.920 --> 00:58:31.450
but they seem to be able to have

1403
00:58:31.450 --> 00:58:33.042
a wide diversity.

1404
00:58:33.042 --> 00:58:36.530
So this is good for them in a changing ocean.

1405
00:58:36.530 --> 00:58:37.820
They're not highly dependent

1406
00:58:37.820 --> 00:58:39.507
on one or two particular species

1407
00:58:39.507 --> 00:58:40.800
and they can make do with

1408
00:58:40.800 --> 00:58:42.550
whatever they come across.

1409
00:58:42.550 --> 00:58:45.560
And additionally finds squids and flying fishes,

1410
00:58:45.560 --> 00:58:46.920
which are their dominant prey

1411
00:58:46.920 --> 00:58:50.180
tend to be very populous in warmer waters.

1412
00:58:50.180 --> 00:58:52.280
So hopefully these populations

1413
00:58:52.280 --> 00:58:54.823
are stable in warming sea conditions,

1414
00:58:55.800 --> 00:58:57.490
and they have these multiple foraging

1415
00:58:57.490 --> 00:58:59.310
techniques since they can both touch food

1416
00:58:59.310 --> 00:59:00.840
at the surface and dive deeper

1417
00:59:00.840 --> 00:59:02.260
than some of their competitors

1418
00:59:02.260 --> 00:59:03.970
in that foraging guild,

1419
00:59:03.970 --> 00:59:07.180
they have more opportunities to feed and succeed,

1420
00:59:07.180 --> 00:59:09.400
but there are some things to think about,

1421
00:59:09.400 --> 00:59:11.340
Tunas are targeted by fisheries

1422
00:59:11.340 --> 00:59:13.800
since say predominantly forage with tunas.

1423
00:59:13.800 --> 00:59:15.440
This could impact the frequency

1424
00:59:15.440 --> 00:59:17.250
that they encounter, these subsurface

1425
00:59:17.250 --> 00:59:19.172
predators and have these, you know,

1426
00:59:19.172 --> 00:59:21.254
great all you can eat buffets,

1427
00:59:21.254 --> 00:59:24.313
but that's why Papahānaumokuākea

1428
00:59:24.313 --> 00:59:28.360
is so important to be maintained

1429
00:59:28.360 --> 00:59:30.440
as an area protected from fisheries.

1430
00:59:30.440 --> 00:59:33.770
So these tunas can still provide

1431
00:59:33.770 --> 00:59:35.950
this benefit to shearwaters.

1432
00:59:35.950 --> 00:59:37.390
And another thing to think about

1433
00:59:37.390 --> 00:59:39.110
those reef fishes make up a large

1434
00:59:39.110 --> 00:59:40.310
portion of their diet.

1435
00:59:40.310 --> 00:59:42.420
Coral reefs are heavily impacted

1436
00:59:42.420 --> 00:59:44.710
by climate change and reef fish recruitment

1437
00:59:44.710 --> 00:59:45.663
is understudied.

1438
00:59:47.881 --> 00:59:49.383
So with that, I know Halloween's coming up.

1439
00:59:49.383 --> 00:59:51.750
I just wanted to share some of the fun

1440
00:59:51.750 --> 00:59:54.300
outfits we've worn on Kure over the years.

1441
00:59:54.300 --> 00:59:55.780
We love a good costume party,

1442
00:59:55.780 --> 00:59:57.990
especially made out of marine debris.

1443
00:59:57.990 --> 01:00:01.020
So happy Halloween, everyone.

1444
01:00:01.020 --> 01:00:04.680
And if these pictures hopefully

1445
01:00:04.680 --> 01:00:09.390
inspired you to want to join the Kure Atoll team,

1446
01:00:09.390 --> 01:00:11.090
they are recruiting for field camp

1447
01:00:11.090 --> 01:00:12.452
volunteers for next year,

1448
01:00:12.452 --> 01:00:15.350
March, October 2022,

1449
01:00:15.350 --> 01:00:17.402
it's really an amazing experience.

1450
01:00:17.402 --> 01:00:22.013
And it's just an honor to provide such,

1451
01:00:22.013 --> 01:00:24.550
you know, provide your energy

1452
01:00:24.550 --> 01:00:28.010
to help such a special place and special species.

1453
01:00:28.010 --> 01:00:30.030
So you can contact Kure Atoll

1454
01:00:30.030 --> 01:00:32.274
and I'll just leave a few links up here.

1455
01:00:32.274 --> 01:00:36.010
Join the Kure Atoll Conservancy Facebook Page,

1456
01:00:36.010 --> 01:00:38.180
lots of fun information and updates

1457
01:00:38.180 --> 01:00:40.060
from the field are posted there.

1458
01:00:40.060 --> 01:00:42.620
Learn a more about my work

1459
01:00:42.620 --> 01:00:45.370
with Oikonos and Oikonos in general

1460
01:00:45.370 --> 01:00:46.940
at oikonos.org.

1461
01:00:46.940 --> 01:00:49.730
And if you're an educator or you're just

1462
01:00:49.730 --> 01:00:51.430
really interested in bird barf,

1463
01:00:51.430 --> 01:00:53.330
you can download the Winged Ambassadors

1464
01:00:53.330 --> 01:00:54.810
curriculum,

1465
01:00:54.810 --> 01:00:58.330
newly updated @downloadwingedambassadors.org

1466
01:00:58.330 --> 01:01:00.680
and try out the virtual bolus activity.

1467
01:01:00.680 --> 01:01:03.420
And I believe our hosts will be sharing that.

1468
01:01:03.420 --> 01:01:05.803
So with that, I thank you for joining me.

