WEBVTT 1 00:00:01.240 --> 00:00:03.780 Okay, aloha everybody. 2 00:00:03.780 --> 00:00:08.780 And welcome to our special 15 year anniversary presentation 3 00:00:09.940 --> 00:00:14.523 at 15 years of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. 4 00:00:15.620 --> 00:00:17.980 So before we get started 5 00:00:17.980 --> 00:00:20.220 just a couple of technical details. 6 00:00:20.220 --> 00:00:24.050 If you are having problems with your audio, 7 00:00:24.050 --> 00:00:27.440 please go into the control panel on the right hand side 8 00:00:27.440 --> 00:00:31.060 and make sure your inputs and outputs are correct 9 00:00:31.060 --> 00:00:34.430 for whatever speakers your system is using. 10 00:00:34.430 --> 00:00:39.220 That's generally where people have problems with the audio. 11 00:00:39.220 --> 00:00:41.700 And if you do have problems with that 12 00:00:41.700 --> 00:00:44.670 please type into the chat or the question box 13 00:00:44.670 --> 00:00:49.670 and we will do whatever we can, to help you resolve that. 14 00:00:52.290 --> 00:00:55.420 So thank you for joining us today 15 00:00:55.420 --> 00:00:58.600 on this day is our 15 year anniversary 16 00:00:58.600 --> 00:01:02.030 of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. 17 00:01:02.030 --> 00:01:05.220 So woo woo happy birthday to us. 18 00:01:05.220 --> 00:01:08.190 We have a great presentation for you today 19 00:01:08.190 --> 00:01:11.010 and also go over some of the achievements 20 00:01:11.010 --> 00:01:13.610 that we've had over the last 15 years. 21 00:01:13.610 --> 00:01:15.960 But before we really get started 22 00:01:15.960 --> 00:01:20.960 it's proper in Hawai'i to do a protocol before opening. 23 00:01:21.530 --> 00:01:24.300 And we have our wonderful Malia Evans 24 00:01:24.300 --> 00:01:28.573 who will present to you a name song for Papahānaumokuākea 25 00:01:28.573 --> 00:01:31.570 that was written specifically for the monument 26 00:01:31.570 --> 00:01:35.280 and she will chant that for us today. 27 00:01:35.280 --> 00:01:37.323 So I'll turn it over to Malia. 28 00:01:38.560 --> 00:01:43.560 So aloha kākou, as we celebrate this 15th anniversary 29 00:01:43.580 --> 00:01:46.830 of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, 30 00:01:46.830 --> 00:01:51.580 it is a privilege and an honor for me to chant 31 00:01:51.580 --> 00:01:56.580 Mele no Papahānaumokuākea to honor this very sacred place. 32 00:01:56.870 --> 00:01:59.380 So I'm gonna turn off my camera 33 00:01:59.380 --> 00:02:01.403 and go ahead and do the oli. 34 00:02:05.962 --> 00:02:09.795 (chant in Hawaiian language) 35 00:04:01.021 --> 00:04:04.771 He ola no Papahānaumokuākea 36 00:04:08.404 --> 00:04:11.770 Mahalo Malia that was beautiful as always. 37 00:04:11.770 --> 00:04:16.770 So that wonderful chant is often also chanted 38 00:04:18.410 --> 00:04:23.410 before we enter Papahānaumokuākea as a sign of respect, 39 00:04:23.500 --> 00:04:27.970 as a request for entry among other protocol. 40 00:04:27.970 --> 00:04:29.770 So one of the things we're really proud of 41 00:04:29.770 --> 00:04:34.180 in our accomplishments for Papahānaumokuākea is a merging 42 00:04:34.180 --> 00:04:37.100 bringing nature and culture together as one 43 00:04:37.100 --> 00:04:42.100 and to incorporate native Hawaiian wisdom, knowledge systems 44 00:04:43.030 --> 00:04:45.903 and all those different aspects of culture. 45 00:04:46.890 --> 00:04:49.700 So at this time, I would like to turn it over 46 00:04:49.700 --> 00:04:51.980 to our deputy secretary... 47 00:04:53.865 --> 00:04:55.090 (chuckles) 48 00:04:55.090 --> 00:04:56.601 Why am I forgetting your name, Eric. 49 00:04:56.601 --> 00:04:57.970 (laughs) 50 00:04:57.970 --> 00:05:01.800 Deputy Superintendent, Eric Roberts who is going 51 00:05:01.800 --> 00:05:04.670 to cover some of the accomplishments that we've had 52 00:05:04.670 --> 00:05:08.320 for the last 15 years as Papahānaumokuākea. 53 00:05:08.320 --> 00:05:10.210 So you can turn on your webcam, Eric 54 00:05:10.210 --> 00:05:11.943 and I'll turn it over to you. 55 00:05:13.660 --> 00:05:18.103 Andy I apologize we're not seeing any slides. 56 00:05:20.030 --> 00:05:21.640 Thank you Justin. 57 00:05:21.640 --> 00:05:25.310 Oh you didn't even see the, now you're seeing it. 58 00:05:25.310 --> 00:05:26.717 Yeah now we do. 59 00:05:26.717 --> 00:05:29.473 And then, oh, sorry about that. 60 00:05:31.890 --> 00:05:33.040 All right, that's okay. 61 00:05:33.040 --> 00:05:35.433 We're all adapting as these things come up. 62 00:05:36.810 --> 00:05:39.570 Aloha and welcome everyone, I'm Eric Roberts. 63 00:05:39.570 --> 00:05:40.550 NOAA's Deputy Superintendent 64 00:05:40.550 --> 00:05:43.180 for Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument 65 00:05:43.180 --> 00:05:46.030 as Andy mentioned, in addition to having 66 00:05:46.030 --> 00:05:48.480 two amazing speakers lined up today 67 00:05:48.480 --> 00:05:50.240 we also have the honor of celebrating 68 00:05:50.240 --> 00:05:53.480 Papahānaumokuākea 15th anniversary 69 00:05:53.480 --> 00:05:55.450 as a Marine National Monument. 70 00:05:55.450 --> 00:05:57.620 It was 15 years ago to the day 71 00:05:57.620 --> 00:05:59.940 that the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 72 00:05:59.940 --> 00:06:02.400 Marine National Monument was established. 73 00:06:02.400 --> 00:06:05.090 And one year later it was given its Hawaiian name 74 00:06:05.090 --> 00:06:08.610 Papahānaumokuākea, a name that truly reflects 75 00:06:08.610 --> 00:06:11.510 not only the natural significance of this place 76 00:06:11.510 --> 00:06:14.800 but the cultural significance to Native Hawaiians. 77 00:06:14.800 --> 00:06:17.030 And for those of you that are asking, what does the name 78 00:06:17.030 --> 00:06:19.690 Papahānaumokuākea represent. 79 00:06:19.690 --> 00:06:22.720 Papahānaumoku represents the mother figure 80 00:06:22.720 --> 00:06:26.010 personified by the earth and Wākea represents 81 00:06:26.010 --> 00:06:29.870 the father figure personified in the expansive sky. 82 00:06:29.870 --> 00:06:32.570 The union of these two figures represent the creation 83 00:06:32.570 --> 00:06:34.780 of the Hawaiian Archipelago. 84 00:06:34.780 --> 00:06:35.963 Next slide please Andy. 85 00:06:40.530 --> 00:06:43.910 Papahānaumokuākea stretches 1,350 miles 86 00:06:43.910 --> 00:06:46.380 Northwest of the main Hawaiian islands 87 00:06:46.380 --> 00:06:49.550 and remains the world's largest, fully protected area 88 00:06:49.550 --> 00:06:52.640 at over 580,000 square miles 89 00:06:52.640 --> 00:06:55.770 made up of numerous islands and atolls. 90 00:06:55.770 --> 00:06:58.370 It is a home to the endangered green sea turtle. 91 00:06:58.370 --> 00:07:00.220 I'm sorry, the threatened green sea turtle 92 00:07:00.220 --> 00:07:02.080 and the endangered Hawaiian monk seal 93 00:07:02.080 --> 00:07:06.210 as well as 14 million seabirds representing 22 species. 94 00:07:06.210 --> 00:07:09.570 It is also a place of great importance to Native Hawaiians 95 00:07:09.570 --> 00:07:12.570 where a number of cultural sites remain to this day. 96 00:07:12.570 --> 00:07:13.970 And as many of you know, 97 00:07:13.970 --> 00:07:15.330 it is a place of great historic 98 00:07:15.330 --> 00:07:18.030 and maritime heritage significance associated with both 99 00:07:18.030 --> 00:07:22.050 the Battle of Midway and 19th century Commercial whaling. 100 00:07:22.050 --> 00:07:23.023 Next slide please. 101 00:07:27.650 --> 00:07:28.600 The care and management 102 00:07:28.600 --> 00:07:31.300 of these important resources truly takes a village, 103 00:07:31.300 --> 00:07:33.370 I'd like to recognize and thank our co-managers 104 00:07:33.370 --> 00:07:36.737 from the State of Hawaiʻi,US Fish and Wildlife Service,NOAA 105 00:07:36.737 --> 00:07:39.170 and the Office of Hawaiian Affairs. 106 00:07:39.170 --> 00:07:40.153 Next slide please. 107 00:07:43.030 --> 00:07:44.270 I'd also like to point out 108 00:07:44.270 --> 00:07:46.680 that although we're celebrating the 15th anniversary 109 00:07:46.680 --> 00:07:50.100 of Papahānaumokuākea as a Marine National Monument, 110 00:07:50.100 --> 00:07:51.460 various levels of protection 111 00:07:51.460 --> 00:07:53.460 for the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 112 00:07:53.460 --> 00:07:56.230 has existed for over 118 years 113 00:07:56.230 --> 00:07:59.493 and involves specific actions of six US presidents. 114 00:08:00.440 --> 00:08:01.473 Next slide please. 115 00:08:03.710 --> 00:08:06.810 So what have we achieved over last 15 plus years? 116 00:08:06.810 --> 00:08:09.920 Here's just a few examples of those accomplishments. 117 00:08:09.920 --> 00:08:12.610 One of our accomplishments was the launch of Big Ocean 118 00:08:12.610 --> 00:08:15.500 a community, a large scale Marine protected areas 119 00:08:15.500 --> 00:08:18.760 that began with six initial sites in 2010. 120 00:08:18.760 --> 00:08:22.850 And today there are over 33 sites from 16 countries 121 00:08:22.850 --> 00:08:25.313 protecting nearly 5% of the world's ocean. 122 00:08:26.150 --> 00:08:26.983 Next slide. 123 00:08:29.670 --> 00:08:33.260 Since 1996, NOAA and a number of important partners 124 00:08:33.260 --> 00:08:34.920 including the State of Hawaiʻi, 125 00:08:34.920 --> 00:08:37.760 US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Coast Guard 126 00:08:37.760 --> 00:08:41.500 and the non-profit Papahānaumokuākea Marine Debris Project 127 00:08:41.500 --> 00:08:44.590 have collectively removed over 2 million pounds 128 00:08:44.590 --> 00:08:45.710 of marine debris. 129 00:08:45.710 --> 00:08:47.720 Debris that not only impacted the landscape 130 00:08:47.720 --> 00:08:49.300 of this amazing place, 131 00:08:49.300 --> 00:08:51.930 but remained a serious threat to living resources 132 00:08:51.930 --> 00:08:54.440 including corals, Hawaiian monk seals, 133 00:08:54.440 --> 00:08:56.163 sea turtles and birds. 134 00:08:57.270 --> 00:08:58.103 Next slide. 135 00:09:00.790 --> 00:09:03.650 And here's a great example of what our NOAA fisheries staff 136 00:09:03.650 --> 00:09:05.830 and partners have done to protect the endangered 137 00:09:05.830 --> 00:09:09.790 ʻĪlio-holo-i-ka-uaua the Hawaiian monk seal. 138 00:09:09.790 --> 00:09:12.910 After decades of population decline, today the species 139 00:09:12.910 --> 00:09:17.190 is seeing an average growth rate of about 2% annually 140 00:09:17.190 --> 00:09:19.913 with an estimated 1100 seals in Papahānaumokuākea. 141 00:09:22.302 --> 00:09:23.219 Next slide. 142 00:09:25.206 --> 00:09:28.750 Ulūlu the Nihoa millerbird is another example of where 143 00:09:28.750 --> 00:09:30.090 US Fish and Wildlife Service 144 00:09:30.090 --> 00:09:32.700 and the American Bird Conservancy partnered 145 00:09:32.700 --> 00:09:35.750 to support the recovery of this endangered species. 146 00:09:35.750 --> 00:09:39.740 In 2011 and 2012 50 millerbirds were translocated 147 00:09:39.740 --> 00:09:42.000 from Nihoa to Laysan Island 148 00:09:42.000 --> 00:09:45.200 to extend the range and survival for this native species. 149 00:09:45.200 --> 00:09:48.800 Today, there are more than 165 Nihoa millerbirds 150 00:09:48.800 --> 00:09:50.163 on Laysan Island alone. 151 00:09:51.520 --> 00:09:52.353 Next slide. 152 00:09:54.000 --> 00:09:56.990 Another example is the endangered koloa pōhaka 153 00:09:56.990 --> 00:09:58.370 or Laysan duck. 154 00:09:58.370 --> 00:10:02.390 In 1911 only 11 ducks were observed on Laysan Island, 155 00:10:02.390 --> 00:10:04.510 and through the work of the US Fish and Wildlife Service 156 00:10:04.510 --> 00:10:07.573 there are almost 1100 Laysan ducks in the monument today. 157 00:10:09.150 --> 00:10:09.983 Next slide. 158 00:10:12.580 --> 00:10:14.330 And there's a long list of marine discoveries 159 00:10:14.330 --> 00:10:15.830 that have been made through the work of NOAA 160 00:10:15.830 --> 00:10:17.090 and our partners, 161 00:10:17.090 --> 00:10:19.620 including the identification of new species of fishes, 162 00:10:19.620 --> 00:10:22.750 octopus and algae found nowhere else in the world. 163 00:10:22.750 --> 00:10:25.370 New seamounts, the world's largest known sponge 164 00:10:25.370 --> 00:10:27.520 comparable to the size of a minivan 165 00:10:27.520 --> 00:10:29.110 and some of the largest and oldest 166 00:10:29.110 --> 00:10:30.870 known corals in the world. 167 00:10:30.870 --> 00:10:34.513 Not to mention reefs that remain today with 100% endemism 168 00:10:34.513 --> 00:10:36.993 have been discovered within Papahānaumokuākea. 169 00:10:39.140 --> 00:10:39.973 Next slide. 170 00:10:42.960 --> 00:10:45.290 NOAA and partners from the Schmidt Ocean Institute 171 00:10:45.290 --> 00:10:47.090 and the Ocean Exploration Trust 172 00:10:47.090 --> 00:10:49.210 have also mapped previously unexplored areas 173 00:10:49.210 --> 00:10:52.400 of the monument including over 30 seamounts 174 00:10:52.400 --> 00:10:54.190 that harvest some of the most diverse communities 175 00:10:54.190 --> 00:10:56.763 of deep sea corals and sponges known to man. 176 00:10:58.020 --> 00:10:58.853 Next slide. 177 00:11:00.820 --> 00:11:03.340 And we've located 31 maritime heritage sites 178 00:11:03.340 --> 00:11:06.440 including nine World War II era shipwrecks, 179 00:11:06.440 --> 00:11:09.620 five World War II era sunken aircraft, 180 00:11:09.620 --> 00:11:11.660 five historic whaling shipwrecks 181 00:11:11.660 --> 00:11:13.223 and the list goes on and on. 182 00:11:14.380 --> 00:11:15.213 Next slide. 183 00:11:17.810 --> 00:11:20.500 And Papahānaumokuākea has supported a cultural 184 00:11:20.500 --> 00:11:22.370 resurgence within the monument 185 00:11:22.370 --> 00:11:24.800 through the continued access of Native Hawaiians, 186 00:11:24.800 --> 00:11:27.330 for various cultural and spiritual practices 187 00:11:27.330 --> 00:11:29.690 that continue to reinforce their kuleana, 188 00:11:29.690 --> 00:11:30.910 advanced Hawaiian knowledge 189 00:11:30.910 --> 00:11:32.950 and informed the collective stewardship 190 00:11:32.950 --> 00:11:34.260 throughout both the Northwestern 191 00:11:34.260 --> 00:11:37.240 as well as the inhabited Hawaiian Islands. 192 00:11:37.240 --> 00:11:39.840 Papahānaumokuākea has also supported the revival 193 00:11:39.840 --> 00:11:43.020 of Polynesian practices for voyaging and wayfinding 194 00:11:43.020 --> 00:11:45.140 or double hulled sailing canoes, 195 00:11:45.140 --> 00:11:47.570 where the next generation of apprentice navigators 196 00:11:47.570 --> 00:11:50.703 continue to train in this ancestral training ground. 197 00:11:51.760 --> 00:11:54.650 With that I'll stop, I'll say mahalo 198 00:11:54.650 --> 00:11:56.640 to all once again for joining us today. 199 00:11:56.640 --> 00:11:58.450 I hope you enjoy the rest of the webinar 200 00:11:58.450 --> 00:12:01.983 and happy birthday Papahānaumokuākea, thank you. 201 00:12:03.887 --> 00:12:06.370 Great, thank you Eric. 202 00:12:06.370 --> 00:12:11.250 There are many, many more accomplishments by ourselves, 203 00:12:11.250 --> 00:12:12.370 by our partners. 204 00:12:12.370 --> 00:12:15.100 One of the greatest things about Papahānaumokuākea 205 00:12:15.100 --> 00:12:17.140 is that we have so many people 206 00:12:17.140 --> 00:12:18.780 that have been involved over the years. 