WEBVTT
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Okay, aloha everybody.
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And welcome to our special 15 year anniversary presentation
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at 15 years of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.
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So before we get started
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just a couple of technical details.
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If you are having problems with your audio,
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please go into the control panel on the right hand side
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and make sure your inputs and outputs are correct
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for whatever speakers your system is using.
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That's generally where people have problems with the audio.
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And if you do have problems with that
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please type into the chat or the question box
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and we will do whatever we can, to help you resolve that.
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So thank you for joining us today
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on this day is our 15 year anniversary
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of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.
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So woo woo happy birthday to us.
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We have a great presentation for you today
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and also go over some of the achievements
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that we've had over the last 15 years.
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But before we really get started
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it's proper in Hawai'i to do a protocol before opening.
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And we have our wonderful Malia Evans
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who will present to you a name song for Papahānaumokuākea
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that was written specifically for the monument
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and she will chant that for us today.
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So I'll turn it over to Malia.
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So aloha kākou, as we celebrate this 15th anniversary
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of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument,
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it is a privilege and an honor for me to chant
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Mele no Papahānaumokuākea to honor this very sacred place.
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So I'm gonna turn off my camera
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and go ahead and do the oli.
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(chant in Hawaiian language)
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He ola no Papahānaumokuākea
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Mahalo Malia that was beautiful as always.
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So that wonderful chant is often also chanted
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before we enter Papahānaumokuākea as a sign of respect,
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as a request for entry among other protocol.
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So one of the things we're really proud of
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in our accomplishments for Papahānaumokuākea is a merging
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bringing nature and culture together as one
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and to incorporate native Hawaiian wisdom, knowledge systems
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and all those different aspects of culture.
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So at this time, I would like to turn it over
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to our deputy secretary...
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(chuckles)
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Why am I forgetting your name, Eric.
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(laughs)
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Deputy Superintendent, Eric Roberts who is going
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to cover some of the accomplishments that we've had
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for the last 15 years as Papahānaumokuākea.
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So you can turn on your webcam, Eric
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and I'll turn it over to you.
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Andy I apologize we're not seeing any slides.
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Thank you Justin.
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Oh you didn't even see the, now you're seeing it.
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Yeah now we do.
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And then, oh, sorry about that.
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All right, that's okay.
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We're all adapting as these things come up.
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Aloha and welcome everyone, I'm Eric Roberts.
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NOAA's Deputy Superintendent
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for Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
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as Andy mentioned, in addition to having
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two amazing speakers lined up today
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we also have the honor of celebrating
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Papahānaumokuākea 15th anniversary
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as a Marine National Monument.
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It was 15 years ago to the day
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that the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
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Marine National Monument was established.
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And one year later it was given its Hawaiian name
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Papahānaumokuākea, a name that truly reflects
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not only the natural significance of this place
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but the cultural significance to Native Hawaiians.
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And for those of you that are asking, what does the name
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Papahānaumokuākea represent.
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Papahānaumoku represents the mother figure
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personified by the earth and Wākea represents
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the father figure personified in the expansive sky.
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The union of these two figures represent the creation
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of the Hawaiian Archipelago.
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Next slide please Andy.
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Papahānaumokuākea stretches 1,350 miles
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Northwest of the main Hawaiian islands
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and remains the world's largest, fully protected area
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at over 580,000 square miles
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made up of numerous islands and atolls.
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It is a home to the endangered green sea turtle.
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I'm sorry, the threatened green sea turtle
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and the endangered Hawaiian monk seal
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as well as 14 million seabirds representing 22 species.
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It is also a place of great importance to Native Hawaiians
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where a number of cultural sites remain to this day.
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And as many of you know,
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it is a place of great historic
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and maritime heritage significance associated with both
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the Battle of Midway and 19th century Commercial whaling.
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Next slide please.
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The care and management
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of these important resources truly takes a village,
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I'd like to recognize and thank our co-managers
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from the State of Hawaiʻi,US Fish and Wildlife Service,NOAA
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and the Office of Hawaiian Affairs.
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Next slide please.
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I'd also like to point out
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that although we're celebrating the 15th anniversary
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of Papahānaumokuākea as a Marine National Monument,
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various levels of protection
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for the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
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has existed for over 118 years
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and involves specific actions of six US presidents.
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Next slide please.
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So what have we achieved over last 15 plus years?
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Here's just a few examples of those accomplishments.
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One of our accomplishments was the launch of Big Ocean
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a community, a large scale Marine protected areas
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that began with six initial sites in 2010.
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And today there are over 33 sites from 16 countries
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protecting nearly 5% of the world's ocean.
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Next slide.
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Since 1996, NOAA and a number of important partners
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including the State of Hawaiʻi,
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US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Coast Guard
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and the non-profit Papahānaumokuākea Marine Debris Project
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have collectively removed over 2 million pounds
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of marine debris.
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Debris that not only impacted the landscape
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of this amazing place,
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but remained a serious threat to living resources
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including corals, Hawaiian monk seals,
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sea turtles and birds.
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Next slide.
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And here's a great example of what our NOAA fisheries staff
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and partners have done to protect the endangered
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ʻĪlio-holo-i-ka-uaua the Hawaiian monk seal.
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After decades of population decline, today the species
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is seeing an average growth rate of about 2% annually
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with an estimated 1100 seals in Papahānaumokuākea.
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Next slide.
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Ulūlu the Nihoa millerbird is another example of where
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US Fish and Wildlife Service
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and the American Bird Conservancy partnered
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to support the recovery of this endangered species.
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In 2011 and 2012 50 millerbirds were translocated
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from Nihoa to Laysan Island
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to extend the range and survival for this native species.
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Today, there are more than 165 Nihoa millerbirds
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on Laysan Island alone.
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Next slide.
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Another example is the endangered koloa pōhaka
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or Laysan duck.
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In 1911 only 11 ducks were observed on Laysan Island,
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and through the work of the US Fish and Wildlife Service
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there are almost 1100 Laysan ducks in the monument today.
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Next slide.
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And there's a long list of marine discoveries
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that have been made through the work of NOAA
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and our partners,
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including the identification of new species of fishes,
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octopus and algae found nowhere else in the world.
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New seamounts, the world's largest known sponge
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comparable to the size of a minivan
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and some of the largest and oldest
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known corals in the world.
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Not to mention reefs that remain today with 100% endemism
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have been discovered within Papahānaumokuākea.
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Next slide.
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NOAA and partners from the Schmidt Ocean Institute
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and the Ocean Exploration Trust
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have also mapped previously unexplored areas
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of the monument including over 30 seamounts
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that harvest some of the most diverse communities
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of deep sea corals and sponges known to man.
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Next slide.
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And we've located 31 maritime heritage sites
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including nine World War II era shipwrecks,
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five World War II era sunken aircraft,
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five historic whaling shipwrecks
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and the list goes on and on.
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Next slide.
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And Papahānaumokuākea has supported a cultural
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resurgence within the monument
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through the continued access of Native Hawaiians,
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for various cultural and spiritual practices
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that continue to reinforce their kuleana,
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advanced Hawaiian knowledge
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and informed the collective stewardship
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throughout both the Northwestern
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as well as the inhabited Hawaiian Islands.
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Papahānaumokuākea has also supported the revival
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of Polynesian practices for voyaging and wayfinding
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or double hulled sailing canoes,
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where the next generation of apprentice navigators
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continue to train in this ancestral training ground.
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With that I'll stop, I'll say mahalo
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to all once again for joining us today.
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I hope you enjoy the rest of the webinar
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and happy birthday Papahānaumokuākea, thank you.
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Great, thank you Eric.
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There are many, many more accomplishments by ourselves,
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by our partners.
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One of the greatest things about Papahānaumokuākea
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is that we have so many people
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that have been involved over the years.
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All of which feel that they have had a significant role
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within the protections of the place
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and that's exactly what you want in conservation.
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You want everybody to feel involved
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and I feel very fortunate to be part of this project
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and to be one of those people.
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So thank you again for coming today.
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This webinar is part of our Office
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of National Marine Sanctuaries webinar program
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and the National Marine Sanctuary System protects many sites
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across the country in the Pacific, in the south Pacific.
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So you could see on this map, we have numerous sites
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and we even have a new site in Wisconsin Lake Michigan.
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So that's a great achievement,
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the shipwreck trail on the coast there in Wisconsin
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and our other newer site is Mallows Bay
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in the Potomac River that highlights some of the
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early 1800s wrecks in that channel, in the Potomac River.
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Out here in the Pacific, we have the Hawaiian Islands
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Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary and of course
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our site Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.
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And last but not least,
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we have National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa
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down in the South Pacific
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as well as Rose Atoll Marine National Monument.
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So today our hosts are myself, Andy Collins,
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Malia whom you heard before
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Education and Native Hawaiian Outreach,
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Education Specialist and Justin Umholtz
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and we're your webinar host and handling questions
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and anything else that comes up today.
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We all work at a wonderful facility in Hilo,
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our 20,000 square feet Mokupāpapa discovery center
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on the Bayfront in Hilo.
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And we have wonderful exhibits
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a 3,500 gallon saltwater aquarium.
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And unfortunately we're closed still due to COVID
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but thatʻs looking like we're gonna be reopening
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sometime soon, maybe late summer
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so we hope to see you if you are able to visit us in Hilo.
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But all the sites around
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the National Marine Sanctuary System
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protect incredible biodiversity.
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Many of these sites were designated
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because they are so special and unique.
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They had maritime heritage sites, many shipwrecks
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in these sites, including Papahānaumokuākea
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as we mentioned earlier.
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Some of those are incredibly
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well preserved 18th century whaling vessels
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and a 19th century whaling vessels
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that are in almost pristine condition.
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Also cultural heritage, this is a picture
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from Mokumanamana one of the heiau
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or the sacred sites on that island.
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They also provides shelter and protection
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for many threatened and endangered species
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such as this Hawaiian monk seal and green sea turtle
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enjoying a non COVID moment in the monument.
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And also education, which is primarily what I focus on
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and Justin and Malia we try to share this wonder
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with the next generation.
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And we use a lot of volunteers to do this
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through outreach events, all across the country.
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We also conduct quite a bit of research
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across the National Marine Sanctuary System
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on the flora and fauna and our sites,
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and have documented some very interesting things
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and humpback whales and the patterns where they live,
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where they go to and other things.
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We also monitor these sites for changes over time
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particularly due to climate change
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and other impacts from shoreline development
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to other things that impact the near shore environment.
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And we also protect these resources.
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This is a great picture of a coral restoration project
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that's ongoing in the Florida Keys
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where they outplant corals that are grown in a nursery.
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But in today's day and age, where we're struggling
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with a lot of changes, it's important to have
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these special places where we can reconnect with nature
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and re-understand what nature does for us
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and why it's so important to us.
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And if you want to volunteer please put it in the chat
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and let us know that you're interested.
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Our volunteers are the backbone of our program
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and they support a lot of our education outreach projects.
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But without further ado
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we have a couple of wonderful presenters for you today,
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I'm going to introduce them.
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The first is Enric Sala,
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who is a National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence
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and Founder of Pristine Seas,
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a project that combines exploration, research and media
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to inspire country leaders
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to protect the last wild places in the ocean.
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To date, the Pristine Seas has helped to create
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23 of the largest marine reserves on the planet
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covering an area of 6 million square kilometers.
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Enric earned numerous honors for his work
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including the 2008 World Economic Forum Young Global Leader,
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2013 Explorers Club Lowell Thomas Award,
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2013 Environmental Media Association Hero Award,
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2016 Russian Geographic Society Award
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and the 2018 Heinz Award of Public Policy.
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He's a fellow at the National Royal Geographic Society
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and earned his B.S. in Biology
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from the University of Barcelona
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and a Ph.D. in Ecology
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from Aix-Marseille University in France,
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sorry for butchering that.
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Alan Friedlander, who I've known for over 20 some old years
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has been involved with Papahānaumokuākea
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through that entire time.
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And over the past 35 years,
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he spent greater than 10,000 hours underwater
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from coral reefs to poles
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and the depths for 1000s of meters.
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He's Chief Scientist
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for the National Geographic Pristine Seas Program
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and a researcher at the University of Hawaiʻi
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His expertise to marine, ecology, fisheries and conservation
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and his work on a marine protected area
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ranges from small local community managed areas
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to some of the largest protected areas on the planet.
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Alan is a Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society
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and Fellow of the Explorers Club.
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He received his PhD from the University of Hawai'i
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and was the National Research Council
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Postdoctorate Associate at NOAA in Monterey, California.
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So without further ado,
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gentlemen you can turn on your webcams and unmute yourself
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and I will turn the presenter over to you, Alan,
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for you to share your presentation.
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Thank you so much Andy for the introduction.
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First of all, congratulations to all who were involved
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in the creation of
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Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Sanctuary,
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including my friend here, Alan Friedlander.
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And thank you to all of you
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who have been doing the more difficult part
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which is managing it
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and ensuring that the sanctuary continues strong
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but also congratulations on the extraordinary recovery
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of the endangered species that Eric showed us before.
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Really you are heroes of the planet.
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So thank you very much the world is in your that.
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And also thank you for inviting us
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to be part of your celebration today.
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So Alan and I are going to talk about the ocean
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and how much of the ocean we need to protect and why?
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So I'll start with a global picture and then Alan will focus
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mostly on the Hawaiian Archipelago.
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So let's start with reminding ourselves
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what the ocean does for us.
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And there are many things that we have been for the ocean.
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The first one is produced just by the water,
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forget about marine life for a second.
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It is marine water that has prevented
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the earth to be like Venus.
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And let me explain that
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during the time since the first industrial revolution
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our activities have really so much extra heat
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on our planet that the ocean has absorbed 90% of that heat,
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90% of all the heat produced from our activities
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since the industrial revolution.
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The goals of the Paris Climate Agreement
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is not to exceed two degrees Celsius
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above pre-industrial levels.
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Well, if that extra heat had not been absorbed by the ocean
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the temperature here where we are now at sea level
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will not be two degrees Celsius,
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Ii will be 36 degrees Celsius higher.
