WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:02.080 --> 00:00:07.040 All right! Well, good afternoon and  thank you for joining us today and   00:00:07.040 --> 00:00:10.960 welcome to our Submerged North Carolina  webinar series. Now, today's webinar   00:00:10.960 --> 00:00:16.240 is "Sometimes the Simplest Solutions are the Best  Solutions - Re-Conserving the Lake Phelps Canoes"   00:00:16.240 --> 00:00:21.760 with Tim Smith. I'm Shannon Ricles, the education  and outreach coordinator for Monitor National   00:00:21.760 --> 00:00:27.200 Marine Sanctuary and I'm going to be your host  today and joining me is Mark Losavio, the media   00:00:27.200 --> 00:00:33.360 coordinator and outreach coordinator for Monitor  National Marine Sanctuary. Before we get started   00:00:33.360 --> 00:00:38.400 we just want to wish everyone a happy World Ocean  Day as we celebrate all things ocean during the   00:00:38.400 --> 00:00:43.840 month of June be sure to follow us and the Office  of National Marine Sanctuaries on social media. 00:00:46.320 --> 00:00:50.560 So, this webinar is brought to you by  NOAA's Monitor National Marine Sanctuary   00:00:51.520 --> 00:00:55.200 in collaboration with North Carolina's  Office of State Archaeology. 00:00:57.280 --> 00:01:01.600 Partnering since 1975, NOAA and the State  of North Carolina worked to research,   00:01:01.600 --> 00:01:05.920 honor, and protect the hallmarks of North  Carolina's underwater cultural heritage:   00:01:05.920 --> 00:01:10.960 shipwrecks! Now these shipwrecks hold information  about the ever-changing technologies and cultural   00:01:10.960 --> 00:01:15.680 and physical landscapes. They serve as  a uniquely accessible underwater museum   00:01:15.680 --> 00:01:21.600 and a memorial to generations of mariners who  lived, died, worked, and fought off our shores.   00:01:21.600 --> 00:01:25.280 This is one of the many webinars we'll be hosting  in the coming months for the Submerged North   00:01:25.280 --> 00:01:30.080 Carolina webinar series in collaboration with  the North Carolina Office of State Archaeology.   00:01:31.200 --> 00:01:37.120 Now, Monitor is just one of 14 marine - marine  sanctuaries and two national marine monuments   00:01:37.120 --> 00:01:42.720 in the national marine sanctuary system. This  system encompasses more than 600,000 square miles   00:01:42.720 --> 00:01:48.000 of marine and great lakes waters, from Washington  state to the Florida Keys and from Lake Huron to   00:01:48.000 --> 00:01:53.600 America Samoa. Now, during the presentation  all attendees will be in listen only mode.   00:01:53.600 --> 00:01:57.760 You are welcome to type questions for the  presenters into the question box at the bottom of   00:01:57.760 --> 00:02:02.720 the control panel on the right hand side of your  screen. This is the same area you can let us know   00:02:02.720 --> 00:02:07.360 about any technical issues you may be having, that  we can help you with. Now, we'll be monitoring   00:02:07.360 --> 00:02:11.600 incoming questions and technical issues and just  - we'll respond to them just as quickly as we   00:02:11.600 --> 00:02:17.360 can. We are recording this session and we'll share  the recording with registered participants via the   00:02:17.360 --> 00:02:23.840 webinar archive page. A url for this webinar page  will be provided at the end of the presentation.   00:02:25.600 --> 00:02:31.280 So join me today as we welcome our presenter Tim  Smith who is the Lake Phelps canoe conservator for   00:02:31.280 --> 00:02:36.720 the North Carolina Office of State Archaeology.  Thank you for being with us today and Tim it is   00:02:36.720 --> 00:02:49.840 yours! I'm going to give you the screen  so hold tight okay it's coming your way. 00:02:54.800 --> 00:03:00.720 All right you are up and running! Fantastic.  Thank you very much Shannon! Like Shannon said,   00:03:00.720 --> 00:03:06.160 hello my name is Tim Smith and I am a staff  archaeologist and conservator with the North   00:03:06.160 --> 00:03:11.600 Carolina Office of State Archaeology and I am  based out of the Queen Anne's Revenge Conservation   00:03:11.600 --> 00:03:16.320 Lab here in Greenville, North Carolina. My  current position is funded by a grant from the   00:03:16.320 --> 00:03:22.240 Institute of Museum and Library Sciences, IMLS,  to work on re-conserving the Lake Phelps canoes. 00:03:26.560 --> 00:03:29.920 I would like to start by giving a  brief background of the history of   00:03:29.920 --> 00:03:33.440 the Native Americans and the area in  which these canoes were discovered.   00:03:34.320 --> 00:03:39.520 Archaeological evidence suggests that the Lake  Phelps area was occupied at least seasonally   00:03:39.520 --> 00:03:44.560 by prehistoric Native Americans from the late  Paleo-Indian period through to the late Woodland   00:03:44.560 --> 00:03:52.000 period with artifacts dating back to around 9000  to 8000 bc. It is believed that the peoples who   00:03:52.000 --> 00:03:58.880 inhabited this area were mostly Algonquin speaking  native Americans. The Paleo-Indian period which   00:03:58.880 --> 00:04:04.960 includes the time before 8000 bc represents the  initial stage of human presence in the North   00:04:04.960 --> 00:04:10.880 American continent. People of this period were  nomadic hunter-gatherers hunting animals. Still   00:04:10.880 --> 00:04:16.320 alive at the end of the last ice age the oldest  known canoe in the world dates to around the end   00:04:16.320 --> 00:04:21.280 of the Paleo-Indian period and the beginning  of the archaic period. The archaic period,   00:04:21.280 --> 00:04:28.000 which generally includes from around 8000 bc to  1000 bc, is after the receding of the glaciers   00:04:28.000 --> 00:04:33.120 that brought about a change in the climate that is  similar to the climate that we have today. People   00:04:33.120 --> 00:04:38.640 of this time period were hunting some animals  that still could be found today and collecting   00:04:38.640 --> 00:04:44.480 a variety of different plant-based foods. These  people moved between several different campsites   00:04:45.120 --> 00:04:50.640 throughout the year and likely lived in small  bands of extended families or groups of families.   