WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.659 --> 00:00:05.069 [Mark Losavio] Hello everybody and thank you for joining us today. 00:00:05.069 --> 00:00:09.980 Welcome to this Submerged NC webinar series, World War I - The Great War off North Carolina's 00:00:09.980 --> 00:00:11.990 Coast. 00:00:11.990 --> 00:00:17.401 I'm Mark Lasavio, and I am the Media and Outreach Coordinator for Monitor National Marine Sanctuary, 00:00:17.401 --> 00:00:19.340 and I will be your host today. 00:00:19.340 --> 00:00:24.840 This webinar is brought to you by NOAA's Monitor National Marine Sanctuary in collaboration 00:00:24.840 --> 00:00:29.130 with the North Carolina Office of State Archaeology. 00:00:29.130 --> 00:00:33.890 Partnering since 1975, NOAA and the state of North Carolina work to research, honor, 00:00:33.890 --> 00:00:39.650 and protect the hallmarks of North Carolina's underwater cultural heritage - shipwrecks. 00:00:39.650 --> 00:00:43.211 These shipwrecks hold information about the ever-changing technological, cultural, and 00:00:43.211 --> 00:00:45.160 physical landscapes. 00:00:45.160 --> 00:00:50.440 They serve as a uniquely accessible underwater museum and a memorial to generations of mariners 00:00:50.440 --> 00:00:54.829 who lived, died, worked, and fought off our shores. 00:00:54.829 --> 00:00:58.649 This is one of many webinars we will be hosting in the coming months for the Submerged NC 00:00:58.649 --> 00:01:04.500 webinar series in collaboration with the North Carolina Office of State Archaeology. 00:01:04.500 --> 00:01:08.900 Monitor is just one of 15 national marine sanctuaries and two marine national monuments 00:01:08.900 --> 00:01:10.950 in the National Marine Sanctuary System. 00:01:10.950 --> 00:01:16.090 This system encompasses more than 600,000 square miles of marine and Great Lakes waters 00:01:16.090 --> 00:01:20.870 from Washington State to the Florida Keys and from Lake Huron to American Samoa. 00:01:20.870 --> 00:01:24.280 During the presentation all attendees will be in listen only mode. 00:01:24.280 --> 00:01:27.640 You are welcome to type questions for the presenters into the question box at the bottom 00:01:27.640 --> 00:01:31.070 of the control panel on the right hand side of your screen. 00:01:31.070 --> 00:01:34.120 This is the same area where you can let us know about any technical issues that you may 00:01:34.120 --> 00:01:35.770 be having that we can help with. 00:01:35.770 --> 00:01:40.450 We'll be monitoring incoming questions and any technical issues, and we'll try to respond 00:01:40.450 --> 00:01:41.450 to them as soon as we can. 00:01:41.450 --> 00:01:43.010 We'll do our best. 00:01:43.010 --> 00:01:47.400 We are recording this session, and we'll share a recording with registered participants via 00:01:47.400 --> 00:01:49.350 the webinar archive page. 00:01:49.350 --> 00:01:53.360 The URL for this webpage will be provided at the end of the presentation. 00:01:53.360 --> 00:01:58.890 But for now, today, we present our presenter Shannon Ricles, Education and Outreach Coordinator 00:01:58.890 --> 00:02:00.631 with Monitor National Marine Sanctuary. 00:02:00.631 --> 00:02:05.220 And she's going to tell us all about World War I off the North Carolina coast. 00:02:05.220 --> 00:02:11.000 So without further ado, I will go ahead and give you the floor. 00:02:11.000 --> 00:02:13.270 [Shannon Ricles] All right. 00:02:13.270 --> 00:02:16.680 Okay. 00:02:16.680 --> 00:02:19.990 Are you seeing the right screen? 00:02:19.990 --> 00:02:21.180 [Mark Losavio] Yes. 00:02:21.180 --> 00:02:22.760 [Shannon Ricles] Thank you. 00:02:22.760 --> 00:02:23.760 All right. 00:02:23.760 --> 00:02:24.760 Well, hi everyone. 00:02:24.760 --> 00:02:27.860 Thank you so much for joining us today. 00:02:27.860 --> 00:02:31.200 In this webinar we're going to explore World War I. 00:02:31.200 --> 00:02:35.640 We'll talk about the German U-boats and how unrestricted submarine warfare changed Americans 00:02:35.640 --> 00:02:37.090 opinion on neutrality. 00:02:37.090 --> 00:02:43.200 We'll learn about two submarines that actually crossed the Atlantic in 1916, creating fear 00:02:43.200 --> 00:02:47.020 in the U.S., and we will learn about three German U-boats that arrived off the North 00:02:47.020 --> 00:02:50.760 Carolina coast after President Wilson declared war. 00:02:50.760 --> 00:02:54.230 Then we'll look through the curriculum guide and some other resources available. 00:02:54.230 --> 00:03:00.560 And lastly, we will showcase Mallows Bay, which is home to 100 World War I ships called 00:03:00.560 --> 00:03:01.560 the "Ghost Fleet." 00:03:01.560 --> 00:03:03.840 So let's get started. 00:03:03.840 --> 00:03:06.940 So I want to tell you a little bit about our sanctuary. 00:03:06.940 --> 00:03:11.980 We protect the USS Monitor, which was our nation's first turreted ironclad ship. 00:03:11.980 --> 00:03:16.240 The Monitor was built during the Civil War in response to the Confederate's ironclad ship 00:03:16.240 --> 00:03:17.440 the CSS Virginia. 00:03:17.440 --> 00:03:22.690 An amazing fact about the Monitor is that it was built in less than 100 days. 00:03:22.690 --> 00:03:23.890 Now on March 9. 00:03:23.890 --> 00:03:27.600 1862, the Monitor and the Virginia met in the Battle of Hampton Roads. 00:03:27.600 --> 00:03:32.810 It was the first time iron met iron, and although they battled for four hours, neither side won. 00:03:32.810 --> 00:03:33.810 00:03:33.810 --> 00:03:36.460 But what did win that day was naval technology. 00:03:36.460 --> 00:03:38.600 Iron was here to stay. 00:03:38.600 --> 00:03:43.630 Unfortunately, just 11 months after its launch, the Monitor sank off the coast of Cape Hatteras 00:03:43.630 --> 00:03:47.320 in a storm while it was being towed to Beaufort, North Carolina. 00:03:47.320 --> 00:03:52.290 And 16 men went down with the ship on New Year's Eve of 1862. 00:03:52.290 --> 00:03:57.930 Now the Monitor's location remained unknown until 1973, when John G Newton from Duke University 00:03:57.930 --> 00:04:03.900 Marine Lab proposed testing the application of geological survey equipment, known as sonar, 00:04:03.900 --> 00:04:07.430 for underwater archaeological survey and assessment. 00:04:07.430 --> 00:04:11.150 He wanted to search for the Monitor, which had a very unique shape. 00:04:11.150 --> 00:04:16.280 And on the last day of the expedition, I mean a side scan sonar, records a long amorphous 00:04:16.280 --> 00:04:22.030 echo and the site was confirmed as the Monitor in April of 1974. 00:04:22.030 --> 00:04:25.871 Now in an effort to protect this important piece of our nation's history, the Monitor 00:04:25.871 --> 00:04:32.120 became our nation's very first national marine sanctuary on January 30th 1975. 00:04:32.120 --> 00:04:37.880 The ship lies in about 230 feet of water, just 16 miles off of Cape Hatteras. 00:04:37.880 --> 00:04:41.210 And as you can see in this map, the ship is surrounded by hundreds, if not thousands, 00:04:41.210 --> 00:04:43.870 of other shipwrecks. 00:04:43.870 --> 00:04:48.820 Now in the 1990s,NOAA decided to recover some of the more iconic pieces of the Monitor, 00:04:48.820 --> 00:04:51.600 and of course, the turret was the most iconic. 00:04:51.600 --> 00:04:57.139 Today, The Mariners' Museum and Park in Newport News, Vrginia, is our official visitor center. 00:04:57.139 --> 00:05:02.100 There you can learn about the Monitor's history and see many of the recovered artifacts. 00:05:02.100 --> 00:05:05.560 In the Baton Conservation Lab, you can look through the windows to see the turret, the 00:05:05.560 --> 00:05:11.190 Dahlgren guns, the steam engine, and condenser as they undergo conservation. 00:05:11.190 --> 00:05:14.480 So now we're going to move from the Civil War to World War I. 00:05:14.480 --> 00:05:16.220 And how did it all begin? 00:05:16.220 --> 00:05:24.060 So on June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife were killed by a Serbian 00:05:24.060 --> 00:05:29.230 nationalist in Sarajevo, setting off a string of events. 00:05:29.230 --> 00:05:36.460 On July 23, 1914, after securing the unconditional support of its powerful ally Germany, Austria-Hungary 00:05:36.460 --> 00:05:41.740 presented Serbia with a rigid ultimatum demanding among other things that all anti-Austrian 00:05:41.740 --> 00:05:44.620 propaganda within Serbia be suppressed. 00:05:44.620 --> 00:05:49.080 And that Austria-Hungary be allowed to conduct its own investigation into the archduke's 00:05:49.080 --> 00:05:50.090 killing. 