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So we need to thank the ocean just for that
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just for making earth inhabitable under our pressure.
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But then when we think about life at the ocean,
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Marine life in the ocean provides all of the conditions
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that we need to survive on this planet.
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For example, oxygen, most of the oxygen in the atmosphere
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has been produced by bacteria and microscopic algae
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in the ocean over many millions of years.
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And today the ocean produces over half of the oxygen
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that we breathe, but also the ocean produces food
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and the main source of animal protein
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for over a billion and a half people around the world
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and livelihoods for hundreds of millions of people
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and that also in addition to the food security
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and income for local communities provides the ocean life
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like coral reef or a mangrove forest for example,
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provide protection from the destructive power
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of storms that have become more intense
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because of climate change.
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And that ocean biodiversity also provides
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countless opportunities for medicine.
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And so everything we need to survive is provided
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by the work of other species,
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many of which live in the ocean.
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However, we have treated the ocean like garbage.
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I know we have thrown everything that we don't want in it
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but also we have taken out so much.
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We have taken fish out of the ocean faster
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than they can reproduce and today actually
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90% of the large fish in the ocean
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Tuna, sharks, are gone
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because of our fishing.
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And also over three quarters of the populations
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of fish and invertebrates that are exploited commercially
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are over-fished meaning we are taking them
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out of the water faster than they can reproduce.
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So we are conducting all of these activities
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where we are threatening the ocean
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threatening our life support system.
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Now, what are the solutions?
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And there are multiple solutions to this problem.
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But if we think about the three main problems,
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climate change, pollution and fishing.
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Now for climate change, of course
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we need to go to carbon neutrality.
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We need to reduce our carbon emissions,
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replace fossil fuels with renewable energies
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but at the same time, we'll need to draw down
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much of the carbon pollution in the atmosphere
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much of the excess carbon that we have released
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expelled into the atmosphere.
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And we cannot fabricate,
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we cannot create a technology to do that
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but nature has this technology.
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It's called trees, forest, wetlands, mangroves, peatlands,
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but also kelp forest and healthy ocean ecosystems.
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So we do need the help from nature, from the ocean
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to be able to draw down
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to check how much of the carbon pollution
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that we have expelling to the atmosphere.
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The problem is that today's ecosystems
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have been so degraded by our activities
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and we are releasing so much carbon into the atmosphere
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the nature and the ocean cannot absorb our impact anymore.
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So while we fix the issue of carbon emissions
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through technology, innovation, energy, efficiency
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and regulation, at the same time
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we need to protect whatever wild is left
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and also restore much of our degraded land and oceans.
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And there's one thing that we can do in the ocean
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that we can start today and have an impact tomorrow
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and help us buy time,
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which is restoring marine life through protection.
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Papahānaumokuākea is a great example
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of what happens when an area is protected.
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And we have seen the example of the benefits
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of protected areas around the world.
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And for many people have not seen what happens
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when you protect an area.
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So I like to show a couple of photographs
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about the place called Cabo Pulmo in Mexico.
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Cabo Pulmo is this little village
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on the coast of Baja California, Mexico.
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I started doing a research there in the mid '90s
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and in the mid '90s, the local fishermen were so upset
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with not having enough fish to catch
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that instead of doing what people will do
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which is going after the few fish left
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they decided to stop fishing completely.
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So they asked the Mexican government to create
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a national park in the sea a no-take marine reserve
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covering 70 square kilometers over the coast.
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As you can see in the late '90s,
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right after the national park was created,
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there was no life there.
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You can see a couple of damsel fish on the background
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but the place was kind of mediocre.
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There was nothing there that made it stand out.
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But when we return 10 years later, everything had changed.
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And so this is the same place.
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10 years later is the same place
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we saw it come back to Pristine in only 10 years.
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The abundance the biomass of fish
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increased almost five times in those 10 years.
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And we saw the return of the large predators
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the fish that we thought were gone
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like these groupers and the sharks and jacks.
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And you know who else is thriving now,
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those visionary fishermen, who are making far more money
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from diving tourism inside the park
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and better fisheries around.
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And because of what we have seen all over the world
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is what happened when you fully protect an area.
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Next please.
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When we fully protect an area from fishing
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and all the damaging activities
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we see on average an increase in the biomass of fish
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in the tons of fish per hectare of 600% on average,
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while protected areas that allow commercial fishing
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are not even able to double the biomass on average.
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And in many cases, there is no difference
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between the protected areas that are partially protected
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and the unprotected areas nearby,
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actually a new study from Australia shows that
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the marine protected areas that allow commercial fishing
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have no social or economic benefits,
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they are not different from unprotected areas.
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And we have seen these on our studies also
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in the Seychelles Archipelago
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Alan's work in the Hawaiian Islands that are cases like this
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and the Sea of Cortez in Mexico,
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in the Caribbean, in the Mediterranean.
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So if we want to restore marine biodiversity,
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fisheries management, will not do it.
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Doing less bad is not good enough
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if we really want to restore marine life,
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the most cost-effective solution is fully protected areas
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where all extractive damaging activities are banned.
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00:27:39.520 --> 00:27:41.933
And in these areas, the physical more abandoned
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00:27:41.933 --> 00:27:43.330
but also become larger.
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00:27:43.330 --> 00:27:45.120
And because of question of physics
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00:27:45.120 --> 00:27:48.120
when the fish increase in length in one dimension,
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they increase in volume in three dimensions,
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which means that they produce a disproportionally
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larger number of X, the larger females.
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If we let the larger females become large
526
00:27:58.310 --> 00:28:01.260
they produce so many more eggs and larvae
527
00:28:01.260 --> 00:28:04.250
which together with the spillover of adult fish
528
00:28:04.250 --> 00:28:06.570
help to replenish the areas around.
529
00:28:06.570 --> 00:28:10.430
And we have seen examples from small reserves to large ones
530
00:28:10.430 --> 00:28:13.010
from a small species that don't move like scallops in clams
531
00:28:13.010 --> 00:28:16.320
to species that move thousands of miles like tuna.
532
00:28:16.320 --> 00:28:18.600
And a small reserve in Fiji
533
00:28:18.600 --> 00:28:22.410
the abundance of scallops increased 11 times
534
00:28:23.520 --> 00:28:26.330
inside the reserve and seven times outside the reserve
535
00:28:26.330 --> 00:28:28.260
in only three years because of the spillover.
536
00:28:28.260 --> 00:28:32.020
In the Mediterranean lobsters which move just very little,
537
00:28:32.020 --> 00:28:36.410
have increased the abundance of lobsters in the catch
538
00:28:36.410 --> 00:28:38.540
around a no-take area
539
00:28:38.540 --> 00:28:41.130
and same thing that has happened in Southern California,
540
00:28:41.130 --> 00:28:44.050
where 35% of the fishing grounds
541
00:28:44.050 --> 00:28:46.423
have been closed to lobster fishing.
542
00:28:48.459 --> 00:28:50.760
The commercial catch around these no-take areas
543
00:28:50.760 --> 00:28:53.340
has increased to 225%.
544
00:28:53.340 --> 00:28:56.350
Whereas in areas without no take marine reserves
545
00:28:56.350 --> 00:28:58.900
the lobster catch continues declining.
546
00:28:58.900 --> 00:29:03.780
So these areas not only have an effect in the recovery
547
00:29:03.780 --> 00:29:05.487
of marine biodiversity within their boundary
548
00:29:05.487 --> 00:29:08.143
but also they have benefits around their boundaries.
549
00:29:09.557 --> 00:29:12.890
And also we have found that the ocean,
550
00:29:12.890 --> 00:29:16.490
marine life can also be provide resilience
551
00:29:16.490 --> 00:29:17.980
to climate change.
552
00:29:17.980 --> 00:29:19.940
Alan and I have been in coral reefs
553
00:29:19.940 --> 00:29:22.915
in the middle of the Pacific that are uninhabited
554
00:29:22.915 --> 00:29:26.175
and fully protected with large abundance of fish
555
00:29:26.175 --> 00:29:29.780
and those reefs suffered during only a years
556
00:29:29.780 --> 00:29:32.480
especially during the last massive warming event
557
00:29:32.480 --> 00:29:35.470
that affected the entire Pacific Ocean in 2016.
558
00:29:35.470 --> 00:29:37.140
And we have seen what happens in reefs
559
00:29:37.140 --> 00:29:38.860
that are not protected,
560
00:29:38.860 --> 00:29:42.623
where the biomass the abundance of large fish declines,
561
00:29:43.560 --> 00:29:45.400
in this reef the coral died.
562
00:29:45.400 --> 00:29:48.190
They were overgrown by sea weed or slime
563
00:29:48.190 --> 00:29:49.510
and they haven't come back.
564
00:29:49.510 --> 00:29:52.610
But in places where we have the entire ecosystem,
565
00:29:52.610 --> 00:29:54.810
the entire biodiversity, all of the species,
566
00:29:54.810 --> 00:29:57.900
large animals including the parrotfish and the surgeonfish
567
00:29:57.900 --> 00:29:59.150
that eat the algae.
568
00:29:59.150 --> 00:30:01.580
They have kept the reef clean
569
00:30:01.580 --> 00:30:04.520
allowing for the recovery of the coral.
570
00:30:04.520 --> 00:30:06.267
So in these protected places
571
00:30:06.267 --> 00:30:08.453
that have these large abundance of fish,
572
00:30:08.453 --> 00:30:09.903
that corals are coming back.
573
00:30:10.750 --> 00:30:13.810
But not only protected areas can provide resilience
574
00:30:13.810 --> 00:30:15.700
the global warming, but also reducing our activities
575
00:30:15.700 --> 00:30:18.400
can help mitigate climate change.
576
00:30:18.400 --> 00:30:23.398
And the next one please Alan, so and our recent research
577
00:30:23.398 --> 00:30:25.780
that we published a couple months ago,
578
00:30:25.780 --> 00:30:30.480
we found that the effect of bottom trolling on the bottom
579
00:30:31.460 --> 00:30:35.740
of the ocean, the sea floor, and these huge and heavy nets
580
00:30:35.740 --> 00:30:38.240
disturb a lot the sediment on the sea floor
581
00:30:38.240 --> 00:30:39.440
and the sea floor is the largest
582
00:30:39.440 --> 00:30:41.320
carbon store house on the planet.
583
00:30:41.320 --> 00:30:44.410
The top meter of the sea floor contains twice more carbon
584
00:30:44.410 --> 00:30:46.740
than all the soils of the land
585
00:30:46.740 --> 00:30:48.620
which would be great we'll think why
586
00:30:48.620 --> 00:30:50.700
the ocean stored more carbon than we thought, great.
587
00:30:50.700 --> 00:30:53.700
The problem is that today bottom trolling and dredging
588
00:30:53.700 --> 00:30:57.150
in the future maybe marine mining
589
00:30:57.150 --> 00:30:58.970
disturbs a lot of the carbon.
590
00:30:58.970 --> 00:31:00.810
And when that carbon is available,
591
00:31:00.810 --> 00:31:03.740
it remineralizes, it turns into carbon dioxide,
592
00:31:03.740 --> 00:31:06.430
which is a greenhouse gas that even the atmosphere
593
00:31:06.430 --> 00:31:07.680
will be there for a 1000 years
594
00:31:07.680 --> 00:31:09.667
contributing to the warming of the planet.
595
00:31:09.667 --> 00:31:12.760
So we estimated that bottom trolling
596
00:31:12.760 --> 00:31:14.640
turns much of this carbon into CO2
597
00:31:15.820 --> 00:31:19.130
at a volume that is larger than the global emissions
598
00:31:19.130 --> 00:31:20.993
of aviation every year.
599
00:31:22.070 --> 00:31:25.180
So if we protected carbon rich areas
600
00:31:25.180 --> 00:31:26.990
and reduce bottom trolling also,
601
00:31:26.990 --> 00:31:30.190
we would be avoiding carbon emissions
602
00:31:30.190 --> 00:31:32.771
that are very significant at the global level
603
00:31:32.771 --> 00:31:35.508
and also help to mitigate climate change.
604
00:31:35.508 --> 00:31:40.508
And so I have been very lucky to work with Alan since 2005
605
00:31:41.080 --> 00:31:43.760
when we did our first scientific expedition
606
00:31:43.760 --> 00:31:45.510
to the Northern Line Islands.
607
00:31:45.510 --> 00:31:47.590
And for the last 12 years, we have been working
608
00:31:47.590 --> 00:31:51.760
on our Pristine Seas Project and National Geographic
609
00:31:51.760 --> 00:31:56.090
where we have visited over 30 of the most wonderful
610
00:31:56.090 --> 00:31:59.200
and wild places around the ocean.
611
00:31:59.200 --> 00:32:03.583
And thanks to Alan and our fantastic science team
612
00:32:03.583 --> 00:32:05.660
with a bunch of scientific publications
613
00:32:05.660 --> 00:32:10.660
also documentary films, and working with local communities,
614
00:32:10.660 --> 00:32:12.630
indigenous peoples and governments.
615
00:32:12.630 --> 00:32:17.030
We have helped protect like I was mentioning before
616
00:32:17.030 --> 00:32:18.634
we have helped to protect
617
00:32:18.634 --> 00:32:21.960
23 largest Marine reserves in the world covering
618
00:32:21.960 --> 00:32:24.780
an area over half the size of the United States.
619
00:32:24.780 --> 00:32:27.620
This is great, but it is not enough because today
620
00:32:27.620 --> 00:32:31.240
only 7% of the ocean is in marine protected areas
621
00:32:31.240 --> 00:32:36.050
but less than 3% of the ocean is in this fully
622
00:32:36.050 --> 00:32:40.570
or highly protected areas that ban extractive activities.
623
00:32:40.570 --> 00:32:42.990
Only less than 3% of the ocean
624
00:32:42.990 --> 00:32:45.410
is in areas that actually would allow
625
00:32:45.410 --> 00:32:47.080
for marine biodiversity to recover
626
00:32:47.080 --> 00:32:49.450
and help regenerate the rest of the ocean.