00:04:51.840 --> 00:04:57.920 The woodland period from 1000 bc to  1600 a.d represents a gradual shift to   00:04:57.920 --> 00:05:05.200 a more agriculturally based sustenance and more  permanent settlements. This period is also broken   00:05:05.200 --> 00:05:15.120 down into early woodland 1000 to 300 bc middle  woodland 300 bc to 880 and late woodland 800   00:05:15.120 --> 00:05:21.680 to 1600 a.d. Societies during this period  became more internally complex creating   00:05:21.680 --> 00:05:28.320 more complex mortuary rituals, some constructing  burial mounds and some with far-reaching trade.   00:05:29.200 --> 00:05:33.920 During this period is also when Native Americans  really started to use various types of pottery.   00:05:35.840 --> 00:05:41.360 Around the timeline on this slide you can see  various artifacts from from Lake Phelps that have   00:05:41.360 --> 00:05:51.840 been discovered so far. Various points and pottery  shards have all been found around this area.   00:05:53.440 --> 00:05:58.400 The beautiful Lake Phelps is the second  largest natural lake in North Carolina and   00:05:58.400 --> 00:06:03.360 is located in eastern North Carolina between  the Albemarle sound and the Pamlico River.   00:06:04.240 --> 00:06:10.720 Lake covers 16,000 acres and has a max depth  of around 9 to 10 feet with an average depth   00:06:10.720 --> 00:06:16.400 of four and a half feet. The water is incredibly  clear due to the lake's higher elevation from the   00:06:16.400 --> 00:06:23.200 surrounding area and the fact that it is almost  entirely rain fed. It was not until the 18th   00:06:23.200 --> 00:06:28.160 century and plantations started to be established  in the area that drainage ditches were cut from   00:06:28.160 --> 00:06:33.840 the lake to the Scuppernong river to drain  the adjacent peat bogs in order to farm them. 00:06:36.240 --> 00:06:41.200 The north shore of the lake makes up one of the  last old growth forests in eastern North Carolina.   00:06:42.400 --> 00:06:47.600 The trunks of some of the bald cypress trees  measure up to 10 feet in diameter. The north shore   00:06:47.600 --> 00:06:54.560 is also where all the Lake Phelps canoes were  discovered mostly in this area right around here. 00:06:59.920 --> 00:07:02.720 Next, I would like to talk about  the construction of the canoes.   00:07:03.760 --> 00:07:09.520 All the canoes that have been discovered in the  lake are dugout canoes. Usually dugout canoes are   00:07:09.520 --> 00:07:14.640 made of hardwoods but the Lake Phelps canoes  are made of the bold cypress from around the   00:07:14.640 --> 00:07:22.720 lake of which the hardwood naturally protects from  decay. Most dugout canoes were also about 40 feet   00:07:22.720 --> 00:07:28.240 in length so the trees that were used to create  these canoes were fairly large. An easy method   00:07:28.240 --> 00:07:34.800 Native Americans used to fell a large tree was to  light a fire at the base and use a coating of mud   00:07:34.800 --> 00:07:40.640 and straw to make sure the fire did not spread up  the tree. Stone tools were then used to chip away   00:07:40.640 --> 00:07:46.160 at the charred trunk until the weight of the tree  caused it to fall. The next step was to remove the   00:07:46.160 --> 00:07:52.160 bark which was removed all at once sometimes also  removing the sap wood and then shaped the ends.   00:07:52.960 --> 00:08:00.160 This was mostly done with stone tools, stone hand  tools to allow to hollow out the canoe. Carefully   00:08:00.160 --> 00:08:05.840 tended fires were used to slowly burn into the  log using hand tools to occasionally scrape away   00:08:05.840 --> 00:08:11.840 the charred wood. Sometimes gum or rosin was  used to help control what parts of the log were   00:08:11.840 --> 00:08:17.600 burned. Sometimes the canoes would be covered in  grease to help protect and seal the wood as well.   00:08:18.960 --> 00:08:24.800 This image on this slide is from the artist  and colonist John White who saw firsthand   00:08:24.800 --> 00:08:29.040 how the Native Americans made and used  dugout canoes during the 16th century. 00:08:33.920 --> 00:08:38.800 Due to how much time and effort was put into  making dugout canoes it was important to protect   00:08:38.800 --> 00:08:44.400 and preserve them for as long as possible. It  is believed that some Native Americans would   00:08:44.400 --> 00:08:49.760 bury their canoes when they left an area for a  season to help protect them from degrading faster.   00:08:50.640 --> 00:08:57.120 These canoes could then be used for many more  years. Dugout canoes were also often used for   00:08:57.120 --> 00:09:02.080 travel up and down rivers as well as fishing  which you can see here and another drawing   00:09:02.080 --> 00:09:12.400 done by john white. Finally it's time to discuss  the history of the Lake Phelps canoes themselves.   00:09:12.960 --> 00:09:17.280 During a period of drought in the 1980s  the water level in Lake Phelps lowered to   00:09:17.280 --> 00:09:22.000 a point that the log canoes could be easily  seen sticking out of the lake bed and some   00:09:22.000 --> 00:09:27.440 sticking out of the water. Here, you can see some  photos of the canoes sticking out of the sediment.   00:09:28.480 --> 00:09:33.440 This was not ideal to their preservation. Buried  in the sediment under the water they were in a   00:09:33.440 --> 00:09:39.120 mostly anaerobic environment or an environment  without oxygen. Without oxygen in the sediment   00:09:39.120 --> 00:09:43.360 there are less macro and microorganisms  to feed on the wood and break it down.   00:09:44.800 --> 00:09:47.760 So once these canoes were spotted  they were brought to the attention of   00:09:47.760 --> 00:09:51.840 Pettigrew State Park and the Office of state  Archaeology who immediately went to work. 00:09:55.520 --> 00:09:58.880 While searching the area a  total of 30 canoes were found.   00:09:59.600 --> 00:10:04.080 Archaeologists started the process  of recording the canoes in 1985.   00:10:04.080 --> 00:10:08.080 Here you can see them working to find  the exact locations of the canoes   00:10:09.120 --> 00:10:14.160 for the archaeological record and so they can  easily be found later after they are re-buried. 00:10:16.800 --> 00:10:21.040 Most of the canoes were re-buried  in place in the 1980s however some   00:10:21.920 --> 00:10:26.880 again were uncovered in 2004 so they were  moved and re-buried at another location.   00:10:28.160 --> 00:10:33.200 One of the 30 canoes or out of the 30 canoes  it was decided that four would be removed   00:10:33.200 --> 00:10:37.200 and conserved for study and be placed  in various locations around the state.   