207 00:12:18.780 --> 00:12:22.560 All of which feel that they have had a significant role 208 00:12:22.560 --> 00:12:25.117 within the protections of the place 209 00:12:25.117 --> 00:12:27.530 and that's exactly what you want in conservation. 210 00:12:27.530 --> 00:12:29.420 You want everybody to feel involved 211 00:12:29.420 --> 00:12:32.752 and I feel very fortunate to be part of this project 212 00:12:32.752 --> 00:12:35.720 and to be one of those people. 213 00:12:35.720 --> 00:12:37.900 So thank you again for coming today. 214 00:12:37.900 --> 00:12:40.280 This webinar is part of our Office 215 00:12:40.280 --> 00:12:44.180 of National Marine Sanctuaries webinar program 216 00:12:44.180 --> 00:12:47.780 and the National Marine Sanctuary System protects many sites 217 00:12:47.780 --> 00:12:51.890 across the country in the Pacific, in the south Pacific. 218 00:12:51.890 --> 00:12:54.830 So you could see on this map, we have numerous sites 219 00:12:54.830 --> 00:12:58.980 and we even have a new site in Wisconsin Lake Michigan. 220 00:12:58.980 --> 00:13:01.540 So that's a great achievement, 221 00:13:01.540 --> 00:13:05.140 the shipwreck trail on the coast there in Wisconsin 222 00:13:05.140 --> 00:13:08.240 and our other newer site is Mallows Bay 223 00:13:08.240 --> 00:13:11.630 in the Potomac River that highlights some of the 224 00:13:13.420 --> 00:13:18.420 early 1800s wrecks in that channel, in the Potomac River. 225 00:13:20.780 --> 00:13:22.840 Out here in the Pacific, we have the Hawaiian Islands 226 00:13:22.840 --> 00:13:25.310 Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary and of course 227 00:13:25.310 --> 00:13:29.000 our site Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. 228 00:13:29.000 --> 00:13:30.340 And last but not least, 229 00:13:30.340 --> 00:13:33.530 we have National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa 230 00:13:33.530 --> 00:13:35.080 down in the South Pacific 231 00:13:35.080 --> 00:13:38.500 as well as Rose Atoll Marine National Monument. 232 00:13:38.500 --> 00:13:42.420 So today our hosts are myself, Andy Collins, 233 00:13:42.420 --> 00:13:44.260 Malia whom you heard before 234 00:13:44.260 --> 00:13:47.030 Education and Native Hawaiian Outreach, 235 00:13:47.030 --> 00:13:50.700 Education Specialist and Justin Umholtz 236 00:13:50.700 --> 00:13:53.810 and we're your webinar host and handling questions 237 00:13:53.810 --> 00:13:56.500 and anything else that comes up today. 238 00:13:56.500 --> 00:13:59.430 We all work at a wonderful facility in Hilo, 239 00:13:59.430 --> 00:14:03.130 our 20,000 square feet Mokupāpapa discovery center 240 00:14:03.130 --> 00:14:05.080 on the Bayfront in Hilo. 241 00:14:05.080 --> 00:14:06.397 And we have wonderful exhibits 242 00:14:06.397 --> 00:14:09.840 a 3,500 gallon saltwater aquarium. 243 00:14:09.840 --> 00:14:13.050 And unfortunately we're closed still due to COVID 244 00:14:13.050 --> 00:14:15.610 but thatʻs looking like we're gonna be reopening 245 00:14:15.610 --> 00:14:17.800 sometime soon, maybe late summer 246 00:14:17.800 --> 00:14:21.660 so we hope to see you if you are able to visit us in Hilo. 247 00:14:21.660 --> 00:14:23.160 But all the sites around 248 00:14:23.160 --> 00:14:25.080 the National Marine Sanctuary System 249 00:14:25.080 --> 00:14:27.750 protect incredible biodiversity. 250 00:14:27.750 --> 00:14:29.510 Many of these sites were designated 251 00:14:29.510 --> 00:14:32.600 because they are so special and unique. 252 00:14:32.600 --> 00:14:35.800 They had maritime heritage sites, many shipwrecks 253 00:14:35.800 --> 00:14:38.390 in these sites, including Papahānaumokuākea 254 00:14:38.390 --> 00:14:40.450 as we mentioned earlier. 255 00:14:40.450 --> 00:14:41.930 Some of those are incredibly 256 00:14:41.930 --> 00:14:45.380 well preserved 18th century whaling vessels 257 00:14:45.380 --> 00:14:48.330 and a 19th century whaling vessels 258 00:14:48.330 --> 00:14:50.590 that are in almost pristine condition. 259 00:14:50.590 --> 00:14:53.150 Also cultural heritage, this is a picture 260 00:14:53.150 --> 00:14:55.490 from Mokumanamana one of the heiau 261 00:14:55.490 --> 00:14:57.793 or the sacred sites on that island. 262 00:14:58.670 --> 00:14:59.672 They also provides shelter and protection 263 00:14:59.672 --> 00:15:02.970 for many threatened and endangered species 264 00:15:02.970 --> 00:15:07.300 such as this Hawaiian monk seal and green sea turtle 265 00:15:07.300 --> 00:15:10.660 enjoying a non COVID moment in the monument. 266 00:15:10.660 --> 00:15:14.580 And also education, which is primarily what I focus on 267 00:15:14.580 --> 00:15:17.830 and Justin and Malia we try to share this wonder 268 00:15:17.830 --> 00:15:19.570 with the next generation. 269 00:15:19.570 --> 00:15:22.010 And we use a lot of volunteers to do this 270 00:15:22.010 --> 00:15:25.400 through outreach events, all across the country. 271 00:15:25.400 --> 00:15:27.340 We also conduct quite a bit of research 272 00:15:27.340 --> 00:15:29.390 across the National Marine Sanctuary System 273 00:15:29.390 --> 00:15:32.640 on the flora and fauna and our sites, 274 00:15:32.640 --> 00:15:36.590 and have documented some very interesting things 275 00:15:36.590 --> 00:15:39.970 and humpback whales and the patterns where they live, 276 00:15:39.970 --> 00:15:42.160 where they go to and other things. 277 00:15:42.160 --> 00:15:45.080 We also monitor these sites for changes over time 278 00:15:45.080 --> 00:15:47.020 particularly due to climate change 279 00:15:47.020 --> 00:15:50.630 and other impacts from shoreline development 280 00:15:50.630 --> 00:15:54.070 to other things that impact the near shore environment. 281 00:15:54.070 --> 00:15:56.370 And we also protect these resources. 282 00:15:56.370 --> 00:16:00.640 This is a great picture of a coral restoration project 283 00:16:00.640 --> 00:16:02.580 that's ongoing in the Florida Keys 284 00:16:02.580 --> 00:16:06.513 where they outplant corals that are grown in a nursery. 285 00:16:07.530 --> 00:16:09.750 But in today's day and age, where we're struggling 286 00:16:09.750 --> 00:16:12.690 with a lot of changes, it's important to have 287 00:16:12.690 --> 00:16:16.100 these special places where we can reconnect with nature 288 00:16:16.100 --> 00:16:21.100 and re-understand what nature does for us 289 00:16:21.350 --> 00:16:24.780 and why it's so important to us. 290 00:16:24.780 --> 00:16:28.500 And if you want to volunteer please put it in the chat 291 00:16:28.500 --> 00:16:30.340 and let us know that you're interested. 292 00:16:30.340 --> 00:16:32.570 Our volunteers are the backbone of our program 293 00:16:32.570 --> 00:16:36.913 and they support a lot of our education outreach projects. 294 00:16:38.340 --> 00:16:39.980 But without further ado 295 00:16:39.980 --> 00:16:42.780 we have a couple of wonderful presenters for you today, 296 00:16:42.780 --> 00:16:44.330 I'm going to introduce them. 297 00:16:44.330 --> 00:16:47.270 The first is Enric Sala, 298 00:16:47.270 --> 00:16:50.050 who is a National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence 299 00:16:50.050 --> 00:16:52.270 and Founder of Pristine Seas, 300 00:16:52.270 --> 00:16:56.000 a project that combines exploration, research and media 301 00:16:56.000 --> 00:16:57.430 to inspire country leaders 302 00:16:57.430 --> 00:17:00.890 to protect the last wild places in the ocean. 303 00:17:00.890 --> 00:17:03.110 To date, the Pristine Seas has helped to create 304 00:17:03.110 --> 00:17:06.150 23 of the largest marine reserves on the planet 305 00:17:06.150 --> 00:17:10.530 covering an area of 6 million square kilometers. 306 00:17:10.530 --> 00:17:12.470 Enric earned numerous honors for his work 307 00:17:12.470 --> 00:17:16.680 including the 2008 World Economic Forum Young Global Leader, 308 00:17:16.680 --> 00:17:20.080 2013 Explorers Club Lowell Thomas Award, 309 00:17:20.080 --> 00:17:24.100 2013 Environmental Media Association Hero Award, 310 00:17:24.100 --> 00:17:26.910 2016 Russian Geographic Society Award 311 00:17:26.910 --> 00:17:29.960 and the 2018 Heinz Award of Public Policy. 312 00:17:29.960 --> 00:17:33.320 He's a fellow at the National Royal Geographic Society 313 00:17:33.320 --> 00:17:35.020 and earned his B.S. in Biology 314 00:17:35.020 --> 00:17:36.370 from the University of Barcelona 315 00:17:36.370 --> 00:17:38.490 and a Ph.D. in Ecology 316 00:17:38.490 --> 00:17:41.930 from Aix-Marseille University in France, 317 00:17:41.930 --> 00:17:43.603 sorry for butchering that. 318 00:17:44.490 --> 00:17:49.280 Alan Friedlander, who I've known for over 20 some old years 319 00:17:50.510 --> 00:17:52.323 has been involved with Papahānaumokuākea 320 00:17:52.323 --> 00:17:54.410 through that entire time. 321 00:17:54.410 --> 00:17:56.150 And over the past 35 years, 322 00:17:56.150 --> 00:17:59.240 he spent greater than 10,000 hours underwater 323 00:17:59.240 --> 00:18:00.980 from coral reefs to poles 324 00:18:00.980 --> 00:18:03.220 and the depths for 1000s of meters. 325 00:18:03.220 --> 00:18:04.330 He's Chief Scientist 326 00:18:04.330 --> 00:18:07.310 for the National Geographic Pristine Seas Program 327 00:18:07.310 --> 00:18:10.220 and a researcher at the University of Hawaiʻi 328 00:18:10.220 --> 00:18:13.340 His expertise to marine, ecology, fisheries and conservation 329 00:18:13.340 --> 00:18:15.330 and his work on a marine protected area 330 00:18:15.330 --> 00:18:18.300 ranges from small local community managed areas 331 00:18:18.300 --> 00:18:21.640 to some of the largest protected areas on the planet. 332 00:18:21.640 --> 00:18:24.100 Alan is a Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society 333 00:18:24.100 --> 00:18:26.180 and Fellow of the Explorers Club. 334 00:18:26.180 --> 00:18:28.690 He received his PhD from the University of Hawai'i 335 00:18:28.690 --> 00:18:30.600 and was the National Research Council 336 00:18:30.600 --> 00:18:34.750 Postdoctorate Associate at NOAA in Monterey, California. 337 00:18:34.750 --> 00:18:35.890 So without further ado, 338 00:18:35.890 --> 00:18:39.930 gentlemen you can turn on your webcams and unmute yourself 339 00:18:39.930 --> 00:18:43.993 and I will turn the presenter over to you, Alan, 340 00:18:45.270 --> 00:18:48.943 for you to share your presentation. 341 00:18:52.320 --> 00:18:57.320 Thank you so much Andy for the introduction. 342 00:18:57.770 --> 00:19:02.740 First of all, congratulations to all who were involved 343 00:19:02.740 --> 00:19:04.150 in the creation of 344 00:19:04.150 --> 00:19:08.170 Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Sanctuary, 345 00:19:08.170 --> 00:19:10.780 including my friend here, Alan Friedlander. 346 00:19:10.780 --> 00:19:12.620 And thank you to all of you 347 00:19:12.620 --> 00:19:14.890 who have been doing the more difficult part 348 00:19:14.890 --> 00:19:16.560 which is managing it 349 00:19:16.560 --> 00:19:20.870 and ensuring that the sanctuary continues strong 350 00:19:20.870 --> 00:19:24.060 but also congratulations on the extraordinary recovery 351 00:19:24.060 --> 00:19:26.710 of the endangered species that Eric showed us before. 352 00:19:26.710 --> 00:19:30.240 Really you are heroes of the planet. 353 00:19:30.240 --> 00:19:34.140 So thank you very much the world is in your that. 354 00:19:34.140 --> 00:19:35.560 And also thank you for inviting us 355 00:19:35.560 --> 00:19:39.170 to be part of your celebration today. 356 00:19:39.170 --> 00:19:44.170 So Alan and I are going to talk about the ocean 357 00:19:44.210 --> 00:19:47.270 and how much of the ocean we need to protect and why? 358 00:19:47.270 --> 00:19:51.360 So I'll start with a global picture and then Alan will focus 359 00:19:51.360 --> 00:19:53.750 mostly on the Hawaiian Archipelago. 360 00:19:53.750 --> 00:19:57.973 So let's start with reminding ourselves 361 00:19:59.180 --> 00:20:01.113 what the ocean does for us. 362 00:20:02.290 --> 00:20:04.300 And there are many things that we have been for the ocean. 363 00:20:04.300 --> 00:20:06.760 The first one is produced just by the water, 364 00:20:06.760 --> 00:20:08.820 forget about marine life for a second. 365 00:20:08.820 --> 00:20:11.100 It is marine water that has prevented 366 00:20:12.520 --> 00:20:14.980 the earth to be like Venus. 367 00:20:14.980 --> 00:20:16.850 And let me explain that 368 00:20:16.850 --> 00:20:20.850 during the time since the first industrial revolution 369 00:20:20.850 --> 00:20:24.000 our activities have really so much extra heat 370 00:20:25.090 --> 00:20:30.090 on our planet that the ocean has absorbed 90% of that heat, 371 00:20:33.560 --> 00:20:37.267 90% of all the heat produced from our activities 372 00:20:38.170 --> 00:20:40.520 since the industrial revolution. 373 00:20:40.520 --> 00:20:42.930 The goals of the Paris Climate Agreement 374 00:20:42.930 --> 00:20:45.210 is not to exceed two degrees Celsius 375 00:20:45.210 --> 00:20:46.930 above pre-industrial levels. 376 00:20:46.930 --> 00:20:50.320 Well, if that extra heat had not been absorbed by the ocean 377 00:20:50.320 --> 00:20:53.280 the temperature here where we are now at sea level 378 00:20:53.280 --> 00:20:54.590 will not be two degrees Celsius, 379 00:20:54.590 --> 00:20:57.283 Ii will be 36 degrees Celsius higher. 380 00:20:58.450 --> 00:21:00.871 So we need to thank the ocean just for that 381 00:21:00.871 --> 00:21:03.990 just for making earth inhabitable under our pressure. 382 00:21:03.990 --> 00:21:07.670 But then when we think about life at the ocean, 383 00:21:07.670 --> 00:21:10.440 Marine life in the ocean provides all of the conditions 384 00:21:10.440 --> 00:21:12.840 that we need to survive on this planet. 385 00:21:12.840 --> 00:21:15.910 For example, oxygen, most of the oxygen in the atmosphere 386 00:21:15.910 --> 00:21:20.300 has been produced by bacteria and microscopic algae 387 00:21:20.300 --> 00:21:23.680 in the ocean over many millions of years. 388 00:21:23.680 --> 00:21:27.150 And today the ocean produces over half of the oxygen 389 00:21:27.150 --> 00:21:32.150 that we breathe, but also the ocean produces food 390 00:21:32.160 --> 00:21:34.220 and the main source of animal protein 391 00:21:34.220 --> 00:21:38.790 for over a billion and a half people around the world 392 00:21:38.790 --> 00:21:41.480 and livelihoods for hundreds of millions of people 393 00:21:41.480 --> 00:21:44.480 and that also in addition to the food security 394 00:21:44.480 --> 00:21:49.480 and income for local communities provides the ocean life 395 00:21:50.280 --> 00:21:53.013 like coral reef or a mangrove forest for example, 396 00:21:53.013 --> 00:21:56.620 provide protection from the destructive power 397 00:21:56.620 --> 00:21:59.430 of storms that have become more intense 398 00:21:59.430 --> 00:22:01.620 because of climate change. 399 00:22:01.620 --> 00:22:04.970 And that ocean biodiversity also provides 400 00:22:04.970 --> 00:22:08.410 countless opportunities for medicine. 401 00:22:08.410 --> 00:22:11.450 And so everything we need to survive is provided 402 00:22:11.450 --> 00:22:12.810 by the work of other species, 403 00:22:12.810 --> 00:22:14.950 many of which live in the ocean. 