627
00:32:49.450 --> 00:32:51.280
And the science is very clear.
628
00:32:51.280 --> 00:32:56.280
We need at least 30% of the ocean protected strategically
629
00:32:56.810 --> 00:33:00.960
the right places fully protected by 2030,
630
00:33:00.960 --> 00:33:03.030
if we are to prevent extinctions
631
00:33:03.030 --> 00:33:06.080
to prevent the continued collapse of marine ecosystems
632
00:33:06.080 --> 00:33:08.170
and the collapse of our life support system,
633
00:33:08.170 --> 00:33:11.440
if we are to help replenish the ocean
634
00:33:11.440 --> 00:33:12.920
and increase the catch of fisheries
635
00:33:12.920 --> 00:33:15.200
to increase food security instead of continuing
636
00:33:15.200 --> 00:33:17.630
the ongoing depletion, the ongoing collapse
637
00:33:17.630 --> 00:33:18.900
of fish species around the world
638
00:33:18.900 --> 00:33:21.496
but also to help us mitigate climate change
639
00:33:21.496 --> 00:33:22.900
because it will be impossible,
640
00:33:22.900 --> 00:33:25.120
it will be impossible to achieve the goals
641
00:33:25.120 --> 00:33:26.500
of the Paris Climate Agreement
642
00:33:26.500 --> 00:33:28.720
unless we protect the wild that is left
643
00:33:28.720 --> 00:33:32.685
and restore much of our degraded land and ocean.
644
00:33:32.685 --> 00:33:37.000
And I will pass it now to Alan, thank you.
645
00:33:40.777 --> 00:33:45.777
Great, thank you Enric, so yes you set it up well.
646
00:33:46.700 --> 00:33:50.023
And what I'd like to talk about now is,
647
00:33:51.180 --> 00:33:55.210
how we can look at what Enric talked about
648
00:33:55.210 --> 00:33:57.360
at the large scale and give some case studies
649
00:33:57.360 --> 00:34:00.190
of what we've learned from these last wild places
650
00:34:00.190 --> 00:34:02.430
and what we've learned by better management.
651
00:34:02.430 --> 00:34:04.790
And the first thing is that,
652
00:34:04.790 --> 00:34:09.380
marine ecosystems exists on a continuum from being remote
653
00:34:09.380 --> 00:34:12.610
and highly protected places that we've got to work
654
00:34:12.610 --> 00:34:15.520
over the last decade or so with Pristine Seas
655
00:34:15.520 --> 00:34:18.780
to places that have been moderately impacted
656
00:34:18.780 --> 00:34:21.380
to places where the wheels have pretty much come off.
657
00:34:21.380 --> 00:34:26.380
So extensive exploitation, coastal development,
658
00:34:27.010 --> 00:34:31.520
pollution led to Marine ecosystems that don't have
659
00:34:31.520 --> 00:34:33.450
the same benefits and functions
660
00:34:33.450 --> 00:34:35.920
that Enric talked about at very beginning.
661
00:34:35.920 --> 00:34:39.460
So we need to figure out where we are on this continuum
662
00:34:39.460 --> 00:34:42.680
so that we can figure out the best way to manage resources
663
00:34:42.680 --> 00:34:43.900
where there are people,
664
00:34:43.900 --> 00:34:45.770
where there's a modest number of people
665
00:34:45.770 --> 00:34:48.113
and where we have huge human impacts.
666
00:34:50.300 --> 00:34:53.580
And natural systems actually are dominated
667
00:34:53.580 --> 00:34:55.200
by large predators.
668
00:34:55.200 --> 00:34:56.760
Unfortunately, these are the first things
669
00:34:56.760 --> 00:34:58.340
that go from any ecosystem.
670
00:34:58.340 --> 00:35:00.650
I think this is one of my favorite places in the world
671
00:35:00.650 --> 00:35:04.340
Caroline Atoll in the Southern Line Islands of Kiribati.
672
00:35:04.340 --> 00:35:07.120
And this is what a natural occurring
673
00:35:07.120 --> 00:35:09.000
ecosystem should look like.
674
00:35:09.000 --> 00:35:13.670
A vibrant reefs, healthy ecosystem with everything intact.
675
00:35:13.670 --> 00:35:16.370
Yet most of the research that we do
676
00:35:16.370 --> 00:35:19.190
is around ecosystems that are heavily degraded.
677
00:35:19.190 --> 00:35:22.910
So we don't fully understand how these ecosystems function
678
00:35:22.910 --> 00:35:27.100
and we need these natural baselines so that we not only know
679
00:35:27.100 --> 00:35:29.390
how the natural systems function
680
00:35:29.390 --> 00:35:31.480
but know what we've lost
681
00:35:31.480 --> 00:35:36.400
and how we can try to replenish and rejuvenate those places
682
00:35:36.400 --> 00:35:40.544
so they can provide all the benefits that we need as people.
683
00:35:40.544 --> 00:35:43.433
So, first of all, happy anniversary to Papahānaumokuākea,
684
00:35:45.880 --> 00:35:48.050
it stretches for 2000 kilometers
685
00:35:48.050 --> 00:35:53.050
from the populated main Hawaiian Islands to Kure Atoll.
686
00:35:53.090 --> 00:35:56.140
And it represents one of the largest intact
687
00:35:56.140 --> 00:35:58.300
marine ecosystems on the planet.
688
00:35:58.300 --> 00:36:00.800
I started working up in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
689
00:36:00.800 --> 00:36:04.430
in the 1990s, I was one of the original members
690
00:36:04.430 --> 00:36:06.470
of the Northwestern Hawaiian Island
691
00:36:06.470 --> 00:36:09.058
Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve Council.
692
00:36:09.058 --> 00:36:14.010
And over the past 20 years, I've seen Papahānaumokuākea
693
00:36:14.010 --> 00:36:18.690
grow from a bold idea to one of the most successful
694
00:36:18.690 --> 00:36:21.793
and important marine conservation areas on earth.
695
00:36:22.760 --> 00:36:25.587
And lots of efforts have been done by NOAA,
696
00:36:25.587 --> 00:36:27.400
the US Fish and Wildlife Service,
697
00:36:27.400 --> 00:36:30.160
Office of Hawaiian Affairs, the State of Hawai'i
698
00:36:30.160 --> 00:36:32.530
and others to help understand
699
00:36:32.530 --> 00:36:35.030
and manage this incredibly unique
700
00:36:35.030 --> 00:36:36.973
and irreplaceable ecosystem.
701
00:36:38.980 --> 00:36:41.030
The first thing you notice when you jump in the water
702
00:36:41.030 --> 00:36:42.380
in the Northwest Hawaiian Island
703
00:36:42.380 --> 00:36:45.830
is you are definitely not at the top of the food chain.
704
00:36:45.830 --> 00:36:48.980
This is what the natural system looks like.
705
00:36:48.980 --> 00:36:52.470
Whether you're surrounded by dozens of Galapagos shark
706
00:36:52.470 --> 00:36:55.810
or the 100 ulua or trevally jacks
707
00:36:55.810 --> 00:36:58.263
that come in and move the sharks out.
708
00:36:59.490 --> 00:37:00.900
The Native Hawaiian monk seals
709
00:37:00.900 --> 00:37:03.170
one of the most endangered pinnipeds
710
00:37:03.170 --> 00:37:06.400
on the planet yet is showing signs of recovery.
711
00:37:06.400 --> 00:37:09.850
They hunt synergistically with the giant trevally
712
00:37:09.850 --> 00:37:14.050
and you see how the entire ecosystem kind of fits together
713
00:37:14.050 --> 00:37:18.410
and functions with this dominance of large predators.
714
00:37:18.410 --> 00:37:22.447
That's fairly unprecedented and fairly unknown until some
715
00:37:22.447 --> 00:37:25.723
of the first work done in Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.
716
00:37:26.930 --> 00:37:30.380
So some of our early work was with kind of groundbreaking
717
00:37:30.380 --> 00:37:32.150
in a number of respects.
718
00:37:32.150 --> 00:37:34.500
We've got this great natural experiment here
719
00:37:34.500 --> 00:37:37.140
where we've got uninhabited islands that stretch
720
00:37:37.140 --> 00:37:39.170
for several 1000 kilometers
721
00:37:39.170 --> 00:37:41.120
and populated main Hawaiian Islands
722
00:37:41.120 --> 00:37:43.633
all in the same bioregion.
723
00:37:44.850 --> 00:37:46.590
What we first found was
724
00:37:46.590 --> 00:37:49.440
that you can have more predators than prey in the ecosystem.
725
00:37:49.440 --> 00:37:51.050
The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
726
00:37:51.050 --> 00:37:54.180
is dominated by large predator sharks and jack's
727
00:37:54.180 --> 00:37:56.593
account for more than half of the biomass
728
00:37:56.593 --> 00:37:58.900
that we see on the reefs.
729
00:37:58.900 --> 00:38:00.350
So how's that possible?
730
00:38:00.350 --> 00:38:02.170
It's possible because they cause
731
00:38:02.170 --> 00:38:06.920
all the other ecosystem components to turn over much faster
732
00:38:06.920 --> 00:38:09.590
fish basically live fast and die young.
733
00:38:09.590 --> 00:38:11.310
If you're not a predator species
734
00:38:11.310 --> 00:38:13.190
in the Northwestern Hawaiian Island.
735
00:38:13.190 --> 00:38:17.243
And this leads to a greater resilience of the ecosystem,
736
00:38:19.763 --> 00:38:22.680
it can absorb impacts, bleaching events,
737
00:38:22.680 --> 00:38:24.690
storms and things like that.
738
00:38:24.690 --> 00:38:27.790
But it really shows how this inverted biomass pyramid
739
00:38:27.790 --> 00:38:30.180
is really the natural state.
740
00:38:30.180 --> 00:38:33.150
That this figure those bubbles are proportional,
741
00:38:33.150 --> 00:38:37.090
so what it also shows is the overall biomass
742
00:38:37.090 --> 00:38:38.930
in the Northwestern Hawaiian islands
743
00:38:38.930 --> 00:38:40.350
compared to the main Hawaiian islands
744
00:38:40.350 --> 00:38:43.010
is three to four times greater.
745
00:38:43.010 --> 00:38:47.250
But what's more amazing is that only 3%
746
00:38:47.250 --> 00:38:48.830
of the biomass and main Hawaiian Island
747
00:38:48.830 --> 00:38:51.200
consists of large predators, sharks and jacks.
748
00:38:51.200 --> 00:38:54.170
Basically these species had been extirpated
749
00:38:54.170 --> 00:38:56.250
from the ecosystem and the main Hawaiian Islands
750
00:38:56.250 --> 00:39:00.370
and that results in an ecosystem that's less intact
751
00:39:00.370 --> 00:39:04.050
and less functional and less resilient to impact
752
00:39:04.050 --> 00:39:08.290
such as climate change and other types of perturbations.
753
00:39:08.290 --> 00:39:10.240
So this was pretty groundbreaking at the time
754
00:39:10.240 --> 00:39:13.470
but we've seen this repeated over and over again.
755
00:39:13.470 --> 00:39:16.020
When we look at natural systems around the world
756
00:39:16.020 --> 00:39:17.670
through our Pristine Seas project
757
00:39:21.581 --> 00:39:24.430
I will turn it over to Malia now I think.
758
00:39:24.430 --> 00:39:26.760
Yeah so, all right friends
759
00:39:26.760 --> 00:39:31.560
we have our first poll question, gonna launch that poll.
760
00:39:31.560 --> 00:39:33.170
So our question is,
761
00:39:33.170 --> 00:39:37.490
why are top predators important to marine ecosystems?
762
00:39:37.490 --> 00:39:40.670
So if you are in full screen mode, you'll wanna pop out
763
00:39:40.670 --> 00:39:44.333
using your control panel and go ahead and vote.
764
00:39:45.210 --> 00:39:47.890
So we have answers, maintain the balance
765
00:39:47.890 --> 00:39:50.040
of the entire ecosystem.
766
00:39:50.040 --> 00:39:53.440
Lead to rapid turnover of prey species.
767
00:39:53.440 --> 00:39:58.170
Weed out weak, dying animals and slow spread of disease.
768
00:39:58.170 --> 00:40:01.190
Increases resilience to climate change.
769
00:40:01.190 --> 00:40:04.070
Or all of the above.
770
00:40:04.070 --> 00:40:07.210
So we have about half of you who have voted.
771
00:40:07.210 --> 00:40:12.210
We'll give you another five seconds to get your vote in.
772
00:40:12.340 --> 00:40:15.300
We'll see how good you've been paying attention.
773
00:40:15.300 --> 00:40:20.300
All right, so 3, 2, 1, I'm gonna close up the poll
774
00:40:20.760 --> 00:40:22.173
and see what we got.
775
00:40:25.650 --> 00:40:29.613
Okay, so Alan, are you able to see our results here?
776
00:40:33.130 --> 00:40:34.612
I am not right now.
777
00:40:34.612 --> 00:40:35.945
(laughs)
778
00:40:35.945 --> 00:40:38.310
Okay so I will share them with you.
779
00:40:38.310 --> 00:40:43.310
So 96% of our audience members said all of the above.
780
00:40:44.360 --> 00:40:46.180
How did our audience do?
781
00:40:46.180 --> 00:40:48.200
Everybody was paying attention.
782
00:40:48.200 --> 00:40:50.010
It was a bit of a softball question,
783
00:40:50.010 --> 00:40:52.120
but I just wanted to highlight
784
00:40:52.120 --> 00:40:54.020
how important these things were.
785
00:40:54.020 --> 00:40:57.363
So I am glad that everybody figured that out.
786
00:41:00.110 --> 00:41:03.520
Okay, am I out of slide mode now?
787
00:41:03.520 --> 00:41:05.250
Oh, there we go, okay.
788
00:41:05.250 --> 00:41:08.670
Yeah, okay so we're back in business.
789
00:41:08.670 --> 00:41:12.638
Now as Enric mentioned earlier marine protected area--
790
00:41:12.638 --> 00:41:17.530
Hey Alan we're just seeing the slide mode.