00:10:38.000 --> 00:10:42.320 So the public could learn about them and the  history of the Native Americans who made them. 00:10:45.680 --> 00:10:49.520 Not only were the locations of the canoes  recorded but many of them were also measured   00:10:49.520 --> 00:10:54.800 and sketched in detail so that we could learn  more information about them. Here you can see   00:10:54.800 --> 00:10:58.000 the detailed drawing of canoe  three which is one of the four   00:10:58.000 --> 00:11:01.760 canoes that were removed and one of the  two canoes I'm working to re-conserve. 00:11:05.040 --> 00:11:13.840 And here is a detailed drawing of canoe 4 which  is the other canoe I am working on to re-conserve.   00:11:14.720 --> 00:11:20.160 Another avenue of the canoes that was studied  was their age. Archaeologists attempted to use   00:11:20.160 --> 00:11:25.600 dendrochronology to use the use of comparing  tree rings to determine the age of the wood   00:11:25.600 --> 00:11:32.640 but unfortunately they were unsuccessful. Instead  radiocarbon dating or carbon 14 dating was used.   00:11:32.640 --> 00:11:38.160 This dating method uses the fact that plants  and animals consistently exchange carbon 14   00:11:38.160 --> 00:11:43.520 with the environment while alive but once dead the  carbon-14 starts to decay at a predictable rate.   00:11:44.160 --> 00:11:48.960 Measuring the amount of carbon-14 left in the  organic artifact can tell us how old the artifacts   00:11:49.920 --> 00:11:55.040 are. In the case of the canoes 19 of the 30  canoes have been dated using this method.   00:11:55.840 --> 00:12:01.760 Here you can see how many of these canoes dated to  each cultural time period. Although we have other   00:12:01.760 --> 00:12:08.000 artifacts from the paleo-indian period there were  no dated canoes from this time period. The oldest   00:12:08.000 --> 00:12:16.560 canoe in the group is from around 2400 bc with the  youngest canoe from the group being from1400 a.d.   00:12:17.840 --> 00:12:22.640 You can see here that a majority of the canoes  from the site are from the middle woodland period.   00:12:23.680 --> 00:12:28.720 Of the two canoes I am working on,  canoe three is the canoe from 1480   00:12:28.720 --> 00:12:42.480 and canoe four is from 340 a.d. In 1986 the four  canoes were removed from the lake and conserved.   00:12:43.200 --> 00:12:48.080 Of the four canoes that were removed two were  taken directly from the lake. Canoe one which   00:12:48.080 --> 00:12:54.000 is shown here on the left and canoe two which is  shown here on the right. Canoe two has the most   00:12:54.000 --> 00:13:00.240 length remaining out of the 30 canoes with  a total length of about 30 feet. The canoes   00:13:00.240 --> 00:13:05.680 were removed as carefully as possible trying to  keep them intact as much as they could. Here you   00:13:05.680 --> 00:13:10.560 can see archaeologists kitted up and carrying or  using floats to move the canoes out of the water. 00:13:15.840 --> 00:13:21.760 The other two canoes, canoes three and four, the  two I am working on re-conserving were not taken   00:13:21.760 --> 00:13:27.920 directly from the lake. Canoe three was actually  found dry which is not how you want to find   00:13:27.920 --> 00:13:32.560 an artifact that has been waterlogged for  hundreds of years and it was located on the   00:13:32.560 --> 00:13:37.680 property of a local citizen having been turned  into a path in their yard. Definitely not ideal   00:13:37.680 --> 00:13:43.600 conditions! Canoe four was found almost entirely  out of the water. The canoe was then moved to a   00:13:43.600 --> 00:13:48.640 nearby pond to keep it wet for about two months  before it could be moved for conservation.   00:13:49.200 --> 00:13:54.880 However this was not ideal conditions either. In  the pond the canoe was uncovered and vulnerable to   00:13:55.920 --> 00:14:00.960 wood-eating worms which certainly did a number  on the canoe turning much of the surface into   00:14:00.960 --> 00:14:07.120 almost a swiss cheese. Here you can see canoe  three on the left and canoe four on the right.   00:14:07.120 --> 00:14:16.640 After they had been taken to begin the  conservation process in 1986. Here's a   00:14:16.640 --> 00:14:21.440 couple more photos of these two canoes shown from  a different angle. As you can see these canoes   00:14:21.440 --> 00:14:26.560 have broken into multiple pieces. Some of this  occurred over the many years that they were buried   00:14:27.200 --> 00:14:30.560 but much of it occurred when retrieving  the fragile canoes from the lake. 00:14:36.560 --> 00:14:41.440 In the 1980s using sugar to conserve  waterlogged wood was a common practice   00:14:41.440 --> 00:14:46.640 and that is what archaeologists and conservators  decided to use on the four Lake Phelps canoes.   00:14:47.440 --> 00:14:52.640 To treat the canoes with sugar a large tank was  constructed which you can see here on the left.   00:14:52.640 --> 00:14:59.520 It was constructed out of wood and then lined with  plastic so that it would not leak. Leslie Bright,   00:14:59.520 --> 00:15:04.560 an archaeologist working on the project describes  how the canoes were treated. The canoes were   00:15:04.560 --> 00:15:10.960 placed in 15 gallons of water with sugar added  to form a 20 solution by weight. Sugar was added   00:15:10.960 --> 00:15:17.360 weekly at a rate of 10 percent by weight until a  hundred percent solution was reached. One pint of   00:15:17.360 --> 00:15:21.440 phenol was added to the solution at the beginning  of the treatment to prevent fermentation.   00:15:23.360 --> 00:15:28.400 To conserve sugar and cut costs the canoes and  solution were sealed between two pieces of six   00:15:28.400 --> 00:15:33.280 millimeter polyethylene film. In the preserving  tank this was accomplished by filling the tank   00:15:33.280 --> 00:15:38.160 approximately half full of water, covering it  with polyethylene film, and putting the canoe   00:15:38.160 --> 00:15:44.080 and the solution on top. After the second layer  of polyethylene film was placed over the canoe   00:15:44.080 --> 00:15:48.560 the tank was completely filled with water. This  squeezed out air bubbles allowing the sugar   00:15:48.560 --> 00:15:54.480 solution to completely envelop the canoe. On the  right here you can see the process taking place   00:15:54.480 --> 00:15:59.680 with the solution on canoe two and the other layer  of plastic in the process of being placed on top. 00:16:04.960 --> 00:16:10.160 After letting the canoes become saturated with  the sugar solution, which took about 12 weeks   00:16:10.160 --> 00:16:21.920 in total, the canoes were moved inside the lab  to dry at ambient room temperature and humidity.   