404 00:22:14.950 --> 00:22:19.810 However, we have treated the ocean like garbage. 405 00:22:19.810 --> 00:22:22.760 I know we have thrown everything that we don't want in it 406 00:22:22.760 --> 00:22:26.240 but also we have taken out so much. 407 00:22:26.240 --> 00:22:28.480 We have taken fish out of the ocean faster 408 00:22:28.480 --> 00:22:30.260 than they can reproduce and today actually 409 00:22:30.260 --> 00:22:32.170 90% of the large fish in the ocean 410 00:22:32.170 --> 00:22:34.550 Tuna, sharks, are gone 411 00:22:34.550 --> 00:22:36.150 because of our fishing. 412 00:22:36.150 --> 00:22:38.870 And also over three quarters of the populations 413 00:22:38.870 --> 00:22:41.930 of fish and invertebrates that are exploited commercially 414 00:22:41.930 --> 00:22:43.840 are over-fished meaning we are taking them 415 00:22:43.840 --> 00:22:46.380 out of the water faster than they can reproduce. 416 00:22:46.380 --> 00:22:49.010 So we are conducting all of these activities 417 00:22:50.400 --> 00:22:52.280 where we are threatening the ocean 418 00:22:52.280 --> 00:22:54.663 threatening our life support system. 419 00:22:55.620 --> 00:22:58.800 Now, what are the solutions? 420 00:22:58.800 --> 00:23:01.817 And there are multiple solutions to this problem. 421 00:23:02.840 --> 00:23:05.080 But if we think about the three main problems, 422 00:23:05.080 --> 00:23:07.750 climate change, pollution and fishing. 423 00:23:07.750 --> 00:23:11.950 Now for climate change, of course 424 00:23:11.950 --> 00:23:14.870 we need to go to carbon neutrality. 425 00:23:14.870 --> 00:23:17.240 We need to reduce our carbon emissions, 426 00:23:17.240 --> 00:23:21.340 replace fossil fuels with renewable energies 427 00:23:22.190 --> 00:23:25.030 but at the same time, we'll need to draw down 428 00:23:25.030 --> 00:23:28.120 much of the carbon pollution in the atmosphere 429 00:23:28.120 --> 00:23:30.340 much of the excess carbon that we have released 430 00:23:30.340 --> 00:23:32.070 expelled into the atmosphere. 431 00:23:32.070 --> 00:23:34.760 And we cannot fabricate, 432 00:23:34.760 --> 00:23:36.337 we cannot create a technology to do that 433 00:23:36.337 --> 00:23:38.430 but nature has this technology. 434 00:23:38.430 --> 00:23:41.420 It's called trees, forest, wetlands, mangroves, peatlands, 435 00:23:41.420 --> 00:23:45.070 but also kelp forest and healthy ocean ecosystems. 436 00:23:45.070 --> 00:23:48.450 So we do need the help from nature, from the ocean 437 00:23:48.450 --> 00:23:50.520 to be able to draw down 438 00:23:50.520 --> 00:23:52.210 to check how much of the carbon pollution 439 00:23:52.210 --> 00:23:54.260 that we have expelling to the atmosphere. 440 00:23:54.260 --> 00:23:56.700 The problem is that today's ecosystems 441 00:23:56.700 --> 00:23:58.980 have been so degraded by our activities 442 00:23:58.980 --> 00:24:01.460 and we are releasing so much carbon into the atmosphere 443 00:24:01.460 --> 00:24:06.460 the nature and the ocean cannot absorb our impact anymore. 444 00:24:06.490 --> 00:24:10.980 So while we fix the issue of carbon emissions 445 00:24:10.980 --> 00:24:14.670 through technology, innovation, energy, efficiency 446 00:24:14.670 --> 00:24:16.790 and regulation, at the same time 447 00:24:16.790 --> 00:24:19.580 we need to protect whatever wild is left 448 00:24:19.580 --> 00:24:22.910 and also restore much of our degraded land and oceans. 449 00:24:22.910 --> 00:24:24.870 And there's one thing that we can do in the ocean 450 00:24:24.870 --> 00:24:28.740 that we can start today and have an impact tomorrow 451 00:24:28.740 --> 00:24:30.480 and help us buy time, 452 00:24:30.480 --> 00:24:35.480 which is restoring marine life through protection. 453 00:24:35.560 --> 00:24:37.270 Papahānaumokuākea is a great example 454 00:24:37.270 --> 00:24:40.430 of what happens when an area is protected. 455 00:24:40.430 --> 00:24:44.210 And we have seen the example of the benefits 456 00:24:44.210 --> 00:24:45.910 of protected areas around the world. 457 00:24:45.910 --> 00:24:48.460 And for many people have not seen what happens 458 00:24:48.460 --> 00:24:49.310 when you protect an area. 459 00:24:49.310 --> 00:24:52.280 So I like to show a couple of photographs 460 00:24:53.520 --> 00:24:56.790 about the place called Cabo Pulmo in Mexico. 461 00:24:56.790 --> 00:25:00.310 Cabo Pulmo is this little village 462 00:25:00.310 --> 00:25:02.610 on the coast of Baja California, Mexico. 463 00:25:02.610 --> 00:25:06.890 I started doing a research there in the mid '90s 464 00:25:06.890 --> 00:25:10.150 and in the mid '90s, the local fishermen were so upset 465 00:25:10.150 --> 00:25:12.030 with not having enough fish to catch 466 00:25:12.030 --> 00:25:14.970 that instead of doing what people will do 467 00:25:14.970 --> 00:25:17.470 which is going after the few fish left 468 00:25:17.470 --> 00:25:20.620 they decided to stop fishing completely. 469 00:25:20.620 --> 00:25:22.540 So they asked the Mexican government to create 470 00:25:22.540 --> 00:25:25.700 a national park in the sea a no-take marine reserve 471 00:25:25.700 --> 00:25:28.680 covering 70 square kilometers over the coast. 472 00:25:28.680 --> 00:25:30.870 As you can see in the late '90s, 473 00:25:30.870 --> 00:25:33.740 right after the national park was created, 474 00:25:33.740 --> 00:25:34.573 there was no life there. 475 00:25:34.573 --> 00:25:37.430 You can see a couple of damsel fish on the background 476 00:25:37.430 --> 00:25:39.644 but the place was kind of mediocre. 477 00:25:39.644 --> 00:25:42.650 There was nothing there that made it stand out. 478 00:25:42.650 --> 00:25:46.523 But when we return 10 years later, everything had changed. 479 00:25:47.510 --> 00:25:50.220 And so this is the same place. 480 00:25:50.220 --> 00:25:53.590 10 years later is the same place 481 00:25:53.590 --> 00:25:56.980 we saw it come back to Pristine in only 10 years. 482 00:25:56.980 --> 00:25:59.570 The abundance the biomass of fish 483 00:25:59.570 --> 00:26:03.200 increased almost five times in those 10 years. 484 00:26:03.200 --> 00:26:04.693 And we saw the return of the large predators 485 00:26:04.693 --> 00:26:07.350 the fish that we thought were gone 486 00:26:07.350 --> 00:26:10.830 like these groupers and the sharks and jacks. 487 00:26:10.830 --> 00:26:13.840 And you know who else is thriving now, 488 00:26:13.840 --> 00:26:17.050 those visionary fishermen, who are making far more money 489 00:26:17.050 --> 00:26:19.770 from diving tourism inside the park 490 00:26:19.770 --> 00:26:21.530 and better fisheries around. 491 00:26:21.530 --> 00:26:23.890 And because of what we have seen all over the world 492 00:26:23.890 --> 00:26:27.480 is what happened when you fully protect an area. 493 00:26:27.480 --> 00:26:28.910 Next please. 494 00:26:28.910 --> 00:26:32.180 When we fully protect an area from fishing 495 00:26:32.180 --> 00:26:33.530 and all the damaging activities 496 00:26:33.530 --> 00:26:36.840 we see on average an increase in the biomass of fish 497 00:26:36.840 --> 00:26:41.190 in the tons of fish per hectare of 600% on average, 498 00:26:41.190 --> 00:26:44.160 while protected areas that allow commercial fishing 499 00:26:44.160 --> 00:26:46.820 are not even able to double the biomass on average. 500 00:26:46.820 --> 00:26:50.560 And in many cases, there is no difference 501 00:26:50.560 --> 00:26:54.710 between the protected areas that are partially protected 502 00:26:54.710 --> 00:26:56.320 and the unprotected areas nearby, 503 00:26:56.320 --> 00:26:59.330 actually a new study from Australia shows that 504 00:26:59.330 --> 00:27:02.800 the marine protected areas that allow commercial fishing 505 00:27:02.800 --> 00:27:05.960 have no social or economic benefits, 506 00:27:05.960 --> 00:27:09.487 they are not different from unprotected areas. 507 00:27:09.487 --> 00:27:12.070 And we have seen these on our studies also 508 00:27:12.070 --> 00:27:13.400 in the Seychelles Archipelago 509 00:27:13.400 --> 00:27:17.700 Alan's work in the Hawaiian Islands that are cases like this 510 00:27:17.700 --> 00:27:19.060 and the Sea of Cortez in Mexico, 511 00:27:19.060 --> 00:27:21.430 in the Caribbean, in the Mediterranean. 512 00:27:21.430 --> 00:27:25.540 So if we want to restore marine biodiversity, 513 00:27:25.540 --> 00:27:27.930 fisheries management, will not do it. 514 00:27:27.930 --> 00:27:29.470 Doing less bad is not good enough 515 00:27:29.470 --> 00:27:32.070 if we really want to restore marine life, 516 00:27:32.070 --> 00:27:36.293 the most cost-effective solution is fully protected areas 517 00:27:36.293 --> 00:27:39.520 where all extractive damaging activities are banned. 518 00:27:39.520 --> 00:27:41.933 And in these areas, the physical more abandoned 519 00:27:41.933 --> 00:27:43.330 but also become larger. 520 00:27:43.330 --> 00:27:45.120 And because of question of physics 521 00:27:45.120 --> 00:27:48.120 when the fish increase in length in one dimension, 522 00:27:48.120 --> 00:27:50.210 they increase in volume in three dimensions, 523 00:27:50.210 --> 00:27:52.500 which means that they produce a disproportionally 524 00:27:52.500 --> 00:27:55.230 larger number of X, the larger females. 525 00:27:55.230 --> 00:27:58.310 If we let the larger females become large 526 00:27:58.310 --> 00:28:01.260 they produce so many more eggs and larvae 527 00:28:01.260 --> 00:28:04.250 which together with the spillover of adult fish 528 00:28:04.250 --> 00:28:06.570 help to replenish the areas around. 529 00:28:06.570 --> 00:28:10.430 And we have seen examples from small reserves to large ones 530 00:28:10.430 --> 00:28:13.010 from a small species that don't move like scallops in clams 531 00:28:13.010 --> 00:28:16.320 to species that move thousands of miles like tuna. 532 00:28:16.320 --> 00:28:18.600 And a small reserve in Fiji 533 00:28:18.600 --> 00:28:22.410 the abundance of scallops increased 11 times 534 00:28:23.520 --> 00:28:26.330 inside the reserve and seven times outside the reserve 535 00:28:26.330 --> 00:28:28.260 in only three years because of the spillover. 536 00:28:28.260 --> 00:28:32.020 In the Mediterranean lobsters which move just very little, 537 00:28:32.020 --> 00:28:36.410 have increased the abundance of lobsters in the catch 538 00:28:36.410 --> 00:28:38.540 around a no-take area 539 00:28:38.540 --> 00:28:41.130 and same thing that has happened in Southern California, 540 00:28:41.130 --> 00:28:44.050 where 35% of the fishing grounds 541 00:28:44.050 --> 00:28:46.423 have been closed to lobster fishing. 542 00:28:48.459 --> 00:28:50.760 The commercial catch around these no-take areas 543 00:28:50.760 --> 00:28:53.340 has increased to 225%. 544 00:28:53.340 --> 00:28:56.350 Whereas in areas without no take marine reserves 545 00:28:56.350 --> 00:28:58.900 the lobster catch continues declining. 546 00:28:58.900 --> 00:29:03.780 So these areas not only have an effect in the recovery 547 00:29:03.780 --> 00:29:05.487 of marine biodiversity within their boundary 548 00:29:05.487 --> 00:29:08.143 but also they have benefits around their boundaries. 549 00:29:09.557 --> 00:29:12.890 And also we have found that the ocean, 550 00:29:12.890 --> 00:29:16.490 marine life can also be provide resilience 551 00:29:16.490 --> 00:29:17.980 to climate change. 552 00:29:17.980 --> 00:29:19.940 Alan and I have been in coral reefs 553 00:29:19.940 --> 00:29:22.915 in the middle of the Pacific that are uninhabited 554 00:29:22.915 --> 00:29:26.175 and fully protected with large abundance of fish 555 00:29:26.175 --> 00:29:29.780 and those reefs suffered during only a years 556 00:29:29.780 --> 00:29:32.480 especially during the last massive warming event 557 00:29:32.480 --> 00:29:35.470 that affected the entire Pacific Ocean in 2016. 558 00:29:35.470 --> 00:29:37.140 And we have seen what happens in reefs 559 00:29:37.140 --> 00:29:38.860 that are not protected, 560 00:29:38.860 --> 00:29:42.623 where the biomass the abundance of large fish declines, 561 00:29:43.560 --> 00:29:45.400 in this reef the coral died. 562 00:29:45.400 --> 00:29:48.190 They were overgrown by sea weed or slime 563 00:29:48.190 --> 00:29:49.510 and they haven't come back. 564 00:29:49.510 --> 00:29:52.610 But in places where we have the entire ecosystem, 565 00:29:52.610 --> 00:29:54.810 the entire biodiversity, all of the species, 566 00:29:54.810 --> 00:29:57.900 large animals including the parrotfish and the surgeonfish 567 00:29:57.900 --> 00:29:59.150 that eat the algae. 568 00:29:59.150 --> 00:30:01.580 They have kept the reef clean 569 00:30:01.580 --> 00:30:04.520 allowing for the recovery of the coral. 570 00:30:04.520 --> 00:30:06.267 So in these protected places 571 00:30:06.267 --> 00:30:08.453 that have these large abundance of fish, 572 00:30:08.453 --> 00:30:09.903 that corals are coming back. 573 00:30:10.750 --> 00:30:13.810 But not only protected areas can provide resilience 574 00:30:13.810 --> 00:30:15.700 the global warming, but also reducing our activities 575 00:30:15.700 --> 00:30:18.400 can help mitigate climate change. 576 00:30:18.400 --> 00:30:23.398 And the next one please Alan, so and our recent research 577 00:30:23.398 --> 00:30:25.780 that we published a couple months ago, 578 00:30:25.780 --> 00:30:30.480 we found that the effect of bottom trolling on the bottom 579 00:30:31.460 --> 00:30:35.740 of the ocean, the sea floor, and these huge and heavy nets 580 00:30:35.740 --> 00:30:38.240 disturb a lot the sediment on the sea floor 581 00:30:38.240 --> 00:30:39.440 and the sea floor is the largest 582 00:30:39.440 --> 00:30:41.320 carbon store house on the planet. 583 00:30:41.320 --> 00:30:44.410 The top meter of the sea floor contains twice more carbon 584 00:30:44.410 --> 00:30:46.740 than all the soils of the land 585 00:30:46.740 --> 00:30:48.620 which would be great we'll think why 586 00:30:48.620 --> 00:30:50.700 the ocean stored more carbon than we thought, great. 587 00:30:50.700 --> 00:30:53.700 The problem is that today bottom trolling and dredging 588 00:30:53.700 --> 00:30:57.150 in the future maybe marine mining 589 00:30:57.150 --> 00:30:58.970 disturbs a lot of the carbon. 590 00:30:58.970 --> 00:31:00.810 And when that carbon is available, 591 00:31:00.810 --> 00:31:03.740 it remineralizes, it turns into carbon dioxide, 592 00:31:03.740 --> 00:31:06.430 which is a greenhouse gas that even the atmosphere 593 00:31:06.430 --> 00:31:07.680 will be there for a 1000 years 594 00:31:07.680 --> 00:31:09.667 contributing to the warming of the planet. 595 00:31:09.667 --> 00:31:12.760 So we estimated that bottom trolling 596 00:31:12.760 --> 00:31:14.640 turns much of this carbon into CO2 597 00:31:15.820 --> 00:31:19.130 at a volume that is larger than the global emissions 598 00:31:19.130 --> 00:31:20.993 of aviation every year. 599 00:31:22.070 --> 00:31:25.180 So if we protected carbon rich areas 600 00:31:25.180 --> 00:31:26.990 and reduce bottom trolling also, 601 00:31:26.990 --> 00:31:30.190 we would be avoiding carbon emissions 602 00:31:30.190 --> 00:31:32.771 that are very significant at the global level 603 00:31:32.771 --> 00:31:35.508 and also help to mitigate climate change. 