791
00:41:19.886 --> 00:41:24.886
So you need to pop back into a presentation mode
792
00:41:24.990 --> 00:41:28.369
and get back to your slides, there you go, yeah.
793
00:41:28.369 --> 00:41:30.820
Sorry about that, yep I got a couple things going on here.
794
00:41:30.820 --> 00:41:33.893
All right, so as Enric mentioned,
795
00:41:34.750 --> 00:41:37.440
marine protected areas are essential management tools
796
00:41:37.440 --> 00:41:39.780
not just for conserving biodiversity
797
00:41:39.780 --> 00:41:41.580
but also to enhance fisheries
798
00:41:41.580 --> 00:41:46.580
through adult spill over and enhance reproductive output.
799
00:41:46.980 --> 00:41:48.900
So we look at the main Hawaiian Islands
800
00:41:48.900 --> 00:41:51.569
and we look at the myriad protected areas.
801
00:41:51.569 --> 00:41:54.370
We think we're doing a pretty good job
802
00:41:54.370 --> 00:41:56.090
and there's 80 some areas
803
00:41:56.090 --> 00:41:59.750
within the main Hawaiian Islands that have some form
804
00:41:59.750 --> 00:42:02.680
of Marine protection associated with them.
805
00:42:02.680 --> 00:42:06.220
However, when we look at how well they're protected
806
00:42:06.220 --> 00:42:08.920
it's not as impressive, nearly 90%
807
00:42:08.920 --> 00:42:11.250
of all the main Hawaiian Islands
808
00:42:11.250 --> 00:42:14.670
allow pretty much open access to all fishing.
809
00:42:14.670 --> 00:42:19.090
And another 9% allows various activities to take place.
810
00:42:19.090 --> 00:42:22.440
They have limited protection as Enric showed
811
00:42:22.440 --> 00:42:24.930
limited protection is not that beneficial.
812
00:42:24.930 --> 00:42:28.290
So areas that are fully protected and highly protected
813
00:42:28.290 --> 00:42:30.350
account for a little bit more than 3%
814
00:42:30.350 --> 00:42:32.530
of the main Hawaiian Islands.
815
00:42:32.530 --> 00:42:36.270
And that's just insufficient to get where we need to be.
816
00:42:36.270 --> 00:42:39.110
We're trying to achieve 30% through the governor's
817
00:42:39.110 --> 00:42:43.220
30 by 30 initiative and also globally and nationally.
818
00:42:43.220 --> 00:42:45.870
Those are goals that are being set
819
00:42:45.870 --> 00:42:48.810
to help maintain the oceans balance
820
00:42:48.810 --> 00:42:51.590
and provide all the benefits that we've been talking about.
821
00:42:51.590 --> 00:42:53.410
So we have a long way to go.
822
00:42:53.410 --> 00:42:54.800
We need to be realistic
823
00:42:54.800 --> 00:42:57.490
about what counts and what's being protected
824
00:42:57.490 --> 00:42:59.783
and how much of it is being protected.
825
00:43:01.860 --> 00:43:06.470
As Enric showed at the global scale we see similar results
826
00:43:06.470 --> 00:43:08.840
within the Hawaiian Archipelago,
827
00:43:08.840 --> 00:43:12.500
areas that are highly protected harbor high fish biomass.
828
00:43:12.500 --> 00:43:14.600
In fact, it's twice as high
829
00:43:14.600 --> 00:43:18.270
as we see in areas that have low amounts of protection.
830
00:43:18.270 --> 00:43:21.240
And in fact, areas with low amounts of protection
831
00:43:21.240 --> 00:43:23.350
are pretty much no better
832
00:43:23.350 --> 00:43:26.540
than areas that have complete open access to fishing.
833
00:43:26.540 --> 00:43:29.540
So while some of these areas with low protection
834
00:43:29.540 --> 00:43:34.040
were designed to kind of reduce user conflict
835
00:43:34.040 --> 00:43:36.100
and for various other reasons,
836
00:43:36.100 --> 00:43:39.440
we shouldn't think that they are providing the benefits
837
00:43:39.440 --> 00:43:42.983
that fully and highly protected areas provide.
838
00:43:44.770 --> 00:43:47.790
Okay, so let's switch oceans here for a minute.
839
00:43:47.790 --> 00:43:50.820
And we have a similar setup here in the Seychelles
840
00:43:50.820 --> 00:43:53.970
in the Indian Ocean that we do in the Hawaiian Archipelago
841
00:43:53.970 --> 00:43:55.070
the Northern Islands
842
00:43:55.070 --> 00:43:58.470
of Mahe La Digue, Praslin and Silhouette
843
00:43:58.470 --> 00:44:01.130
have pretty high human population densities.
844
00:44:01.130 --> 00:44:04.280
1000 kilometers to the south of that,
845
00:44:04.280 --> 00:44:07.310
we have islands Aldabra Atoll, Assumption,
846
00:44:07.310 --> 00:44:10.840
Astove, Cosmoledo, these are recently part
847
00:44:10.840 --> 00:44:13.560
of the Aldabra Group Marine National Park
848
00:44:13.560 --> 00:44:17.950
which has just been established 400,000 square kilometers.
849
00:44:17.950 --> 00:44:22.300
And this area is remote.
850
00:44:22.300 --> 00:44:27.180
And what they do is they protect areas that are unique.
851
00:44:27.180 --> 00:44:29.670
We've got the endemic Aldabra tortoise here,
852
00:44:29.670 --> 00:44:31.720
we've got giant groupers.
853
00:44:31.720 --> 00:44:34.840
These areas seem to have been more resilient
854
00:44:34.840 --> 00:44:38.520
to climate change than other areas within the Seychelles.
855
00:44:38.520 --> 00:44:41.180
And they have healthy shark populations
856
00:44:41.180 --> 00:44:44.360
which are not common throughout the rest of the Seychelles
857
00:44:44.360 --> 00:44:47.233
and the rest of the Indian Ocean as well.
858
00:44:48.810 --> 00:44:52.050
And what we see is areas that aren't protected
859
00:44:52.050 --> 00:44:55.170
in the Seychelles have very low fish biomass
860
00:44:55.170 --> 00:44:58.120
those small bars there on the left-hand side of the screen.
861
00:44:59.120 --> 00:45:02.100
Marine protected areas have slightly higher biomass.
862
00:45:02.100 --> 00:45:04.187
And you see a few predators starting
863
00:45:04.187 --> 00:45:06.780
the show up that those red portions
864
00:45:06.780 --> 00:45:09.280
of the stacked bars there represent groupers
865
00:45:09.280 --> 00:45:12.870
and snappers and some of the shark species
866
00:45:12.870 --> 00:45:15.840
and even no-take marine protected areas
867
00:45:15.840 --> 00:45:18.700
while better than areas under no protection
868
00:45:18.700 --> 00:45:21.370
we do see slightly more predators.
869
00:45:21.370 --> 00:45:23.750
They all pale in comparison
870
00:45:23.750 --> 00:45:26.160
to these remote areas that are now part
871
00:45:26.160 --> 00:45:28.540
of the Aldabra Marine National Park.
872
00:45:28.540 --> 00:45:33.060
So an order of magnitude difference in the fish biomass
873
00:45:33.060 --> 00:45:36.760
but more importantly, those large red bars,
874
00:45:36.760 --> 00:45:40.510
the groupers and snappers and sharks are highly abundant
875
00:45:40.510 --> 00:45:43.700
in these remote areas that are now protected.
876
00:45:43.700 --> 00:45:45.670
So why is that the case?
877
00:45:45.670 --> 00:45:48.320
Mainly because most of the marine protected areas
878
00:45:48.320 --> 00:45:52.090
in the Seychelles in Hawai'i and elsewhere around the world
879
00:45:52.090 --> 00:45:55.610
are just too small to have the full compliment of animals
880
00:45:55.610 --> 00:45:57.960
we need to have a healthy ecosystem.
881
00:45:57.960 --> 00:46:01.830
So these big protected areas like Papahānaumokuākea
882
00:46:01.830 --> 00:46:06.160
really are effective because they allow all the species
883
00:46:06.160 --> 00:46:08.640
to thrive within the entire ecosystem
884
00:46:08.640 --> 00:46:11.313
and that's really a key consideration.
885
00:46:12.510 --> 00:46:16.380
Okay, another key aspect of natural ecosystem
886
00:46:16.380 --> 00:46:21.380
is endemism or species with restricted ranges.
887
00:46:21.410 --> 00:46:23.810
This particular photo here from Midway Atoll
888
00:46:23.810 --> 00:46:27.270
from Keoki Stender, shows species that are found only
889
00:46:27.270 --> 00:46:29.220
within the Hawaiian Archipelago,
890
00:46:29.220 --> 00:46:31.040
the morwong the aʻawa
891
00:46:31.040 --> 00:46:34.790
the Bodianus, the big eye, ʻāweoweo.
892
00:46:34.790 --> 00:46:37.290
These species are found nowhere else on earth
893
00:46:37.290 --> 00:46:39.180
and they're irreplaceable.
894
00:46:39.180 --> 00:46:43.680
And so it really highlights the importance of these species
895
00:46:43.680 --> 00:46:47.250
and these places for biodiversity conservation
896
00:46:47.250 --> 00:46:48.720
because they're found nowhere else
897
00:46:48.720 --> 00:46:52.010
and that genetic diversity is lost
898
00:46:52.010 --> 00:46:54.133
if those species would go extinct.
899
00:46:55.640 --> 00:46:59.170
Some recent work we just finished highlights
900
00:46:59.170 --> 00:47:01.990
the important of endemism in the Hawaiian Archipelago,
901
00:47:01.990 --> 00:47:04.150
but also the importance
902
00:47:04.150 --> 00:47:06.080
of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
903
00:47:06.080 --> 00:47:10.830
particularly Papahānaumokuākea for endemic species.
904
00:47:10.830 --> 00:47:13.100
If you look at those four bar graphs there
905
00:47:13.100 --> 00:47:18.100
on the X axis, it represents species range distributions
906
00:47:18.690 --> 00:47:21.310
and the red bar is species that are endemic.
907
00:47:21.310 --> 00:47:25.140
So species found only within the Hawaiian Archipelago
908
00:47:25.140 --> 00:47:28.220
as you move further away from one to nine.
909
00:47:28.220 --> 00:47:31.110
These are species with broader distributions
910
00:47:31.110 --> 00:47:33.080
throughout the Pacific.
911
00:47:33.080 --> 00:47:37.090
At the three Northern Atolls, Kure, Midway, Pearl and Hermes
912
00:47:37.090 --> 00:47:40.480
we see almost 80% of the individuals
913
00:47:40.480 --> 00:47:43.870
that we see on the reef are found nowhere else on earth
914
00:47:43.870 --> 00:47:45.980
except the Hawaiian Archipelago.
915
00:47:45.980 --> 00:47:47.690
As you move down the chain,
916
00:47:47.690 --> 00:47:50.450
you see that endemics are still important
917
00:47:50.450 --> 00:47:51.810
in the middle part of the chain,
918
00:47:51.810 --> 00:47:54.630
between Lisianski and French Frigate Shoals,
919
00:47:54.630 --> 00:47:58.120
over 50% of the individuals you see there
920
00:47:58.120 --> 00:47:59.960
are found nowhere else on earth.
921
00:47:59.960 --> 00:48:01.647
And then we move into the main Hawaiian Islands
922
00:48:01.647 --> 00:48:05.040
and particularly around the islands of Kaho'oleve
923
00:48:05.040 --> 00:48:07.120
and Hawai'i Island,
924
00:48:07.120 --> 00:48:09.910
where endemics are not nearly as important
925
00:48:09.910 --> 00:48:13.040
as they are in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.
926
00:48:13.040 --> 00:48:17.430
And these breaks of endemism line up really closely
927
00:48:17.430 --> 00:48:19.910
with breaks that researchers
928
00:48:19.910 --> 00:48:21.390
at the Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology,
929
00:48:21.390 --> 00:48:24.320
Rob Toonen and others have shown for genetic
930
00:48:24.320 --> 00:48:26.860
diversity throughout the Hawaiian Archipelago.
931
00:48:26.860 --> 00:48:29.306
And it really is important for considering
932
00:48:29.306 --> 00:48:33.070
ecological function within this large Archipelago
933
00:48:33.070 --> 00:48:36.380
but also how best to manage this large Archipelago.
934
00:48:36.380 --> 00:48:39.010
Since we see the distribution of endemics
935
00:48:39.010 --> 00:48:40.970
is not uniformly distributed.
936
00:48:40.970 --> 00:48:44.770
So considering endemism is also another important
937
00:48:44.770 --> 00:48:47.350
consideration when thinking about Marine conservation
938
00:48:47.350 --> 00:48:51.063
because of its important biodiversity implications.
939
00:48:52.800 --> 00:48:56.477
Some work by Randy Kosaki at NOAA
940
00:48:56.477 --> 00:48:59.170
and others have shown that Kure Atoll
941
00:48:59.170 --> 00:49:03.150
the most Northern Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
942
00:49:03.150 --> 00:49:05.640
they found a 100% endemism on mesophotic reef.
943
00:49:06.805 --> 00:49:09.360
So mesophotic reef are deeper water reefs
944
00:49:09.360 --> 00:49:12.410
between about 50 and 80 meters
945
00:49:12.410 --> 00:49:15.660
where only a little bit of light penetrates.
946
00:49:15.660 --> 00:49:19.000
And these mesophotic reef are becoming very important
947
00:49:19.000 --> 00:49:23.050
as of late, because they seem to be a refuge
948
00:49:23.050 --> 00:49:25.620
for climate change, but they also harbor
949
00:49:25.620 --> 00:49:28.750
a number of new, unique, unknown species.
950
00:49:28.750 --> 00:49:31.150
They have not been well studied to date
951
00:49:31.150 --> 00:49:33.050
in virtually any ecosystem,
952
00:49:33.050 --> 00:49:35.980
NOAA and others in Papahānaumokuākea
953
00:49:35.980 --> 00:49:37.210
have put a lot of effort
954
00:49:37.210 --> 00:49:39.760
into starting to examine these reefs.