00:16:21.920 --> 00:16:26.800 I want to take a moment to talk about waterlogged  archaeological wood conservation so that everyone   00:16:26.800 --> 00:16:32.080 understands what the goals a conservator has  when treating this kind of artifact are. With   00:16:32.080 --> 00:16:37.360 wood that has been sitting in water for hundreds  or thousands of years it obviously starts to break   00:16:37.360 --> 00:16:42.720 down over time. However water starts to move into  the cells of the woods supporting the structure   00:16:42.720 --> 00:16:48.240 and stopping it from completely collapsing. If  archaeological waterlogged wood is dried out   00:16:48.240 --> 00:16:53.840 without replacing the water inside the cells then  the wood will warp bending and breaking which is   00:16:53.840 --> 00:16:59.200 not ideal if you want to preserve the artifact.  To prevent this from happening conservators   00:16:59.200 --> 00:17:04.800 replace the water with some sort of bulking  or impregnation agent. Bulking uses a chemical   00:17:04.800 --> 00:17:09.280 that can enter into the cell walls and help  provide support for the cell to stop shrinking. 00:17:13.120 --> 00:17:18.240 Impregnation uses chemicals that fill the lumen  or the center of the cell to also provide support   00:17:18.240 --> 00:17:24.400 and stop shrinking. The sugar that was used to  treat the Lake Phelps canoes is an example of   00:17:24.400 --> 00:17:30.000 a bulking agent however today sugar is not as  widely used because other chemicals have been   00:17:30.000 --> 00:17:36.080 found to do a better job of bulking up the  cell wall. The wood cells the wood chemical   00:17:36.080 --> 00:17:40.080 or the main chemical that is used  today is polyethylene glycol or PEG. 00:17:44.960 --> 00:17:49.760 Unfortunately the sugar treatment used during the  original conservation eventually has developed   00:17:49.760 --> 00:17:55.440 problems. Canoe three and four were stored  and displayed at Pettigrew State Park in an   00:17:55.440 --> 00:17:59.840 environment that was not environmentally  controlled. These canoes suffered drastic   00:17:59.840 --> 00:18:04.400 swings in both temperature and humidity both  on a daily basis and throughout the year   00:18:04.960 --> 00:18:09.840 with temperatures ranging from below freezing in  the winter and above 90 degrees Fahrenheit in the   00:18:09.840 --> 00:18:14.960 summer along with vastly different humidities  depending on the time of year and time of day.   00:18:16.960 --> 00:18:22.240 All this triggered sugar to leech to the surface  causing damage to the canoes in many areas.   00:18:23.680 --> 00:18:27.280 This is a major problem for wood treated  with sugar as wood treated in this way   00:18:27.280 --> 00:18:32.800 should be stored at about room temperature  with a humidity of around 45 to 55 percent   00:18:33.600 --> 00:18:39.920 with no sudden drastic changes. In this photo  you can see how the canoes were stored in a shed   00:18:39.920 --> 00:18:45.600 at Pettigrew State Park. Eventually someone at the  park recognized that the sugar was leaching to the   00:18:45.600 --> 00:18:52.960 surface and the canoes were taken off of display  to be re-conserved. This happened in 2010. The   00:18:52.960 --> 00:18:57.680 canoes were brought to the Queen Anne's Revenge  conservation lab and were stored in a controlled   00:18:57.680 --> 00:19:03.520 environment until they could be worked on. However  it was not only the two canoes at Pettigrew that   00:19:03.520 --> 00:19:09.040 suffered from this problem. Both of the other  canoes also had some sugar on their surfaces   00:19:09.040 --> 00:19:13.360 even though one canoe was in a climate-controlled  case at the Museum of History in Raleigh   00:19:13.360 --> 00:19:19.840 and the other in a couple of climate-controlled  museums around the state. This just shows one   00:19:19.840 --> 00:19:23.840 of the major reasons why many conservators  have abandoned sugar as a treatment method   00:19:24.400 --> 00:19:29.040 in favor of PEG which is what I would use  to retreat this canoes if I believed that   00:19:29.040 --> 00:19:37.840 they would be able to survive being re-soaked  and then dried out again without major damage. 00:19:43.200 --> 00:19:47.840 Here you can see close-up images of the sugar  on the surface of some of the canoe fragments   00:19:47.840 --> 00:19:53.200 that I have been working on. On the left you  can see large clusters of sugar crystals that   00:19:53.200 --> 00:19:59.360 rise above the surface of the canoe on the right  you can see a white area on the wood. This is   00:19:59.360 --> 00:20:03.760 microscopic sugar crystals which  I unfortunately have so far had a   00:20:03.760 --> 00:20:07.200 hard time dissolving or removing  from the surface of the canoes. 00:20:13.040 --> 00:20:17.520 So the previous slide shows the sugar on  the surface of the canoes but this slide   00:20:17.520 --> 00:20:20.880 shows the true extent of the damage  the sugar is doing to the wood.   00:20:21.600 --> 00:20:25.520 Here's a cross-section of a fragment of  the canoe as seen through a microscope.   00:20:26.640 --> 00:20:31.840 You can see the sugar is not just on the surface  of the canoe but it has also crystallized in most   00:20:31.840 --> 00:20:37.600 of the cracks and pores of the wood and tunnels  created by the worm by worms eating the wood   00:20:37.600 --> 00:20:41.520 the crystallized sugar is making  these small damages to the wood   00:20:41.520 --> 00:20:48.640 worse. Notice the bowing of the wood around  the sugar more noticeably right in this area.   00:20:50.320 --> 00:20:56.480 Now imagine this taking place in nearly  every crack and pour across the entire canoe.   00:20:58.080 --> 00:21:03.200 The fact that the sugar is not just on the  surface all also makes it hard to treat.   00:21:03.200 --> 00:21:08.160 The sugar below the surface is hard to reach  by mechanical cleaning due to even more damage   00:21:08.160 --> 00:21:13.520 being done to the wood while trying to reach it.  Also chemical cleaning is not always effective   00:21:13.520 --> 00:21:18.240 due to the wood and the surface sugar giving  a sort of protective layer to the sugar below. 