604 00:31:35.508 --> 00:31:40.508 And so I have been very lucky to work with Alan since 2005 605 00:31:41.080 --> 00:31:43.760 when we did our first scientific expedition 606 00:31:43.760 --> 00:31:45.510 to the Northern Line Islands. 607 00:31:45.510 --> 00:31:47.590 And for the last 12 years, we have been working 608 00:31:47.590 --> 00:31:51.760 on our Pristine Seas Project and National Geographic 609 00:31:51.760 --> 00:31:56.090 where we have visited over 30 of the most wonderful 610 00:31:56.090 --> 00:31:59.200 and wild places around the ocean. 611 00:31:59.200 --> 00:32:03.583 And thanks to Alan and our fantastic science team 612 00:32:03.583 --> 00:32:05.660 with a bunch of scientific publications 613 00:32:05.660 --> 00:32:10.660 also documentary films, and working with local communities, 614 00:32:10.660 --> 00:32:12.630 indigenous peoples and governments. 615 00:32:12.630 --> 00:32:17.030 We have helped protect like I was mentioning before 616 00:32:17.030 --> 00:32:18.634 we have helped to protect 617 00:32:18.634 --> 00:32:21.960 23 largest Marine reserves in the world covering 618 00:32:21.960 --> 00:32:24.780 an area over half the size of the United States. 619 00:32:24.780 --> 00:32:27.620 This is great, but it is not enough because today 620 00:32:27.620 --> 00:32:31.240 only 7% of the ocean is in marine protected areas 621 00:32:31.240 --> 00:32:36.050 but less than 3% of the ocean is in this fully 622 00:32:36.050 --> 00:32:40.570 or highly protected areas that ban extractive activities. 623 00:32:40.570 --> 00:32:42.990 Only less than 3% of the ocean 624 00:32:42.990 --> 00:32:45.410 is in areas that actually would allow 625 00:32:45.410 --> 00:32:47.080 for marine biodiversity to recover 626 00:32:47.080 --> 00:32:49.450 and help regenerate the rest of the ocean. 627 00:32:49.450 --> 00:32:51.280 And the science is very clear. 628 00:32:51.280 --> 00:32:56.280 We need at least 30% of the ocean protected strategically 629 00:32:56.810 --> 00:33:00.960 the right places fully protected by 2030, 630 00:33:00.960 --> 00:33:03.030 if we are to prevent extinctions 631 00:33:03.030 --> 00:33:06.080 to prevent the continued collapse of marine ecosystems 632 00:33:06.080 --> 00:33:08.170 and the collapse of our life support system, 633 00:33:08.170 --> 00:33:11.440 if we are to help replenish the ocean 634 00:33:11.440 --> 00:33:12.920 and increase the catch of fisheries 635 00:33:12.920 --> 00:33:15.200 to increase food security instead of continuing 636 00:33:15.200 --> 00:33:17.630 the ongoing depletion, the ongoing collapse 637 00:33:17.630 --> 00:33:18.900 of fish species around the world 638 00:33:18.900 --> 00:33:21.496 but also to help us mitigate climate change 639 00:33:21.496 --> 00:33:22.900 because it will be impossible, 640 00:33:22.900 --> 00:33:25.120 it will be impossible to achieve the goals 641 00:33:25.120 --> 00:33:26.500 of the Paris Climate Agreement 642 00:33:26.500 --> 00:33:28.720 unless we protect the wild that is left 643 00:33:28.720 --> 00:33:32.685 and restore much of our degraded land and ocean. 644 00:33:32.685 --> 00:33:37.000 And I will pass it now to Alan, thank you. 645 00:33:40.777 --> 00:33:45.777 Great, thank you Enric, so yes you set it up well. 646 00:33:46.700 --> 00:33:50.023 And what I'd like to talk about now is, 647 00:33:51.180 --> 00:33:55.210 how we can look at what Enric talked about 648 00:33:55.210 --> 00:33:57.360 at the large scale and give some case studies 649 00:33:57.360 --> 00:34:00.190 of what we've learned from these last wild places 650 00:34:00.190 --> 00:34:02.430 and what we've learned by better management. 651 00:34:02.430 --> 00:34:04.790 And the first thing is that, 652 00:34:04.790 --> 00:34:09.380 marine ecosystems exists on a continuum from being remote 653 00:34:09.380 --> 00:34:12.610 and highly protected places that we've got to work 654 00:34:12.610 --> 00:34:15.520 over the last decade or so with Pristine Seas 655 00:34:15.520 --> 00:34:18.780 to places that have been moderately impacted 656 00:34:18.780 --> 00:34:21.380 to places where the wheels have pretty much come off. 657 00:34:21.380 --> 00:34:26.380 So extensive exploitation, coastal development, 658 00:34:27.010 --> 00:34:31.520 pollution led to Marine ecosystems that don't have 659 00:34:31.520 --> 00:34:33.450 the same benefits and functions 660 00:34:33.450 --> 00:34:35.920 that Enric talked about at very beginning. 661 00:34:35.920 --> 00:34:39.460 So we need to figure out where we are on this continuum 662 00:34:39.460 --> 00:34:42.680 so that we can figure out the best way to manage resources 663 00:34:42.680 --> 00:34:43.900 where there are people, 664 00:34:43.900 --> 00:34:45.770 where there's a modest number of people 665 00:34:45.770 --> 00:34:48.113 and where we have huge human impacts. 666 00:34:50.300 --> 00:34:53.580 And natural systems actually are dominated 667 00:34:53.580 --> 00:34:55.200 by large predators. 668 00:34:55.200 --> 00:34:56.760 Unfortunately, these are the first things 669 00:34:56.760 --> 00:34:58.340 that go from any ecosystem. 670 00:34:58.340 --> 00:35:00.650 I think this is one of my favorite places in the world 671 00:35:00.650 --> 00:35:04.340 Caroline Atoll in the Southern Line Islands of Kiribati. 672 00:35:04.340 --> 00:35:07.120 And this is what a natural occurring 673 00:35:07.120 --> 00:35:09.000 ecosystem should look like. 674 00:35:09.000 --> 00:35:13.670 A vibrant reefs, healthy ecosystem with everything intact. 675 00:35:13.670 --> 00:35:16.370 Yet most of the research that we do 676 00:35:16.370 --> 00:35:19.190 is around ecosystems that are heavily degraded. 677 00:35:19.190 --> 00:35:22.910 So we don't fully understand how these ecosystems function 678 00:35:22.910 --> 00:35:27.100 and we need these natural baselines so that we not only know 679 00:35:27.100 --> 00:35:29.390 how the natural systems function 680 00:35:29.390 --> 00:35:31.480 but know what we've lost 681 00:35:31.480 --> 00:35:36.400 and how we can try to replenish and rejuvenate those places 682 00:35:36.400 --> 00:35:40.544 so they can provide all the benefits that we need as people. 683 00:35:40.544 --> 00:35:43.433 So, first of all, happy anniversary to Papahānaumokuākea, 684 00:35:45.880 --> 00:35:48.050 it stretches for 2000 kilometers 685 00:35:48.050 --> 00:35:53.050 from the populated main Hawaiian Islands to Kure Atoll. 686 00:35:53.090 --> 00:35:56.140 And it represents one of the largest intact 687 00:35:56.140 --> 00:35:58.300 marine ecosystems on the planet. 688 00:35:58.300 --> 00:36:00.800 I started working up in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 689 00:36:00.800 --> 00:36:04.430 in the 1990s, I was one of the original members 690 00:36:04.430 --> 00:36:06.470 of the Northwestern Hawaiian Island 691 00:36:06.470 --> 00:36:09.058 Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve Council. 692 00:36:09.058 --> 00:36:14.010 And over the past 20 years, I've seen Papahānaumokuākea 693 00:36:14.010 --> 00:36:18.690 grow from a bold idea to one of the most successful 694 00:36:18.690 --> 00:36:21.793 and important marine conservation areas on earth. 695 00:36:22.760 --> 00:36:25.587 And lots of efforts have been done by NOAA, 696 00:36:25.587 --> 00:36:27.400 the US Fish and Wildlife Service, 697 00:36:27.400 --> 00:36:30.160 Office of Hawaiian Affairs, the State of Hawai'i 698 00:36:30.160 --> 00:36:32.530 and others to help understand 699 00:36:32.530 --> 00:36:35.030 and manage this incredibly unique 700 00:36:35.030 --> 00:36:36.973 and irreplaceable ecosystem. 701 00:36:38.980 --> 00:36:41.030 The first thing you notice when you jump in the water 702 00:36:41.030 --> 00:36:42.380 in the Northwest Hawaiian Island 703 00:36:42.380 --> 00:36:45.830 is you are definitely not at the top of the food chain. 704 00:36:45.830 --> 00:36:48.980 This is what the natural system looks like. 705 00:36:48.980 --> 00:36:52.470 Whether you're surrounded by dozens of Galapagos shark 706 00:36:52.470 --> 00:36:55.810 or the 100 ulua or trevally jacks 707 00:36:55.810 --> 00:36:58.263 that come in and move the sharks out. 708 00:36:59.490 --> 00:37:00.900 The Native Hawaiian monk seals 709 00:37:00.900 --> 00:37:03.170 one of the most endangered pinnipeds 710 00:37:03.170 --> 00:37:06.400 on the planet yet is showing signs of recovery. 711 00:37:06.400 --> 00:37:09.850 They hunt synergistically with the giant trevally 712 00:37:09.850 --> 00:37:14.050 and you see how the entire ecosystem kind of fits together 713 00:37:14.050 --> 00:37:18.410 and functions with this dominance of large predators. 714 00:37:18.410 --> 00:37:22.447 That's fairly unprecedented and fairly unknown until some 715 00:37:22.447 --> 00:37:25.723 of the first work done in Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 716 00:37:26.930 --> 00:37:30.380 So some of our early work was with kind of groundbreaking 717 00:37:30.380 --> 00:37:32.150 in a number of respects. 718 00:37:32.150 --> 00:37:34.500 We've got this great natural experiment here 719 00:37:34.500 --> 00:37:37.140 where we've got uninhabited islands that stretch 720 00:37:37.140 --> 00:37:39.170 for several 1000 kilometers 721 00:37:39.170 --> 00:37:41.120 and populated main Hawaiian Islands 722 00:37:41.120 --> 00:37:43.633 all in the same bioregion. 723 00:37:44.850 --> 00:37:46.590 What we first found was 724 00:37:46.590 --> 00:37:49.440 that you can have more predators than prey in the ecosystem. 725 00:37:49.440 --> 00:37:51.050 The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 726 00:37:51.050 --> 00:37:54.180 is dominated by large predator sharks and jack's 727 00:37:54.180 --> 00:37:56.593 account for more than half of the biomass 728 00:37:56.593 --> 00:37:58.900 that we see on the reefs. 729 00:37:58.900 --> 00:38:00.350 So how's that possible? 730 00:38:00.350 --> 00:38:02.170 It's possible because they cause 731 00:38:02.170 --> 00:38:06.920 all the other ecosystem components to turn over much faster 732 00:38:06.920 --> 00:38:09.590 fish basically live fast and die young. 733 00:38:09.590 --> 00:38:11.310 If you're not a predator species 734 00:38:11.310 --> 00:38:13.190 in the Northwestern Hawaiian Island. 735 00:38:13.190 --> 00:38:17.243 And this leads to a greater resilience of the ecosystem, 736 00:38:19.763 --> 00:38:22.680 it can absorb impacts, bleaching events, 737 00:38:22.680 --> 00:38:24.690 storms and things like that. 738 00:38:24.690 --> 00:38:27.790 But it really shows how this inverted biomass pyramid 739 00:38:27.790 --> 00:38:30.180 is really the natural state. 740 00:38:30.180 --> 00:38:33.150 That this figure those bubbles are proportional, 741 00:38:33.150 --> 00:38:37.090 so what it also shows is the overall biomass 742 00:38:37.090 --> 00:38:38.930 in the Northwestern Hawaiian islands 743 00:38:38.930 --> 00:38:40.350 compared to the main Hawaiian islands 744 00:38:40.350 --> 00:38:43.010 is three to four times greater. 745 00:38:43.010 --> 00:38:47.250 But what's more amazing is that only 3% 746 00:38:47.250 --> 00:38:48.830 of the biomass and main Hawaiian Island 747 00:38:48.830 --> 00:38:51.200 consists of large predators, sharks and jacks. 748 00:38:51.200 --> 00:38:54.170 Basically these species had been extirpated 749 00:38:54.170 --> 00:38:56.250 from the ecosystem and the main Hawaiian Islands 750 00:38:56.250 --> 00:39:00.370 and that results in an ecosystem that's less intact 751 00:39:00.370 --> 00:39:04.050 and less functional and less resilient to impact 752 00:39:04.050 --> 00:39:08.290 such as climate change and other types of perturbations. 753 00:39:08.290 --> 00:39:10.240 So this was pretty groundbreaking at the time 754 00:39:10.240 --> 00:39:13.470 but we've seen this repeated over and over again. 755 00:39:13.470 --> 00:39:16.020 When we look at natural systems around the world 756 00:39:16.020 --> 00:39:17.670 through our Pristine Seas project 757 00:39:21.581 --> 00:39:24.430 I will turn it over to Malia now I think. 758 00:39:24.430 --> 00:39:26.760 Yeah so, all right friends 759 00:39:26.760 --> 00:39:31.560 we have our first poll question, gonna launch that poll. 760 00:39:31.560 --> 00:39:33.170 So our question is, 761 00:39:33.170 --> 00:39:37.490 why are top predators important to marine ecosystems? 762 00:39:37.490 --> 00:39:40.670 So if you are in full screen mode, you'll wanna pop out 763 00:39:40.670 --> 00:39:44.333 using your control panel and go ahead and vote. 764 00:39:45.210 --> 00:39:47.890 So we have answers, maintain the balance 765 00:39:47.890 --> 00:39:50.040 of the entire ecosystem. 766 00:39:50.040 --> 00:39:53.440 Lead to rapid turnover of prey species. 767 00:39:53.440 --> 00:39:58.170 Weed out weak, dying animals and slow spread of disease. 768 00:39:58.170 --> 00:40:01.190 Increases resilience to climate change. 769 00:40:01.190 --> 00:40:04.070 Or all of the above. 770 00:40:04.070 --> 00:40:07.210 So we have about half of you who have voted. 771 00:40:07.210 --> 00:40:12.210 We'll give you another five seconds to get your vote in. 772 00:40:12.340 --> 00:40:15.300 We'll see how good you've been paying attention. 773 00:40:15.300 --> 00:40:20.300 All right, so 3, 2, 1, I'm gonna close up the poll 774 00:40:20.760 --> 00:40:22.173 and see what we got. 775 00:40:25.650 --> 00:40:29.613 Okay, so Alan, are you able to see our results here? 776 00:40:33.130 --> 00:40:34.612 I am not right now. 777 00:40:34.612 --> 00:40:35.945 (laughs) 778 00:40:35.945 --> 00:40:38.310 Okay so I will share them with you. 779 00:40:38.310 --> 00:40:43.310 So 96% of our audience members said all of the above. 780 00:40:44.360 --> 00:40:46.180 How did our audience do? 781 00:40:46.180 --> 00:40:48.200 Everybody was paying attention. 782 00:40:48.200 --> 00:40:50.010 It was a bit of a softball question, 783 00:40:50.010 --> 00:40:52.120 but I just wanted to highlight 784 00:40:52.120 --> 00:40:54.020 how important these things were. 785 00:40:54.020 --> 00:40:57.363 So I am glad that everybody figured that out. 786 00:41:00.110 --> 00:41:03.520 Okay, am I out of slide mode now? 787 00:41:03.520 --> 00:41:05.250 Oh, there we go, okay. 788 00:41:05.250 --> 00:41:08.670 Yeah, okay so we're back in business. 789 00:41:08.670 --> 00:41:12.638 Now as Enric mentioned earlier marine protected area-- 790 00:41:12.638 --> 00:41:17.530 Hey Alan we're just seeing the slide mode. 791 00:41:19.886 --> 00:41:24.886 So you need to pop back into a presentation mode 792 00:41:24.990 --> 00:41:28.369 and get back to your slides, there you go, yeah. 793 00:41:28.369 --> 00:41:30.820 Sorry about that, yep I got a couple things going on here. 794 00:41:30.820 --> 00:41:33.893 All right, so as Enric mentioned, 795 00:41:34.750 --> 00:41:37.440 marine protected areas are essential management tools 796 00:41:37.440 --> 00:41:39.780 not just for conserving biodiversity 797 00:41:39.780 --> 00:41:41.580 but also to enhance fisheries 798 00:41:41.580 --> 00:41:46.580 through adult spill over and enhance reproductive output. 799 00:41:46.980 --> 00:41:48.900 So we look at the main Hawaiian Islands 800 00:41:48.900 --> 00:41:51.569 and we look at the myriad protected areas. 