955
00:49:39.760 --> 00:49:43.300
And what they found is new species all the time.
956
00:49:43.300 --> 00:49:47.630
What they found on this one particular reef was that a 100%
957
00:49:47.630 --> 00:49:50.010
of all the individuals that they found
958
00:49:50.010 --> 00:49:52.060
on this deep mesophotic reef
959
00:49:52.060 --> 00:49:53.500
were found nowhere else on earth.
960
00:49:53.500 --> 00:49:55.420
And so that's really important
961
00:49:55.420 --> 00:49:59.470
for biodiversity conservation because obviously that reef
962
00:49:59.470 --> 00:50:01.943
and those species are irreplaceable.
963
00:50:03.700 --> 00:50:06.583
Back to Malia for another question.
964
00:50:08.050 --> 00:50:12.113
Alrighty, so here we have our second poll,
965
00:50:13.250 --> 00:50:17.310
and the question is what are mesophotic reefs?
966
00:50:17.310 --> 00:50:20.850
Your choices, reefs where light does not reach.
967
00:50:20.850 --> 00:50:25.520
Middle light reefs between 30 to 150 meters.
968
00:50:25.520 --> 00:50:28.770
Deep reefs greater 300 meters.
969
00:50:28.770 --> 00:50:31.840
Or shallow reefs where corals dominate.
970
00:50:31.840 --> 00:50:34.790
So go ahead and register your vote.
971
00:50:34.790 --> 00:50:37.800
What are mesophotic reefs?
972
00:50:37.800 --> 00:50:42.210
Here we have about 40% of you have voted.
973
00:50:42.210 --> 00:50:44.630
We'll give it a couple more seconds
974
00:50:44.630 --> 00:50:47.530
for you folks to register your vote.
975
00:50:47.530 --> 00:50:52.463
And I will close it up in about 3, 2, 1.
976
00:50:55.100 --> 00:50:57.100
Alrighty, I'm gonna be closing that poll
977
00:50:58.570 --> 00:51:00.943
and let's share the results with you, Alan.
978
00:51:02.480 --> 00:51:03.963
So here we go.
979
00:51:06.095 --> 00:51:09.520
5% said reefs where light does not reach,
980
00:51:09.520 --> 00:51:12.770
79% of our audience said middle light reefs
981
00:51:12.770 --> 00:51:15.420
between 30 and 150 meters,
982
00:51:15.420 --> 00:51:20.420
11% of our audience at deep reefs greater than 300 meters
983
00:51:21.410 --> 00:51:24.860
and 4% of our audience said shallow reefs
984
00:51:24.860 --> 00:51:29.490
where corals dominate, how'd our audience do Alan?
985
00:51:29.490 --> 00:51:30.323
Not bad,
986
00:51:30.323 --> 00:51:34.730
so the answer is the middle reefs between 30 and 150 meters
987
00:51:34.730 --> 00:51:37.140
that we just sort of starting to understand.
988
00:51:37.140 --> 00:51:39.650
That seems really important for biodiversity
989
00:51:39.650 --> 00:51:41.993
so good work most of you.
990
00:51:44.300 --> 00:51:47.173
And I will keep going then.
991
00:51:48.060 --> 00:51:50.200
So it should be on full screen mode.
992
00:51:50.200 --> 00:51:51.277
And so--
993
00:51:51.277 --> 00:51:52.110
(mumbles)
994
00:51:52.110 --> 00:51:52.943
Great.
995
00:51:53.910 --> 00:51:56.600
So I want to talk about endemism in another region
996
00:51:56.600 --> 00:51:58.943
of the world now off of the coast of Chile.
997
00:52:00.040 --> 00:52:03.960
And recently two large marine protected areas
998
00:52:03.960 --> 00:52:06.830
the Nazca-Desventuradas Marine Park
999
00:52:06.830 --> 00:52:09.360
and the Mar de Juan Fernandez Marine Park
1000
00:52:09.360 --> 00:52:11.900
were recently created by the government of Chile.
1001
00:52:11.900 --> 00:52:16.900
And these are over 800,000 square kilometers of real estate.
1002
00:52:20.200 --> 00:52:21.200
They're unique,
1003
00:52:21.200 --> 00:52:24.170
they're not that far off the Chilean mainland
1004
00:52:24.170 --> 00:52:26.880
yet they look nothing like coastal Chile.
1005
00:52:26.880 --> 00:52:30.240
The Humboldt current moves from Antarctica up north
1006
00:52:30.240 --> 00:52:33.040
and it's a strong biogeographic barrier.
1007
00:52:33.040 --> 00:52:35.780
So you see this species of kelp here
1008
00:52:35.780 --> 00:52:37.610
in the right hand panel,
1009
00:52:37.610 --> 00:52:39.700
which is found nowhere else on earth,
1010
00:52:39.700 --> 00:52:42.000
endemic fishes found nowhere else.
1011
00:52:42.000 --> 00:52:44.470
The endemic Juan Fernandez lobster
1012
00:52:44.470 --> 00:52:47.260
which is an important fishery species to the fishermen
1013
00:52:47.260 --> 00:52:51.030
of Juan Fernandez that I'm holding up grows extremely large.
1014
00:52:51.030 --> 00:52:55.490
And so what this shows and what this shows is that
1015
00:52:55.490 --> 00:52:59.090
endemism resides in a number of different places.
1016
00:52:59.090 --> 00:53:01.830
It can be remote, but it could also be places
1017
00:53:01.830 --> 00:53:05.200
that are just biogeographically and oceanographically
1018
00:53:05.200 --> 00:53:07.460
isolated from other places.
1019
00:53:07.460 --> 00:53:11.230
So despite its proximity to the Chilean mainland
1020
00:53:11.230 --> 00:53:15.060
these two protected areas and the ecosystems here
1021
00:53:15.060 --> 00:53:18.900
look nothing like coastal South America.
1022
00:53:18.900 --> 00:53:20.290
And in fact the fish species
1023
00:53:20.290 --> 00:53:24.090
look nothing like coastal species.
1024
00:53:24.090 --> 00:53:27.000
They look like Indo-Pacific fish for the most part,
1025
00:53:27.000 --> 00:53:31.270
you've got butterfly fish, you have wrasses, anthias.
1026
00:53:31.270 --> 00:53:36.262
And so what we found from our work was that 80% plus
1027
00:53:36.262 --> 00:53:38.490
of all the individuals and species
1028
00:53:38.490 --> 00:53:41.930
that we see on the reef here are found nowhere else on earth
1029
00:53:41.930 --> 00:53:44.420
making them irreplaceable.
1030
00:53:44.420 --> 00:53:47.820
And so, again, another important biodiversity hotspot
1031
00:53:47.820 --> 00:53:52.203
just like Papahānaumokuākea and just highlighting,
1032
00:53:53.350 --> 00:53:55.190
endemic species biodiversity
1033
00:53:55.190 --> 00:53:57.620
is found in a lot of different shapes and forms.
1034
00:53:57.620 --> 00:53:59.740
It's not just about the most,
1035
00:53:59.740 --> 00:54:01.970
the greatest number of species out there,
1036
00:54:01.970 --> 00:54:03.860
but it's also about unique species
1037
00:54:03.860 --> 00:54:06.790
with restricted ranges that are really important
1038
00:54:06.790 --> 00:54:09.200
because of the risk of extinction
1039
00:54:09.200 --> 00:54:11.810
but also because of the genetic diversity
1040
00:54:11.810 --> 00:54:14.770
and all the stories that these species have detail
1041
00:54:14.770 --> 00:54:17.763
and can provide benefits to society.
1042
00:54:19.100 --> 00:54:21.833
And back to Malia for another question.
1043
00:54:23.210 --> 00:54:25.650
Okay, so several of our audience members
1044
00:54:25.650 --> 00:54:28.560
were asking this exact question.
1045
00:54:28.560 --> 00:54:32.000
So what are endemic species?
1046
00:54:32.000 --> 00:54:33.700
Go ahead and register your vote.
1047
00:54:33.700 --> 00:54:35.500
You've got four selections here,
1048
00:54:35.500 --> 00:54:38.490
species that are broadly distributed,
1049
00:54:38.490 --> 00:54:41.610
species with tropical distributions,
1050
00:54:41.610 --> 00:54:45.290
species with restricted geographic ranges,
1051
00:54:45.290 --> 00:54:48.450
or species that mate for life.
1052
00:54:48.450 --> 00:54:49.520
Go ahead, what do you think?
1053
00:54:49.520 --> 00:54:51.883
What are endemic species?
1054
00:54:52.950 --> 00:54:56.380
So we have about almost 60% of you have voted.
1055
00:54:56.380 --> 00:54:59.640
We'll give you a couple more seconds to register your vote
1056
00:55:00.580 --> 00:55:05.580
and it looks like we're gonna go ahead and close that poll
1057
00:55:06.580 --> 00:55:08.423
and share the results.
1058
00:55:09.830 --> 00:55:14.830
So I would say 99% of our audience members went with species
1059
00:55:15.220 --> 00:55:18.870
with restricted geographic ranges, how did they do Alan?
1060
00:55:18.870 --> 00:55:21.430
That is awesome, everyone was paying attention,
1061
00:55:21.430 --> 00:55:22.363
I'm stoked.
1062
00:55:23.800 --> 00:55:25.860
That's an important concept to get across,
1063
00:55:25.860 --> 00:55:27.183
so that's really good.
1064
00:55:28.810 --> 00:55:33.330
Okay, now let's keep moving here.
1065
00:55:33.330 --> 00:55:36.820
And I wanna talk about the US Pacific remote islands
1066
00:55:36.820 --> 00:55:40.530
and Papahānaumokuākea, 'cause these are some of the last
1067
00:55:40.530 --> 00:55:43.010
intact marine ecosystems on earth.
1068
00:55:43.010 --> 00:55:46.500
They account for most of the protection in US waters.
1069
00:55:46.500 --> 00:55:49.850
And they're really jewels in the crown of what
1070
00:55:49.850 --> 00:55:51.600
Pacific biodiversity looks like.
1071
00:55:51.600 --> 00:55:54.090
These are intact ecosystems
1072
00:55:54.090 --> 00:55:58.430
that range from Papahānaumokuākea in the north to Rose Atoll
1073
00:55:58.430 --> 00:56:01.690
in South Pacific, the deepest spots in the ocean
1074
00:56:01.690 --> 00:56:04.180
the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument
1075
00:56:04.180 --> 00:56:06.910
number of places along the equator
1076
00:56:06.910 --> 00:56:10.870
as well as Wake and Johnson, which are incredibly unique
1077
00:56:10.870 --> 00:56:15.530
but they also show us what protection can be like
1078
00:56:15.530 --> 00:56:17.610
if we just expand protection elsewhere
1079
00:56:17.610 --> 00:56:20.410
we've done a really good job of protecting these places
1080
00:56:20.410 --> 00:56:24.470
in the Pacific, our hats off to NOAA Fish and Wildlife
1081
00:56:24.470 --> 00:56:26.410
and the United States in general
1082
00:56:26.410 --> 00:56:29.380
for recognizing the value of these places.
1083
00:56:29.380 --> 00:56:31.950
But we really need to expand protection
1084
00:56:31.950 --> 00:56:35.560
to not just these places, to places that provide benefits
1085
00:56:35.560 --> 00:56:38.340
to people in a lot of different places.
1086
00:56:38.340 --> 00:56:41.290
And like all the other places I've shown,
1087
00:56:41.290 --> 00:56:43.930
they're dominated by large predators.
1088
00:56:43.930 --> 00:56:47.870
They have healthy coral reef ecosystems that are luxurious
1089
00:56:47.870 --> 00:56:52.000
and they seem to survive past bleaching events.
1090
00:56:52.000 --> 00:56:54.940
When ocean temperature has warmed in the past,
1091
00:56:54.940 --> 00:56:57.970
the corals bleach, they get white they lose their algae
1092
00:56:57.970 --> 00:56:59.120
that live inside them,
1093
00:56:59.120 --> 00:57:01.793
they lose their color and they can often die.
1094
00:57:02.730 --> 00:57:04.930
When you have all the pieces of the puzzle there.
1095
00:57:04.930 --> 00:57:07.510
When the entire ecosystem is intact,
1096
00:57:07.510 --> 00:57:10.170
they tend to be more resilient to climate change.
1097
00:57:10.170 --> 00:57:14.070
And these places have really bounced back much better
1098
00:57:14.070 --> 00:57:16.620
than any other places we've seen around the planet.
1099
00:57:18.090 --> 00:57:22.010
And another example is 1500 kilometers south of Hawai'i.
1100
00:57:22.010 --> 00:57:25.030
We have the Northern Line Islands
1101
00:57:25.030 --> 00:57:28.510
and they consist of a gradient of human impact as well.
1102
00:57:28.510 --> 00:57:30.930
So we've got Christmas Island part of Kiribati
1103
00:57:30.930 --> 00:57:35.030
with eight to 10,000 people, Fanning and Tabuaeran
1104
00:57:35.030 --> 00:57:39.140
with 25 to 3000 people.
1105
00:57:39.140 --> 00:57:42.390
Palmyra Atoll which is US National Wildlife Refuge
1106
00:57:42.390 --> 00:57:46.580
and co-managed by Nature Conservancy with a few researchers
1107
00:57:46.580 --> 00:57:50.340
and staff and then Kingman reef which is essentially
1108
00:57:50.340 --> 00:57:53.790
a barely emergent Atoll with zero people.
1109
00:57:53.790 --> 00:57:56.580
So it sets up a similar example to what we saw
1110
00:57:56.580 --> 00:57:59.130
between the main and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.
1111
00:57:59.990 --> 00:58:02.510
And what we see is it's not just about fish, right?
1112
00:58:02.510 --> 00:58:04.067
If you look at that figure there,
1113
00:58:04.067 --> 00:58:07.010
and it says fish remember Kingman reef has zero people,
1114
00:58:07.010 --> 00:58:09.790
Christmas Island has eight to 10,000.