1469
01:01:14.557 --> 01:01:15.789
<v ->Okay, I was muted.</v>

1470
01:01:15.789 --> 01:01:16.622
Great talk. Fascinating.

1471
01:01:16.622 --> 01:01:18.520
We loved your creative graph

1472
01:01:18.520 --> 01:01:21.110
graphs and other things that was, sorry.

1473
01:01:21.110 --> 01:01:23.578
We went over a little bit,

1474
01:01:23.578 --> 01:01:25.900
but thank you again for joining us.

1475
01:01:25.900 --> 01:01:27.780
I'm gonna grab back the screen.

1476
01:01:27.780 --> 01:01:30.160
I have a few sides to share with you

1477
01:01:30.160 --> 01:01:31.070
on closing

1478
01:01:32.370 --> 01:01:34.510
and let's see.

1479
01:01:34.510 --> 01:01:36.060
So thank you again,

1480
01:01:36.060 --> 01:01:37.840
everybody for attending us and thank

1481
01:01:37.840 --> 01:01:40.600
you Nimz for wonderful talk.

1482
01:01:40.600 --> 01:01:43.080
So this talk, hopefully will be archived

1483
01:01:43.080 --> 01:01:44.850
on our webinar archive.

1484
01:01:44.850 --> 01:01:45.960
I said hopefully,

1485
01:01:45.960 --> 01:01:47.490
because there's always some

1486
01:01:47.490 --> 01:01:48.480
weird technical thing.

1487
01:01:48.480 --> 01:01:49.940
Wait, when I was about to hit recording,

1488
01:01:49.940 --> 01:01:51.300
it said we had run out of space.

1489
01:01:51.300 --> 01:01:54.290
So I think I freed it up and it will be recorded,

1490
01:01:54.290 --> 01:01:57.460
but this time I'm not a hundred percent sure.

1491
01:01:57.460 --> 01:01:59.337
So with that,

1492
01:01:59.337 --> 01:02:01.520
you could check that page

1493
01:02:01.520 --> 01:02:03.980
and also you'll get a certificate of attendance

1494
01:02:03.980 --> 01:02:05.500
for attending this of an hour

1495
01:02:05.500 --> 01:02:07.083
professional development.

1496
01:02:07.980 --> 01:02:09.630
You'll get that email by tomorrow

1497
01:02:11.038 --> 01:02:12.230
and we have some great upcoming webinars

1498
01:02:12.230 --> 01:02:13.063
next month.

1499
01:02:13.063 --> 01:02:15.310
We're going to feature the awesome work

1500
01:02:15.310 --> 01:02:18.860
of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine Debris Project.

1501
01:02:18.860 --> 01:02:19.693
Kevin O'Brien,

1502
01:02:19.693 --> 01:02:21.970
the president and founder of that

1503
01:02:21.970 --> 01:02:24.296
non-profit specific Papahānaumokuākea

1504
01:02:24.296 --> 01:02:25.710
Marine Debris Project

1505
01:02:25.710 --> 01:02:26.750
we're presenting.

1506
01:02:26.750 --> 01:02:28.847
On the amazing work they did this last week,

1507
01:02:28.847 --> 01:02:30.470
the last couple of seasons

1508
01:02:30.470 --> 01:02:32.170
and removing marine debris

1509
01:02:32.170 --> 01:02:34.900
from Papahānaumokuākea.

1510
01:02:34.900 --> 01:02:37.210
And also this is the time

1511
01:02:37.210 --> 01:02:38.700
when our humpback whales returned

1512
01:02:38.700 --> 01:02:39.533
back to Hawaiʻi.

1513
01:02:39.533 --> 01:02:42.530
So Hoʻi Kohalā the return of the humpback whale,

1514
01:02:42.530 --> 01:02:45.260
series of webinars hosted by our sister site,

1515
01:02:45.260 --> 01:02:47.980
the Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary.

1516
01:02:47.980 --> 01:02:49.320
So be sure to check that out.

1517
01:02:49.320 --> 01:02:51.420
Some of them are posted on that link below,

1518
01:02:51.420 --> 01:02:53.217
and there are other events.

1519
01:02:53.217 --> 01:02:54.980
If you sign up to the listserv,

1520
01:02:54.980 --> 01:02:56.928
you'll get this announcement.

1521
01:02:56.928 --> 01:02:58.760
And last but not least,

1522
01:02:58.760 --> 01:03:00.810
please do remember to fill out

1523
01:03:00.810 --> 01:03:02.120
the survey at the end.

1524
01:03:02.120 --> 01:03:03.970
We really use that information

1525
01:03:03.970 --> 01:03:05.080
for knowing what we can do

1526
01:03:05.080 --> 01:03:06.927
and what we, I can improve upon

1527
01:03:06.927 --> 01:03:08.920
in these webinars and which you might

1528
01:03:08.920 --> 01:03:10.150
like to see.

1529
01:03:10.150 --> 01:03:12.696
So again, mahalo for joining us

1530
01:03:12.696 --> 01:03:14.960
and look forward to celebrating

1531
01:03:14.960 --> 01:03:18.220
50 years of ocean, great lakes protection

1532
01:03:18.220 --> 01:03:19.970
over the last 50 years

1533
01:03:19.970 --> 01:03:21.520
with the National Marine Sanctuary System,

1534
01:03:21.520 --> 01:03:24.090
keep an eye out for events and posters

1535
01:03:24.090 --> 01:03:26.170
and updates and all sorts of cool things

1536
01:03:26.170 --> 01:03:27.382
over this next year.

1537
01:03:27.382 --> 01:03:31.703
So everybody stay safe, take care, mahalo, aloha.