801 00:41:51.569 --> 00:41:54.370 We think we're doing a pretty good job 802 00:41:54.370 --> 00:41:56.090 and there's 80 some areas 803 00:41:56.090 --> 00:41:59.750 within the main Hawaiian Islands that have some form 804 00:41:59.750 --> 00:42:02.680 of Marine protection associated with them. 805 00:42:02.680 --> 00:42:06.220 However, when we look at how well they're protected 806 00:42:06.220 --> 00:42:08.920 it's not as impressive, nearly 90% 807 00:42:08.920 --> 00:42:11.250 of all the main Hawaiian Islands 808 00:42:11.250 --> 00:42:14.670 allow pretty much open access to all fishing. 809 00:42:14.670 --> 00:42:19.090 And another 9% allows various activities to take place. 810 00:42:19.090 --> 00:42:22.440 They have limited protection as Enric showed 811 00:42:22.440 --> 00:42:24.930 limited protection is not that beneficial. 812 00:42:24.930 --> 00:42:28.290 So areas that are fully protected and highly protected 813 00:42:28.290 --> 00:42:30.350 account for a little bit more than 3% 814 00:42:30.350 --> 00:42:32.530 of the main Hawaiian Islands. 815 00:42:32.530 --> 00:42:36.270 And that's just insufficient to get where we need to be. 816 00:42:36.270 --> 00:42:39.110 We're trying to achieve 30% through the governor's 817 00:42:39.110 --> 00:42:43.220 30 by 30 initiative and also globally and nationally. 818 00:42:43.220 --> 00:42:45.870 Those are goals that are being set 819 00:42:45.870 --> 00:42:48.810 to help maintain the oceans balance 820 00:42:48.810 --> 00:42:51.590 and provide all the benefits that we've been talking about. 821 00:42:51.590 --> 00:42:53.410 So we have a long way to go. 822 00:42:53.410 --> 00:42:54.800 We need to be realistic 823 00:42:54.800 --> 00:42:57.490 about what counts and what's being protected 824 00:42:57.490 --> 00:42:59.783 and how much of it is being protected. 825 00:43:01.860 --> 00:43:06.470 As Enric showed at the global scale we see similar results 826 00:43:06.470 --> 00:43:08.840 within the Hawaiian Archipelago, 827 00:43:08.840 --> 00:43:12.500 areas that are highly protected harbor high fish biomass. 828 00:43:12.500 --> 00:43:14.600 In fact, it's twice as high 829 00:43:14.600 --> 00:43:18.270 as we see in areas that have low amounts of protection. 830 00:43:18.270 --> 00:43:21.240 And in fact, areas with low amounts of protection 831 00:43:21.240 --> 00:43:23.350 are pretty much no better 832 00:43:23.350 --> 00:43:26.540 than areas that have complete open access to fishing. 833 00:43:26.540 --> 00:43:29.540 So while some of these areas with low protection 834 00:43:29.540 --> 00:43:34.040 were designed to kind of reduce user conflict 835 00:43:34.040 --> 00:43:36.100 and for various other reasons, 836 00:43:36.100 --> 00:43:39.440 we shouldn't think that they are providing the benefits 837 00:43:39.440 --> 00:43:42.983 that fully and highly protected areas provide. 838 00:43:44.770 --> 00:43:47.790 Okay, so let's switch oceans here for a minute. 839 00:43:47.790 --> 00:43:50.820 And we have a similar setup here in the Seychelles 840 00:43:50.820 --> 00:43:53.970 in the Indian Ocean that we do in the Hawaiian Archipelago 841 00:43:53.970 --> 00:43:55.070 the Northern Islands 842 00:43:55.070 --> 00:43:58.470 of Mahe La Digue, Praslin and Silhouette 843 00:43:58.470 --> 00:44:01.130 have pretty high human population densities. 844 00:44:01.130 --> 00:44:04.280 1000 kilometers to the south of that, 845 00:44:04.280 --> 00:44:07.310 we have islands Aldabra Atoll, Assumption, 846 00:44:07.310 --> 00:44:10.840 Astove, Cosmoledo, these are recently part 847 00:44:10.840 --> 00:44:13.560 of the Aldabra Group Marine National Park 848 00:44:13.560 --> 00:44:17.950 which has just been established 400,000 square kilometers. 849 00:44:17.950 --> 00:44:22.300 And this area is remote. 850 00:44:22.300 --> 00:44:27.180 And what they do is they protect areas that are unique. 851 00:44:27.180 --> 00:44:29.670 We've got the endemic Aldabra tortoise here, 852 00:44:29.670 --> 00:44:31.720 we've got giant groupers. 853 00:44:31.720 --> 00:44:34.840 These areas seem to have been more resilient 854 00:44:34.840 --> 00:44:38.520 to climate change than other areas within the Seychelles. 855 00:44:38.520 --> 00:44:41.180 And they have healthy shark populations 856 00:44:41.180 --> 00:44:44.360 which are not common throughout the rest of the Seychelles 857 00:44:44.360 --> 00:44:47.233 and the rest of the Indian Ocean as well. 858 00:44:48.810 --> 00:44:52.050 And what we see is areas that aren't protected 859 00:44:52.050 --> 00:44:55.170 in the Seychelles have very low fish biomass 860 00:44:55.170 --> 00:44:58.120 those small bars there on the left-hand side of the screen. 861 00:44:59.120 --> 00:45:02.100 Marine protected areas have slightly higher biomass. 862 00:45:02.100 --> 00:45:04.187 And you see a few predators starting 863 00:45:04.187 --> 00:45:06.780 the show up that those red portions 864 00:45:06.780 --> 00:45:09.280 of the stacked bars there represent groupers 865 00:45:09.280 --> 00:45:12.870 and snappers and some of the shark species 866 00:45:12.870 --> 00:45:15.840 and even no-take marine protected areas 867 00:45:15.840 --> 00:45:18.700 while better than areas under no protection 868 00:45:18.700 --> 00:45:21.370 we do see slightly more predators. 869 00:45:21.370 --> 00:45:23.750 They all pale in comparison 870 00:45:23.750 --> 00:45:26.160 to these remote areas that are now part 871 00:45:26.160 --> 00:45:28.540 of the Aldabra Marine National Park. 872 00:45:28.540 --> 00:45:33.060 So an order of magnitude difference in the fish biomass 873 00:45:33.060 --> 00:45:36.760 but more importantly, those large red bars, 874 00:45:36.760 --> 00:45:40.510 the groupers and snappers and sharks are highly abundant 875 00:45:40.510 --> 00:45:43.700 in these remote areas that are now protected. 876 00:45:43.700 --> 00:45:45.670 So why is that the case? 877 00:45:45.670 --> 00:45:48.320 Mainly because most of the marine protected areas 878 00:45:48.320 --> 00:45:52.090 in the Seychelles in Hawai'i and elsewhere around the world 879 00:45:52.090 --> 00:45:55.610 are just too small to have the full compliment of animals 880 00:45:55.610 --> 00:45:57.960 we need to have a healthy ecosystem. 881 00:45:57.960 --> 00:46:01.830 So these big protected areas like Papahānaumokuākea 882 00:46:01.830 --> 00:46:06.160 really are effective because they allow all the species 883 00:46:06.160 --> 00:46:08.640 to thrive within the entire ecosystem 884 00:46:08.640 --> 00:46:11.313 and that's really a key consideration. 885 00:46:12.510 --> 00:46:16.380 Okay, another key aspect of natural ecosystem 886 00:46:16.380 --> 00:46:21.380 is endemism or species with restricted ranges. 887 00:46:21.410 --> 00:46:23.810 This particular photo here from Midway Atoll 888 00:46:23.810 --> 00:46:27.270 from Keoki Stender, shows species that are found only 889 00:46:27.270 --> 00:46:29.220 within the Hawaiian Archipelago, 890 00:46:29.220 --> 00:46:31.040 the morwong the aʻawa 891 00:46:31.040 --> 00:46:34.790 the Bodianus, the big eye, ʻāweoweo. 892 00:46:34.790 --> 00:46:37.290 These species are found nowhere else on earth 893 00:46:37.290 --> 00:46:39.180 and they're irreplaceable. 894 00:46:39.180 --> 00:46:43.680 And so it really highlights the importance of these species 895 00:46:43.680 --> 00:46:47.250 and these places for biodiversity conservation 896 00:46:47.250 --> 00:46:48.720 because they're found nowhere else 897 00:46:48.720 --> 00:46:52.010 and that genetic diversity is lost 898 00:46:52.010 --> 00:46:54.133 if those species would go extinct. 899 00:46:55.640 --> 00:46:59.170 Some recent work we just finished highlights 900 00:46:59.170 --> 00:47:01.990 the important of endemism in the Hawaiian Archipelago, 901 00:47:01.990 --> 00:47:04.150 but also the importance 902 00:47:04.150 --> 00:47:06.080 of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 903 00:47:06.080 --> 00:47:10.830 particularly Papahānaumokuākea for endemic species. 904 00:47:10.830 --> 00:47:13.100 If you look at those four bar graphs there 905 00:47:13.100 --> 00:47:18.100 on the X axis, it represents species range distributions 906 00:47:18.690 --> 00:47:21.310 and the red bar is species that are endemic. 907 00:47:21.310 --> 00:47:25.140 So species found only within the Hawaiian Archipelago 908 00:47:25.140 --> 00:47:28.220 as you move further away from one to nine. 909 00:47:28.220 --> 00:47:31.110 These are species with broader distributions 910 00:47:31.110 --> 00:47:33.080 throughout the Pacific. 911 00:47:33.080 --> 00:47:37.090 At the three Northern Atolls, Kure, Midway, Pearl and Hermes 912 00:47:37.090 --> 00:47:40.480 we see almost 80% of the individuals 913 00:47:40.480 --> 00:47:43.870 that we see on the reef are found nowhere else on earth 914 00:47:43.870 --> 00:47:45.980 except the Hawaiian Archipelago. 915 00:47:45.980 --> 00:47:47.690 As you move down the chain, 916 00:47:47.690 --> 00:47:50.450 you see that endemics are still important 917 00:47:50.450 --> 00:47:51.810 in the middle part of the chain, 918 00:47:51.810 --> 00:47:54.630 between Lisianski and French Frigate Shoals, 919 00:47:54.630 --> 00:47:58.120 over 50% of the individuals you see there 920 00:47:58.120 --> 00:47:59.960 are found nowhere else on earth. 921 00:47:59.960 --> 00:48:01.647 And then we move into the main Hawaiian Islands 922 00:48:01.647 --> 00:48:05.040 and particularly around the islands of Kaho'oleve 923 00:48:05.040 --> 00:48:07.120 and Hawai'i Island, 924 00:48:07.120 --> 00:48:09.910 where endemics are not nearly as important 925 00:48:09.910 --> 00:48:13.040 as they are in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 926 00:48:13.040 --> 00:48:17.430 And these breaks of endemism line up really closely 927 00:48:17.430 --> 00:48:19.910 with breaks that researchers 928 00:48:19.910 --> 00:48:21.390 at the Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, 929 00:48:21.390 --> 00:48:24.320 Rob Toonen and others have shown for genetic 930 00:48:24.320 --> 00:48:26.860 diversity throughout the Hawaiian Archipelago. 931 00:48:26.860 --> 00:48:29.306 And it really is important for considering 932 00:48:29.306 --> 00:48:33.070 ecological function within this large Archipelago 933 00:48:33.070 --> 00:48:36.380 but also how best to manage this large Archipelago. 934 00:48:36.380 --> 00:48:39.010 Since we see the distribution of endemics 935 00:48:39.010 --> 00:48:40.970 is not uniformly distributed. 936 00:48:40.970 --> 00:48:44.770 So considering endemism is also another important 937 00:48:44.770 --> 00:48:47.350 consideration when thinking about Marine conservation 938 00:48:47.350 --> 00:48:51.063 because of its important biodiversity implications. 939 00:48:52.800 --> 00:48:56.477 Some work by Randy Kosaki at NOAA 940 00:48:56.477 --> 00:48:59.170 and others have shown that Kure Atoll 941 00:48:59.170 --> 00:49:03.150 the most Northern Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 942 00:49:03.150 --> 00:49:05.640 they found a 100% endemism on mesophotic reef. 943 00:49:06.805 --> 00:49:09.360 So mesophotic reef are deeper water reefs 944 00:49:09.360 --> 00:49:12.410 between about 50 and 80 meters 945 00:49:12.410 --> 00:49:15.660 where only a little bit of light penetrates. 946 00:49:15.660 --> 00:49:19.000 And these mesophotic reef are becoming very important 947 00:49:19.000 --> 00:49:23.050 as of late, because they seem to be a refuge 948 00:49:23.050 --> 00:49:25.620 for climate change, but they also harbor 949 00:49:25.620 --> 00:49:28.750 a number of new, unique, unknown species. 950 00:49:28.750 --> 00:49:31.150 They have not been well studied to date 951 00:49:31.150 --> 00:49:33.050 in virtually any ecosystem, 952 00:49:33.050 --> 00:49:35.980 NOAA and others in Papahānaumokuākea 953 00:49:35.980 --> 00:49:37.210 have put a lot of effort 954 00:49:37.210 --> 00:49:39.760 into starting to examine these reefs. 955 00:49:39.760 --> 00:49:43.300 And what they found is new species all the time. 956 00:49:43.300 --> 00:49:47.630 What they found on this one particular reef was that a 100% 957 00:49:47.630 --> 00:49:50.010 of all the individuals that they found 958 00:49:50.010 --> 00:49:52.060 on this deep mesophotic reef 959 00:49:52.060 --> 00:49:53.500 were found nowhere else on earth. 960 00:49:53.500 --> 00:49:55.420 And so that's really important 961 00:49:55.420 --> 00:49:59.470 for biodiversity conservation because obviously that reef 962 00:49:59.470 --> 00:50:01.943 and those species are irreplaceable. 963 00:50:03.700 --> 00:50:06.583 Back to Malia for another question. 964 00:50:08.050 --> 00:50:12.113 Alrighty, so here we have our second poll, 965 00:50:13.250 --> 00:50:17.310 and the question is what are mesophotic reefs? 966 00:50:17.310 --> 00:50:20.850 Your choices, reefs where light does not reach. 967 00:50:20.850 --> 00:50:25.520 Middle light reefs between 30 to 150 meters. 968 00:50:25.520 --> 00:50:28.770 Deep reefs greater 300 meters. 969 00:50:28.770 --> 00:50:31.840 Or shallow reefs where corals dominate. 970 00:50:31.840 --> 00:50:34.790 So go ahead and register your vote. 971 00:50:34.790 --> 00:50:37.800 What are mesophotic reefs? 972 00:50:37.800 --> 00:50:42.210 Here we have about 40% of you have voted. 973 00:50:42.210 --> 00:50:44.630 We'll give it a couple more seconds 974 00:50:44.630 --> 00:50:47.530 for you folks to register your vote. 975 00:50:47.530 --> 00:50:52.463 And I will close it up in about 3, 2, 1. 976 00:50:55.100 --> 00:50:57.100 Alrighty, I'm gonna be closing that poll 977 00:50:58.570 --> 00:51:00.943 and let's share the results with you, Alan. 978 00:51:02.480 --> 00:51:03.963 So here we go. 979 00:51:06.095 --> 00:51:09.520 5% said reefs where light does not reach, 980 00:51:09.520 --> 00:51:12.770 79% of our audience said middle light reefs 981 00:51:12.770 --> 00:51:15.420 between 30 and 150 meters, 982 00:51:15.420 --> 00:51:20.420 11% of our audience at deep reefs greater than 300 meters 983 00:51:21.410 --> 00:51:24.860 and 4% of our audience said shallow reefs 984 00:51:24.860 --> 00:51:29.490 where corals dominate, how'd our audience do Alan? 985 00:51:29.490 --> 00:51:30.323 Not bad, 986 00:51:30.323 --> 00:51:34.730 so the answer is the middle reefs between 30 and 150 meters 987 00:51:34.730 --> 00:51:37.140 that we just sort of starting to understand. 988 00:51:37.140 --> 00:51:39.650 That seems really important for biodiversity 989 00:51:39.650 --> 00:51:41.993 so good work most of you. 990 00:51:44.300 --> 00:51:47.173 And I will keep going then. 991 00:51:48.060 --> 00:51:50.200 So it should be on full screen mode. 992 00:51:50.200 --> 00:51:51.277 And so-- 993 00:51:51.277 --> 00:51:52.110 (mumbles) 994 00:51:52.110 --> 00:51:52.943 Great. 995 00:51:53.910 --> 00:51:56.600 So I want to talk about endemism in another region 996 00:51:56.600 --> 00:51:58.943 of the world now off of the coast of Chile. 997 00:52:00.040 --> 00:52:03.960 And recently two large marine protected areas 998 00:52:03.960 --> 00:52:06.830 the Nazca-Desventuradas Marine Park 999 00:52:06.830 --> 00:52:09.360 and the Mar de Juan Fernandez Marine Park 1000 00:52:09.360 --> 00:52:11.900 were recently created by the government of Chile. 1001 00:52:11.900 --> 00:52:16.900 And these are over 800,000 square kilometers of real estate. 