00:05:50.090 --> 00:05:55.180 Although Serbia effectively accepted all of Austria's demands, except for one, the Austrian 00:05:55.180 --> 00:05:59.970 government broke diplomatic relations with the other country on July 25th and went ahead 00:05:59.970 --> 00:06:02.580 with military preparedness measures. 00:06:02.580 --> 00:06:07.650 Meanwhile, alerted to the impending crisis, Russia, Serbia's own mighty supporter in the 00:06:07.650 --> 00:06:14.330 Balkans, began its own initial steps towards mobilizing its military against Austria. 00:06:14.330 --> 00:06:20.139 And on July 28th, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, effectively beginning the first 00:06:20.139 --> 00:06:21.139 world war. 00:06:21.139 --> 00:06:27.110 In response, Russia formally ordered mobilization of its military and the districts facing Galatia, 00:06:27.110 --> 00:06:30.919 its common front with the Austro-Hungarian Empire. 00:06:30.919 --> 00:06:35.740 And that night, Austrian artillery divisions initiated a brief, but ineffectual, bombardment 00:06:35.740 --> 00:06:38.930 of Belgrade across the Danube River. 00:06:38.930 --> 00:06:44.040 On August 1st, after its demands for Russia to stop its mobilization met with defiance, 00:06:44.040 --> 00:06:46.090 Germany declared war on Russia. 00:06:46.090 --> 00:06:51.960 Russia's ally France ordered its own general mobilization that same day and on August 3rd, 00:06:51.960 --> 00:06:55.479 France and Germany declared war on each other. 00:06:55.479 --> 00:07:00.680 The German army's planned invasion of neutral Belgium, which they announced on August the 00:07:00.680 --> 00:07:03.710 4th, and that prompted Britain to declare war on Germany. 00:07:03.710 --> 00:07:09.520 Thus in the summer of 1914, the major powers in the western world, with the exception of 00:07:09.520 --> 00:07:13.370 the United States and Italy, both of which declared their neutrality, at least for the 00:07:13.370 --> 00:07:19.400 time being, flung themselves headlong into the first world war. 00:07:19.400 --> 00:07:23.650 As for the U.S., President Woodrow Wilson declared a position of neutrality 00:07:23.650 --> 00:07:28.740 in a message to Congress. He noted in his message that it would be the people of America, 00:07:28.740 --> 00:07:34.580 many of them immigrants from the nations at war, who would truly uphold this neutral position, 00:07:34.580 --> 00:07:38.740 because he felt they would be the ones to express their opinions about the war on the 00:07:38.740 --> 00:07:40.180 streets and in the newspaper. 00:07:40.180 --> 00:07:44.770 However, over the course of the next three years public opinion of the war would be shaped 00:07:44.770 --> 00:07:47.639 by many different events. 00:07:47.639 --> 00:07:53.520 Now during the war's early years, the battle raged far from American shores. 00:07:53.520 --> 00:07:58.580 And there didn't seem to be any direct danger to the U.S. Navy or American shipping. 00:07:58.580 --> 00:08:01.889 And in the early years, Americans didn't think there was anything to fear from Germany's 00:08:01.889 --> 00:08:06.110 new submarines or U-boats, even though they were prowling the North Atlantic and sinking 00:08:06.110 --> 00:08:10.840 scores of ships and hundreds of men were dying. 00:08:10.840 --> 00:08:14.650 Americans weren't fearful because at the time most Americans just didn't believe that the 00:08:14.650 --> 00:08:18.570 U-boat had the ability to travel that great of a distance across the Atlantic Ocean to reach 00:08:18.570 --> 00:08:21.070 the East Coast. 00:08:21.070 --> 00:08:23.930 But they were wrong. 00:08:23.930 --> 00:08:28.270 Now after war was declared in Europe, one of the first actions Great Britain took against 00:08:28.270 --> 00:08:32.749 Germany was to bring its powerful navy to bear by blockading German ports, to limit 00:08:32.749 --> 00:08:36.819 food and supplies from reaching Germany. 00:08:36.819 --> 00:08:41.809 Neutral vessels were theoretically permitted to continue trade, but as tensions escalated 00:08:41.809 --> 00:08:46.320 Britain declared German waters a war zone and seized cargoes that were deemed commodities 00:08:46.320 --> 00:08:49.550 bound for the Central Powers. 00:08:49.550 --> 00:08:53.930 Now the British blockade caused Germany to retaliate by declaring its own naval blockade 00:08:53.930 --> 00:08:59.660 around the British Isles and the English Channel, using a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare 00:08:59.660 --> 00:09:06.899 with the goal of destroying all Allied and neutral ships. 00:09:06.899 --> 00:09:09.790 So what were these new German Unterseeboots? 00:09:09.790 --> 00:09:15.490 Well, the typical World War I-era German U-boats were ocean-going, could submerge to about 00:09:15.490 --> 00:09:20.720 165 feet, and had a range of about 25,000 miles (mni). 00:09:20.720 --> 00:09:25.279 On the surface, it could reach speeds of about 16 knots, which was faster than your typical 00:09:25.279 --> 00:09:30.990 merchant ship of the time, but slower than the fastest typical warships of the time. 00:09:30.990 --> 00:09:33.949 When submerged, a U-boat had a top speed of about 8 knots. 00:09:33.949 --> 00:09:40.850 Not only was its speed and mobility limited when submerged, but its awareness of the surrounding 00:09:40.850 --> 00:09:45.339 was also restricted to only what could be seen through a periscope and the sounds that 00:09:45.339 --> 00:09:47.850 could be heard underwater. 00:09:47.850 --> 00:09:55.269 Now U-boats were armed with 1 or 2 deck mounted guns and carried from 6 to 16 torpedoes that 00:09:55.269 --> 00:09:57.999 were fired from both the bow and the stern. 00:09:57.999 --> 00:10:01.440 They had a crew of approximately 39 men. 00:10:01.440 --> 00:10:05.589 And the U-boat's major advantage was that it could submerge and hide from enemy ships 00:10:05.589 --> 00:10:10.540 until getting into position to launch a surprise attack with torpedoes. 00:10:10.540 --> 00:10:16.059 However, U-boats didn't use their torpedoes very often as they were unreliable. 00:10:16.059 --> 00:10:21.389 They were also ineffective due to the difficulty in positioning a U-boat for making an accurate 00:10:21.389 --> 00:10:26.380 attack, and there were internal mechanical and guidance issues within the torpedo after 00:10:26.380 --> 00:10:27.679 it was launched. 00:10:27.679 --> 00:10:32.000 Therefore, U-boats only fired torpedoes when they thought they would expect success. 00:10:32.000 --> 00:10:36.209 It was frequently more effective to attack an unarmed merchant ship by attacking with 00:10:36.209 --> 00:10:41.100 their deck gun or to demand surrender and then dispatch a boarding party to place explosives 00:10:41.100 --> 00:10:44.519 on board the vessel. 00:10:44.519 --> 00:10:49.279 So with the torpedoes not being reliable during World War I, U-boats often made a surface 00:10:49.279 --> 00:10:53.279 approach to an enemy merchant ship, that was usually unarmed. 00:10:53.279 --> 00:10:56.759 This approach provided time for the ship's crew to escape in lifeboats. 00:10:56.759 --> 00:11:02.170 It also gave U-boat crews the opportunity to seize supplies and valuables from the ship. 00:11:02.170 --> 00:11:07.579 In addition, some U-boats were designed to transport and deploy naval mines. 00:11:07.579 --> 00:11:11.569 These underwater bombs were placed in areas of maritime traffic and proved to be very 00:11:11.569 --> 00:11:17.119 effective in sinking or damaging passing vessels, sometimes long after the mine was laid. 00:11:17.119 --> 00:11:25.649 Now in August of 1914, history's first multi-submarine patrol occurred when a group of 10 German 00:11:25.649 --> 00:11:28.459 U-boats attacked British warships in the North Sea. 00:11:28.459 --> 00:11:33.499 However, it wasn't a success as no British vessels were damaged and two of the U-boats 00:11:33.499 --> 00:11:35.489 were sunk. 00:11:35.489 --> 00:11:41.249 But less than a month later, that changed when on September 5th, U-21 sank the British 00:11:41.249 --> 00:11:43.429 cruiser HMS Pathfinder. 00:11:43.429 --> 00:11:49.389 It was the first time a self-propelled torpedo launched from a submarine sank a vessel in 00:11:49.389 --> 00:11:51.860 combat. 00:11:51.860 --> 00:11:55.360 And it was the second successful submarine attack in history. 00:11:55.360 --> 00:12:01.230 The first was by the Confederate submarine Hunley in 1864, during the Civil War. 00:12:01.230 --> 00:12:06.110 And the Hunley was recovered intact in the year 2000, and can now be seen in Charleston, 00:12:06.110 --> 00:12:08.589 South Carolina. 