Well we will get started. Hi everyone! We really thank you today for joining us for the webinar,
"Where the Water is Shallow the and Current is Strong: Stone Fish Weirs of the Eastern
Woodlands" with Dr. David Cranford. I'm Shannon Rickles, the education and outreach coordinator
for Monitor National Marine Sanctuary and I'll be your host today and joining
me is Mark Losavio. He is the media and outreach coordinator for Monitor National Marine Sanctuary
and this webinar is brought to you by NOAA's Monitor National Marine Sanctuary
in collaboration with the North Carolina Office of State Archaeology.
Partnering since 1975, NOAA and the State of North Carolina worked to research,
honor, and protect the hallmarks of North Carolina's underwater cultural heritage
which is shipwrecks! These shipwrecks hold information about the ever-changing technologies
and cultural and physical landscapes. They serve as a uniquely accessible underwater museum and
a memorial to the generations of mariners who lived, died, worked, and fought off our shores.
This is one of the many webinars we'll be hosting in the coming months for the Submerged North
Carolina webinar series in collaboration with the North Carolina Office of State Archaeology.
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So let's get started to learn more about fish weirs! So David I'm going
to turn it over to you. Let me change presenters.
All right. Did you get it? I got it. All righty.
All right hopefully everybody's able to see my screen?
Yeah. Very good. Well thank you all for tuning in my name is David Cranford. I'm
an assistant state archaeologist with the North Carolina Office of State Archaeology
and today I'm going to talk to you some about stone fish weirs in the eastern woodlands. The
title of my talk "Where the Water is Shallow and the Current is Strong" is a quote from
Robert Beverly in his 1705, "History and Present State of Virginia". It's one of the earliest
descriptions of fish weirs that we have and it is a very apt description
of where we find the majority of these archaeological features. So
over the course of this talk. I'm going to talk about kind of the introduction
or the beginnings of the North Carolina... I'm getting a screen sharing is now paused
everything.. I can -- I can still see your screen so try clicking to the next side?
Let me try changing presenter back to you again? Nope it still show... it won't let me... it shows
that you still have control. Okay, all right that. I think we're back? Okay all right so this talk
will begin with kind of the introduction of the North Carolina fish weir archaeological project
that I started a few years ago and generally talk about why, what, where, when, and the whos of
stone fish weirs and I'll end by talking about future research goals and opportunities for future
research and collaboration regarding stone fish weirs. So the North Carolina fish weir
archaeological project is a project housed here at the North Carolina Office of State Archaeology
and it really started with the recognition that of the over 50,000 archaeological sites that are in
our state site files, very few of them are fish weirs even though we know that there are many,
many of these archaeological sites and features across their state
and this has implications for a number of aspects of the job that I do for our office namely
environmental review. So determining whether or not archaeological surveys are conducted before
construction or development takes place. Knowing where archaeological sites are can really help us
determine what needs to happen for those projects. It's also important for education and outreach
making sure that the citizens of North Carolina and other archaeological researchers
are aware of these features and what they mean for understanding the past. So a few of the goals that
I set out to accomplish with this project is to create an inventory of fish weir locations within
North Carolina but also within the broader region because we know that North Caro--
modern state boundaries didn't mean a lot in pre-colonial worlds so it's important to kind of
get a regional perspective if we can. I also hope to investigate the spatial distribution and the
differing morphologies of these various fish weir types. I want to document individual fish weir
locations and understand their relationship to nearby terrestrial archaeological sites
and we do that through systematic mapping and archaeological survey and research. And all of
this I hope will facilitate the preservation and public awareness of these important parts of our
cultural landscape. Which the picture here you see is of a fish weir in
Caswell county, near the Virginia border and this is a -- you can see the W-shape,
a very distinctive feature within the river. So why do we study
weirs why would we want to study these features? Well oh we're having another--
I'm having more technical- there we go. I think we're just having a delay. Anyway so fish weirds
are often overlooked cultural and archaeological features. They tend to be in the middle of streams
unless that stream has moved and dried out so they typically are hard to access or directly observe
and study. But as archaeological resource fish weirs are protected by North Carolina state law
in most navigable rivers and so that's that becomes part of our office's purview.