1002 00:52:20.200 --> 00:52:21.200 They're unique, 1003 00:52:21.200 --> 00:52:24.170 they're not that far off the Chilean mainland 1004 00:52:24.170 --> 00:52:26.880 yet they look nothing like coastal Chile. 1005 00:52:26.880 --> 00:52:30.240 The Humboldt current moves from Antarctica up north 1006 00:52:30.240 --> 00:52:33.040 and it's a strong biogeographic barrier. 1007 00:52:33.040 --> 00:52:35.780 So you see this species of kelp here 1008 00:52:35.780 --> 00:52:37.610 in the right hand panel, 1009 00:52:37.610 --> 00:52:39.700 which is found nowhere else on earth, 1010 00:52:39.700 --> 00:52:42.000 endemic fishes found nowhere else. 1011 00:52:42.000 --> 00:52:44.470 The endemic Juan Fernandez lobster 1012 00:52:44.470 --> 00:52:47.260 which is an important fishery species to the fishermen 1013 00:52:47.260 --> 00:52:51.030 of Juan Fernandez that I'm holding up grows extremely large. 1014 00:52:51.030 --> 00:52:55.490 And so what this shows and what this shows is that 1015 00:52:55.490 --> 00:52:59.090 endemism resides in a number of different places. 1016 00:52:59.090 --> 00:53:01.830 It can be remote, but it could also be places 1017 00:53:01.830 --> 00:53:05.200 that are just biogeographically and oceanographically 1018 00:53:05.200 --> 00:53:07.460 isolated from other places. 1019 00:53:07.460 --> 00:53:11.230 So despite its proximity to the Chilean mainland 1020 00:53:11.230 --> 00:53:15.060 these two protected areas and the ecosystems here 1021 00:53:15.060 --> 00:53:18.900 look nothing like coastal South America. 1022 00:53:18.900 --> 00:53:20.290 And in fact the fish species 1023 00:53:20.290 --> 00:53:24.090 look nothing like coastal species. 1024 00:53:24.090 --> 00:53:27.000 They look like Indo-Pacific fish for the most part, 1025 00:53:27.000 --> 00:53:31.270 you've got butterfly fish, you have wrasses, anthias. 1026 00:53:31.270 --> 00:53:36.262 And so what we found from our work was that 80% plus 1027 00:53:36.262 --> 00:53:38.490 of all the individuals and species 1028 00:53:38.490 --> 00:53:41.930 that we see on the reef here are found nowhere else on earth 1029 00:53:41.930 --> 00:53:44.420 making them irreplaceable. 1030 00:53:44.420 --> 00:53:47.820 And so, again, another important biodiversity hotspot 1031 00:53:47.820 --> 00:53:52.203 just like Papahānaumokuākea and just highlighting, 1032 00:53:53.350 --> 00:53:55.190 endemic species biodiversity 1033 00:53:55.190 --> 00:53:57.620 is found in a lot of different shapes and forms. 1034 00:53:57.620 --> 00:53:59.740 It's not just about the most, 1035 00:53:59.740 --> 00:54:01.970 the greatest number of species out there, 1036 00:54:01.970 --> 00:54:03.860 but it's also about unique species 1037 00:54:03.860 --> 00:54:06.790 with restricted ranges that are really important 1038 00:54:06.790 --> 00:54:09.200 because of the risk of extinction 1039 00:54:09.200 --> 00:54:11.810 but also because of the genetic diversity 1040 00:54:11.810 --> 00:54:14.770 and all the stories that these species have detail 1041 00:54:14.770 --> 00:54:17.763 and can provide benefits to society. 1042 00:54:19.100 --> 00:54:21.833 And back to Malia for another question. 1043 00:54:23.210 --> 00:54:25.650 Okay, so several of our audience members 1044 00:54:25.650 --> 00:54:28.560 were asking this exact question. 1045 00:54:28.560 --> 00:54:32.000 So what are endemic species? 1046 00:54:32.000 --> 00:54:33.700 Go ahead and register your vote. 1047 00:54:33.700 --> 00:54:35.500 You've got four selections here, 1048 00:54:35.500 --> 00:54:38.490 species that are broadly distributed, 1049 00:54:38.490 --> 00:54:41.610 species with tropical distributions, 1050 00:54:41.610 --> 00:54:45.290 species with restricted geographic ranges, 1051 00:54:45.290 --> 00:54:48.450 or species that mate for life. 1052 00:54:48.450 --> 00:54:49.520 Go ahead, what do you think? 1053 00:54:49.520 --> 00:54:51.883 What are endemic species? 1054 00:54:52.950 --> 00:54:56.380 So we have about almost 60% of you have voted. 1055 00:54:56.380 --> 00:54:59.640 We'll give you a couple more seconds to register your vote 1056 00:55:00.580 --> 00:55:05.580 and it looks like we're gonna go ahead and close that poll 1057 00:55:06.580 --> 00:55:08.423 and share the results. 1058 00:55:09.830 --> 00:55:14.830 So I would say 99% of our audience members went with species 1059 00:55:15.220 --> 00:55:18.870 with restricted geographic ranges, how did they do Alan? 1060 00:55:18.870 --> 00:55:21.430 That is awesome, everyone was paying attention, 1061 00:55:21.430 --> 00:55:22.363 I'm stoked. 1062 00:55:23.800 --> 00:55:25.860 That's an important concept to get across, 1063 00:55:25.860 --> 00:55:27.183 so that's really good. 1064 00:55:28.810 --> 00:55:33.330 Okay, now let's keep moving here. 1065 00:55:33.330 --> 00:55:36.820 And I wanna talk about the US Pacific remote islands 1066 00:55:36.820 --> 00:55:40.530 and Papahānaumokuākea, 'cause these are some of the last 1067 00:55:40.530 --> 00:55:43.010 intact marine ecosystems on earth. 1068 00:55:43.010 --> 00:55:46.500 They account for most of the protection in US waters. 1069 00:55:46.500 --> 00:55:49.850 And they're really jewels in the crown of what 1070 00:55:49.850 --> 00:55:51.600 Pacific biodiversity looks like. 1071 00:55:51.600 --> 00:55:54.090 These are intact ecosystems 1072 00:55:54.090 --> 00:55:58.430 that range from Papahānaumokuākea in the north to Rose Atoll 1073 00:55:58.430 --> 00:56:01.690 in South Pacific, the deepest spots in the ocean 1074 00:56:01.690 --> 00:56:04.180 the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument 1075 00:56:04.180 --> 00:56:06.910 number of places along the equator 1076 00:56:06.910 --> 00:56:10.870 as well as Wake and Johnson, which are incredibly unique 1077 00:56:10.870 --> 00:56:15.530 but they also show us what protection can be like 1078 00:56:15.530 --> 00:56:17.610 if we just expand protection elsewhere 1079 00:56:17.610 --> 00:56:20.410 we've done a really good job of protecting these places 1080 00:56:20.410 --> 00:56:24.470 in the Pacific, our hats off to NOAA Fish and Wildlife 1081 00:56:24.470 --> 00:56:26.410 and the United States in general 1082 00:56:26.410 --> 00:56:29.380 for recognizing the value of these places. 1083 00:56:29.380 --> 00:56:31.950 But we really need to expand protection 1084 00:56:31.950 --> 00:56:35.560 to not just these places, to places that provide benefits 1085 00:56:35.560 --> 00:56:38.340 to people in a lot of different places. 1086 00:56:38.340 --> 00:56:41.290 And like all the other places I've shown, 1087 00:56:41.290 --> 00:56:43.930 they're dominated by large predators. 1088 00:56:43.930 --> 00:56:47.870 They have healthy coral reef ecosystems that are luxurious 1089 00:56:47.870 --> 00:56:52.000 and they seem to survive past bleaching events. 1090 00:56:52.000 --> 00:56:54.940 When ocean temperature has warmed in the past, 1091 00:56:54.940 --> 00:56:57.970 the corals bleach, they get white they lose their algae 1092 00:56:57.970 --> 00:56:59.120 that live inside them, 1093 00:56:59.120 --> 00:57:01.793 they lose their color and they can often die. 1094 00:57:02.730 --> 00:57:04.930 When you have all the pieces of the puzzle there. 1095 00:57:04.930 --> 00:57:07.510 When the entire ecosystem is intact, 1096 00:57:07.510 --> 00:57:10.170 they tend to be more resilient to climate change. 1097 00:57:10.170 --> 00:57:14.070 And these places have really bounced back much better 1098 00:57:14.070 --> 00:57:16.620 than any other places we've seen around the planet. 1099 00:57:18.090 --> 00:57:22.010 And another example is 1500 kilometers south of Hawai'i. 1100 00:57:22.010 --> 00:57:25.030 We have the Northern Line Islands 1101 00:57:25.030 --> 00:57:28.510 and they consist of a gradient of human impact as well. 1102 00:57:28.510 --> 00:57:30.930 So we've got Christmas Island part of Kiribati 1103 00:57:30.930 --> 00:57:35.030 with eight to 10,000 people, Fanning and Tabuaeran 1104 00:57:35.030 --> 00:57:39.140 with 25 to 3000 people. 1105 00:57:39.140 --> 00:57:42.390 Palmyra Atoll which is US National Wildlife Refuge 1106 00:57:42.390 --> 00:57:46.580 and co-managed by Nature Conservancy with a few researchers 1107 00:57:46.580 --> 00:57:50.340 and staff and then Kingman reef which is essentially 1108 00:57:50.340 --> 00:57:53.790 a barely emergent Atoll with zero people. 1109 00:57:53.790 --> 00:57:56.580 So it sets up a similar example to what we saw 1110 00:57:56.580 --> 00:57:59.130 between the main and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 1111 00:57:59.990 --> 00:58:02.510 And what we see is it's not just about fish, right? 1112 00:58:02.510 --> 00:58:04.067 If you look at that figure there, 1113 00:58:04.067 --> 00:58:07.010 and it says fish remember Kingman reef has zero people, 1114 00:58:07.010 --> 00:58:09.790 Christmas Island has eight to 10,000. 1115 00:58:09.790 --> 00:58:14.790 So fish biomass declines from zero people to lots of people. 1116 00:58:14.820 --> 00:58:17.610 And the amount of top predators in the system 1117 00:58:17.610 --> 00:58:20.100 go from being dominant by top predators 1118 00:58:20.100 --> 00:58:22.833 to having very few top predators in the system. 1119 00:58:23.840 --> 00:58:26.923 And also corals and what we call CCA, Crustose Coral Algae 1120 00:58:29.380 --> 00:58:32.440 This is the pink stuff that holds the reef together 1121 00:58:32.440 --> 00:58:37.440 and they also go from being very light cover and luxurious 1122 00:58:37.570 --> 00:58:40.650 in places with no people or few people 1123 00:58:40.650 --> 00:58:44.270 to being more degraded and lower coral cover 1124 00:58:44.270 --> 00:58:46.350 around Christmas Island and less 1125 00:58:46.350 --> 00:58:48.580 to a lesser degree on Fanning 1126 00:58:48.580 --> 00:58:51.950 Conversely, we see some of these ecosystem components 1127 00:58:51.950 --> 00:58:54.210 that aren't as desirable like algae 1128 00:58:54.210 --> 00:58:57.700 and particularly macro-algae increase 1129 00:58:57.700 --> 00:59:00.690 as we get more people into the system, 1130 00:59:00.690 --> 00:59:04.150 we remove herbivores the species that eat algae 1131 00:59:04.150 --> 00:59:05.840 and then the algae proliferates 1132 00:59:05.840 --> 00:59:07.780 which can overgrow the reef. 1133 00:59:07.780 --> 00:59:09.850 Also bacteria and viruses 1134 00:59:09.850 --> 00:59:13.820 particularly the pathogens increased dramatically 1135 00:59:13.820 --> 00:59:15.010 when we have more people. 1136 00:59:15.010 --> 00:59:16.810 So it's not just about the fish 1137 00:59:16.810 --> 00:59:21.810 the entire ecosystem responds to human influence. 1138 00:59:21.810 --> 00:59:23.440 And so we need to think about that 1139 00:59:23.440 --> 00:59:26.480 as we manage these resources. 1140 00:59:26.480 --> 00:59:29.320 Okay, so what have we learned from visiting 1141 00:59:29.320 --> 00:59:30.920 the last wild places in the ocean 1142 00:59:30.920 --> 00:59:34.310 and Enric showed that great map of all the places we've been 1143 00:59:34.310 --> 00:59:37.940 over time and there's five, three key things 1144 00:59:37.940 --> 00:59:39.310 that stick out to me, 1145 00:59:39.310 --> 00:59:41.610 they're all dominated by large predators, 1146 00:59:41.610 --> 00:59:44.240 sharks and jacks and so forth. 1147 00:59:44.240 --> 00:59:48.090 They have iconic charismatic species that are emblematic 1148 00:59:48.090 --> 00:59:49.830 of these last wild places. 1149 00:59:49.830 --> 00:59:51.720 Polar bears, whales, 1150 00:59:51.720 --> 00:59:55.550 things that you think of as natural and wild. 1151 00:59:55.550 --> 00:59:58.730 Endemic species like I talked about from Juan Fernandez 1152 00:59:58.730 --> 01:00:02.700 this butterfly fish here also architectural species 1153 01:00:02.700 --> 01:00:05.440 whether it's kelps or coral reefs 1154 01:00:05.440 --> 01:00:08.340 they create the three-dimensional structure 1155 01:00:08.340 --> 01:00:10.640 that creates all the biodiversity 1156 01:00:10.640 --> 01:00:13.890 that allows these ecosystems to be intact 1157 01:00:13.890 --> 01:00:16.620 and allows them to be resilient to things 1158 01:00:16.620 --> 01:00:19.830 like climate change, hurricanes, 1159 01:00:19.830 --> 01:00:21.580 other types of disturbance events. 1160 01:00:21.580 --> 01:00:25.760 So all of these elements together really provide baselines 1161 01:00:25.760 --> 01:00:27.230 for what is natural. 1162 01:00:27.230 --> 01:00:29.090 And then we need to think about that 1163 01:00:29.090 --> 01:00:32.760 as we try to manage systems where we have people. 1164 01:00:32.760 --> 01:00:36.833 So in conclusion we can, oops sorry. 1165 01:00:39.630 --> 01:00:43.130 So in conclusion, we've got a couple choices here. 1166 01:00:43.130 --> 01:00:45.630 The ecosystems in the past were vibrant 1167 01:00:45.630 --> 01:00:48.330 and full of predators and healthy ecosystems 1168 01:00:48.330 --> 01:00:51.190 that provided a lot of benefits to people. 1169 01:00:51.190 --> 01:00:53.350 Our present ecosystems are pretty degraded 1170 01:00:53.350 --> 01:00:55.450 and they don't provide the benefits 1171 01:00:55.450 --> 01:00:57.683 that we need for society. 1172 01:00:58.540 --> 01:01:01.880 We can choose, we can continue on this same path 1173 01:01:01.880 --> 01:01:04.647 with lightly and minimally protected areas. 1174 01:01:04.647 --> 01:01:06.650 And we won't get all the benefits 1175 01:01:06.650 --> 01:01:08.460 that the ocean can provide for us 1176 01:01:09.640 --> 01:01:12.370 and is essential to life on earth. 1177 01:01:12.370 --> 01:01:17.330 As Enric mentioned, oxygen, food provisioning, 1178 01:01:17.330 --> 01:01:19.610 cultural connection, all of these things 1179 01:01:19.610 --> 01:01:23.460 that the oceans provide are not doing their job right now 1180 01:01:23.460 --> 01:01:26.330 because we're abusing the oceans. 1181 01:01:26.330 --> 01:01:28.780 If we go to fully and highly protected areas 1182 01:01:28.780 --> 01:01:33.140 it's been well shown that these areas can bring back 1183 01:01:33.140 --> 01:01:36.735 all these benefits that people need and we want 1184 01:01:36.735 --> 01:01:41.210 but we have a long way to go with only 3% of the world 1185 01:01:41.210 --> 01:01:43.230 currently in fully high protected. 1186 01:01:43.230 --> 01:01:45.070 We really need to step up our game 1187 01:01:45.070 --> 01:01:47.290 and we don't have a lot of time. 1188 01:01:47.290 --> 01:01:52.290 So 2030 for 30% protection should not be aspirational. 1189 01:01:52.410 --> 01:01:55.440 It should be a minimum and we really need to get there 1190 01:01:55.440 --> 01:01:57.690 and get there soon because time is running out 1191 01:01:57.690 --> 01:02:00.960 and the ocean can only absorb so much abuse. 1192 01:02:00.960 --> 01:02:02.540 And we're all gonna be a lot better off 1193 01:02:02.540 --> 01:02:03.850 if we have healthy oceans. 1194 01:02:03.850 --> 01:02:06.953 So mahalo and I will end it at that. 1195 01:02:09.140 --> 01:02:13.750 Great, mahalo Enric and Alan wonderful talk. 1196 01:02:13.750 --> 01:02:16.150 We do have a few questions and I know Enric 1197 01:02:16.150 --> 01:02:18.540 has to leave in about 10 minutes. 1198 01:02:18.540 --> 01:02:23.230 So we'll try to target questions for him, 1199 01:02:23.230 --> 01:02:25.534 but Justin what do you think 1200 01:02:25.534 --> 01:02:27.470 of the questions we have on hand? 1201 01:02:27.470 --> 01:02:31.550 All right, here's one that came in early. 