00:12:08.589 --> 00:12:14.319 Additional success followed later that month when U-9 sank three British cruisers in quick 00:12:14.319 --> 00:12:15.319 succession. 00:12:15.319 --> 00:12:20.709 The loss of nearly 1,500 British sailors was a major blow to the Allies' morale. 00:12:20.709 --> 00:12:28.619 Then in October 1914, World War I naval combat expanded beyond warship-to-warship when U-17 00:12:28.619 --> 00:12:35.190 became the first U-boat to sink an unarmed merchant ship, the SS Steamer Glittra, off 00:12:35.190 --> 00:12:39.249 the coast of Norway. 00:12:39.249 --> 00:12:45.240 By 1915, Germany began full-blown unrestricted submarine warfare attacking merchant vessels 00:12:45.240 --> 00:12:46.559 without warning. 00:12:46.559 --> 00:12:51.290 So U-boats began focusing a majority of their attacks not on warships, but on commercial 00:12:51.290 --> 00:12:52.290 shipping. 00:12:52.290 --> 00:12:59.439 Then on May 7th, 1915, U-20 fired a torpedo on the British liner RMS Lusitania, just 11 00:12:59.439 --> 00:13:04.730 miles off of Ireland's coast. 00:13:04.730 --> 00:13:08.170 Lusitania sank in just 18 minutes. 00:13:08.170 --> 00:13:17.910 Of the 1,959 people that were on board, 1,198 of them were killed, and 128 of those were 00:13:17.910 --> 00:13:19.550 U.S. citizens. 00:13:19.550 --> 00:13:23.739 Now the horror of the attack and the tremendous public outcry prompted President Wilson to 00:13:23.739 --> 00:13:29.459 send a strong message to the German government demanding an end to the German U-boats attacks. 00:13:29.459 --> 00:13:36.410 By September 1915, the German government did impose strict constraints on U-boats' operations 00:13:36.410 --> 00:13:38.189 that spared passenger vessels. 00:13:38.189 --> 00:13:43.199 However, this policy didn't prove to be very, didn't last very long because German naval 00:13:43.199 --> 00:13:49.429 commanders continued to push for a more aggressive use of their U-boat fleet. 00:13:49.429 --> 00:13:55.339 As the months rolled on, Germany faced food shortages and imposed unpopular compulsory 00:13:55.339 --> 00:13:58.470 service in their armed forces and war industries. 00:13:58.470 --> 00:14:02.509 And although Germany knew the United States would most likely enter the war if they resumed 00:14:02.509 --> 00:14:07.309 unrestricted submarine warfare, their military leaders believed they could defeat the Allies 00:14:07.309 --> 00:14:11.079 before the United States could even land troops in Europe. 00:14:11.079 --> 00:14:15.889 Germany hoped that by once again unleashing their U-boats without restrictions against 00:14:15.889 --> 00:14:20.970 the Allies, they would break the British blockade of their supply ports and knock Britain out 00:14:20.970 --> 00:14:24.449 of the war within a year. 00:14:24.449 --> 00:14:30.160 On February 1st, 1917, Germany announced they would resume unrestricted submarine warfare 00:14:30.160 --> 00:14:35.359 on all ships in the Atlantic, including civilian passenger carriers. 00:14:35.359 --> 00:14:39.699 With that announcement, President Wilson went before a joint session of Congress on 00:14:39.699 --> 00:14:44.810 April 2, 1917, to request a declaration of war against Germany. 00:14:44.810 --> 00:14:49.949 He cited as some of the primary reasons the sinking of the Lusitania and Germany's subsequent 00:14:49.949 --> 00:14:56.649 violations of its pledge to suspend unrestricted submarine warfare. 00:14:56.649 --> 00:15:00.750 After much deliberation in the House and the Senate, the U.S. declared war on Germany on 00:15:00.750 --> 00:15:04.579 April 6, 1917. 00:15:04.579 --> 00:15:08.670 Now remember that in the beginning of the war in 1914, many Americans didn't think U-boats 00:15:08.670 --> 00:15:10.290 were much of a threat to the U.S. 00:15:10.290 --> 00:15:15.480 However, they began to change their minds when a German submarine arrived off the 00:15:15.480 --> 00:15:17.859 East Coast in July of 1916, 00:15:17.859 --> 00:15:22.980 a year before the U.S. entered the war. The Deutschland arrived to the astonishment of 00:15:22.980 --> 00:15:24.850 the American public. 00:15:24.850 --> 00:15:29.669 The submarine was a non-combat merchant submarine built to carry cargo. 00:15:29.669 --> 00:15:34.730 The Deutschland crossed the Atlantic as a demonstration project making visits to Baltimore, 00:15:34.730 --> 00:15:36.779 Maryland and New London, Connecticut. 00:15:36.779 --> 00:15:41.970 The Germans were welcomed as celebrities for accomplishing such a feat. 00:15:41.970 --> 00:15:46.189 The Deutschland completed two very profitable round trips to the United States before being 00:15:46.189 --> 00:15:51.839 taken over by the Imperial German Navy in early 1917, and it was converted into the 00:15:51.839 --> 00:15:55.309 U-155 00:15:55.309 --> 00:15:59.759 Also about six months before President Wilson declared war on Germany, a more ominous visit 00:15:59.759 --> 00:16:04.769 was made by an armed U-53 in October of 1916. 00:16:04.769 --> 00:16:09.459 It arrived unexpectedly at Newport, Rhode Island, where its captain arranged courtesy 00:16:09.459 --> 00:16:12.319 visits with senior officers of the U.S. Navy. 00:16:12.319 --> 00:16:18.449 Before long, U-53's captain became concerned that maybe port authorities at Newport might 00:16:18.449 --> 00:16:22.389 place the boat under quarantine, and he quickly put to sea. 00:16:22.389 --> 00:16:27.399 Now the U-53 navigated to the vicinity of the Nantucket Light Ship, where it attacked 00:16:27.399 --> 00:16:32.759 and sank a number of non-American merchant ships affiliated with Great Britain. 00:16:32.759 --> 00:16:36.499 The U.S. Navy sent several warships to the area in response, but they didn't attack the 00:16:36.499 --> 00:16:40.470 U-boat because the United States was still a neutral party at that time. 00:16:40.470 --> 00:16:45.339 After expending its last torpedo, the U-53 departed for home. 00:16:45.339 --> 00:16:50.079 Now as Germany strove to shut down Allied shipping around the British Isles, Arctic, 00:16:50.079 --> 00:16:55.259 and Mediterranean regions, U-boat operations continued in 1918. 00:16:55.259 --> 00:16:59.919 And eventually, German U-boats became a serious threat to merchant and naval shipping along 00:16:59.919 --> 00:17:01.839 the U.S. East Coast. 00:17:01.839 --> 00:17:10.360 Four U-boats, the U-151, 156, 140, and 117 voyaged across the Atlantic and attacked vessels 00:17:10.360 --> 00:17:11.950 in U.S. waters. 00:17:11.950 --> 00:17:18.930 Three of them, the U-151, 140, and 117 sank a total of 10 vessels off North Carolina's 00:17:18.930 --> 00:17:19.980 coast alone. 00:17:19.980 --> 00:17:24.520 And we're going to take a closer look at those three. 00:17:24.520 --> 00:17:27.660 So the first to arrive was the U-151. 00:17:27.660 --> 00:17:33.630 With its arrival off the East Coast in May 1918, it became the first foreign enemy naval 00:17:33.630 --> 00:17:37.830 vessel to invade U.S. waters since the war of 1812. 00:17:37.830 --> 00:17:43.360 Now the German U-boat's initial actions included cutting undersea communication cables near 00:17:43.360 --> 00:17:48.820 the Port of New York, laying mines off Long Island and the entrances to Delaware and Chesapeake 00:17:48.820 --> 00:17:52.400 bays, and sinking three schooners off Virginia. 00:17:52.400 --> 00:17:58.110 Afterwards, U-151 went on to sink and damage additional vessels off the coast of New Jersey 00:17:58.110 --> 00:18:01.500 and then North Carolina. 00:18:01.500 --> 00:18:08.160 It began operating off North Carolina on June 5th, 1918, when U-151 sank the British steamer 00:18:08.160 --> 00:18:09.160 Harpathian. 00:18:09.160 --> 00:18:14.100 Then the American steamer Pinar Del Rio and the Norwegian freighter Vindeggen, and the 00:18:14.100 --> 00:18:15.550 steamer Hendrik Lund. 00:18:15.550 --> 00:18:22.630 In total, U-151 sank 23 ships in the western Atlantic during its 94-day voyage from Germany 00:18:22.630 --> 00:18:27.080 to the East Coast and back. 00:18:27.080 --> 00:18:30.450 The next U-boat to prowl the North Carolina coast was U-140. 00:18:30.450 --> 00:18:37.030 The 140 was a new heavily armed U-boat cruiser that was larger and more modern than the U-151. 00:18:37.030 --> 00:18:40.630 It reached Virginia on August 4th, sinking the American tanker 00:18:40.630 --> 00:18:42.730 O.B. Jennings off of Cape Henry. 