And beyond that they provide important information about how communities interacted with their
environments and their ecology in both the pre-colonial and historic periods. And with new
and developing technologies there are new ways to document and investigate these types of features.
What you see here is a sketch of a fish weir up in the Little Tennessee River and one of
the many types of fish that we know historically were caught in fish weirs. This is American shad
although we know that in other regions things like American eels and other types of fish were were
products or catches of this type of fishing apparatus. So beyond just what we can do in
understanding archaeological features as part of the past, the human past, fish weirs represent an
important part of the cultural heritage of many groups including many American Indian
communities. They are also for members of this community who are who are still around. They can
become important tools for teaching and learning heritage preservation and the role of ecology in
everyday life. So what you can see at the top of this screen is a group of Cherokee using a fish
weir. They're tapping --they're splashing, driving fish towards a fish weir and you can see a similar
scene in the bottom photograph.
So what are fish weirs? Fish weirs are-- they go by many names, fish weirs, fish traps
fish falls, fish dams, and they all relate to an essentially a very
simple way to extract fish from the water. They're usually fish -- fish weirs are usually
referred to the component of a fish weir that is permanent and what I will be referring to is fish
weirs are usually the stone walls that create a V-shape or a dam to focus the fish into one
area and then a fish trap tends to be used as the movable or often perishable elements of a
fish weir and they tend not to be preserved archaeologically. Although in some cases
preservation can happen and in those cases they become very important components for dating
this year and understanding how the mechanism that they use to actually extract the fish.
Whether they are using spears such as these Inuit fishermen are doing, or using a seine
or conical bat fish trap basket so all of those things can be important archaeological features.
Essentially when you boil down to the the core a fish wear can be any structure that's built in the
water to funnel, block or direct fish into a trap or enclosure that makes it easier to catch so,
fish wears come in a variety of shapes and forms but when
you can think about fish weirs as falling into one of three main
categories depending on how the fish are moving or how the water is moving. So!
oops let me go back
There's a little bit of a lag on my presentation.
I apologize.
David we're seeing types of fish wears. Flowing streams, tidal weirs,
long shore... is that what you want us to see? No I'm trying to go back a slide but my program is...
Okay
Okay there we go so if you think about fish weirs as falling into one of three main categories.
You've got the floating stream weirs which is what I'm going to focus on in today's talk.
And these really, there's a variety of ways that these fish weirs are kind of formed but
most of the time you expect to see a V-shape or linear
lines of twigs or branches or stones across a stream.
That really requires the flow, the swift flow of water to help aid in the capture of the fish.
Other types include tidal weirs that depend on the tidal flow of water.
The difference between high and low water at tide. And then the third type are longshore
weirs that really require less on the flow of water and more on the movement of fish along
a beach or shoreline. So just to give you a couple of examples of these. So
these are some of the typical stone fish weir that we'll talk more about today so I won't spend a lot
of time on them right now but here are a variety of tidal weirs. This one was actually identified
in Wales off the coast of Britain and 2009 using google earth and this was,
this made global headlines which is how I found out about it and so it has been
in that place for over a thousand years but it really wasn't identified in modern times until
aerial imagery became kind of available and accessible.
So let's
Here is another example of a very simple tidal weir from
Fiji as you can see these are global examples of fish weirs that --
I don't know what's wrong with my presentation but it is wanting to pause.
Here are more examples of tidal weirs. These in this case are from Taiwan.
Very beautiful with the shallow waters from these islands.
Along here are some longshore weirs they may be hard to see but they are arrow-shaped
constructions right offshore in Bahrain as well as in-
here we go, here are some from Micronesia
again you can see that long spit of the weir that helps direct fish into the arrow point.
Probably one of the most iconic, most famous
longshore weirs this one again is from Taiwan, double heart weir.