1115
00:58:09.790 --> 00:58:14.790
So fish biomass declines from zero people to lots of people.
1116
00:58:14.820 --> 00:58:17.610
And the amount of top predators in the system
1117
00:58:17.610 --> 00:58:20.100
go from being dominant by top predators
1118
00:58:20.100 --> 00:58:22.833
to having very few top predators in the system.
1119
00:58:23.840 --> 00:58:26.923
And also corals and what we call CCA, Crustose Coral Algae
1120
00:58:29.380 --> 00:58:32.440
This is the pink stuff that holds the reef together
1121
00:58:32.440 --> 00:58:37.440
and they also go from being very light cover and luxurious
1122
00:58:37.570 --> 00:58:40.650
in places with no people or few people
1123
00:58:40.650 --> 00:58:44.270
to being more degraded and lower coral cover
1124
00:58:44.270 --> 00:58:46.350
around Christmas Island and less
1125
00:58:46.350 --> 00:58:48.580
to a lesser degree on Fanning
1126
00:58:48.580 --> 00:58:51.950
Conversely, we see some of these ecosystem components
1127
00:58:51.950 --> 00:58:54.210
that aren't as desirable like algae
1128
00:58:54.210 --> 00:58:57.700
and particularly macro-algae increase
1129
00:58:57.700 --> 00:59:00.690
as we get more people into the system,
1130
00:59:00.690 --> 00:59:04.150
we remove herbivores the species that eat algae
1131
00:59:04.150 --> 00:59:05.840
and then the algae proliferates
1132
00:59:05.840 --> 00:59:07.780
which can overgrow the reef.
1133
00:59:07.780 --> 00:59:09.850
Also bacteria and viruses
1134
00:59:09.850 --> 00:59:13.820
particularly the pathogens increased dramatically
1135
00:59:13.820 --> 00:59:15.010
when we have more people.
1136
00:59:15.010 --> 00:59:16.810
So it's not just about the fish
1137
00:59:16.810 --> 00:59:21.810
the entire ecosystem responds to human influence.
1138
00:59:21.810 --> 00:59:23.440
And so we need to think about that
1139
00:59:23.440 --> 00:59:26.480
as we manage these resources.
1140
00:59:26.480 --> 00:59:29.320
Okay, so what have we learned from visiting
1141
00:59:29.320 --> 00:59:30.920
the last wild places in the ocean
1142
00:59:30.920 --> 00:59:34.310
and Enric showed that great map of all the places we've been
1143
00:59:34.310 --> 00:59:37.940
over time and there's five, three key things
1144
00:59:37.940 --> 00:59:39.310
that stick out to me,
1145
00:59:39.310 --> 00:59:41.610
they're all dominated by large predators,
1146
00:59:41.610 --> 00:59:44.240
sharks and jacks and so forth.
1147
00:59:44.240 --> 00:59:48.090
They have iconic charismatic species that are emblematic
1148
00:59:48.090 --> 00:59:49.830
of these last wild places.
1149
00:59:49.830 --> 00:59:51.720
Polar bears, whales,
1150
00:59:51.720 --> 00:59:55.550
things that you think of as natural and wild.
1151
00:59:55.550 --> 00:59:58.730
Endemic species like I talked about from Juan Fernandez
1152
00:59:58.730 --> 01:00:02.700
this butterfly fish here also architectural species
1153
01:00:02.700 --> 01:00:05.440
whether it's kelps or coral reefs
1154
01:00:05.440 --> 01:00:08.340
they create the three-dimensional structure
1155
01:00:08.340 --> 01:00:10.640
that creates all the biodiversity
1156
01:00:10.640 --> 01:00:13.890
that allows these ecosystems to be intact
1157
01:00:13.890 --> 01:00:16.620
and allows them to be resilient to things
1158
01:00:16.620 --> 01:00:19.830
like climate change, hurricanes,
1159
01:00:19.830 --> 01:00:21.580
other types of disturbance events.
1160
01:00:21.580 --> 01:00:25.760
So all of these elements together really provide baselines
1161
01:00:25.760 --> 01:00:27.230
for what is natural.
1162
01:00:27.230 --> 01:00:29.090
And then we need to think about that
1163
01:00:29.090 --> 01:00:32.760
as we try to manage systems where we have people.
1164
01:00:32.760 --> 01:00:36.833
So in conclusion we can, oops sorry.
1165
01:00:39.630 --> 01:00:43.130
So in conclusion, we've got a couple choices here.
1166
01:00:43.130 --> 01:00:45.630
The ecosystems in the past were vibrant
1167
01:00:45.630 --> 01:00:48.330
and full of predators and healthy ecosystems
1168
01:00:48.330 --> 01:00:51.190
that provided a lot of benefits to people.
1169
01:00:51.190 --> 01:00:53.350
Our present ecosystems are pretty degraded
1170
01:00:53.350 --> 01:00:55.450
and they don't provide the benefits
1171
01:00:55.450 --> 01:00:57.683
that we need for society.
1172
01:00:58.540 --> 01:01:01.880
We can choose, we can continue on this same path
1173
01:01:01.880 --> 01:01:04.647
with lightly and minimally protected areas.
1174
01:01:04.647 --> 01:01:06.650
And we won't get all the benefits
1175
01:01:06.650 --> 01:01:08.460
that the ocean can provide for us
1176
01:01:09.640 --> 01:01:12.370
and is essential to life on earth.
1177
01:01:12.370 --> 01:01:17.330
As Enric mentioned, oxygen, food provisioning,
1178
01:01:17.330 --> 01:01:19.610
cultural connection, all of these things
1179
01:01:19.610 --> 01:01:23.460
that the oceans provide are not doing their job right now
1180
01:01:23.460 --> 01:01:26.330
because we're abusing the oceans.
1181
01:01:26.330 --> 01:01:28.780
If we go to fully and highly protected areas
1182
01:01:28.780 --> 01:01:33.140
it's been well shown that these areas can bring back
1183
01:01:33.140 --> 01:01:36.735
all these benefits that people need and we want
1184
01:01:36.735 --> 01:01:41.210
but we have a long way to go with only 3% of the world
1185
01:01:41.210 --> 01:01:43.230
currently in fully high protected.
1186
01:01:43.230 --> 01:01:45.070
We really need to step up our game
1187
01:01:45.070 --> 01:01:47.290
and we don't have a lot of time.
1188
01:01:47.290 --> 01:01:52.290
So 2030 for 30% protection should not be aspirational.
1189
01:01:52.410 --> 01:01:55.440
It should be a minimum and we really need to get there
1190
01:01:55.440 --> 01:01:57.690
and get there soon because time is running out
1191
01:01:57.690 --> 01:02:00.960
and the ocean can only absorb so much abuse.
1192
01:02:00.960 --> 01:02:02.540
And we're all gonna be a lot better off
1193
01:02:02.540 --> 01:02:03.850
if we have healthy oceans.
1194
01:02:03.850 --> 01:02:06.953
So mahalo and I will end it at that.
1195
01:02:09.140 --> 01:02:13.750
Great, mahalo Enric and Alan wonderful talk.
1196
01:02:13.750 --> 01:02:16.150
We do have a few questions and I know Enric
1197
01:02:16.150 --> 01:02:18.540
has to leave in about 10 minutes.
1198
01:02:18.540 --> 01:02:23.230
So we'll try to target questions for him,
1199
01:02:23.230 --> 01:02:25.534
but Justin what do you think
1200
01:02:25.534 --> 01:02:27.470
of the questions we have on hand?
1201
01:02:27.470 --> 01:02:31.550
All right, here's one that came in early.
1202
01:02:31.550 --> 01:02:34.840
What are the most effective methods Pristine Seas team
1203
01:02:34.840 --> 01:02:38.773
uses to identify the best quote unquote places to protect?
1204
01:02:41.700 --> 01:02:43.530
Well, that's a good question.
1205
01:02:43.530 --> 01:02:47.440
When we started, we looked for places without people
1206
01:02:47.440 --> 01:02:50.360
places that are uninhabited and remote
1207
01:02:51.320 --> 01:02:54.340
and from far from a large population centers
1208
01:02:54.340 --> 01:02:58.210
because we wanted to make sure that these wild
1209
01:02:59.110 --> 01:03:04.110
near Pristine places were safe no before too late.
1210
01:03:04.190 --> 01:03:09.060
But now we choose a combination of places that are still
1211
01:03:09.060 --> 01:03:13.290
near pristine and places where protection would give us
1212
01:03:13.290 --> 01:03:16.740
the biggest gains, places that still have
1213
01:03:16.740 --> 01:03:20.790
some by representative biodiversity
1214
01:03:20.790 --> 01:03:22.490
where all the species are there
1215
01:03:22.490 --> 01:03:26.540
and protection will really help them go back
1216
01:03:26.540 --> 01:03:28.190
to close to where they were.
1217
01:03:28.190 --> 01:03:31.700
So that includes places usually
1218
01:03:31.700 --> 01:03:36.410
within the 10% of priorities from our research.
1219
01:03:36.410 --> 01:03:41.410
And these are places as far apart from each other
1220
01:03:41.950 --> 01:03:46.950
like the Arctic, Antarctica, temperate seas, coral reefs
1221
01:03:47.140 --> 01:03:49.010
and so a little bit all over the planet.
1222
01:03:49.010 --> 01:03:51.960
We want to make sure that we target
1223
01:03:51.960 --> 01:03:55.303
representative marine ecosystems all around the world.
1224
01:03:59.614 --> 01:04:00.590
Do you wanna add anything, Alan?
1225
01:04:00.590 --> 01:04:02.260
Or should I move on to the next question?
1226
01:04:02.260 --> 01:04:04.720
No, he hit the nail on the head.
1227
01:04:04.720 --> 01:04:05.658
All right, thank you.
1228
01:04:05.658 --> 01:04:06.491
(laughs)
1229
01:04:06.491 --> 01:04:08.610
Okay so this is going back to your reference
1230
01:04:08.610 --> 01:04:10.680
to the 30 by 30.
1231
01:04:10.680 --> 01:04:14.020
What are the keys to making 30 by 30 succeed?
1232
01:04:14.020 --> 01:04:18.313
We need more science, people power to respond to powerful
1233
01:04:19.470 --> 01:04:21.220
commercial fishing lobbies or what?
1234
01:04:23.425 --> 01:04:24.258
All right.
1235
01:04:24.258 --> 01:04:25.976
Well all the above right and--
1236
01:04:25.976 --> 01:04:27.446
(laughs)
1237
01:04:27.446 --> 01:04:28.597
It's always good to have more science
1238
01:04:28.597 --> 01:04:31.347
but we don't need more science to know
1239
01:04:31.347 --> 01:04:33.470
that if we protect the right places
1240
01:04:33.470 --> 01:04:34.303
marine life will come back
1241
01:04:34.303 --> 01:04:36.210
and produce all these benefits,
1242
01:04:36.210 --> 01:04:40.610
and there is a lot of education to be done,
1243
01:04:40.610 --> 01:04:44.420
of course for communities, so they understand
1244
01:04:44.420 --> 01:04:47.600
that protection of part of their fishing grounds
1245
01:04:47.600 --> 01:04:49.110
is actually going to benefit them.
1246
01:04:49.110 --> 01:04:51.690
Actually, we know that when the fish come back
1247
01:04:51.690 --> 01:04:55.507
the divers come in, and economic prosperity
1248
01:04:58.130 --> 01:05:00.840
and livelihoods have been much greater
1249
01:05:00.840 --> 01:05:03.640
in places that are near fully protected areas
1250
01:05:03.640 --> 01:05:06.170
and in places that are over-fished.
1251
01:05:06.170 --> 01:05:10.430
But also what we need to continue this discussion
1252
01:05:10.430 --> 01:05:12.130
with the industrial fishing lobby.
1253
01:05:12.130 --> 01:05:15.530
And we hear these myths from the industrial fishing lobby
1254
01:05:15.530 --> 01:05:17.130
that we cannot protect more ocean
1255
01:05:17.130 --> 01:05:19.170
because we need to catch more fish to feed more people.
1256
01:05:19.170 --> 01:05:21.480
Well, today less than 3% of the ocean
1257
01:05:21.480 --> 01:05:23.080
is fully protected from fishing.
1258
01:05:24.340 --> 01:05:27.430
So 97% of the ocean is open to fishing
1259
01:05:27.430 --> 01:05:30.300
and the fish catch global fish has been declining
1260
01:05:30.300 --> 01:05:33.570
since the mid '90s, we reached big fish 25 years ago
1261
01:05:33.570 --> 01:05:35.970
and over three quarters of the fish stocks
1262
01:05:35.970 --> 01:05:38.240
fish and invertebrate stocks are over fished.
1263
01:05:38.240 --> 01:05:42.210
So the worst enemy of fishing and fishing livelihoods
1264
01:05:42.210 --> 01:05:44.716
is over fishing, not protected areas.
1265
01:05:44.716 --> 01:05:47.450
Actually there is no future to fisheries
1266
01:05:47.450 --> 01:05:51.110
without reducing the fishing effort, reducing the capacity
1267
01:05:51.110 --> 01:05:56.110
and also creating these refuges, these no-take areas
1268
01:05:57.670 --> 01:05:59.980
that are going to help regenerate the ocean.
1269
01:05:59.980 --> 01:06:04.240
So it's a multiple prong strategy
1270
01:06:04.240 --> 01:06:06.593
but the political will is there.
1271
01:06:07.615 --> 01:06:09.870
As we mentioned before, now that is this as Alan mentioned
1272
01:06:09.870 --> 01:06:12.330
there is this push for 30 by 30,
1273
01:06:12.330 --> 01:06:14.594
and actually the G7
1274
01:06:14.594 --> 01:06:16.815
the seven richest countries of the world
1275
01:06:16.815 --> 01:06:21.210
had met last week and on Sunday they made the statement
1276
01:06:21.210 --> 01:06:23.270
they released their nature compact
1277
01:06:23.270 --> 01:06:27.894
including their commitment to protect 30% of the planet
1278
01:06:27.894 --> 01:06:30.540
30% of the land and 30% of the ocean by 2030
1279
01:06:30.540 --> 01:06:32.550
and there are 62 countries now
1280
01:06:33.490 --> 01:06:35.320
supporting that global targets.