00:21:24.240 --> 00:21:29.200 No one was really able to start treating the  canoes until an ECU anthropology grad student   00:21:29.200 --> 00:21:35.760 did her thesis on the topic in 2015. She worked  mostly on canoe three and did many different   00:21:35.760 --> 00:21:39.840 tests to determine the best way to dissolve  the sugar back into the canoes or remove it   00:21:39.840 --> 00:21:46.000 from the surface entirely. The treatment that  she landed on was misting the canoes with a 75   00:21:46.000 --> 00:21:54.560 solution of reagent alcohol which was chosen  so that it would evaporate quicker than just a   00:21:54.560 --> 00:21:59.200 solution of a hundred percent water. To make  sure that the artifact did not get too wet   00:22:00.240 --> 00:22:04.240 here you can see a couple photos from  when I studied the canoes and the sugar   00:22:04.240 --> 00:22:08.880 when I first started working on this project.  As I have discussed on the last slide   00:22:10.320 --> 00:22:15.680 you can see on the left-hand photo where the  sugar had formed beneath the surface and broken   00:22:15.680 --> 00:22:25.840 the wood apart. All of this area is damage  done due to the sugar coming to the surface. 00:22:28.400 --> 00:22:33.840 When I was brought on I started by following  the work done before using a mister and gently   00:22:33.840 --> 00:22:39.840 misting the surface of the wood fragments with  the 75 solution of reagent alcohol in RO water.   00:22:40.640 --> 00:22:43.760 This process is done by holding  the mister about six inches away   00:22:43.760 --> 00:22:46.400 from the wood and spraying the  artifact until slightly damp.   00:22:47.120 --> 00:22:51.280 The wood was then left to dry for a day  before being examined and treated again.   00:22:52.240 --> 00:22:57.920 Unfortunately this treatment did not work as well  as I hoped it would. I did multiple different   00:22:57.920 --> 00:23:02.240 variations of this treatment but a lot of sugar  was still left behind after many treatments. 00:23:07.280 --> 00:23:12.320 Here are some photos that show one of the smaller  fragments and the fragment that had the greatest   00:23:12.320 --> 00:23:18.480 percentage of its surface area covered with  sugar before treatment on the left and after   00:23:18.480 --> 00:23:24.480 many treatments on the right. You can see that all  the sugar has not dissolved back into the fragment   00:23:24.480 --> 00:23:31.280 but some has been left on the surface. I also came  across the problem that occasionally after drying,   00:23:31.280 --> 00:23:35.520 some new sugar would appear on the surface  which is what led me to only start treating   00:23:35.520 --> 00:23:40.160 one side of the fragment at the time. thinking  that the water was drawing the sugar out if   00:23:41.520 --> 00:23:44.160 the side that had been treated  was the side facing down. 00:23:48.240 --> 00:23:52.720 After doing some more research and testing I  landed on a new treatment method of using a   00:23:52.720 --> 00:23:57.760 poultice to remove the sugars from the surface  of these fragments. Poultices are most commonly   00:23:57.760 --> 00:24:01.920 used for cleaning and conserving masonry and  other similar works of art or architecture.   00:24:03.280 --> 00:24:08.000 We briefly considered completely retreating  the canoes by removing the sugar from the wood   00:24:08.800 --> 00:24:13.120 by re-soaking them in water and  then replacing the sugar with PEG,   00:24:13.120 --> 00:24:18.080 however we decided that the canoe fragments  were far too fragile to undergo another round   00:24:18.080 --> 00:24:23.680 of soaking and drying back out again without  major damage, warping, splitting, or flaking.   00:24:25.120 --> 00:24:28.560 The poultice that I landed on was a  very simple solution to this problem.   00:24:29.760 --> 00:24:33.680 The poultice is just tissue paper that  has been folded three or four times   00:24:33.680 --> 00:24:38.400 and then soaked until just damp with  just RO water. This poultice is then   00:24:38.400 --> 00:24:43.120 placed on the canoe fragments and let sit  for about three hours to allow the water   00:24:43.120 --> 00:24:48.080 to dissolve the sugars back into the wood or  be removed by soaking into the tissue paper. 00:24:50.560 --> 00:24:55.360 If, if need be the wood is then wrapped in  plastic wrap to make sure the poultice stays   00:24:55.360 --> 00:25:00.000 in contact with the wood. When the  poultice is removed the wood is allowed   00:25:00.000 --> 00:25:04.640 to dry for a day. This did not cause much  damage at all to the canoe fragments as   00:25:04.640 --> 00:25:07.840 we were originally afraid of in  terms of re-wetting the artifact. 00:25:13.600 --> 00:25:18.640 This pulse - this poultice treatment worked  wonders and removed nearly all the sugar in   00:25:18.640 --> 00:25:23.600 just one treatment. On some of the fragments  here you can see the two photos from before   00:25:23.600 --> 00:25:30.080 showing the canoe fragment before any treatment  and after the - after the misting treatment with   00:25:30.080 --> 00:25:35.280 reagent alcohol and RO water and then after  the poultice treatment. So far I've treated   00:25:35.280 --> 00:25:40.560 nine of the smaller canoe fragments, two of  the larger five foot sections of canoe four,   00:25:40.560 --> 00:25:45.280 and have started two other large sections  one from canoe four and one from canoe three. 00:25:50.880 --> 00:25:54.880 Here you can see the extent of sugar that  was on the larger fragments of canoe four.   00:25:55.440 --> 00:25:58.720 Any white area on the canoe is sugar so it covers   00:25:59.840 --> 00:26:04.480 much of the surface area of the canoe  on both sections or on both sides. 00:26:08.080 --> 00:26:12.240 And here is the other larger fragment of  canoe four that I had been working on.   00:26:12.240 --> 00:26:16.000 As you can see the sugar on these  canoe fragments was very extensive. 00:26:21.440 --> 00:26:26.720 And here, in comparison, here is a photo of a  view of one of the fragments of canoe three.   00:26:27.520 --> 00:26:33.280 Canoe three is in much better shape than canoe  four likely due to its age. Having 1,000 less   00:26:33.280 --> 00:26:40.560 years of wear and tear on it, as well as the  conditions it experienced after -after the lake.   00:26:41.760 --> 00:26:49.280 Having not been put in the pond where worms  started to eat into it. Canoe three was also   00:26:49.280 --> 00:26:54.880 the canoe that had some re-treatments done to it  in the past. In this photo you can see the only   00:26:54.880 --> 00:26:59.360 major sugar concentration on the surface  of this fragment of canoe three. Whereas   00:26:59.360 --> 00:27:05.840 on fragment - the fragment of canoe four the  sugars covered much more of the surface area. 00:27:08.320 --> 00:27:12.480 Upon moving on to the larger fragments, I  discovered that using a poultice was not enough.   