So coming back to North America the majority of fish weirs that we tend to talk about
fall into one of two categories. These flowing stream weirs either steak -- wooden steak weirs
or stone fish weirs which I'm most interested in this talk. But if you think about it
most of the stone fish weirs even though all we see right now when we look at them
are the stone structures, very often they had components that were made out of perishable
materials such as wood. And here's an example of a fish weir in the Swannanoa River in near Asheville
out of a historic postcard you can see the stone V and the trap.
Previous archeological studies have been spotty at best for a variety of reasons.
Fish weirs just tend to be hard to identify and study systematically
but there have been attempts to get at archaeological understandings of fish weirs.
Rodney Peck was one of the first to try to look at fish weirs on a particular river. He estimated
that there were probably thousands of fish weirs in the piedmont regions along the
Atlantic seaboard and I want to point out that he was looking at the the Yadkin-Pee Dee river
which, as we'll see, is one of the, has the highest density of fish weirs in North America
so he's-- he was way off in his estimation but based on what he was seeing in that location
it was probably not unreasonable for him to think that way. A variety of other individuals have
tried and to varying levels of success look at fish weirs in a general regional sense and
from a global perspective. John Conaway has done probably the the most work at trying to
understand them from a very wide perspective. He literally wrote the book on fish weirs and I
rely on his research all the time but he was mainly focused on wooden steak
weirs from Mississippi and so there there still was a large gap in understanding
the role fish, stone fish weirs played in the Eastern U.S. There are a number of obstacles to
studying fish weirs as I've mentioned before sometimes they're really hard to identify,
sometimes you have to be in the right time, right place, in the right time
to see them from the shore. If the river's too high you can't see them they're also difficult
to date stones don't lend themselves by themselves to traditional archaeological dating techniques
and trying to identify nearby terrestrial sites and making it a distinct link between
fish weirs and terrestrial sites takes a lot of work. Fish weirs generally are not directly
impacted by most development or construction projects and so they have traditionally not been
the focus of compliance projects and cultural resource management projects
but they-- a few have and we have learned a lot from that work.
In the end they tend to be less glamorous than other types of archaeology they don't yield very
many artifacts and so the focus is, has been on places like Town Creek. You can see here
there's a fish weir that was recorded historic fishery that was still in use in the 1930's when
uh Dr. Joffrey began his work at this iconic Mississippian site in North Carolina
presumably this was used in prehistoric times but we
we know from this photograph that it was used in the historic period as well.
So one of the -- when I started this project this, I began using Google Earth as the main
way to identify and record the locations of weirs. This is a technology, Google Earth has been around
since 2005. Its initial predecessor was first available in 2001 but really the
the key tool that I use, the historical imagery feature, wasn't even introduced until
2009 so, so really this work has only been something we can -- we could do for the last
a handful of years. This historical imagery typically, in Google Earth begins around 1993
give or take, though as you can imagine the resolution and the visibility varies greatly
based on the location, the time of year, the river level, and there are still places where
you don't have high enough resolution to adequately distinguish or discern fish weirs.
But generally by about 2012 the quality of the satellite imagery that google was collecting
and making available was good enough to start making these kinds of surveys possible.
So one of the big benefits of using google earth and other satellite-based imagery is that it's
very accessible Google makes this free and it's very easy to use,
though there are as we'll see some limitations and biases
to using Google Earth. So here's an example of a fish weir in North Carolina in Montgomery County
on the Pee Dee River. As you can see the earliest imagery that Google has is from 1993 and you
wouldn't know that there's a fish weir here but as we scroll through the imagery by 2005 we start
seeing, we're able to resolve that there are -- that there is a fish weir here. There's a multi--
multiple V shape within the river but it's very pixelated, very hard to make out the details.
So by 2008 we have a much clearer view of this fish weir that I've identified as NC weir 3.