00:18:42.730 --> 00:18:48.830 And U-140 then went south, and on August the 5th, it encountered the American four-masted 00:18:48.830 --> 00:18:52.760 coal schooner Stanley M. Seaman off of Cape Hatteras. 00:18:52.760 --> 00:18:57.360 Now the U-boat fired a warning shot at the ship's rigging. 00:18:57.360 --> 00:19:01.880 The crew scrambled quickly into their yaw boat without uh bringing any supplies. 00:19:01.880 --> 00:19:05.520 And when the U-boat captain learned of the crew's situation, he actually allowed them 00:19:05.520 --> 00:19:08.400 to return to the ship to collect provisions. 00:19:08.400 --> 00:19:15.200 The men from U-140 then boarded and sank the vessel with explosive charges. 00:19:15.200 --> 00:19:20.720 The next day on August 6, U-140 attacked the unarmed American steamship Merak, which was 00:19:20.720 --> 00:19:27.050 about four miles west of the U.S. Lighthouse Services' Light Vessel, LV-71, which was anchored 00:19:27.050 --> 00:19:29.150 on the Diamond Shoal Station. 00:19:29.150 --> 00:19:33.790 Now Merak was headed from Newport News to South America when U-140 fired its deck gun 00:19:33.790 --> 00:19:35.550 at the ship's bow. 00:19:35.550 --> 00:19:41.490 Merak's captain quickly turned the ship toward shore and started an evasive zigzag course, 00:19:41.490 --> 00:19:44.400 but the U-boat followed and continued to attack. 00:19:44.400 --> 00:19:50.250 After a 30-minute chase, the Merak reportedly ran aground, and its 43-man crew launched 00:19:50.250 --> 00:19:53.090 lifeboats to escape. 00:19:53.090 --> 00:19:57.820 Upon hearing the sound of gunfire, LV-71's crew spotted the German U-boat and the radio 00:19:57.820 --> 00:20:01.420 operators broadcasted a message reporting the attack. 00:20:01.420 --> 00:20:07.160 The message was received by at least 25 ships who sought shelter southeast of Cape Hatteras. 00:20:07.160 --> 00:20:10.110 Now hearing the radio dispatch, U-140 was not happy. 00:20:10.110 --> 00:20:14.730 So they immediately changed course, leaving the grounded Merak and made for the light 00:20:14.730 --> 00:20:15.730 vessel. 00:20:15.730 --> 00:20:21.630 LV-71 was unable to take any evasive action because it was anchored on its station, and 00:20:21.630 --> 00:20:26.830 it required a minimum of five hours to get the steam up for its engine to raise the anchor. 00:20:26.830 --> 00:20:28.430 So the crew abandoned the ship. 00:20:28.430 --> 00:20:35.240 And with Merak, aground, U-140 took its time in sinking the LV-71. 00:20:35.240 --> 00:20:41.010 Now with LV-71 sinking, U-140 returned to the Merak, and some of the U-140's crew boarded 00:20:41.010 --> 00:20:42.060 the ship. 00:20:42.060 --> 00:20:45.780 The Germans placed explosives in the engine room and then approached the lifeboats and 00:20:45.780 --> 00:20:48.170 interviewed the Merak survivors. 00:20:48.170 --> 00:20:52.360 Before departing, the U-boat crew asked if the Merak sailors had a sail and gave them 00:20:52.360 --> 00:20:57.060 their distance from the beach, saying that they should not have any trouble reaching 00:20:57.060 --> 00:20:58.060 shore. 00:20:58.060 --> 00:21:02.340 U-140 then detonated the explosive charges and Merak sank quickly. 00:21:02.340 --> 00:21:07.050 Now U-140 remained off North Carolina for several more days before heading back to Germany. 00:21:07.050 --> 00:21:14.010 During its 81-day cruise, it sank over 30,000 tons of Allied shipping. 00:21:14.010 --> 00:21:15.600 And here is the Merak today. 00:21:15.600 --> 00:21:18.270 It rests in about 135 feet of water. 00:21:18.270 --> 00:21:24.790 The top image is amidships and the lower right image is of the stern. 00:21:24.790 --> 00:21:30.100 And here are the sonar images taken by the NOAA Ship Nancy Foster in 2018. 00:21:30.100 --> 00:21:34.870 The one on the left is the Merak, which you can clearly see broke into two pieces. 00:21:34.870 --> 00:21:40.620 And on the top right is the LV-71. 00:21:40.620 --> 00:21:45.250 Now the third German U-boat to arrive off North Carolina was U-117. 00:21:45.250 --> 00:21:47.750 It was a long-range, mine-laying U-boat. 00:21:47.750 --> 00:21:52.390 And departing Kiel, Germany shortly after the U-140, it set a course for North America 00:21:52.390 --> 00:21:56.770 to lay mines off the coast of the United States and to sink ships. 00:21:56.770 --> 00:22:02.520 Now U-117 reached the American coast on August the 8th of 1918, and started its attack on 00:22:02.520 --> 00:22:08.390 American vessels, sinking nine fishing vessels with explosives and gunfire off the coast 00:22:08.390 --> 00:22:09.860 of Massachusetts. 00:22:09.860 --> 00:22:16.360 U-117 also began laying mines off of New Jersey, Delaware, and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. 00:22:16.360 --> 00:22:22.570 But on August 16th ,as it was along the coast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, the approach 00:22:22.570 --> 00:22:27.630 of the British steamer Mirlo interrupted its mine laying operation. 00:22:27.630 --> 00:22:34.460 The submerged U-117 approached the Mirlo and fired a single torpedo that fatally damaged 00:22:34.460 --> 00:22:36.920 the steamer off Wimble Shoals. 00:22:36.920 --> 00:22:49.570 The ship's flammable cargo caught fire and nine of the 52 sailors aboard lost their lives. 00:22:49.570 --> 00:22:50.570 Excuse me. 00:22:50.570 --> 00:22:55.280 Now, a heroic rescue effort by the U.S. Coast Guard personnel from the Chicamacomico Life-Saving 00:22:55.280 --> 00:23:00.660 Station, under the command of Warrant Officer John Allen Midget, Jr., brought the others 00:23:00.660 --> 00:23:02.090 safely ashore. 00:23:02.090 --> 00:23:06.590 The surfman rescued 42 of the 51 Mirlo sailors. 00:23:06.590 --> 00:23:11.880 Now numerous accolades and awards were bestowed upon the six lifesavers, including gold medals 00:23:11.880 --> 00:23:16.260 in their honor presented by King George V of the United Kingdom. 00:23:16.260 --> 00:23:19.750 Later though, controversy surrounded the sinking of the Mirlo. 00:23:19.750 --> 00:23:24.180 While Mirlo's Captain William R. Williams claimed that the ship had been torpedoed by U-117, 00:23:24.180 --> 00:23:32.090 other reports claimed that the Mirlo had been in a well-known mine field, and that a mine sank the Mirlo. 00:23:32.090 --> 00:23:35.720 Regardless of how the ship sank, the quick 00:23:35.720 --> 00:23:42.230 actions of the surfboard crew of 1046 were undisputed. 00:23:42.230 --> 00:23:47.480 Now following the attack, U-117 again began laying mines, sowing its fourth and final field. 00:23:47.480 --> 00:23:48.480 00:23:48.480 --> 00:23:52.930 At that point, a shortage of fuel forced the U-boat to begin making plans to return to Germany. 00:23:52.930 --> 00:23:53.930 00:23:53.930 --> 00:23:59.700 U-117's next and final attack off Cape Hatteras was against Norwegian Barque Nordhav. 00:23:59.700 --> 00:24:03.910 It then began the voyage back across the Atlantic to Germany. 00:24:03.910 --> 00:24:09.620 Now the German navy recognized the success of U-boats were having in U.S. waters, and 00:24:09.620 --> 00:24:15.620 they were actually in the process of sending three more U-boats, the U-155, the 152, and 00:24:15.620 --> 00:24:21.860 the 39, when the war ended in November of 1918. 00:24:21.860 --> 00:24:28.010 Now the armistice of November 11, 1918, ended hostilities, and it also required Germany to 00:24:28.010 --> 00:24:30.860 turn over its boats to the Allies. 00:24:30.860 --> 00:24:35.890 Both U-140 and 117 surrendered 10 days later in England. 00:24:35.890 --> 00:24:40.240 Then over the next few months, the U.S. Navy expressed interest in obtaining several of 00:24:40.240 --> 00:24:46.330 these former U-boats to serve as exhibitions during a Victory Bond campaign. 00:24:46.330 --> 00:24:51.910 Now U-140 and 117 became two of the six boats set aside for that purpose. 00:24:51.910 --> 00:24:58.130 In March of 1919, American crews took over the U-boats and prepared for the trans-Atlantic 00:24:58.130 --> 00:25:06.450 crossing under their new task group name the Ex-German Submarine Expeditionary Force. 00:25:06.450 --> 00:25:11.680 On April 3rd 1919, the expeditionary force departed England and made port calls in the 00:25:11.680 --> 00:25:17.350 Azores and Bermuda before reaching New York City on April 27, 1919. 00:25:17.350 --> 00:25:22.880 There, they were open to the public and tourists, photographers, reporters, navy department 00:25:22.880 --> 00:25:28.430 technicians, and submarine manufacturers all flocked to see these war trophies. 