00:27:13.280 --> 00:27:16.800 There was so much sugar on areas of these  fragments that the poultice could not   00:27:16.800 --> 00:27:23.200 dissolve it well, so I decided to revisit  the misting technique - treatment method,   00:27:23.840 --> 00:27:31.760 but to change it some. This time I used just plain  RO water and sprayed the canoe until very damp.   00:27:32.400 --> 00:27:36.000 This worked well to dissolve much  of the sugar on these fragments,   00:27:36.000 --> 00:27:40.640 however there were still areas that had  sugar left behind so this is when I brought   00:27:40.640 --> 00:27:46.160 the poultice treatment back into play to remove  almost all the remaining sugar. The poultice was   00:27:46.880 --> 00:27:52.480 just placed in areas that needed it rather than  placing it over the entire artifact. After the   00:27:52.480 --> 00:27:56.720 poultry's treatment there were still a few sugar  crystals left in cracks or pores in the wood   00:27:57.520 --> 00:28:02.800 that the spraying and poultice treatment were not  able to fully dissolve. This is when I decided to   00:28:02.800 --> 00:28:07.680 start using dental picks and tweezers to remove  the sugar. This was definitely not feasible up   00:28:07.680 --> 00:28:12.720 until this point due to the amount of area of the  canoes which was entirely mechanic -- which if   00:28:13.280 --> 00:28:18.000 entirely mechanically cleaned by hand I would  not get it done within the grant time frame.   00:28:18.560 --> 00:28:22.400 But after the other treatments it did not take  long to remove the remaining sugars this way.   00:28:24.080 --> 00:28:29.040 This project has taught me a lot about how  to retreat archaeological wood treated with   00:28:29.040 --> 00:28:33.680 sugar. These Lake Phelps canoes show that  sugar is no longer a very good method of   00:28:33.680 --> 00:28:38.160 treating archaeological waterlogged wood and  that it is important to learn from previous   00:28:38.160 --> 00:28:42.480 treatment attempts to come up with a viable  re-treatment to re-conserve these artifacts.   00:28:43.520 --> 00:28:47.760 I would like to thank you all for attending this  presentation hopefully if any of you ever come   00:28:47.760 --> 00:28:53.120 across artifacts treated with sugar showing some  of the signs that these canoes have you will know   00:28:54.000 --> 00:29:01.040 what to do by learning from our past  mistakes. Thank you! Okay, thank you,   00:29:01.040 --> 00:29:07.440 Tim well we're gonna we've got some questions  for you so let me go back to showing my screen.   00:29:08.960 --> 00:29:14.800 All right hopefully everybody can see my screen  now so the first question we had come in was:   00:29:14.800 --> 00:29:19.600 "why were the canoes reburied?" you said there  were like 30 canoes found but most of them were   00:29:19.600 --> 00:29:28.800 reburied why? Yeah! So the main reason they  were really buried is, just -- the -- it--   00:29:28.800 --> 00:29:34.640 where those canoes are buried back in place,  they're back in an anaerobic environment so   00:29:35.520 --> 00:29:40.560 they're not degrading much where they  currently are. It would have also been a   00:29:40.560 --> 00:29:48.080 little bit expensive and time-consuming to treat  all the canoes using any method, including sugar   00:29:48.080 --> 00:29:52.240 and then we would have had some-- we would have  had to treat them and then had a place for them   00:29:52.240 --> 00:29:59.120 to go where they would be continuously protected  in an environmentally controlled area, and that's   00:29:59.120 --> 00:30:04.960 just not really feasible with 30 canoes. Only  certain museums would even want the canoes,   00:30:05.760 --> 00:30:09.760 only some of those museums could  take them with their, you know,   00:30:09.760 --> 00:30:16.000 their current conditions that they have current  room. So the best method was just to re-bury most   00:30:16.000 --> 00:30:20.160 of them and just take the ones that were either  in the most danger, being canoes three and four,   00:30:20.720 --> 00:30:27.200 of degrading further or the other two canoes  can do, one and two, just for study as well.   00:30:29.040 --> 00:30:35.520 But yeah that's that's why they were reburied.  Okay, Mark do you have a question? Yeah some   00:30:35.520 --> 00:30:41.440 of us in the audience are one: really impressed  with the amount of work you've got put into this,   00:30:42.640 --> 00:30:47.280 but I'm wondering what -- what it is that got  you into this kind of work in the first place?   00:30:48.720 --> 00:30:55.760 Yeah I did not initially plan on going  into conservation. I started as a   00:30:56.720 --> 00:31:03.440 history nerd in high school and then moved on to  studying archaeology in undergrad. Specifically   00:31:03.440 --> 00:31:09.440 terrestrial archaeology, however from there  I went on to underwater archaeology for grad   00:31:09.440 --> 00:31:15.360 school, going to ECU for my master's,  graduating relatively recently and   00:31:16.800 --> 00:31:21.920 in grad school I got the opportunity to work  at the Queen Anne's Revenge Conservation Lab   00:31:21.920 --> 00:31:27.040 for my graduate assistantship, instead of  working under a professor grading papers and   00:31:27.040 --> 00:31:31.200 doing research and stuff like that and I jumped  at the opportunity to work in the conservation   00:31:31.200 --> 00:31:38.640 lab and actually work with artifacts. And I fell  in love immediately with conservation and it just   00:31:38.640 --> 00:31:44.400 went from there and just - I would like to stay in  conservation as much as I can. I really enjoy just   00:31:44.960 --> 00:31:54.400 working with artifacts all the time. Okay well we  have a specific request and if you can't answer   00:31:54.400 --> 00:31:59.440 it off the top of your head that's fine, you can  send me the information later but we have somebody   00:31:59.440 --> 00:32:06.000 who wants to know the name of the ECU student  and the research from 2015 on use of alcohol? 