And as you can see this is one of the downsides or one of the the potential pitfalls of using this
technology and this platform for surveys. That -- as you can see by 2018 the image quality is
fantastic but when they took this picture the river was up and you can't see you couldn't--
can't tell that there is a fish weir at this location so it's really a combination
of high quality image imagery at the right time at the right river level so other limitations that
come with using satellite imagery is that there tends to be a seasonal variation not only in
the amount of leaf coverage but also of water levels and turbidity. How clear the water is
really determines whether or not you're able to distinguish whether or not a fish weir is
in a given location although the fall and winter tend to be the best times if
you can find imagery from that-- from that season. There are fewer leaves on the trees
and water quality and clarity tend to be a little bit better. The time of day
that the satellite imagery was collected can also provide a present problems. If the
imagery was taken early in the morning or late in the evening shadows from trees or nearby
topography like hills or mountains can obscure what you can see in those photos. As you can
imagine looking straight down at some of these features it can sometimes be hard to distinguish
weirs from natural features like natural shoals. And so a lot of that requires just experience and
I got into a pattern of marking nearly everything that was potentially a fish weir and through an
iterative process going back through and cleaning the data to make sure that what I thought
were fish weir is kind of early on still seem to be legit and there are still some limited high
resolution imagery for some locations especially in rural lake locations. This type of survey
does seem to bias towards larger order streams so larger rivers I have found more fish weirs and
the this has a lot to do with just being able to identify streams. Smaller streams that
have-- may have larger kind of narrower creek beds with more trees and the question remains
whether or not there truly are fewer weirs on these smaller creeks or whether this is a
result of real cultural patterning. Whether there are just different methods that were more
successful on smaller streams than the investment required to build a large stone fish weir.
So that those are research questions that still remain to be answered.
In general there are I've found about five different types of stone fish weirs in this
investigation the most simple is the single wing fish weir. It's instead of a V shape it's usually
a very long diagonal stone dam or wall directing fish to one side of the creek or the other
the most common by far is the simple v shape where fish are directed towards the the narrow apex
downstream and that was where the fish baskets and fish traps were placed to collect the fish.
Other types, this is a compound V so there is again a V shape to direct the fish but
then they have perpendicular elements to the shore there are also V shapes with shoots and
another variation on the V-shape and then there's a whole class of V or multi-V, W-shaped weirs that
had gave you the option of having multiple places to collect fish and one of the most spectacular
examples of this is 31AN201 in Anson County as you can see just multiple very clear V-shapes.
One of the most spectacular ones that I've found. There are other ways and other sources
of documenting fish weirs. I've been able to use historical maps and navigational charts ,
travelers accounts, archaeological reports, and even working with local citizens and interested
research collaborators from across the the region. So we've kind of answered the question
what are fish weirs. Now we can talk about where are the fish weirs and it's important to to note
that fish weird are not evenly distributed across the landscape. As I've already mentioned most of
the fish weirs that I've identified are on large first order streams and they tend to be in the
swift flowing streams and rivers above the fall line in the Piedmont region and in the mountains
where the current aids and pushing the fish into these traps where they cannot then escape.
They are often found near natural shoals and islands and natural rock formations
and as you can see here the density map in North Carolina the Yadkin-Pee Dee river has
one of the highest concentrations of stone fish wears of any river in the eastern U.S.
Again this might be a slightly biased since I am from North Carolina that's where I started this
investigation but as you can see I've identified nearly 900 fish weirs, stone fish weirs across
the entire eastern woodland area region. As you can see North Carolina has the most documented
fish weirs followed closely by Georgia and Pennsylvania but as you can see there are a few
isolated examples from Florida and Mississippi and Indiana and going all the way up to Canada.
So here's just a heat density map showing kind of the concentrations
where you can find the most fish weirs in one location
and I'm locked up one more time there we go.
So when the question of when fish weirs were built and used is an exceedingly difficult
one. Especially when we're talking about stone fish wears as. I mentioned
archaeological methods of dating don't lend themselves to inorganic materials.