1281
01:06:35.320 --> 01:06:37.700
So we are kind of a hockey stick moment
1282
01:06:37.700 --> 01:06:39.060
where the hockey stick
1283
01:06:39.060 --> 01:06:42.000
the increase is not in relation to temperature
1284
01:06:42.000 --> 01:06:44.420
but there's this increase in political momentum.
1285
01:06:44.420 --> 01:06:48.140
So we've never been at a worst time for the ocean
1286
01:06:48.140 --> 01:06:50.990
but also we have never been at a time where
1287
01:06:50.990 --> 01:06:53.403
the political commitment is so strong.
1288
01:06:54.280 --> 01:06:57.920
Yeah and I just have two things to add on that,
1289
01:06:57.920 --> 01:07:00.670
yes more science is great, it keeps us all employed.
1290
01:07:00.670 --> 01:07:05.490
It's a lot of fun, but really the beautiful thing
1291
01:07:05.490 --> 01:07:07.510
about marine protected areas is
1292
01:07:07.510 --> 01:07:10.680
we don't have to have absolute knowledge
1293
01:07:10.680 --> 01:07:13.020
for these ecosystem to function.
1294
01:07:13.020 --> 01:07:15.200
Ecosystems function very well on their own.
1295
01:07:15.200 --> 01:07:17.030
You just have to give them a lot of space, right?
1296
01:07:17.030 --> 01:07:20.590
As I talked about large protected areas are a lot more
1297
01:07:20.590 --> 01:07:22.730
effective than small protected areas
1298
01:07:22.730 --> 01:07:25.660
that don't have the full compliment of species there.
1299
01:07:25.660 --> 01:07:29.490
So letting nature do its thing is the best science
1300
01:07:29.490 --> 01:07:30.850
we have out there.
1301
01:07:30.850 --> 01:07:34.850
The other point is that, we're terrestrial creatures.
1302
01:07:34.850 --> 01:07:37.470
So we take the ocean for granted.
1303
01:07:37.470 --> 01:07:40.990
And I think so education at all levels
1304
01:07:40.990 --> 01:07:44.180
need to highlight the fact that we can't exist
1305
01:07:44.180 --> 01:07:46.930
without the oceans even though we don't live in, on
1306
01:07:46.930 --> 01:07:50.853
or under the sea without healthy oceans, the game is over.
1307
01:07:53.450 --> 01:07:54.780
Well said.
1308
01:07:54.780 --> 01:07:58.910
Okay, the next question is indigenous knowledge
1309
01:07:58.910 --> 01:08:02.730
and wisdom is present in all indigenous cultures globally.
1310
01:08:02.730 --> 01:08:05.710
So how are you involving that important resource
1311
01:08:05.710 --> 01:08:08.400
with important resources in these challenging times
1312
01:08:08.400 --> 01:08:11.253
of climate change, how's it being integrated?
1313
01:08:13.329 --> 01:08:17.200
So I started out my career in Tonga,
1314
01:08:17.200 --> 01:08:20.080
back in the early 1980s, working with fishing communities.
1315
01:08:20.080 --> 01:08:23.990
And I learned an amazing amount about how people interact
1316
01:08:23.990 --> 01:08:25.570
with the ocean on a daily basis
1317
01:08:25.570 --> 01:08:27.960
and how important healthy oceans are to people.
1318
01:08:27.960 --> 01:08:32.100
I work with a lot of Hawaiian communities and learned a lot
1319
01:08:32.100 --> 01:08:36.320
from these people about how traditional knowledge existed
1320
01:08:36.320 --> 01:08:39.010
in the past, learning when to fish
1321
01:08:39.010 --> 01:08:40.970
but more importantly, when not to fish.
1322
01:08:40.970 --> 01:08:44.230
So understanding the natural rhythms and processes
1323
01:08:44.230 --> 01:08:47.840
of the ecosystems and a lot of that has been lost.
1324
01:08:47.840 --> 01:08:49.610
There's a renaissance of it in Hawai'i
1325
01:08:49.610 --> 01:08:53.870
and throughout the world about trying to reincorporate
1326
01:08:53.870 --> 01:08:56.860
traditional knowledge into contemporary management.
1327
01:08:56.860 --> 01:09:00.060
What we have to realize is we can't just go back in time.
1328
01:09:00.060 --> 01:09:01.990
We're dealing with a much more complex
1329
01:09:01.990 --> 01:09:03.870
and larger global system.
1330
01:09:03.870 --> 01:09:07.240
So we need hybrid systems that incorporate
1331
01:09:07.240 --> 01:09:10.430
and acknowledge traditional knowledge and understandings
1332
01:09:10.430 --> 01:09:13.490
of systems and having that work in conjunction
1333
01:09:13.490 --> 01:09:17.160
with larger protected areas and more effective management
1334
01:09:17.160 --> 01:09:20.443
to deal with the scale and scope of contemporary problems.
1335
01:09:26.750 --> 01:09:31.750
Okay, this goes back to the carbon sequestration.
1336
01:09:33.380 --> 01:09:34.780
The viewer was wondering
1337
01:09:34.780 --> 01:09:37.920
does the ocean sea bed sequestrate more carbon
1338
01:09:37.920 --> 01:09:40.970
than the sea grass or wetland areas?
1339
01:09:40.970 --> 01:09:43.440
Are there any ways or studies to increase the capacity
1340
01:09:43.440 --> 01:09:45.920
or capability of wetlands sea grasses
1341
01:09:45.920 --> 01:09:49.053
or other areas to sequester carbon from the atmosphere?
1342
01:09:50.080 --> 01:09:52.600
Yeah, sure so hectare by hectare,
1343
01:09:52.600 --> 01:09:53.552
those coastal habits
1344
01:09:53.552 --> 01:09:56.070
That's what people call call the coastal blue carbon.
1345
01:09:56.070 --> 01:09:58.980
Salt marshes, mangroves, seagrass beds.
1346
01:09:58.980 --> 01:10:02.500
They can capture hectare by hectare and store more carbon
1347
01:10:02.500 --> 01:10:05.050
than tropical forests, right?
1348
01:10:05.050 --> 01:10:07.810
But because their special extent is so small
1349
01:10:07.810 --> 01:10:09.840
and limited to a narrow fringe of temporary
1350
01:10:09.840 --> 01:10:13.470
and tropical seas, the global storage of carbon
1351
01:10:13.470 --> 01:10:17.160
is not as large as the sea floor
1352
01:10:17.160 --> 01:10:19.710
which is 70% of the planet, right?
1353
01:10:19.710 --> 01:10:21.660
It's the largest feature in our planet
1354
01:10:21.660 --> 01:10:23.393
is the largest carbon storehouse.
1355
01:10:24.420 --> 01:10:29.420
The best way to enhance this sequestration potential
1356
01:10:29.700 --> 01:10:31.820
to have this coastal blue carbon is two things.
1357
01:10:31.820 --> 01:10:33.880
One is let's not cut more mangroves,
1358
01:10:33.880 --> 01:10:35.270
let's not trawl more seagrass beds,
1359
01:10:35.270 --> 01:10:36.730
let's not drain more wetlands, right?
1360
01:10:36.730 --> 01:10:41.110
Let's protect all of these coastal habitats that are left
1361
01:10:41.110 --> 01:10:45.270
and let's restore many of the areas that have been degraded.
1362
01:10:45.270 --> 01:10:47.850
We've lost how much
1363
01:10:47.850 --> 01:10:49.890
between a third and half of the mangroves
1364
01:10:49.890 --> 01:10:52.090
in some areas in some regions.
1365
01:10:52.090 --> 01:10:56.000
So let's reforest let's restore
1366
01:10:57.120 --> 01:11:00.300
much of this mangrove forest and salt marshes
1367
01:11:00.300 --> 01:11:02.970
because we know there is no way for us to enhance.
1368
01:11:02.970 --> 01:11:04.840
They have been evolving for millions of years.
1369
01:11:04.840 --> 01:11:08.410
And what they do is a very efficient machine
1370
01:11:08.410 --> 01:11:09.860
for the carbon sequestration.
1371
01:11:11.150 --> 01:11:13.220
Some people are dreaming of this technology
1372
01:11:13.220 --> 01:11:14.280
that there's going to be very cheap
1373
01:11:14.280 --> 01:11:17.140
and be able to absorb carbon at scale.
1374
01:11:17.140 --> 01:11:19.580
Well, we don't have something to say we don't have the time
1375
01:11:19.580 --> 01:11:21.770
and these ecosystems do it very well at scale
1376
01:11:21.770 --> 01:11:22.930
so it's very simple.
1377
01:11:22.930 --> 01:11:26.410
Let's protect what wild is left
1378
01:11:26.410 --> 01:11:28.810
and let's restore much of what we have degraded.
1379
01:11:31.900 --> 01:11:33.370
Alan, did you want to add anything?
1380
01:11:33.370 --> 01:11:35.600
Or just quickly just jump in.
1381
01:11:35.600 --> 01:11:40.600
I know Enric has to head out, he's got...
1382
01:11:40.890 --> 01:11:41.723
Are you okay?
1383
01:11:41.723 --> 01:11:44.923
All right sorry, we'll keep going for a couple more minutes.
1384
01:11:48.130 --> 01:11:50.640
All right, Alan did you wanna add anything
1385
01:11:50.640 --> 01:11:52.090
or should I move to the next question?
1386
01:11:52.090 --> 01:11:54.547
No let's keep going, that was perfect.
1387
01:11:54.547 --> 01:11:57.630
All right, you guys are a good team.
1388
01:11:57.630 --> 01:12:00.630
All right, so there were several questions along this area,
1389
01:12:00.630 --> 01:12:02.143
So I'll try to paraphrase,
1390
01:12:04.130 --> 01:12:06.420
what are the best practices you've developed
1391
01:12:06.420 --> 01:12:10.060
or found for balancing the needs
1392
01:12:10.060 --> 01:12:12.453
kinda working in more populated areas,
1393
01:12:13.380 --> 01:12:16.693
balancing the needs of conservation with local use?
1394
01:12:18.950 --> 01:12:20.520
So it's a challenge, right?
1395
01:12:20.520 --> 01:12:22.710
When we first started out, as Enric mentioned
1396
01:12:22.710 --> 01:12:25.080
we went to these last wild places
1397
01:12:25.080 --> 01:12:28.850
and it was a challenge to get these large areas protected
1398
01:12:28.850 --> 01:12:31.250
when Papahānaumokuākea was established.
1399
01:12:31.250 --> 01:12:33.481
People were like, oh, that's too big.
1400
01:12:33.481 --> 01:12:37.780
It's beyond the scope of what has happened in the past
1401
01:12:37.780 --> 01:12:40.790
it was the first large scale remote protected area.
1402
01:12:40.790 --> 01:12:43.780
But as we've seen, it's amazingly effective
1403
01:12:43.780 --> 01:12:46.670
and there's been a lot of places
1404
01:12:46.670 --> 01:12:49.080
that have followed suit since then.
1405
01:12:49.080 --> 01:12:51.700
When you get to places where there's more people
1406
01:12:51.700 --> 01:12:54.640
it obviously becomes more complicated.
1407
01:12:54.640 --> 01:12:57.100
But as I talked about with indigenous
1408
01:12:57.100 --> 01:12:59.660
and traditional knowledge, you need more hybrid systems.
1409
01:12:59.660 --> 01:13:04.280
So strongly and fully protected large areas
1410
01:13:04.280 --> 01:13:07.520
should be the core of any type of protection.
1411
01:13:07.520 --> 01:13:10.760
And then associated with that, we need to figure out
1412
01:13:10.760 --> 01:13:12.350
what are the least destructive
1413
01:13:12.350 --> 01:13:15.510
and most sustainable practices that can be done
1414
01:13:15.510 --> 01:13:17.900
in conjunction with that whether it's fishing
1415
01:13:17.900 --> 01:13:20.285
or other types of coastal use.
1416
01:13:20.285 --> 01:13:23.860
We need to consider all the players that are utilizing
1417
01:13:23.860 --> 01:13:26.100
those ecosystems not just the fishery sector
1418
01:13:26.100 --> 01:13:28.010
or the people who are screaming the loudest.
1419
01:13:28.010 --> 01:13:30.290
And because everybody's got a stake in the game
1420
01:13:30.290 --> 01:13:32.914
like I talked about before, without healthy oceans,
1421
01:13:32.914 --> 01:13:34.800
we don't have healthy society.
1422
01:13:34.800 --> 01:13:36.800
So everybody's got a stake in this,
1423
01:13:38.830 --> 01:13:40.320
if it was clear cut and simple
1424
01:13:40.320 --> 01:13:41.650
it would've been done already.
1425
01:13:41.650 --> 01:13:45.370
But the fact of matter is we all need to work through this
1426
01:13:45.370 --> 01:13:46.870
and we've got some good models
1427
01:13:46.870 --> 01:13:49.470
for how to protect large parts of the ecosystem
1428
01:13:49.470 --> 01:13:51.290
and then working with people
1429
01:13:51.290 --> 01:13:55.550
and trying to recognize where there's trade-offs,
1430
01:13:55.550 --> 01:13:57.040
that can be most beneficial
1431
01:13:57.040 --> 01:13:59.470
and most sustainable is where we need to go.
1432
01:13:59.470 --> 01:14:01.630
So I don't have the definitive answer on that
1433
01:14:01.630 --> 01:14:03.480
but that's pretty much the framework.
1434
01:14:07.800 --> 01:14:10.950
Great, Enric I did wanna check in on time.
1435
01:14:10.950 --> 01:14:14.100
I think we're right about when you said you needed to leave.
1436
01:14:14.100 --> 01:14:15.043
We're good.
1437
01:14:16.591 --> 01:14:19.491
All right, you're getting to most of the questions here.