00:32:08.160 --> 00:32:12.560 Okay and then they also want to know is the  thesis available and if so can you provide the   00:32:12.560 --> 00:32:17.520 title and it published a publication date? So  I don't know all that information off the top,   00:32:17.520 --> 00:32:23.680 okay it is Michelle Gilman, an anthropology  grad student, did the did her thesis on it.   00:32:24.800 --> 00:32:31.760 I do not remember the title. I know it is  available if you go to joiner library the ECU   00:32:31.760 --> 00:32:38.240 library home page you can you can probably  look it up by using a few keywords from   00:32:38.240 --> 00:32:42.400 like Lake Phelps canoes and conservation and stuff  like that. You should be able to find it on there   00:32:44.240 --> 00:32:49.920 otherwise I can find that information and  send it okay but yeah it's Michelle Gilman.   00:32:51.440 --> 00:32:57.680 Okay, Mark! We have a very  interesting question here how can   00:32:58.800 --> 00:33:08.080 this wood and have -- has this wood been used  for any paleo climate studies? It has not it   00:33:09.040 --> 00:33:14.800 probably could, I'm not really an expert in that  kind of thing so I don't entirely know if like the   00:33:14.800 --> 00:33:22.560 things it's gone through would make it, you know,  still allow it to be used for those studies? So my   00:33:22.560 --> 00:33:27.440 guess is if the ones that have been re-conserved  can't be at least the the ones that haven't been   00:33:27.440 --> 00:33:31.920 conserved, the ones that are still reburied,  probably could be. But I know they haven't.   00:33:33.120 --> 00:33:39.120 Interesting, oh yeah very interesting. Okay  another question we have is how deep were the   00:33:39.120 --> 00:33:44.640 canoes reburied, is the lake water receding,  and if so will the canoes be exposed again?   00:33:46.240 --> 00:33:53.920 The lake has been fairly stable recently. There  hasn't been any major droughts and so it's it's   00:33:53.920 --> 00:33:59.520 maintained pretty stable recently around like  a 10 foot depth max but average of four feet.   00:34:01.360 --> 00:34:09.840 But I don't actually know how how deep they were  reburied. Something that i could find out but   00:34:11.120 --> 00:34:16.960 most likely only a couple feet, because there's  not much like wave action or anything like that,   00:34:16.960 --> 00:34:22.080 that would uncover them quickly. So we  don't have to worry too much about that   00:34:22.080 --> 00:34:27.120 and we have the information about where they're  located which isn't available to the public,   00:34:27.120 --> 00:34:31.120 but we have that in the database the  underwater archaeology branch does,   00:34:31.120 --> 00:34:35.600 so we can go back out and check on  them anytime we like. I think someone,   00:34:36.160 --> 00:34:43.280 we had someone check on them not too long ago just  to make sure that they're still buried um yeah. 00:34:45.600 --> 00:34:52.800 Okay, Mark do you have another question  you want to ask? Yes! So are these canoes   00:34:52.800 --> 00:34:59.600 going to like, live in the lab forever or--  or what is the eventual plans for them?   00:35:00.560 --> 00:35:08.400 Yeah! So these canoes unfortunately the original  plan for these canoes was for us to return them   00:35:08.400 --> 00:35:13.760 to Pettigrew State Park and then go on display  in a new facility that they were hopefully going   00:35:13.760 --> 00:35:21.440 to build in an environmentally controlled case  and everything. Unfortunately the funding for   00:35:21.440 --> 00:35:28.640 that project of building the facility fell through  but the funding for my grant to actually conserve   00:35:28.640 --> 00:35:36.000 them did not so for the moment they are staying  here at the lab after treatments. Hopefully   00:35:36.560 --> 00:35:42.560 we will be able to find a place for them  in the future to be put on display and be   00:35:42.560 --> 00:35:47.600 seen by the public and not just be in  the back of a closet here at the lab.   00:35:48.480 --> 00:35:56.400 But currently they are stuck here. We have a  couple of questions about native tribes. Were   00:35:56.400 --> 00:36:02.640 they consulted in any way when the canoes were  found and how they were preserved, and do local   00:36:02.640 --> 00:36:07.840 tribes engage in any of this work do they have  any priorities or concerns about the restoration.   00:36:08.960 --> 00:36:13.520 Yeah! In general the Office of  State Archaeology is very good with   00:36:14.560 --> 00:36:21.520 working with local tribes especially when remains  are found or anything like that and I'm unsure   00:36:21.520 --> 00:36:27.840 unfortunately due to how much back in the 1980s  they didn't keep as many records back then about   00:36:28.560 --> 00:36:35.520 about much of their stuff so I'm unsure about  the extent of how they were consulted back then   00:36:37.520 --> 00:36:44.320 and it's also part of it is we don't exactly  know whose canoes these are we just know   00:36:44.320 --> 00:36:50.560 that Algonquin speaking Indians lived in  the area around Lake Phelps so it's time   00:36:50.560 --> 00:36:58.080 it's kind of hard to pinpoint who specifically  which tribe specifically made these but I know   00:36:58.080 --> 00:37:03.120 that they -- they at least have been involved  especially with like the the Native American   00:37:03.120 --> 00:37:12.240 Indian days at Pettigrew State Park and working  with where the canoes were originally housed. But   00:37:12.240 --> 00:37:17.440 yeah we haven't had too much contact with them  about the current retreatments recently though.   00:37:19.120 --> 00:37:25.440 But hopefully we --we could that's one  option is like contacting them and seeing if   00:37:26.240 --> 00:37:30.880 we could see if they would be interested in  trying to figure out a way for us to display   00:37:30.880 --> 00:37:35.840 these canoes in some sort of museum that they find  some backing in or something like that would be...   00:37:37.680 --> 00:37:43.680 Okay, Mark, did you you have another question?  Yes I actually kind of like this question,   00:37:43.680 --> 00:37:49.840 but what would the process be today if you were  to go out there and remove and conserve another   00:37:49.840 --> 00:37:54.400 canoe without the sugar? Would you go through the  process used for Blackbeard's ship or would you   00:37:54.400 --> 00:38:03.600 view would you begin with the PEG? Well we here  at the QAR we use PEG for most of our -- pretty   00:38:03.600 --> 00:38:09.920 much all of our wooden artifacts, so that would  be what I would use instead of sugar and it's   00:38:09.920 --> 00:38:16.240 the same kind of process that you use for sugar to  implement the PEGs so you put it in a low solution   00:38:16.240 --> 00:38:22.800 of PEG like 20% and slowly raise it up until it's  the-- the artifact is fairly saturated with PEG   00:38:23.360 --> 00:38:31.040 and then you dry it out. And it -- PEG's just  a much better, at least so far as we know,   00:38:31.040 --> 00:38:38.000 a much better chemical for treating artifacts.  