1202 01:02:31.550 --> 01:02:34.840 What are the most effective methods Pristine Seas team 1203 01:02:34.840 --> 01:02:38.773 uses to identify the best quote unquote places to protect? 1204 01:02:41.700 --> 01:02:43.530 Well, that's a good question. 1205 01:02:43.530 --> 01:02:47.440 When we started, we looked for places without people 1206 01:02:47.440 --> 01:02:50.360 places that are uninhabited and remote 1207 01:02:51.320 --> 01:02:54.340 and from far from a large population centers 1208 01:02:54.340 --> 01:02:58.210 because we wanted to make sure that these wild 1209 01:02:59.110 --> 01:03:04.110 near Pristine places were safe no before too late. 1210 01:03:04.190 --> 01:03:09.060 But now we choose a combination of places that are still 1211 01:03:09.060 --> 01:03:13.290 near pristine and places where protection would give us 1212 01:03:13.290 --> 01:03:16.740 the biggest gains, places that still have 1213 01:03:16.740 --> 01:03:20.790 some by representative biodiversity 1214 01:03:20.790 --> 01:03:22.490 where all the species are there 1215 01:03:22.490 --> 01:03:26.540 and protection will really help them go back 1216 01:03:26.540 --> 01:03:28.190 to close to where they were. 1217 01:03:28.190 --> 01:03:31.700 So that includes places usually 1218 01:03:31.700 --> 01:03:36.410 within the 10% of priorities from our research. 1219 01:03:36.410 --> 01:03:41.410 And these are places as far apart from each other 1220 01:03:41.950 --> 01:03:46.950 like the Arctic, Antarctica, temperate seas, coral reefs 1221 01:03:47.140 --> 01:03:49.010 and so a little bit all over the planet. 1222 01:03:49.010 --> 01:03:51.960 We want to make sure that we target 1223 01:03:51.960 --> 01:03:55.303 representative marine ecosystems all around the world. 1224 01:03:59.614 --> 01:04:00.590 Do you wanna add anything, Alan? 1225 01:04:00.590 --> 01:04:02.260 Or should I move on to the next question? 1226 01:04:02.260 --> 01:04:04.720 No, he hit the nail on the head. 1227 01:04:04.720 --> 01:04:05.658 All right, thank you. 1228 01:04:05.658 --> 01:04:06.491 (laughs) 1229 01:04:06.491 --> 01:04:08.610 Okay so this is going back to your reference 1230 01:04:08.610 --> 01:04:10.680 to the 30 by 30. 1231 01:04:10.680 --> 01:04:14.020 What are the keys to making 30 by 30 succeed? 1232 01:04:14.020 --> 01:04:18.313 We need more science, people power to respond to powerful 1233 01:04:19.470 --> 01:04:21.220 commercial fishing lobbies or what? 1234 01:04:23.425 --> 01:04:24.258 All right. 1235 01:04:24.258 --> 01:04:25.976 Well all the above right and-- 1236 01:04:25.976 --> 01:04:27.446 (laughs) 1237 01:04:27.446 --> 01:04:28.597 It's always good to have more science 1238 01:04:28.597 --> 01:04:31.347 but we don't need more science to know 1239 01:04:31.347 --> 01:04:33.470 that if we protect the right places 1240 01:04:33.470 --> 01:04:34.303 marine life will come back 1241 01:04:34.303 --> 01:04:36.210 and produce all these benefits, 1242 01:04:36.210 --> 01:04:40.610 and there is a lot of education to be done, 1243 01:04:40.610 --> 01:04:44.420 of course for communities, so they understand 1244 01:04:44.420 --> 01:04:47.600 that protection of part of their fishing grounds 1245 01:04:47.600 --> 01:04:49.110 is actually going to benefit them. 1246 01:04:49.110 --> 01:04:51.690 Actually, we know that when the fish come back 1247 01:04:51.690 --> 01:04:55.507 the divers come in, and economic prosperity 1248 01:04:58.130 --> 01:05:00.840 and livelihoods have been much greater 1249 01:05:00.840 --> 01:05:03.640 in places that are near fully protected areas 1250 01:05:03.640 --> 01:05:06.170 and in places that are over-fished. 1251 01:05:06.170 --> 01:05:10.430 But also what we need to continue this discussion 1252 01:05:10.430 --> 01:05:12.130 with the industrial fishing lobby. 1253 01:05:12.130 --> 01:05:15.530 And we hear these myths from the industrial fishing lobby 1254 01:05:15.530 --> 01:05:17.130 that we cannot protect more ocean 1255 01:05:17.130 --> 01:05:19.170 because we need to catch more fish to feed more people. 1256 01:05:19.170 --> 01:05:21.480 Well, today less than 3% of the ocean 1257 01:05:21.480 --> 01:05:23.080 is fully protected from fishing. 1258 01:05:24.340 --> 01:05:27.430 So 97% of the ocean is open to fishing 1259 01:05:27.430 --> 01:05:30.300 and the fish catch global fish has been declining 1260 01:05:30.300 --> 01:05:33.570 since the mid '90s, we reached big fish 25 years ago 1261 01:05:33.570 --> 01:05:35.970 and over three quarters of the fish stocks 1262 01:05:35.970 --> 01:05:38.240 fish and invertebrate stocks are over fished. 1263 01:05:38.240 --> 01:05:42.210 So the worst enemy of fishing and fishing livelihoods 1264 01:05:42.210 --> 01:05:44.716 is over fishing, not protected areas. 1265 01:05:44.716 --> 01:05:47.450 Actually there is no future to fisheries 1266 01:05:47.450 --> 01:05:51.110 without reducing the fishing effort, reducing the capacity 1267 01:05:51.110 --> 01:05:56.110 and also creating these refuges, these no-take areas 1268 01:05:57.670 --> 01:05:59.980 that are going to help regenerate the ocean. 1269 01:05:59.980 --> 01:06:04.240 So it's a multiple prong strategy 1270 01:06:04.240 --> 01:06:06.593 but the political will is there. 1271 01:06:07.615 --> 01:06:09.870 As we mentioned before, now that is this as Alan mentioned 1272 01:06:09.870 --> 01:06:12.330 there is this push for 30 by 30, 1273 01:06:12.330 --> 01:06:14.594 and actually the G7 1274 01:06:14.594 --> 01:06:16.815 the seven richest countries of the world 1275 01:06:16.815 --> 01:06:21.210 had met last week and on Sunday they made the statement 1276 01:06:21.210 --> 01:06:23.270 they released their nature compact 1277 01:06:23.270 --> 01:06:27.894 including their commitment to protect 30% of the planet 1278 01:06:27.894 --> 01:06:30.540 30% of the land and 30% of the ocean by 2030 1279 01:06:30.540 --> 01:06:32.550 and there are 62 countries now 1280 01:06:33.490 --> 01:06:35.320 supporting that global targets. 1281 01:06:35.320 --> 01:06:37.700 So we are kind of a hockey stick moment 1282 01:06:37.700 --> 01:06:39.060 where the hockey stick 1283 01:06:39.060 --> 01:06:42.000 the increase is not in relation to temperature 1284 01:06:42.000 --> 01:06:44.420 but there's this increase in political momentum. 1285 01:06:44.420 --> 01:06:48.140 So we've never been at a worst time for the ocean 1286 01:06:48.140 --> 01:06:50.990 but also we have never been at a time where 1287 01:06:50.990 --> 01:06:53.403 the political commitment is so strong. 1288 01:06:54.280 --> 01:06:57.920 Yeah and I just have two things to add on that, 1289 01:06:57.920 --> 01:07:00.670 yes more science is great, it keeps us all employed. 1290 01:07:00.670 --> 01:07:05.490 It's a lot of fun, but really the beautiful thing 1291 01:07:05.490 --> 01:07:07.510 about marine protected areas is 1292 01:07:07.510 --> 01:07:10.680 we don't have to have absolute knowledge 1293 01:07:10.680 --> 01:07:13.020 for these ecosystem to function. 1294 01:07:13.020 --> 01:07:15.200 Ecosystems function very well on their own. 1295 01:07:15.200 --> 01:07:17.030 You just have to give them a lot of space, right? 1296 01:07:17.030 --> 01:07:20.590 As I talked about large protected areas are a lot more 1297 01:07:20.590 --> 01:07:22.730 effective than small protected areas 1298 01:07:22.730 --> 01:07:25.660 that don't have the full compliment of species there. 1299 01:07:25.660 --> 01:07:29.490 So letting nature do its thing is the best science 1300 01:07:29.490 --> 01:07:30.850 we have out there. 1301 01:07:30.850 --> 01:07:34.850 The other point is that, we're terrestrial creatures. 1302 01:07:34.850 --> 01:07:37.470 So we take the ocean for granted. 1303 01:07:37.470 --> 01:07:40.990 And I think so education at all levels 1304 01:07:40.990 --> 01:07:44.180 need to highlight the fact that we can't exist 1305 01:07:44.180 --> 01:07:46.930 without the oceans even though we don't live in, on 1306 01:07:46.930 --> 01:07:50.853 or under the sea without healthy oceans, the game is over. 1307 01:07:53.450 --> 01:07:54.780 Well said. 1308 01:07:54.780 --> 01:07:58.910 Okay, the next question is indigenous knowledge 1309 01:07:58.910 --> 01:08:02.730 and wisdom is present in all indigenous cultures globally. 1310 01:08:02.730 --> 01:08:05.710 So how are you involving that important resource 1311 01:08:05.710 --> 01:08:08.400 with important resources in these challenging times 1312 01:08:08.400 --> 01:08:11.253 of climate change, how's it being integrated? 1313 01:08:13.329 --> 01:08:17.200 So I started out my career in Tonga, 1314 01:08:17.200 --> 01:08:20.080 back in the early 1980s, working with fishing communities. 1315 01:08:20.080 --> 01:08:23.990 And I learned an amazing amount about how people interact 1316 01:08:23.990 --> 01:08:25.570 with the ocean on a daily basis 1317 01:08:25.570 --> 01:08:27.960 and how important healthy oceans are to people. 1318 01:08:27.960 --> 01:08:32.100 I work with a lot of Hawaiian communities and learned a lot 1319 01:08:32.100 --> 01:08:36.320 from these people about how traditional knowledge existed 1320 01:08:36.320 --> 01:08:39.010 in the past, learning when to fish 1321 01:08:39.010 --> 01:08:40.970 but more importantly, when not to fish. 1322 01:08:40.970 --> 01:08:44.230 So understanding the natural rhythms and processes 1323 01:08:44.230 --> 01:08:47.840 of the ecosystems and a lot of that has been lost. 1324 01:08:47.840 --> 01:08:49.610 There's a renaissance of it in Hawai'i 1325 01:08:49.610 --> 01:08:53.870 and throughout the world about trying to reincorporate 1326 01:08:53.870 --> 01:08:56.860 traditional knowledge into contemporary management. 1327 01:08:56.860 --> 01:09:00.060 What we have to realize is we can't just go back in time. 1328 01:09:00.060 --> 01:09:01.990 We're dealing with a much more complex 1329 01:09:01.990 --> 01:09:03.870 and larger global system. 1330 01:09:03.870 --> 01:09:07.240 So we need hybrid systems that incorporate 1331 01:09:07.240 --> 01:09:10.430 and acknowledge traditional knowledge and understandings 1332 01:09:10.430 --> 01:09:13.490 of systems and having that work in conjunction 1333 01:09:13.490 --> 01:09:17.160 with larger protected areas and more effective management 1334 01:09:17.160 --> 01:09:20.443 to deal with the scale and scope of contemporary problems. 1335 01:09:26.750 --> 01:09:31.750 Okay, this goes back to the carbon sequestration. 1336 01:09:33.380 --> 01:09:34.780 The viewer was wondering 1337 01:09:34.780 --> 01:09:37.920 does the ocean sea bed sequestrate more carbon 1338 01:09:37.920 --> 01:09:40.970 than the sea grass or wetland areas? 1339 01:09:40.970 --> 01:09:43.440 Are there any ways or studies to increase the capacity 1340 01:09:43.440 --> 01:09:45.920 or capability of wetlands sea grasses 1341 01:09:45.920 --> 01:09:49.053 or other areas to sequester carbon from the atmosphere? 1342 01:09:50.080 --> 01:09:52.600 Yeah, sure so hectare by hectare, 1343 01:09:52.600 --> 01:09:53.552 those coastal habits 1344 01:09:53.552 --> 01:09:56.070 That's what people call call the coastal blue carbon. 1345 01:09:56.070 --> 01:09:58.980 Salt marshes, mangroves, seagrass beds. 1346 01:09:58.980 --> 01:10:02.500 They can capture hectare by hectare and store more carbon 1347 01:10:02.500 --> 01:10:05.050 than tropical forests, right? 1348 01:10:05.050 --> 01:10:07.810 But because their special extent is so small 1349 01:10:07.810 --> 01:10:09.840 and limited to a narrow fringe of temporary 1350 01:10:09.840 --> 01:10:13.470 and tropical seas, the global storage of carbon 1351 01:10:13.470 --> 01:10:17.160 is not as large as the sea floor 1352 01:10:17.160 --> 01:10:19.710 which is 70% of the planet, right? 1353 01:10:19.710 --> 01:10:21.660 It's the largest feature in our planet 1354 01:10:21.660 --> 01:10:23.393 is the largest carbon storehouse. 1355 01:10:24.420 --> 01:10:29.420 The best way to enhance this sequestration potential 1356 01:10:29.700 --> 01:10:31.820 to have this coastal blue carbon is two things. 1357 01:10:31.820 --> 01:10:33.880 One is let's not cut more mangroves, 1358 01:10:33.880 --> 01:10:35.270 let's not trawl more seagrass beds, 1359 01:10:35.270 --> 01:10:36.730 let's not drain more wetlands, right? 1360 01:10:36.730 --> 01:10:41.110 Let's protect all of these coastal habitats that are left 1361 01:10:41.110 --> 01:10:45.270 and let's restore many of the areas that have been degraded. 1362 01:10:45.270 --> 01:10:47.850 We've lost how much 1363 01:10:47.850 --> 01:10:49.890 between a third and half of the mangroves 1364 01:10:49.890 --> 01:10:52.090 in some areas in some regions. 1365 01:10:52.090 --> 01:10:56.000 So let's reforest let's restore 1366 01:10:57.120 --> 01:11:00.300 much of this mangrove forest and salt marshes 1367 01:11:00.300 --> 01:11:02.970 because we know there is no way for us to enhance. 1368 01:11:02.970 --> 01:11:04.840 They have been evolving for millions of years. 1369 01:11:04.840 --> 01:11:08.410 And what they do is a very efficient machine 1370 01:11:08.410 --> 01:11:09.860 for the carbon sequestration. 1371 01:11:11.150 --> 01:11:13.220 Some people are dreaming of this technology 1372 01:11:13.220 --> 01:11:14.280 that there's going to be very cheap 1373 01:11:14.280 --> 01:11:17.140 and be able to absorb carbon at scale. 1374 01:11:17.140 --> 01:11:19.580 Well, we don't have something to say we don't have the time 1375 01:11:19.580 --> 01:11:21.770 and these ecosystems do it very well at scale 1376 01:11:21.770 --> 01:11:22.930 so it's very simple. 1377 01:11:22.930 --> 01:11:26.410 Let's protect what wild is left 1378 01:11:26.410 --> 01:11:28.810 and let's restore much of what we have degraded. 1379 01:11:31.900 --> 01:11:33.370 Alan, did you want to add anything? 1380 01:11:33.370 --> 01:11:35.600 Or just quickly just jump in. 1381 01:11:35.600 --> 01:11:40.600 I know Enric has to head out, he's got... 1382 01:11:40.890 --> 01:11:41.723 Are you okay? 1383 01:11:41.723 --> 01:11:44.923 All right sorry, we'll keep going for a couple more minutes. 1384 01:11:48.130 --> 01:11:50.640 All right, Alan did you wanna add anything 1385 01:11:50.640 --> 01:11:52.090 or should I move to the next question? 1386 01:11:52.090 --> 01:11:54.547 No let's keep going, that was perfect. 1387 01:11:54.547 --> 01:11:57.630 All right, you guys are a good team. 1388 01:11:57.630 --> 01:12:00.630 All right, so there were several questions along this area, 1389 01:12:00.630 --> 01:12:02.143 So I'll try to paraphrase, 1390 01:12:04.130 --> 01:12:06.420 what are the best practices you've developed 1391 01:12:06.420 --> 01:12:10.060 or found for balancing the needs 1392 01:12:10.060 --> 01:12:12.453 kinda working in more populated areas, 1393 01:12:13.380 --> 01:12:16.693 balancing the needs of conservation with local use? 1394 01:12:18.950 --> 01:12:20.520 So it's a challenge, right? 1395 01:12:20.520 --> 01:12:22.710 When we first started out, as Enric mentioned 1396 01:12:22.710 --> 01:12:25.080 we went to these last wild places 1397 01:12:25.080 --> 01:12:28.850 and it was a challenge to get these large areas protected 1398 01:12:28.850 --> 01:12:31.250 when Papahānaumokuākea was established. 