We rely heavily on radiocarbon dating. Though other techniques are often used
but those are also don't always apply to stone fish weirs. So just to kind of give you a context
for what we do know about wooden stake weirs which we can date using radiocarbon methods
the ones for which we have the most information appeared to show that fish weirs were in use, were
being built during the late Archaic period around 5000 years ago all the way up through contact and
the historic period. So if we can use those as a proxy with the understanding that fish weir's
stone fish weirs may have been used in parallel or in slightly different contexts environmental
contexts as wooden stake weirs but this gives us a good place to start thinking about when these
kinds of features may have been built and used and it's also important to to keep in mind that
as with with many archaeological contexts and sites stone fish weirs
likely had complicated use lives with multiple construction and reconstruction episodes
by various groups through time. One of the ways I approach this question of trying to under --get a
better sense of when stone fish weirs were used was by looking at an indirect approach using
proxy temporal information from archaeological sites that occur nearby onshore for which we might
have more information. So using the archaeological site files here in North Carolina I looked at,
I created a buffer around all of the known fish weir sites and looked at what kinds of
archaeological sites we had documented within 500 meters of of fish weirs and this is not a a
a perfect match for dating fish weirs but it would give us at least a sense for what kinds
of sights are being occupied near fish weirs at the time and as you can see we do see Archaic
sites, woodland sites, Mississippian sites,
associated with nearby fish weirs and there's a breakdown of components down here.
Additional research hopefully will help us zero in and refine our chronology of fish weirs
This is an example of some -- of an artifact that was recovered from
a fish weir, a fish weir that I had not actually identified
before this was brought to my attention. A citizen had found this while fishing near this
prehistoric fish weir. It turned out to be a Pee Dee style ceramic pitcher and it is very closely
associated with the types of pottery found at the nearby Town Creek Indian mound site
so and i just want to take this time to note that fish weirs and all associated artifacts
are considered state property and protected by state law in navigable waters so this was
identified and they contacted our office and we could document this location in this site. So
this helps give us a little bit of understanding, a little bit of context for when this might have
been used. We don't know for sure if this was initially created during the time
the town creek was occupied but it indicates that maybe this was being used at least by that point.
All right so who made fish weirs it should come as no surprise that based on our archaeological and
ethnohistoric evidence that fish wares have been in use for a very long time and were used both by
American Indian communities as well as later euro-American settlers and as I mentioned
they had complicated use lives. We know of many examples of historic weirs that were re-modified
from earlier indigenous fish weirs and were in near constant use until
they were abandoned usually by the early colonial periods. Local
laws were being put into effect to limit the use and construction of fish weirs that
both hindered local travel and trade along river routes and so
in most cases fish weirs became outlawed during the historic period.
A really good example of this kind of long-term use of fish weirs is from the Allman weir. This
is probably one of the best preserved examples in western North Carolina it is currently owned
by the the Allman family and they have had- they've kind of managed and used this weir for
multiple generations. Their weir was reportedly already present when Polk Allman acquired the
land in the 1870's and they continued as a family to use and rebuild the weir even into the 1940's
and they reported catching truckloads of fish variety of various types red horse,
suckers, and even trout during seasonal migrations of fish up and down the stream.
This is and you can see that this line is from a balloon survey before they had--before there
was ready access to drones this was one method to get high quality aerial imagery.
One of the things that I'm kind of proud of and will hope to continue working on in the
future is working with local citizens to identify fish weirs that are not necessarily easily seen
through satellite survey and also with other archaeological researchers in the region.
Notably I've been in contact with researchers in Tennessee, Florida, Pennsylvania, and I hope that
these kind of collaborative research endeavors will continue to go through go on and can really
give us more information about these sites and potentially find elements of stone fish
weirs that we can date including this wooden artifact found in a stone fish weir in Tennessee
One of the things that I....
did as part of this project was a little bit of experimental archaeology.
A number of ethnographic historical sources describe these conical fish traps being used
in conjunction with stone fish weirs and so as one of my early pandemic projects I collected
some local native river cane and created a conical fish trap with the main purpose being to create a
educational tool an outreach tool but also to kind of get a sense for what it would take to build one
of these and use it in the context of a fish weir. That was a nice side project one of the future
goals that I hope as this project goes forward is to continue to document fishery locations
and eventually work on preserving these sites through a variety of means including either
as individual or multiple property listings in the National Register of Historic Places,
continue regional outreach, and collaboration. I also intend to start reaching out to
native communities to provide this information to to them as potential sites of heritage
places of important heritage and also to try to learn what I can from from them.