00:25:28.430 --> 00:25:34.150 Then orders came for 117 to begin a series of port visits, and at the conclusion of the 00:25:34.150 --> 00:25:40.150 bond drive later that summer, U-117 was laid up in Philadelphia Navy Yard, along with the 00:25:40.150 --> 00:25:43.240 140 and the UB-148. 00:25:43.240 --> 00:25:47.230 But that wasn't the end of their story. 00:25:47.230 --> 00:25:54.890 The U-boats remained there partially dismantled until the summer of 1921, when U-140 and 117 00:25:54.890 --> 00:25:57.920 were both selected as target ships. 00:25:57.920 --> 00:26:02.980 Now U-117 was selected for aerial bombing tests led by the Army Air Force General Billy Mitchell, 00:26:02.980 --> 00:26:09.700 to demonstrate the value of naval air power against capital ships, and was sunk 00:26:09.700 --> 00:26:15.070 by aerial bombs on June 21st of 1921. 00:26:15.070 --> 00:26:20.720 Then on July 22nd, U-140 was sunk by the destroyer USS Dickerson. 00:26:20.720 --> 00:26:25.300 Now both of these U-boats were sunk off of Cape Charles, Virginia, not too far from where 00:26:25.300 --> 00:26:30.560 they had once wreaked havoc on American ships. 00:26:30.560 --> 00:26:36.400 Now despite Germany's defeat, submarines had proven to be an incredibly successful weapon. 00:26:36.400 --> 00:26:40.460 During the peacetime years, from the end of World War I to the outbreak of World War II, 00:26:40.460 --> 00:26:45.860 German naval commanders internalized all those lessons they learned about submarine 00:26:45.860 --> 00:26:48.970 warfare and they continued to improve its 00:26:48.970 --> 00:26:52.180 technology. 00:26:52.180 --> 00:26:57.040 One of the facts that often gets overlooked during both World War I and World War II are 00:26:57.040 --> 00:26:59.950 the number of civilian casualties. 00:26:59.950 --> 00:27:05.850 By the end of World War I, almost 5,000 merchant ships were sunk by the U-boats. 00:27:05.850 --> 00:27:09.920 with the loss of approximately 15,000 Allied sailors. 00:27:09.920 --> 00:27:14.910 And these sailors were merchant sailors who were considered civilian volunteers. 00:27:14.910 --> 00:27:19.580 Now during World War II, the U-boats would return with a vengeance, sinking thousands 00:27:19.580 --> 00:27:24.260 of ships, and once again striking terror into the hearts of merchant ship captains around 00:27:24.260 --> 00:27:25.260 the world. 00:27:25.260 --> 00:27:30.180 Therefore, I hope that we never forget the honor, the service, and sacrifice that all 00:27:30.180 --> 00:27:36.860 of those who lost their lives off our shores in defense of freedom. 00:27:36.860 --> 00:27:37.860 All right. 00:27:37.860 --> 00:27:41.380 So that's a little bit about World War I and German U-boats. 00:27:41.380 --> 00:27:46.130 So now I want to share a few of the free products that we have available. 00:27:46.130 --> 00:27:52.230 First, we have a World War I curriculum that I'll go more into detail in a in a minute 00:27:52.230 --> 00:27:53.400 or so. 00:27:53.400 --> 00:27:58.090 We also have a web page that is devoted to the World War I, and we have a publication 00:27:58.090 --> 00:28:03.670 "The Enemy in Home Waters," which covers most what I talked about today, and actually gives 00:28:03.670 --> 00:28:05.240 you a lot more detail. 00:28:05.240 --> 00:28:09.050 And I've actually added that document into the handout sections if you want to download 00:28:09.050 --> 00:28:13.780 it now. 00:28:13.780 --> 00:28:18.750 So to access our World War I curriculum, or any of our other guides and activities, just 00:28:18.750 --> 00:28:19.780 go to our website. 00:28:19.780 --> 00:28:27.320 It's monitor.noaa.gov, and in the top toolbar, hover over "learn" and then click on the "teacher" 00:28:27.320 --> 00:28:29.110 section. 00:28:29.110 --> 00:28:33.450 Once on the teachers page, just scroll down to World War I curriculum guide and click 00:28:33.450 --> 00:28:35.710 on the link. 00:28:35.710 --> 00:28:41.680 Before we get started, I wanted to just mention that this guide was written in collaboration 00:28:41.680 --> 00:28:47.960 with two American history teachers from our local area, Edward Johnson and Timothy Jones. 00:28:47.960 --> 00:28:52.340 We partnered with our local PBS station and Old Dominion University to host them both 00:28:52.340 --> 00:29:00.920 as summer fellows, and they did a great job helping me create this curriculum. 00:29:00.920 --> 00:29:07.330 So as you go through the guide, you have a program overview, suggested curriculum outline. 00:29:07.330 --> 00:29:12.220 We give you the objectives and a suggested implementation strategy. 00:29:12.220 --> 00:29:17.340 We also give you the vocabulary words that are used throughout the guide, and we give 00:29:17.340 --> 00:29:22.970 you a list of web and book resources. 00:29:22.970 --> 00:29:28.580 We also outline all the social studies standards, Common Core, as well as the National Geography 00:29:28.580 --> 00:29:33.090 Standards, the standards for the National Council of Teachers of English, and of course, 00:29:33.090 --> 00:29:38.880 Ocean Literacy Principles. And this is a list of the activities that you'll find in the 00:29:38.880 --> 00:29:39.880 guide. 00:29:39.880 --> 00:29:43.870 The first three are all about exploring NOAA, the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary and 00:29:43.870 --> 00:29:46.120 the Maritime Heritage Program. 00:29:46.120 --> 00:29:51.940 So before we dive into the debate, I want to mention that each activity is designed 00:29:51.940 --> 00:29:53.720 to stand alone. 00:29:53.720 --> 00:29:59.720 So for each one, you'll see the materials list, a summary, the objectives, keywords, 00:29:59.720 --> 00:30:03.730 and the national standards that that activity actually meets. 00:30:03.730 --> 00:30:09.100 So for this 'In and Out' activity, students work in small groups to use primary sources 00:30:09.100 --> 00:30:12.990 and a KWL chart, which is a 'What do you know? 00:30:12.990 --> 00:30:15.580 What do you want to know? and What did you learn?' 00:30:15.580 --> 00:30:19.940 chart, to determine what position they will take on whether the U.S. should or should 00:30:19.940 --> 00:30:22.250 not enter World War I. 00:30:22.250 --> 00:30:27.670 After researching, they summarize their research, then as a group, they develop main arguments 00:30:27.670 --> 00:30:30.170 that they found in the primary sources. 00:30:30.170 --> 00:30:34.830 And during a presentation to the class, they must be ready to defend their stand. 00:30:34.830 --> 00:30:40.110 And a rubric is also included to help guide students and for scoring the presentation 00:30:40.110 --> 00:30:42.680 and project. 00:30:42.680 --> 00:30:47.130 The next lesson in the guide focuses on the importance of the Zimmerman Telegram and other 00:30:47.130 --> 00:30:53.201 causes of World War I. Students are given a portion of the Zimmerman Telegram, and they 00:30:53.201 --> 00:30:55.380 must break the code and analyze the message. 00:30:55.380 --> 00:31:00.460 They are asked to think critically to determine how Americans and key decision-makers, who 00:31:00.460 --> 00:31:05.210 wanted to remain neutral in the European war, would feel about the telegram. 00:31:05.210 --> 00:31:10.241 Finally, they will make their own short code on how to avoid another world war, and we 00:31:10.241 --> 00:31:16.510 also give you an optional rubric for scoring. 00:31:16.510 --> 00:31:18.600 Propaganda Posters with a Purpose. 00:31:18.600 --> 00:31:24.400 In this lesson, students examine and evaluate propaganda posters used during World War I. 00:31:24.400 --> 00:31:29.380 They analyze the posters for bias and symbolism and explain and illustrate the reasons why 00:31:29.380 --> 00:31:31.740 the U.S. joined the Allies. 00:31:31.740 --> 00:31:35.980 At the conclusion of the activities, students demonstrate understanding of the reasons for 00:31:35.980 --> 00:31:41.920 World War I by creating their own original propaganda poster and evaluating other groups' 00:31:41.920 --> 00:31:43.880 posters as well. 00:31:43.880 --> 00:31:48.220 And of course, we give you an optional rubric. 