1399 01:12:31.250 --> 01:12:33.481 People were like, oh, that's too big. 1400 01:12:33.481 --> 01:12:37.780 It's beyond the scope of what has happened in the past 1401 01:12:37.780 --> 01:12:40.790 it was the first large scale remote protected area. 1402 01:12:40.790 --> 01:12:43.780 But as we've seen, it's amazingly effective 1403 01:12:43.780 --> 01:12:46.670 and there's been a lot of places 1404 01:12:46.670 --> 01:12:49.080 that have followed suit since then. 1405 01:12:49.080 --> 01:12:51.700 When you get to places where there's more people 1406 01:12:51.700 --> 01:12:54.640 it obviously becomes more complicated. 1407 01:12:54.640 --> 01:12:57.100 But as I talked about with indigenous 1408 01:12:57.100 --> 01:12:59.660 and traditional knowledge, you need more hybrid systems. 1409 01:12:59.660 --> 01:13:04.280 So strongly and fully protected large areas 1410 01:13:04.280 --> 01:13:07.520 should be the core of any type of protection. 1411 01:13:07.520 --> 01:13:10.760 And then associated with that, we need to figure out 1412 01:13:10.760 --> 01:13:12.350 what are the least destructive 1413 01:13:12.350 --> 01:13:15.510 and most sustainable practices that can be done 1414 01:13:15.510 --> 01:13:17.900 in conjunction with that whether it's fishing 1415 01:13:17.900 --> 01:13:20.285 or other types of coastal use. 1416 01:13:20.285 --> 01:13:23.860 We need to consider all the players that are utilizing 1417 01:13:23.860 --> 01:13:26.100 those ecosystems not just the fishery sector 1418 01:13:26.100 --> 01:13:28.010 or the people who are screaming the loudest. 1419 01:13:28.010 --> 01:13:30.290 And because everybody's got a stake in the game 1420 01:13:30.290 --> 01:13:32.914 like I talked about before, without healthy oceans, 1421 01:13:32.914 --> 01:13:34.800 we don't have healthy society. 1422 01:13:34.800 --> 01:13:36.800 So everybody's got a stake in this, 1423 01:13:38.830 --> 01:13:40.320 if it was clear cut and simple 1424 01:13:40.320 --> 01:13:41.650 it would've been done already. 1425 01:13:41.650 --> 01:13:45.370 But the fact of matter is we all need to work through this 1426 01:13:45.370 --> 01:13:46.870 and we've got some good models 1427 01:13:46.870 --> 01:13:49.470 for how to protect large parts of the ecosystem 1428 01:13:49.470 --> 01:13:51.290 and then working with people 1429 01:13:51.290 --> 01:13:55.550 and trying to recognize where there's trade-offs, 1430 01:13:55.550 --> 01:13:57.040 that can be most beneficial 1431 01:13:57.040 --> 01:13:59.470 and most sustainable is where we need to go. 1432 01:13:59.470 --> 01:14:01.630 So I don't have the definitive answer on that 1433 01:14:01.630 --> 01:14:03.480 but that's pretty much the framework. 1434 01:14:07.800 --> 01:14:10.950 Great, Enric I did wanna check in on time. 1435 01:14:10.950 --> 01:14:14.100 I think we're right about when you said you needed to leave. 1436 01:14:14.100 --> 01:14:15.043 We're good. 1437 01:14:16.591 --> 01:14:19.491 All right, you're getting to most of the questions here. 1438 01:14:21.440 --> 01:14:26.250 Have there been any studies around spill over 1439 01:14:26.250 --> 01:14:28.732 and connectivity in the Northwestern Hawaiian 1440 01:14:28.732 --> 01:14:30.565 and Papahānaumokuākea? 1441 01:14:32.650 --> 01:14:37.650 So I guess that's me, one of the first thoughts was, 1442 01:14:39.750 --> 01:14:41.500 so if we protect Papahānaumokuākea, 1443 01:14:43.270 --> 01:14:45.110 the main Hawaiian Islands are gonna look 1444 01:14:45.110 --> 01:14:47.230 much better as a result, 1445 01:14:47.230 --> 01:14:49.780 but in fact, it's just the opposite. 1446 01:14:49.780 --> 01:14:52.950 The current patterns go east-west. 1447 01:14:52.950 --> 01:14:55.760 And when it's wind-driven circulation for the most part 1448 01:14:55.760 --> 01:14:58.780 and also large oceanic currents are moving east to west 1449 01:14:58.780 --> 01:15:00.870 and in our general region. 1450 01:15:00.870 --> 01:15:05.870 So in fact, as the main Hawaiian Islands degrade 1451 01:15:06.130 --> 01:15:08.240 it could have a detrimental effect 1452 01:15:08.240 --> 01:15:10.600 on the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 1453 01:15:10.600 --> 01:15:14.130 So we need to be careful and it's more reason to redouble 1454 01:15:14.130 --> 01:15:15.577 our efforts in the main Hawaiian Islands 1455 01:15:15.577 --> 01:15:17.270 and protect them better 1456 01:15:17.270 --> 01:15:19.790 because there are some potential implications 1457 01:15:19.790 --> 01:15:22.680 for the Northwestern Hawaiian from Papahānaumokuākea. 1458 01:15:22.680 --> 01:15:26.020 And because Hawai'i has such a unique ecosystem 1459 01:15:26.020 --> 01:15:29.260 with so many endemic species, they are more threatened 1460 01:15:29.260 --> 01:15:32.520 in the main Hawaiian Islands because of all the human uses. 1461 01:15:32.520 --> 01:15:34.340 And they are in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 1462 01:15:34.340 --> 01:15:37.233 even though they aren't as abundant, 1463 01:15:38.968 --> 01:15:42.360 there's always gonna be connectivity among islands, 1464 01:15:42.360 --> 01:15:45.030 but we find like for some species like 1465 01:15:45.030 --> 01:15:47.420 Grey reef sharks and Galapagos 1466 01:15:47.420 --> 01:15:49.430 even within the Northwest Hawaiian Islands 1467 01:15:49.430 --> 01:15:52.690 they don't move as much as we thought. 1468 01:15:52.690 --> 01:15:55.860 Many of these islands are self seeding for the most part. 1469 01:15:55.860 --> 01:15:58.900 So we need to consider more localized management 1470 01:15:58.900 --> 01:16:01.383 particularly in the main Hawaiian Islands, 1471 01:16:02.386 --> 01:16:03.240 Nortwestern Hawaiian Islands. 1472 01:16:03.240 --> 01:16:06.840 So yeah, I mean there's animals are moving up and down. 1473 01:16:06.840 --> 01:16:09.120 So sea turtles are nesting up in Northwest Hawaiian Islands 1474 01:16:09.120 --> 01:16:10.680 coming to the main Hawaiian Islands. 1475 01:16:10.680 --> 01:16:13.520 Tiger sharks are doing their thing monk seals as well. 1476 01:16:13.520 --> 01:16:15.630 So there are animals moving around. 1477 01:16:15.630 --> 01:16:18.720 I don't say there's no connectivity, 1478 01:16:18.720 --> 01:16:21.970 but there's different scales of connectivity. 1479 01:16:21.970 --> 01:16:23.670 And it may not be going always 1480 01:16:23.670 --> 01:16:25.860 in the direction that we assumed. 1481 01:16:29.160 --> 01:16:33.653 Great, continue to learn every season it seems like. 1482 01:16:35.130 --> 01:16:36.670 Okay, if we have time for another one, 1483 01:16:36.670 --> 01:16:38.480 you focus on tropical environments. 1484 01:16:38.480 --> 01:16:41.010 What does a temperate, intact ecosystem look like? 1485 01:16:41.010 --> 01:16:44.393 Is it also a predator dominated or shark dominated? 1486 01:16:45.800 --> 01:16:48.631 Actually would be been everywhere from the Russian Arctic 1487 01:16:48.631 --> 01:16:52.320 to Antarctica, to temperate, to Cape Horn 1488 01:16:52.320 --> 01:16:57.320 And yeah, like Alan showed before these intact places 1489 01:16:57.400 --> 01:17:00.660 they have a three-dimensional structure that is provided 1490 01:17:00.660 --> 01:17:03.840 by living organisms could be kelp forest 1491 01:17:03.840 --> 01:17:08.140 or it could be coral reefs, but also, yeah, 1492 01:17:08.140 --> 01:17:10.440 this is a pattern we've seen everywhere. 1493 01:17:10.440 --> 01:17:13.310 When you donʻt have people, you have large animals. 1494 01:17:13.310 --> 01:17:15.540 When you have lots of people the large animals are gone 1495 01:17:15.540 --> 01:17:19.140 and the ecosystem has unraveled and many builders collapsed. 1496 01:17:19.140 --> 01:17:21.290 So this is a particular... 1497 01:17:21.290 --> 01:17:25.690 This is a characteristic that feature of intact ecosystems. 1498 01:17:25.690 --> 01:17:27.920 Everybody is there and in large abundance 1499 01:17:27.920 --> 01:17:32.323 including self-sustaining populations of the large animals. 1500 01:17:33.680 --> 01:17:36.390 All you gotta do is be chased down in water by polar bear. 1501 01:17:36.390 --> 01:17:39.226 And you'll know that there's top predators in the Arctic. 1502 01:17:39.226 --> 01:17:40.490 (chuckles) 1503 01:17:40.490 --> 01:17:41.680 Or walruses. 1504 01:17:41.680 --> 01:17:42.725 Yeah. 1505 01:17:42.725 --> 01:17:44.660 (laughs) 1506 01:17:44.660 --> 01:17:47.290 All right so maybe I'll close Andy, Malia 1507 01:17:47.290 --> 01:17:49.740 unless you're seeing other questions that are missing. 1508 01:17:49.740 --> 01:17:51.740 I think I will close with 1509 01:17:51.740 --> 01:17:53.700 this message is so powerful and important, 1510 01:17:53.700 --> 01:17:55.453 how can we expand the audience? 1511 01:17:58.150 --> 01:17:58.993 Right Enric. 1512 01:18:00.850 --> 01:18:02.462 I think that's for Andy. 1513 01:18:02.462 --> 01:18:04.890 (laughs) 1514 01:18:04.890 --> 01:18:05.844 What you're doing, Andy is great. 1515 01:18:05.844 --> 01:18:09.833 Yeah, education exactly. 1516 01:18:11.690 --> 01:18:15.520 Inspiring the next generation, that's what we need to do. 1517 01:18:15.520 --> 01:18:18.530 We need to continue to do the great work that we do 1518 01:18:18.530 --> 01:18:20.101 and show these impacts, 1519 01:18:20.101 --> 01:18:23.090 show the effects of protecting these places. 1520 01:18:23.090 --> 01:18:26.570 Like you've shown them that's really the icing on the cake 1521 01:18:26.570 --> 01:18:29.520 and shows that it works and can work. 1522 01:18:29.520 --> 01:18:32.840 And I think the most incredible aspect to me of a lot 1523 01:18:32.840 --> 01:18:35.830 of this is how quickly a lot of these systems bounce back 1524 01:18:35.830 --> 01:18:39.150 once they are fully protected, it really is. 1525 01:18:39.150 --> 01:18:42.990 And in Papahānaumokuākea we're seeing that 1526 01:18:42.990 --> 01:18:45.380 with the impacts from Hurricane Walaka 1527 01:18:45.380 --> 01:18:49.610 and the post recovery from that at French Frigate Shoals. 1528 01:18:49.610 --> 01:18:52.940 So it's really incredible how quickly ecosystems come back. 1529 01:18:52.940 --> 01:18:55.780 And I know you've done a lot of work on that, Alan, 1530 01:18:55.780 --> 01:19:00.177 but that's the silver lining to all of this. 1531 01:19:00.177 --> 01:19:02.793 I don't know if you wanna comment anymore on that. 1532 01:19:04.100 --> 01:19:05.950 When we have chronic impacts 1533 01:19:05.950 --> 01:19:07.610 like in the main Hawaiian Islands 1534 01:19:07.610 --> 01:19:10.460 or the Caribbean places where there's a lot of people 1535 01:19:10.460 --> 01:19:12.410 when you get hurricanes have been happening 1536 01:19:12.410 --> 01:19:16.080 since the planet's been rotating 1537 01:19:16.080 --> 01:19:18.150 and there's been water in it. 1538 01:19:18.150 --> 01:19:21.690 So, these are part of natural systems 1539 01:19:21.690 --> 01:19:25.580 but when you superimpose these chronic things like pollution 1540 01:19:25.580 --> 01:19:29.540 and overfishing on that, the systems just can't recover. 1541 01:19:29.540 --> 01:19:32.620 And like what we found in Papahānaumokuākea 1542 01:19:32.620 --> 01:19:35.457 or in the central Pacific if all the herbivores are there 1543 01:19:35.457 --> 01:19:37.800 and the whole ecosystems intact you're right. 1544 01:19:37.800 --> 01:19:40.250 You know these things, they may bounce back. 1545 01:19:40.250 --> 01:19:41.670 Nature is resilient 1546 01:19:41.670 --> 01:19:44.750 but when we start to lose that resiliency 1547 01:19:44.750 --> 01:19:46.763 that's when we have the downward spiral. 1548 01:19:49.630 --> 01:19:53.450 Yeah, all right so thank you again, gentlemen, 1549 01:19:53.450 --> 01:19:56.430 for joining us, it was wonderful to have you 1550 01:19:56.430 --> 01:20:01.430 for our anniversary today 15 years of Papahānaumokuākea. 1551 01:20:02.100 --> 01:20:03.870 Congratulations. For a very great talk. 1552 01:20:03.870 --> 01:20:05.211 So thank you-- Congratulation, 1553 01:20:05.211 --> 01:20:10.103 And am going share my screen, we have some closing slides. 1554 01:20:13.320 --> 01:20:15.200 Hopefully it will show this time 1555 01:20:15.200 --> 01:20:18.783 'cause this things rather fickle for whatever reason today. 1556 01:20:20.070 --> 01:20:21.740 So let me... 1557 01:20:25.590 --> 01:20:30.590 There we go, okay, so this webinar is being recorded 1558 01:20:31.460 --> 01:20:34.710 and we will have the archive up on that page. 1559 01:20:34.710 --> 01:20:36.760 So you can watch again in the future 1560 01:20:36.760 --> 01:20:39.611 and probably about a week or week and a half 1561 01:20:39.611 --> 01:20:42.420 we'll have that up on our webpage. 1562 01:20:42.420 --> 01:20:44.360 And also for everybody attending 1563 01:20:44.360 --> 01:20:46.680 you will be getting a certificate of attendance 1564 01:20:46.680 --> 01:20:51.680 for a one hour or actually one hour 20 minutes of contact, 1565 01:20:51.930 --> 01:20:53.100 professional development 1566 01:20:53.100 --> 01:20:56.060 for whatever you might need that for. 1567 01:20:56.060 --> 01:20:59.990 So we'll be sending that out via email within a day. 1568 01:20:59.990 --> 01:21:02.310 And also we've got some, it doesn't end here, 1569 01:21:02.310 --> 01:21:04.930 we've got some amazing events coming up in July. 1570 01:21:04.930 --> 01:21:07.600 We have the premier of a wonderful film 1571 01:21:07.600 --> 01:21:11.760 we put together called "Voices of Papahānaumokuākea" 1572 01:21:11.760 --> 01:21:15.820 this will be premiered on two Hawai'i television stations 1573 01:21:15.820 --> 01:21:18.350 but we'll also post it to our website. 1574 01:21:18.350 --> 01:21:21.250 And it's just a testimonials 1575 01:21:21.250 --> 01:21:23.680 from a lot of particular Native Hawaiians 1576 01:21:23.680 --> 01:21:26.480 who've been involved in the process of Papahānaumokuākea 1577 01:21:27.490 --> 01:21:30.860 and their experience, it's a really amazing film. 1578 01:21:30.860 --> 01:21:33.370 So keep an eye out for that in July. 1579 01:21:33.370 --> 01:21:35.900 And we also have a blue beacon event 1580 01:21:35.900 --> 01:21:38.960 with our National Marine Sanctuary Foundation Partners 1581 01:21:40.320 --> 01:21:45.030 live on Facebook on July 15th, celebrating our anniversary. 1582 01:21:45.030 --> 01:21:46.950 And please, when you sign out 1583 01:21:46.950 --> 01:21:48.270 don't forget to take the survey. 1584 01:21:48.270 --> 01:21:50.030 This is how we know what kind 1585 01:21:50.030 --> 01:21:51.550 of content you're interested in. 1586 01:21:51.550 --> 01:21:55.050 And if you want us to bring any other particular speakers 1587 01:21:55.050 --> 01:21:58.290 or content on, so we'd like that information from you. 1588 01:21:58.290 --> 01:22:02.230 So don't hesitate to don't skip that, please. 1589 01:22:02.230 --> 01:22:05.110 And again, happy birthday to us 1590 01:22:05.110 --> 01:22:07.790 mahalo everyone for attending today 1591 01:22:07.790 --> 01:22:11.100 and celebrating marine protection and wherever you live 1592 01:22:11.100 --> 01:22:14.590 and doing what you can to be an ocean steward. 1593 01:22:14.590 --> 01:22:17.170 So mahalo everyone for attending 1594 01:22:17.170 --> 01:22:19.893 and have a wonderful rest of your day.