There are a variety of other methods that I hope to use to document fish weir sites including
drone-based Lidar mapping, specifically bathymetric Lidar which will incorporate
both red and green lasers that could help penetrate the water column and get
high resolution data point clouds to create 3d models of these features as well as around
penetrating radar and I also hope to eventually do some controlled excavations on a intact stone fish
weir although as you can imagine the logistics of doing that are pretty complicated but those are
as we go forward additional goals for the North Carolina fish weir archaeological project.
So thank you! I am happy to take any questions if there are any
All right! Well thank you David that was very interesting I learned a lot about
fish weirs that I did not know! So anyway, yes if you have questions for David there have been quite
a few that have come in already but if you have questions and you would like to ask them please
put them in the question box. Also if you haven't downloaded David's bio that's in the chat box be
sure to do so now and in his bio you'll also find links to learn more about North Carolina Office
of State Archaeology and their projects. So one of the questions that came in David is,
you talked a little bit about dating, that they're kind of difficult to date but it says are what
are the oldest dated-- wait sorry about that everybody just had some technical difficulties
on GoToWebinar, but we will go right back to it if you guys had your questions please retype them
in the question box right now and I will try and remember which ones we had before. But I remember
David that you were showing that map of all of the weirs that you had charted and someone in the
in the attendees was asking why there weren't a whole lot of coastal fish weirs that you found.
That's a good question and I want to make sure that everybody's kind of clear I was
identifying the stone fish weirs and by and large those stone fish weirs the way they work those
V-shaped or kind of diagonal, diagonal shape fish weirs really function well and function best in
these swift flowing streams and really by the time you get the below the fall line
rivers tend to slow down and become more meandering they get wider and so the current that
is that kind of makes those fish weirs those stone fish weirs work the way they're intended you don't
find those conditions at the coast. Not to say that there weren't fish weirs or fishing, ways to
fish in those locations they just didn't look like the stone fish weirs. Another reason why you don't
see a lot of stone fish weirs down at the coast is that you just don't see a lot of rock by the time
The piedmont is where you tend to find a lot of the the stone naturally occurring to the--
that were used to make those stone dams and stone fish weirs but at the coast you get
a lot more sand and so the materials that they would have used in that location are going to be
the this--- the wooden stake weirs and they likely are there but they just have not been identified
they're harder to find through satellite detection and yeah so they probably are there
but they're not going to look like the stone fish weirs of the piedmont in the mountains.
Okay cool! This question is actually kind of related to that so I'll go ahead and ask
it but are there any weirs designed to capture anadromous fish as they move upstream to spawn?
Yes so the American shad that's an anadromous fish and what that means is that they are born in kind
of these freshwater streams and they through part of their life cycle move down the streams and live
and grow for parts of their life cycle in open ocean water and then at certain points they travel
back upstream to spawn the reverse is also true the catadromous fish like American eels are born
in the ocean and spend most of their life cycle in freshwater streams and there are fish weirs that
I believe were probably designed to catch fish both that could have caught fish in either
direction but for the most part the these stone fish like I said really are
dependent on the current of the water to help contain those fish in those fish traps and so
these multiple weir could have created the V-shape or the apex can I-- in the up
the kind of up-flow direction as well but for the most part the these fish weirs
were most functional when the fish were being
kind of funneled down river. All right this is a question that I actually really like
but can certain fish weirs be correlated or associated with certain kinds of fish.
That is a really good research question that I don't think has been answered and
I think that there are probably certain times of year that people who created and
kind of used fish weirs were trying to target specific species but I don't think that they would
have passed up the opportunity to take in whatever fish was caught in their their traps or nets
so that is an open question. Trying to figure out if a certain morphology a certain shape of fish
weir is better or more efficient at catching certain species my I suspect that probably not
but there are certain regions certain times of year where certain types of fish
especially these anadromous fish are are doing their their migrations that are going to be
kind of targeted by certain groups. All right and so you might not have an answer for this
question but can weir direction tell you about the species maybe do you think?