1438
01:14:21.440 --> 01:14:26.250
Have there been any studies around spill over
1439
01:14:26.250 --> 01:14:28.732
and connectivity in the Northwestern Hawaiian
1440
01:14:28.732 --> 01:14:30.565
and Papahānaumokuākea?
1441
01:14:32.650 --> 01:14:37.650
So I guess that's me, one of the first thoughts was,
1442
01:14:39.750 --> 01:14:41.500
so if we protect Papahānaumokuākea,
1443
01:14:43.270 --> 01:14:45.110
the main Hawaiian Islands are gonna look
1444
01:14:45.110 --> 01:14:47.230
much better as a result,
1445
01:14:47.230 --> 01:14:49.780
but in fact, it's just the opposite.
1446
01:14:49.780 --> 01:14:52.950
The current patterns go east-west.
1447
01:14:52.950 --> 01:14:55.760
And when it's wind-driven circulation for the most part
1448
01:14:55.760 --> 01:14:58.780
and also large oceanic currents are moving east to west
1449
01:14:58.780 --> 01:15:00.870
and in our general region.
1450
01:15:00.870 --> 01:15:05.870
So in fact, as the main Hawaiian Islands degrade
1451
01:15:06.130 --> 01:15:08.240
it could have a detrimental effect
1452
01:15:08.240 --> 01:15:10.600
on the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.
1453
01:15:10.600 --> 01:15:14.130
So we need to be careful and it's more reason to redouble
1454
01:15:14.130 --> 01:15:15.577
our efforts in the main Hawaiian Islands
1455
01:15:15.577 --> 01:15:17.270
and protect them better
1456
01:15:17.270 --> 01:15:19.790
because there are some potential implications
1457
01:15:19.790 --> 01:15:22.680
for the Northwestern Hawaiian from Papahānaumokuākea.
1458
01:15:22.680 --> 01:15:26.020
And because Hawai'i has such a unique ecosystem
1459
01:15:26.020 --> 01:15:29.260
with so many endemic species, they are more threatened
1460
01:15:29.260 --> 01:15:32.520
in the main Hawaiian Islands because of all the human uses.
1461
01:15:32.520 --> 01:15:34.340
And they are in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands,
1462
01:15:34.340 --> 01:15:37.233
even though they aren't as abundant,
1463
01:15:38.968 --> 01:15:42.360
there's always gonna be connectivity among islands,
1464
01:15:42.360 --> 01:15:45.030
but we find like for some species like
1465
01:15:45.030 --> 01:15:47.420
Grey reef sharks and Galapagos
1466
01:15:47.420 --> 01:15:49.430
even within the Northwest Hawaiian Islands
1467
01:15:49.430 --> 01:15:52.690
they don't move as much as we thought.
1468
01:15:52.690 --> 01:15:55.860
Many of these islands are self seeding for the most part.
1469
01:15:55.860 --> 01:15:58.900
So we need to consider more localized management
1470
01:15:58.900 --> 01:16:01.383
particularly in the main Hawaiian Islands,
1471
01:16:02.386 --> 01:16:03.240
Nortwestern Hawaiian Islands.
1472
01:16:03.240 --> 01:16:06.840
So yeah, I mean there's animals are moving up and down.
1473
01:16:06.840 --> 01:16:09.120
So sea turtles are nesting up in Northwest Hawaiian Islands
1474
01:16:09.120 --> 01:16:10.680
coming to the main Hawaiian Islands.
1475
01:16:10.680 --> 01:16:13.520
Tiger sharks are doing their thing monk seals as well.
1476
01:16:13.520 --> 01:16:15.630
So there are animals moving around.
1477
01:16:15.630 --> 01:16:18.720
I don't say there's no connectivity,
1478
01:16:18.720 --> 01:16:21.970
but there's different scales of connectivity.
1479
01:16:21.970 --> 01:16:23.670
And it may not be going always
1480
01:16:23.670 --> 01:16:25.860
in the direction that we assumed.
1481
01:16:29.160 --> 01:16:33.653
Great, continue to learn every season it seems like.
1482
01:16:35.130 --> 01:16:36.670
Okay, if we have time for another one,
1483
01:16:36.670 --> 01:16:38.480
you focus on tropical environments.
1484
01:16:38.480 --> 01:16:41.010
What does a temperate, intact ecosystem look like?
1485
01:16:41.010 --> 01:16:44.393
Is it also a predator dominated or shark dominated?
1486
01:16:45.800 --> 01:16:48.631
Actually would be been everywhere from the Russian Arctic
1487
01:16:48.631 --> 01:16:52.320
to Antarctica, to temperate, to Cape Horn
1488
01:16:52.320 --> 01:16:57.320
And yeah, like Alan showed before these intact places
1489
01:16:57.400 --> 01:17:00.660
they have a three-dimensional structure that is provided
1490
01:17:00.660 --> 01:17:03.840
by living organisms could be kelp forest
1491
01:17:03.840 --> 01:17:08.140
or it could be coral reefs, but also, yeah,
1492
01:17:08.140 --> 01:17:10.440
this is a pattern we've seen everywhere.
1493
01:17:10.440 --> 01:17:13.310
When you donʻt have people, you have large animals.
1494
01:17:13.310 --> 01:17:15.540
When you have lots of people the large animals are gone
1495
01:17:15.540 --> 01:17:19.140
and the ecosystem has unraveled and many builders collapsed.
1496
01:17:19.140 --> 01:17:21.290
So this is a particular...
1497
01:17:21.290 --> 01:17:25.690
This is a characteristic that feature of intact ecosystems.
1498
01:17:25.690 --> 01:17:27.920
Everybody is there and in large abundance
1499
01:17:27.920 --> 01:17:32.323
including self-sustaining populations of the large animals.
1500
01:17:33.680 --> 01:17:36.390
All you gotta do is be chased down in water by polar bear.
1501
01:17:36.390 --> 01:17:39.226
And you'll know that there's top predators in the Arctic.
1502
01:17:39.226 --> 01:17:40.490
(chuckles)
1503
01:17:40.490 --> 01:17:41.680
Or walruses.
1504
01:17:41.680 --> 01:17:42.725
Yeah.
1505
01:17:42.725 --> 01:17:44.660
(laughs)
1506
01:17:44.660 --> 01:17:47.290
All right so maybe I'll close Andy, Malia
1507
01:17:47.290 --> 01:17:49.740
unless you're seeing other questions that are missing.
1508
01:17:49.740 --> 01:17:51.740
I think I will close with
1509
01:17:51.740 --> 01:17:53.700
this message is so powerful and important,
1510
01:17:53.700 --> 01:17:55.453
how can we expand the audience?
1511
01:17:58.150 --> 01:17:58.993
Right Enric.
1512
01:18:00.850 --> 01:18:02.462
I think that's for Andy.
1513
01:18:02.462 --> 01:18:04.890
(laughs)
1514
01:18:04.890 --> 01:18:05.844
What you're doing, Andy is great.
1515
01:18:05.844 --> 01:18:09.833
Yeah, education exactly.
1516
01:18:11.690 --> 01:18:15.520
Inspiring the next generation, that's what we need to do.
1517
01:18:15.520 --> 01:18:18.530
We need to continue to do the great work that we do
1518
01:18:18.530 --> 01:18:20.101
and show these impacts,
1519
01:18:20.101 --> 01:18:23.090
show the effects of protecting these places.
1520
01:18:23.090 --> 01:18:26.570
Like you've shown them that's really the icing on the cake
1521
01:18:26.570 --> 01:18:29.520
and shows that it works and can work.
1522
01:18:29.520 --> 01:18:32.840
And I think the most incredible aspect to me of a lot
1523
01:18:32.840 --> 01:18:35.830
of this is how quickly a lot of these systems bounce back
1524
01:18:35.830 --> 01:18:39.150
once they are fully protected, it really is.
1525
01:18:39.150 --> 01:18:42.990
And in Papahānaumokuākea we're seeing that
1526
01:18:42.990 --> 01:18:45.380
with the impacts from Hurricane Walaka
1527
01:18:45.380 --> 01:18:49.610
and the post recovery from that at French Frigate Shoals.
1528
01:18:49.610 --> 01:18:52.940
So it's really incredible how quickly ecosystems come back.
1529
01:18:52.940 --> 01:18:55.780
And I know you've done a lot of work on that, Alan,
1530
01:18:55.780 --> 01:19:00.177
but that's the silver lining to all of this.
1531
01:19:00.177 --> 01:19:02.793
I don't know if you wanna comment anymore on that.
1532
01:19:04.100 --> 01:19:05.950
When we have chronic impacts
1533
01:19:05.950 --> 01:19:07.610
like in the main Hawaiian Islands
1534
01:19:07.610 --> 01:19:10.460
or the Caribbean places where there's a lot of people
1535
01:19:10.460 --> 01:19:12.410
when you get hurricanes have been happening
1536
01:19:12.410 --> 01:19:16.080
since the planet's been rotating
1537
01:19:16.080 --> 01:19:18.150
and there's been water in it.
1538
01:19:18.150 --> 01:19:21.690
So, these are part of natural systems
1539
01:19:21.690 --> 01:19:25.580
but when you superimpose these chronic things like pollution
1540
01:19:25.580 --> 01:19:29.540
and overfishing on that, the systems just can't recover.
1541
01:19:29.540 --> 01:19:32.620
And like what we found in Papahānaumokuākea
1542
01:19:32.620 --> 01:19:35.457
or in the central Pacific if all the herbivores are there
1543
01:19:35.457 --> 01:19:37.800
and the whole ecosystems intact you're right.
1544
01:19:37.800 --> 01:19:40.250
You know these things, they may bounce back.
1545
01:19:40.250 --> 01:19:41.670
Nature is resilient
1546
01:19:41.670 --> 01:19:44.750
but when we start to lose that resiliency
1547
01:19:44.750 --> 01:19:46.763
that's when we have the downward spiral.
1548
01:19:49.630 --> 01:19:53.450
Yeah, all right so thank you again, gentlemen,
1549
01:19:53.450 --> 01:19:56.430
for joining us, it was wonderful to have you
1550
01:19:56.430 --> 01:20:01.430
for our anniversary today 15 years of Papahānaumokuākea.
1551
01:20:02.100 --> 01:20:03.870
Congratulations.
For a very great talk.
1552
01:20:03.870 --> 01:20:05.211
So thank you--
Congratulation,
1553
01:20:05.211 --> 01:20:10.103
And am going share my screen, we have some closing slides.
1554
01:20:13.320 --> 01:20:15.200
Hopefully it will show this time
1555
01:20:15.200 --> 01:20:18.783
'cause this things rather fickle for whatever reason today.
1556
01:20:20.070 --> 01:20:21.740
So let me...
1557
01:20:25.590 --> 01:20:30.590
There we go, okay, so this webinar is being recorded
1558
01:20:31.460 --> 01:20:34.710
and we will have the archive up on that page.
1559
01:20:34.710 --> 01:20:36.760
So you can watch again in the future
1560
01:20:36.760 --> 01:20:39.611
and probably about a week or week and a half
1561
01:20:39.611 --> 01:20:42.420
we'll have that up on our webpage.
1562
01:20:42.420 --> 01:20:44.360
And also for everybody attending
1563
01:20:44.360 --> 01:20:46.680
you will be getting a certificate of attendance
1564
01:20:46.680 --> 01:20:51.680
for a one hour or actually one hour 20 minutes of contact,
1565
01:20:51.930 --> 01:20:53.100
professional development
1566
01:20:53.100 --> 01:20:56.060
for whatever you might need that for.
1567
01:20:56.060 --> 01:20:59.990
So we'll be sending that out via email within a day.
1568
01:20:59.990 --> 01:21:02.310
And also we've got some, it doesn't end here,
1569
01:21:02.310 --> 01:21:04.930
we've got some amazing events coming up in July.
1570
01:21:04.930 --> 01:21:07.600
We have the premier of a wonderful film
1571
01:21:07.600 --> 01:21:11.760
we put together called "Voices of Papahānaumokuākea"
1572
01:21:11.760 --> 01:21:15.820
this will be premiered on two Hawai'i television stations
1573
01:21:15.820 --> 01:21:18.350
but we'll also post it to our website.
1574
01:21:18.350 --> 01:21:21.250
And it's just a testimonials
1575
01:21:21.250 --> 01:21:23.680
from a lot of particular Native Hawaiians
1576
01:21:23.680 --> 01:21:26.480
who've been involved in the process of Papahānaumokuākea
1577
01:21:27.490 --> 01:21:30.860
and their experience, it's a really amazing film.
1578
01:21:30.860 --> 01:21:33.370
So keep an eye out for that in July.
1579
01:21:33.370 --> 01:21:35.900
And we also have a blue beacon event
1580
01:21:35.900 --> 01:21:38.960
with our National Marine Sanctuary Foundation Partners
1581
01:21:40.320 --> 01:21:45.030
live on Facebook on July 15th, celebrating our anniversary.
1582
01:21:45.030 --> 01:21:46.950
And please, when you sign out
1583
01:21:46.950 --> 01:21:48.270
don't forget to take the survey.
1584
01:21:48.270 --> 01:21:50.030
This is how we know what kind
1585
01:21:50.030 --> 01:21:51.550
of content you're interested in.
1586
01:21:51.550 --> 01:21:55.050
And if you want us to bring any other particular speakers
1587
01:21:55.050 --> 01:21:58.290
or content on, so we'd like that information from you.
1588
01:21:58.290 --> 01:22:02.230
So don't hesitate to don't skip that, please.
1589
01:22:02.230 --> 01:22:05.110
And again, happy birthday to us
1590
01:22:05.110 --> 01:22:07.790
mahalo everyone for attending today
1591
01:22:07.790 --> 01:22:11.100
and celebrating marine protection and wherever you live
1592
01:22:11.100 --> 01:22:14.590
and doing what you can to be an ocean steward.
1593
01:22:14.590 --> 01:22:17.170
So mahalo everyone for attending
1594
01:22:17.170 --> 01:22:19.893
and have a wonderful rest of your day.