00:31:48.220 --> 00:31:53.260 Now this lesson focuses on life during American involvement in World War I and the importance 00:31:53.260 --> 00:31:56.580 placed on the public's opinion of the war. 00:31:56.580 --> 00:32:01.060 Students research what life was like during World War I, and through the creation of a 00:32:01.060 --> 00:32:07.800 scrapbook, they depict what they imagine life to be, would have been, for a soldier, a mother, 00:32:07.800 --> 00:32:10.640 a factory worker, and a four-minute man. 00:32:10.640 --> 00:32:16.240 Now students will focus on three of those four characters, detailing their experiences 00:32:16.240 --> 00:32:17.240 through text. 00:32:17.240 --> 00:32:21.340 And they'll illustrate what those experiences might have looked like either through pictures 00:32:21.340 --> 00:32:23.350 or drawings of their own. 00:32:23.350 --> 00:32:30.640 There are reflection questions and an optional rubric. 00:32:30.640 --> 00:32:35.830 Now this activity challenges students to use the format of modern social media technology 00:32:35.830 --> 00:32:43.570 to create a complete history of an important figure from the World War I era. 00:32:43.570 --> 00:32:47.120 So they conduct research on a historical figure of their choice. 00:32:47.120 --> 00:32:49.240 Teachers give them a little guide guidance. 00:32:49.240 --> 00:32:53.870 And then they synthesize their research using the biographical information that they learned 00:32:53.870 --> 00:32:58.370 about the historical figure and any events that might have occurred during the figure's 00:32:58.370 --> 00:32:59.450 lifetime. 00:32:59.450 --> 00:33:02.200 And then they're going to use all that and they're going to construct a social media 00:33:02.200 --> 00:33:05.350 profile and a timeline. 00:33:05.350 --> 00:33:09.940 Now as a class, they compare and contrast the experiences of different individuals during 00:33:09.940 --> 00:33:14.610 World War I, and finally, they dramatize and write possible thoughts and reactions of their 00:33:14.610 --> 00:33:18.940 historical figures to the events surrounding their lives in the historical era. 00:33:18.940 --> 00:33:24.179 So in short, in this activity, they take a wealth of information that they've researched, 00:33:24.179 --> 00:33:30.080 they summarize it, and they write it in very succinct Facebook posts, tweets, and/or Instagram 00:33:30.080 --> 00:33:31.870 posts. 00:33:31.870 --> 00:33:37.620 So you can use online fake social media sites if you want, if you have internet and you 00:33:37.620 --> 00:33:41.600 want to do that, or you can use the templates given in the guide. 00:33:41.600 --> 00:33:45.760 And there's also an optional rubric as well. 00:33:45.760 --> 00:33:49.809 Now earlier, I told you about the sinking of the Mirlo and how the ship's captain said 00:33:49.809 --> 00:33:55.170 he was torpedoed, but later reports indicated that the Mirlo was in the mine field and sank 00:33:55.170 --> 00:33:56.260 when it hit a mine. 00:33:56.260 --> 00:33:59.490 So which account is correct? 00:33:59.490 --> 00:34:03.180 Well, in this activity, students work to solve the mystery. 00:34:03.180 --> 00:34:08.739 First, they learn about unrestricted submarine warfare and why the East Coast was so vulnerable 00:34:08.739 --> 00:34:11.450 to U-boat attacks. 00:34:11.450 --> 00:34:16.129 Then they explore primary source documents and videos to try to determine what happened 00:34:16.129 --> 00:34:19.080 to the Mirlo. 00:34:19.080 --> 00:34:23.859 In the guide is the Navy Department's publication on the incident and students answer discussion 00:34:23.859 --> 00:34:28.099 questions to follow along with their reading. 00:34:28.099 --> 00:34:32.940 And they also can read the log book which I put here in this, on this page. 00:34:32.940 --> 00:34:37.679 It's the log book of John A. Midget, who was in charge of the Chicamacomico Life-Saving 00:34:37.679 --> 00:34:39.839 Station during the rescue. 00:34:39.839 --> 00:34:43.799 And they also read a newspaper account of the story. 00:34:43.799 --> 00:34:48.009 Finally, they analyze the documents and answer some probing questions. 00:34:48.009 --> 00:34:52.069 And then they write their own newspaper story of what they think actually happened that 00:34:52.069 --> 00:34:53.069 night. 00:34:53.069 --> 00:34:58.319 So not sure if they were sunk by U-117 or if it was a mine. 00:34:58.319 --> 00:35:03.700 You'll have to do the activity and make your own decisions. 00:35:03.700 --> 00:35:08.309 And of course, we give you an optional scoring rubric. 00:35:08.309 --> 00:35:15.059 Now I really want to invite you to go and explore our shipwreck web pages. 00:35:15.059 --> 00:35:18.650 Here you're going to find all the ships that we have researched over the years from the 00:35:18.650 --> 00:35:22.230 Civil War to World War II. 00:35:22.230 --> 00:35:26.799 There are over 50 shipwrecks that are divided between the Civil War. 00:35:26.799 --> 00:35:29.130 We also have the World War I section there. 00:35:29.130 --> 00:35:31.769 Then we have a post-World War I section. 00:35:31.769 --> 00:35:35.540 And we also have the beginnings of a World War, you can see there the beginnings of the 00:35:35.540 --> 00:35:42.339 World War I, I mean World War II merchant ships, and which are continued. 00:35:42.339 --> 00:35:46.940 And each ship has its own page, so when you click on it, you get more information about 00:35:46.940 --> 00:35:52.900 that ship's history, how it's sank, and what it is like today. 00:35:52.900 --> 00:35:56.369 There are also beautiful underwater images for most of the shipwrecks. 00:35:56.369 --> 00:35:59.430 And some wrecks have 3D models. 00:35:59.430 --> 00:36:03.890 They also have sonar images, videos, and more. 00:36:03.890 --> 00:36:08.180 There's also a section for the World War II Allied ships and the four German U-boats located 00:36:08.180 --> 00:36:10.970 off of North Carolina's coast. 00:36:10.970 --> 00:36:18.170 You will also find several videos, as well as dive slates and site plans. 00:36:18.170 --> 00:36:24.990 The site plans can be downloaded and printed for your classroom or for your home or office. 00:36:24.990 --> 00:36:29.430 And here's just a small taste of what's available on our website. 00:36:29.430 --> 00:36:34.039 There are several 3D models of shipwrecks, and this particular one is the one of the 00:36:34.039 --> 00:36:35.119 USS Monitor. 00:36:35.119 --> 00:36:38.529 We also have them of the Jackson and I can't remember all of them, but there's about four 00:36:38.529 --> 00:36:42.359 or five different 3D models that are available. 00:36:42.359 --> 00:36:47.650 We also have these photomosaics of the U-boats so that you can actually see what it would 00:36:47.650 --> 00:36:51.190 look like as it's, as you're looking down from it on top. 00:36:51.190 --> 00:36:52.910 We have lots of sonar images. 00:36:52.910 --> 00:36:56.210 Most all of the shipwrecks at this time have sonar images. 00:36:56.210 --> 00:37:00.200 And there are nine dive slates, so if you're a diver, you can either download these to 00:37:00.200 --> 00:37:04.349 help you understand more about what you're diving on or if you want a hard copy of them, 00:37:04.349 --> 00:37:06.430 we do also have those available. 00:37:06.430 --> 00:37:11.690 And if you go to the website and click on the dive slates, there's a link there that 00:37:11.690 --> 00:37:17.650 would send you to the Monitor email that would help you get those dive slates, if you want 00:37:17.650 --> 00:37:21.180 the hard copies of them. 00:37:21.180 --> 00:37:25.640 We also invite you to virtually explore North Carolina's maritime heritage on our website. 00:37:25.640 --> 00:37:32.999 Under the "Visit" tab, you will find a story map with 11 videos and several oral histories 00:37:32.999 --> 00:37:37.660 that showcase the unique and beautiful maritime heritage of the Outer Banks. 00:37:37.660 --> 00:37:41.529 Now if you want to use these with your students, there's also an activity that correlates with 00:37:41.529 --> 00:37:45.270 each video and oral history. 00:37:45.270 --> 00:37:48.530 And if you're not on our listserv, I invite you to sign up. 00:37:48.530 --> 00:37:51.999 We even have a specific email list serve just for teachers. 00:37:51.999 --> 00:37:59.660 Go to our "News" section of the website, and click on the box for teachers. 00:37:59.660 --> 00:38:04.239 Now I want to introduce you to one of our newer sanctuaries, which is Mallows Bay - Potomac 00:38:04.239 --> 00:38:07.560 River National Marine Sanctuary. 00:38:07.560 --> 00:38:12.849 First, let me invite you to go and explore their website to learn more about the maritime 00:38:12.849 --> 00:38:17.420 and cultural heritage of the sanctuary, and to also learn how to visit the site and how 00:38:17.420 --> 00:38:19.859 to get involved. 