Possibly like I said there are there are some that have the V-shape
in both directions and they could have functioned if there were, that was a migration going upstream
they could have used the up stream portion of the the weir to funnel the fish going upstream
but again probably the down stream current was what was really critical for making these
these work. All right and we have a couple of questions that are sort of the same but can you
kind of talk a little bit more about maybe the citizen science aspect. Like are you working
with kayak groups or any of that kind of thing in terms of like reporting and finding these weirs?
That is certainly something I would like to explore I've done it kind of on an individual
basis. So far there's no kind of general effort to do outreach to kayaking communities although
fishermen, kayaking groups they see, all the communities that are on the river those are
the folks who see these, may recognize them for what they are, may not and so in the future I
hope that one component of this project will be to either just do educational outreach or
to hopefully get some sort of identification program started I've already had folks reach
out kind of independent they've either seen a previous talk or or seen a new story about the
fishway project and then hey have you seen this one or is this one that you know about
and those have been really helpful and in that case where there was a citizen who found that
ceramic artifact in the fish weir that came to our office and I was able to
identify a fish weir based on that so there are definitely opportunities to work with public
and other researchers to kind of cast a wider net if you will. So if I were to go out on a hike and
I think I see one should I email you or ...? Absolutely yep very likely I'm gonna say that
yes I've already found it or actually this is a new one thank you for sending me photos.
All right I think that's all the time we have for questions now. Shannon if you want to
take it away? Yeah thank you and sorry about that folks! Have no idea what happened but we'll figure
it out. All right so if we did not get to your question or if you have additional ones you can
always send them directly to David at the email address that's listed here on the screen and David
just so you know there will be a print out of the Q&A at the end after the webinar wraps up and so
some of those questions that maybe we missed from the first part of it you'll see those on there and
if you can answer them if you want but you're always welcome to email David at that address.
Now a video recording of this presentation will be available on the sanctuaries webinar archives
page. It's found at the url listed at the top and that's a long url but don't worry I'm going
to send it to you in an email. In addition the webinar will be archived on the Monitor National
Marine Sanctuaries website you'll click on the multimedia section of the toolbar to access the
webinar box you'll also find future webinars in that same section and as I said don't worry we're
going to send all this to you in a follow-up email once the recording is ready. So to be sure to
check out upcoming sanctuary webinars "The World Does Not Stand Still: Understanding the Impacts of
Climate Change in Papahanaumokuakea" learn how current and future impacts from climate change
are considered to be the single greatest threat to the long-term integrity of Papahanaumokuakea
aka discover how the effects of climate change are already being observed with sea level rise
leading to shoreline retreat, increasing ocean heat content producing more frequent,
and severe coral bleaching and more and that is coming up I forgot to tell you
on August the 19th at six o'clock p.m. eastern time 12 o'clock p.m. Hawaii time
and on Thursday September 16th at four o'clock p.m. I'm going to be hosting a teacher workshop
on World War I off the North Carolina coast. I will explore the shipwrecks that sank during the
war and highlight the free curriculum guide and other activities and although this is
a teacher workshop it is open to anyone who is interested in World War I and shipwrecks
and be sure to check out and register for these upcoming webinars in our Submerged North Carolina
series we have coming up for Maritime Archaeology month in October we'll be talking about
maritime archaeology and we'll be showcasing a lot of the free curriculum but also a lot
of the webinars and then Mary Beth Fitz and Allison Roper with the North Carolina Office
of State Archaeology will present on near coast archaeology and then November 16th John Mintz and
Chris Southerly will talk about the recovery of the Lake Waccamaw and Autryville canoes.
And of course we invite you to follow us on social media.
Lastly as you exit the webinar there is a short survey for formal and informal educators so if
you're an educator NOAA would really appreciate it if you just take a minute or two to complete
the survey. Your answers will help NOAA develop future webinars to meet your needs
and your participation is voluntary and your answers are completely anonymous.
Once again we want to thank David Cranford for giving us such a wonderful
presentation on fish weir. And we thank you today for taking the time to join us! Have a wonderful
day and this finally concludes the presentation and will end for everyone hopefully this time.