00:38:19.859 --> 00:38:23.980 So this sanctuary boasts a diverse collection of historic shipwrecks dating back from the 00:38:23.980 --> 00:38:29.700 Revolutionary War, but is most renowned for the remains of 100 wooden steamships known 00:38:29.700 --> 00:38:31.400 as the Ghost Fleet. 00:38:31.400 --> 00:38:36.090 And at low tide, many of them are visible, as seen here. 00:38:36.090 --> 00:38:43.109 Now these ships were built for the U.S. Emergency Fleet between 1917 and 1919 as part of America's 00:38:43.109 --> 00:38:45.440 engagement in World War I. 00:38:45.440 --> 00:38:51.380 Their construction at more than 40 shipyards in 17 states reflected a massive wartime effort 00:38:51.380 --> 00:38:57.779 that drove the expansion and economic development of communities and related maritime services. 00:38:57.779 --> 00:39:03.029 Now ship building during World War I also brought about the formalization of merchant 00:39:03.029 --> 00:39:04.029 mariners. 00:39:04.029 --> 00:39:08.660 Now although merchant mariners already existed in the United States, the building, operation, 00:39:08.660 --> 00:39:13.890 and maintenance of hundreds of new vessels meant that significantly more skilled mariners 00:39:13.890 --> 00:39:16.460 were needed. 00:39:16.460 --> 00:39:21.369 Although nearly 300 ships were built, the war ended before the fleet was complete. 00:39:21.369 --> 00:39:25.660 And some of them carried cargo to Hawaii and elsewhere, but none actually made it to the 00:39:25.660 --> 00:39:28.279 theater of war. 00:39:28.279 --> 00:39:32.489 The war ended before the ships could be used and many of them were scuttled to the Potomac 00:39:32.489 --> 00:39:35.910 River and for the purpose of salvaging scrap metal. 00:39:35.910 --> 00:39:40.670 The Ghost Fleet was partially dismantled through three separate shipbreaking and metal salvage 00:39:40.670 --> 00:39:43.770 periods from the 1920s through the 1940s. 00:39:43.770 --> 00:39:51.029 Through the years, these ships have transformed into valuable ecological habitat. 00:39:51.029 --> 00:39:56.809 The overgrown wrecks now form a series of distinctive islands, intertidal habitat, and 00:39:56.809 --> 00:40:03.259 underwater structure critical to fish, beaver, birds, such as ospreys, blue herons, and bald 00:40:03.259 --> 00:40:04.259 eagles. 00:40:04.259 --> 00:40:08.609 Although the sanctuary does not manage or regulate these natural resources, the unique 00:40:08.609 --> 00:40:14.190 blending of history and ecology attracts and captivates all visitors. 00:40:14.190 --> 00:40:19.559 So be sure to visit the website to learn how to get to Mallows and how to best enjoy this 00:40:19.559 --> 00:40:21.380 beautiful sanctuary. 00:40:21.380 --> 00:40:26.329 Whether hiking or paddling, we know you will want to return again and again. 00:40:26.329 --> 00:40:31.450 And lastly, I just want to invite you to follow us on Facebook and Twitter. 00:40:31.450 --> 00:40:38.300 I think you can go to Facebook and just Google either Mallows Bay or Google Monitor, and 00:40:38.300 --> 00:40:39.900 you'll come up with our Facebook pages. 00:40:39.900 --> 00:40:41.710 And also on Twitter. 00:40:41.710 --> 00:40:43.059 And that is all I have. 00:40:43.059 --> 00:40:47.180 And Mark, I'm going to turn it back to you. 00:40:47.180 --> 00:40:49.380 Oh one last slide. 00:40:49.380 --> 00:40:50.380 I'm sorry. 00:40:50.380 --> 00:40:55.150 You can also contact me or reach me through my email address or my cell phone if you have 00:40:55.150 --> 00:41:01.329 any questions that we don't get to today or things that you think of later or need something. 00:41:01.329 --> 00:41:03.410 Please feel free to reach out to me. 00:41:03.410 --> 00:41:07.220 All right Mark, I'm going to turn it back over to you now. 00:41:07.220 --> 00:41:10.529 [Mark Losavio] All right. 00:41:10.529 --> 00:41:16.069 This is now the perfect time if you have any questions to please ask them. 00:41:16.069 --> 00:41:18.749 Let me pull up my question slide. 00:41:18.749 --> 00:41:19.749 Do you see that? 00:41:19.749 --> 00:41:20.749 [Shannon Ricles] I do. 00:41:20.749 --> 00:41:21.749 [Mark Losavio] Perfect. 00:41:21.749 --> 00:41:26.079 So yes, if there are any questions, make sure to type them in the questions box or the chat 00:41:26.079 --> 00:41:30.960 box, which should be at the bottom of your toolbar to the right of your screen. 00:41:30.960 --> 00:41:33.779 But while you guys are typing away, I actually had a question myself. 00:41:33.779 --> 00:41:42.750 Because you said early on that the U-boats usually held about 39 men, you said and I 00:41:42.750 --> 00:41:47.829 guess I'm having trouble with the frame of references for the size of what a U-boat. 00:41:47.829 --> 00:41:48.930 Like how big are they? 00:41:48.930 --> 00:41:51.059 Is that crowded or is that spacious? 00:41:51.059 --> 00:41:53.670 [Shannon Ricles] I think it was pretty crowded from what I've seen. 00:41:53.670 --> 00:41:58.239 I don't have an actual length or width of the U-boats, but from the pictures 00:41:58.239 --> 00:42:00.910 that I've seen though, they look very small. 00:42:00.910 --> 00:42:04.700 When you see them with men standing on top of them, they're not very big. 00:42:04.700 --> 00:42:06.729 They're nothing like the subs that we have today. 00:42:06.729 --> 00:42:08.869 So 39 people had to be pretty crowded. 00:42:08.869 --> 00:42:10.920 [Mark Losavio] Wow, wow. 00:42:10.920 --> 00:42:14.690 All right, so we do have this one question from a couple of people. 00:42:14.690 --> 00:42:21.480 If we're curious as to how, what were the military's first steps into countering the 00:42:21.480 --> 00:42:22.890 U-boat threat? 00:42:22.890 --> 00:42:29.650 Like what would we first do when we started to try and deal with that issue? 00:42:29.650 --> 00:42:33.529 [Shannon Ricles] Well, there were lots of countermeasures that were given. 00:42:33.529 --> 00:42:37.029 They had the zigzagging, they were that you saw that the Merak did. 00:42:37.029 --> 00:42:41.660 They would try to make a zigzag path, which would make it harder for their torpedoes to 00:42:41.660 --> 00:42:42.950 be able to fire. 00:42:42.950 --> 00:42:45.480 They also had tried some ramming. 00:42:45.480 --> 00:42:50.549 They would try to ram them to keep them from being able to attack them. 00:42:50.549 --> 00:42:56.640 But probably the one and only counter measure that really truly worked was the convoy 00:42:56.640 --> 00:43:02.930 system, where we had the convoys of military ships guarding the merchant ships that were 00:43:02.930 --> 00:43:03.930 traveling. 00:43:03.930 --> 00:43:04.930 So that they could be protected. 00:43:04.930 --> 00:43:06.980 [Mark Losavio] All right. 00:43:06.980 --> 00:43:11.779 Do we, oh this is a good question. 00:43:11.779 --> 00:43:16.720 Were there any aerial patrols in World War I, kind of like what we did in World War II? 00:43:16.720 --> 00:43:19.710 [Shannon Ricles] Not that I have read. 00:43:19.710 --> 00:43:22.789 I don't know that to be a positive, but not that I have read. 00:43:22.789 --> 00:43:28.470 Billy Mitchell actually was testing that after World War I to show the effectiveness of aerial 00:43:28.470 --> 00:43:29.470 bombing. 00:43:29.470 --> 00:43:35.809 And I think you saw, I think it was the the 140 that was used as the aerial bombing testing. 00:43:35.809 --> 00:43:42.329 And that's where that came about, and so during World War II, yes, we did have airplanes that 00:43:42.329 --> 00:43:46.420 patrolled all along the west coast, I mean the East Coast and other areas. 00:43:46.420 --> 00:43:50.989 And we've had a couple of, one U-boat that was sunk off the North Carolina coast, that 00:43:50.989 --> 00:43:56.289 was sunk by an airplane, Lieutenant Kane with the U.S. Army Air Force. 00:43:56.289 --> 00:44:01.089 I just looked up a typical U-boat was about 214 feet long Mark. 00:44:01.089 --> 00:44:06.489 [Mark Losavio] All right, wow, yeah that's a lot of, that's a lot of people to squeeze 00:44:06.489 --> 00:44:08.380 into that space. 00:44:08.380 --> 00:44:11.500 All right. 00:44:11.500 --> 00:44:17.430 How much fuel do you think the U-boats needed to make it all the way over to the United 00:44:17.430 --> 00:44:19.609 States or maybe did they refuel? 00:44:19.609 --> 00:44:24.080 [Shannon Ricles] They didn't refuel, one of the, and I didn't look up how much fuel that 00:44:24.080 --> 00:44:25.220 they actually held. 00:44:25.220 --> 00:44:26.589 That's a really good question. 00:44:26.589 --> 00:44:31.019 I'll have to research that one but one of the things that shocked me is that they said 00:44:31.019 --> 00:44:37.400 they had a range of 25,000 miles (nmi), which I don't understand how they could go so far 00:44:37.400 --> 00:44:39.039 unless they did refuel. 00:44:39.039 --> 00:44:46.630 Let me just see real quickly if I can find that. 00:44:46.630 --> 00:44:47.950 [Mark Losavio] That is a really good question. 00:44:47.950 --> 00:44:49.089 [Shannon Ricles] Yeah, I don't, 00:44:49.089 --> 00:44:50.799 I have no idea. 00:44:50.799 --> 00:44:52.529 [Mark Losavio] That's a great question. 00:44:52.529 --> 00:44:57.430 [Shannon Ricles] Okay, let's see if Google gives us an answer here. 00:44:57.430 --> 00:45:01.940 Hmm doesn't really give me anything. 00:45:01.940 --> 00:45:09.359 Now I can't see anything off the top, maybe that's was they were diesel engines, I do 00:45:09.359 --> 00:45:10.799 remember that. 00:45:10.799 --> 00:45:16.210 So they did carry diesel fuel and and they did mostly run on the surface, which made 00:45:16.210 --> 00:45:19.050 them a little faster and used less fuel. 00:45:19.050 --> 00:45:23.039 When they went underwater, then they ran slower, of course with all the friction of the water, 00:45:23.039 --> 00:45:26.119 and they used, that would use much more fuel. 00:45:26.119 --> 00:45:27.119 I don't know. 00:45:27.119 --> 00:45:30.289 I'm going to have to research how many gallons of fuel they actually contained. 00:45:30.289 --> 00:45:35.319 [Mark Losavio] It would probably be very difficult to refuel, if there was a blockade going on of Germany, so. 00:45:35.319 --> 00:45:36.319 [Shannon Ricles] Absolutely. Yep. 00:45:36.319 --> 00:45:39.970 [Mark Losavio] All right, great question. 00:45:39.970 --> 00:45:44.099 Are you planning on doing a World War II webinar or about World War II shipwrecks? 00:45:44.099 --> 00:45:46.579 [Shannon Ricles] We have already! 00:45:46.579 --> 00:45:48.880 It is already on our website. 00:45:48.880 --> 00:45:50.789 We have done a World War II. 00:45:50.789 --> 00:45:52.769 We've done several of them actually. 00:45:52.769 --> 00:45:58.529 We did an educator workshop on World War II and our World War II curriculum guide. 00:45:58.529 --> 00:46:03.359 And then Tane and and some of the North Carolina, Tane Casserley, our permit and research 00:46:03.359 --> 00:46:08.190 coordinator in our office, actually did a webinar on World War II, along with Chris 00:46:08.190 --> 00:46:12.349 Southerly and a few people from the North Carolina Office of State Archaeology. 00:46:12.349 --> 00:46:18.180 So when Mark shows you where our archived webinars are at, go there and you can see 00:46:18.180 --> 00:46:19.453 all of the webinars that we have done. 00:46:19.453 --> 00:46:25.339 We've done, this is our 15th webinar so far since February. 00:46:25.339 --> 00:46:26.640 So we've done quite a few. 00:46:26.640 --> 00:46:31.999 We have them on all different kinds of topics, but yes I am going to be doing a webinar coming 00:46:31.999 --> 00:46:41.170 up in, I think it's October, on maritime archaeology, which will cover a lot of the World War II 00:46:41.170 --> 00:46:42.309 stuff that we've been doing. 00:46:42.309 --> 00:46:48.200 Because that's what we primarily have focused on since 2008, in our research has been World 00:46:48.200 --> 00:46:49.200 War II. 00:46:49.200 --> 00:46:51.460 World War II shipwrecks. 00:46:51.460 --> 00:46:53.349 [Mark Losavio] Awesome. 00:46:53.349 --> 00:46:55.859 And that's archaeology month too, right? 00:46:55.859 --> 00:46:56.970 [Shannon Ricles] It is. Yep, it is. 00:46:56.970 --> 00:46:59.749 [Mark Losavio] Very topical webinar. 00:46:59.749 --> 00:47:03.549 Make sure you tune in for that one. 00:47:03.549 --> 00:47:08.960 That is all the questions I think we have time to answer today. 00:47:08.960 --> 00:47:16.009 And if you didn't get your question answered, please make sure to reach out, let me pull up 00:47:16.009 --> 00:47:17.009 00:47:17.009 --> 00:47:20.059 the, all right. 00:47:20.059 --> 00:47:26.420 So if you have not downloaded Shannon's bio in the chat box yet, be sure to do so now. 00:47:26.420 --> 00:47:31.598 There's also a lot of really great resources in that chat box so make sure you download those PDFs. 00:47:31.682 --> 00:47:36.869 In the bio, you will also find various links to learn more about World War I and the supporting curriculum resources. 00:47:36.869 --> 00:47:44.339 And so much more. We invite you also to visit our website right here to learn more 00:47:44.339 --> 00:47:48.160 And if we did not get to your question or if you have any additional ones, you can email 00:47:48.160 --> 00:47:52.440 Shannon directly at the email listed here on the screen or actually you can email any 00:47:52.440 --> 00:47:53.440 of us at the Monitor. 00:47:53.440 --> 00:47:55.900 All of our information is on that website. 00:47:55.900 --> 00:47:58.099 Because you guys had some really good questions. 00:47:58.099 --> 00:48:02.940 Once captioned, a video recording of this presentation will be made available on the 00:48:02.940 --> 00:48:08.359 sanctuaries' webinar archives page, found at the URL listed here on the top. 00:48:08.359 --> 00:48:14.460 In addition, the webinar will also be archived on the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary's 00:48:14.460 --> 00:48:15.599 website. 00:48:15.599 --> 00:48:19.739 Click on the multimedia tab right here in the toolbar to access the webinar box. 00:48:19.739 --> 00:48:25.239 You will also find future webinars and past webinars in that same section. Don't worry 00:48:25.239 --> 00:48:28.869 all this information will be sent to you in a follow-up email once the recording is ready 00:48:28.869 --> 00:48:33.890 to view if you did enjoy this webinar, make sure to check out the other webinars in the 00:48:33.890 --> 00:48:39.609 National Marine Sanctuaries' webinar series, actually in about an hour at like 6:00, you 00:48:39.609 --> 00:48:44.239 can join Dr. Sheldon Plentovich, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Pacific Island Coastal Program 00:48:44.239 --> 00:48:51.369 Coordinator, to learn more about endemic songbirds at Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. 00:48:51.369 --> 00:48:58.500 And on Thursday, October 7th, we were just talking about it, at 4:00, Shannon will be 00:48:58.500 --> 00:49:00.150 hosting another teacher workshop. 00:49:00.150 --> 00:49:05.700 This workshop will explore maritime archaeology, the career, the field as both a science and 00:49:05.700 --> 00:49:07.190 as a career. 00:49:07.190 --> 00:49:11.089 Shannon will be working on introducing you to NOAA, its maritime heritage program to 00:49:11.089 --> 00:49:15.160 learn more about North Carolina shipwrecks, the tools that we use to discover and explore 00:49:15.160 --> 00:49:16.160 them. 00:49:16.160 --> 00:49:19.680 She will also be sharing a free STEM curriculum. 00:49:19.680 --> 00:49:23.891 And although this is an educator workshop, it's open to anybody who is interested in 00:49:23.891 --> 00:49:27.549 shipwrecks or learning more about maritime archaeology. 00:49:27.549 --> 00:49:33.170 In addition, there are these following Submerged NC webinar series. 00:49:33.170 --> 00:49:36.779 And don't be fooled, there's more in the works. 00:49:36.779 --> 00:49:40.900 We've got a lot of really exciting webinars coming up in the next year. 00:49:40.900 --> 00:49:45.329 So please keep the dial tuned on our station. 00:49:45.329 --> 00:49:48.790 And like Shannon said, don't forget to like and follow us on social media. 00:49:48.790 --> 00:49:54.150 Like and follow both Monitor and Mallows Bay to get a really wholesome social media experience. 00:49:54.150 --> 00:50:00.280 And lastly, as you exit the webinar, there is a short survey for formal and informal 00:50:00.280 --> 00:50:01.280 educators. 00:50:01.280 --> 00:50:04.460 If you are an educator, NOAA would really appreciate it if you take just a minute or 00:50:04.460 --> 00:50:06.099 two of your time to complete these surveys. 00:50:06.099 --> 00:50:11.079 Your answers will really help NOAA develop future webinars to meet your needs. 00:50:11.079 --> 00:50:15.599 Your participation is 100% voluntary, and your answers are completely anonymous. 00:50:15.599 --> 00:50:19.039 So once again, we would like to thank Shannon for a fantastic presentation. 00:50:19.039 --> 00:50:24.319 I'd like to thank you all for joining us today and asking such really thought-provoking questions. 00:50:24.319 --> 00:50:26.200 And that concludes the presentation. 00:50:26.200 --> 00:50:27.650 I will now end the webinar.