It has its own problems obviously there's   00:38:38.000 --> 00:38:46.080 we have no like perfect chemical to treat things  with, but if I were to go out and find you know   00:38:46.080 --> 00:38:48.960 bring back one of these canoes today I  would, I would definitely use PEG which   00:38:48.960 --> 00:38:53.840 is what we use here at the QAR what a lot of  other major projects do to their artifacts. 00:38:56.800 --> 00:39:01.840 Okay, very good I'm trying to read through  these, some of these are duplicates that   00:39:01.840 --> 00:39:10.400 you've already asked and answered so let's see.  So what's the biggest challenge you faced while   00:39:10.400 --> 00:39:17.040 treating the canoes? Yeah the biggest challenge I  faced while treating these canoes is the fact that   00:39:18.080 --> 00:39:25.520 no one has really retreated sugar treated canoes  before or at least hasn't written anything   00:39:25.520 --> 00:39:33.440 on it. So a lot of what I was doing was just  doing my own research into different chemistry   00:39:33.440 --> 00:39:37.600 and stuff like that I had to do a fair amount  of chemistry research to try and find the best   00:39:37.600 --> 00:39:43.920 --best solution which ended up being the  simplest solution. It's just just the fact that   00:39:44.560 --> 00:39:50.800 not much has been done already into retreating  sugar treated objects which I think will probably   00:39:50.800 --> 00:39:55.040 become a problem in the not too distant  future, that many people will have to   00:39:55.040 --> 00:39:59.360 deal with because there were plenty of wooden  artifacts treated with sugar back in the 80s   00:40:00.080 --> 00:40:05.360 around that time frame and there's still some  people using sugar today because it's a whole lot   00:40:05.360 --> 00:40:11.120 cheaper than PEG unfortunately it has some major  drawbacks that you can see in these canoes so... 00:40:14.880 --> 00:40:18.720 Okay Mark, do you see any final  questions that we haven't answered?   00:40:19.680 --> 00:40:22.800 Yes! I don't know if I understand  this question but you might   00:40:24.240 --> 00:40:29.200 so are there any options on the use of SP  11 for future conference -- conservation?   00:40:32.160 --> 00:40:40.800 There might be unfortunately I'm hesitant to use  that because the the company that creates that,   00:40:40.800 --> 00:40:45.680 has not really released much information  about what actually the chemical is   00:40:46.800 --> 00:40:53.600 and so I'm really hesitant to use anything I don't  know what exactly is in it, so there could be,   00:40:55.760 --> 00:40:58.000 but I'm certainly not going to  use it until I know what's in it. 00:41:00.800 --> 00:41:05.920 Fair enough all right and you may have answered  this one but what are the plans for the canoes   00:41:05.920 --> 00:41:10.480 once the treatment is completed? You said they may  just stay in the lab but do you have-- there are   00:41:10.480 --> 00:41:15.760 no firm plans? Yeah there's no firm plans at the  moment right now they're just going to stay in the   00:41:15.760 --> 00:41:22.320 lab. I had a re-- I had originally toyed around  with the idea of hopefully like reuniting canoe   00:41:22.320 --> 00:41:26.880 one which is actually in three different places at  the moment and then giving one of the museums, one   00:41:26.880 --> 00:41:33.520 of the canoes here, to you know replace the piece  of canoe one that they lost, but due to covid   00:41:34.640 --> 00:41:39.120 those plans have kind of put been put on the back  burner. I don't know if that will happen or not.   00:41:41.120 --> 00:41:44.720 All right do you see anything  else Mark? No I think we're good!   00:41:45.360 --> 00:41:53.760 Okay we got them all! Well thank you again so  let me see if I can go back to my PowerPoint. 00:41:56.480 --> 00:42:01.520 All right and yep and Tim you can turn your  camera off now if you want to. You don't have   00:42:01.520 --> 00:42:08.000 to sit there through all of this. All right so  if you haven't downloaded Tim's bio in the chat   00:42:08.000 --> 00:42:12.880 box be sure to do so now and in the bio you will  find various links to learn more about the Lake   00:42:12.880 --> 00:42:18.560 Phelps canoes and the work being done by the North  Carolina Office of State Archaeology to preserve   00:42:18.560 --> 00:42:23.360 this history. If we did not get to your question  or if you have additional ones, so you can you can   00:42:23.360 --> 00:42:29.840 always send them directly to Tim at the email  address that is listed here on the screen.   00:42:31.280 --> 00:42:35.280 And once captioned a video recording  of this presentation will be available   00:42:35.280 --> 00:42:40.080 on the sanctuaries webinar archives page  found at the url listed here at the top.   00:42:41.440 --> 00:42:45.840 In addition the webinar will be archived on  Monitor National Marine Sanctuary's website   00:42:45.840 --> 00:42:52.160 you'll just click on the multimedia section in  the toolbar at the top to access the webinar box.   00:42:52.160 --> 00:42:55.920 You will also find future webinars in  that same section but don't worry we're   00:42:55.920 --> 00:43:00.000 going to send you all this information in a  follow-up email once the recording is ready.   00:43:01.520 --> 00:43:08.080 So join us on July 15th join me, Shannon Ricles  for "Engineering in the Classroom with ROVs" now   00:43:08.080 --> 00:43:12.400 this is an educator workshop but it's open  to anyone who's interested in learning more   00:43:12.400 --> 00:43:17.840 about remotely operated vehicles. We're going  to learn how to build your own ROV kits. Explore   00:43:17.840 --> 00:43:22.960 our curriculum that walks students through the  science concepts needed to engineer their own ROV   00:43:22.960 --> 00:43:26.640 and activities are going to include lessons  on newton's law's of motions, buoyancy,   00:43:26.640 --> 00:43:33.040 properties of air, and the engineering design  process and a whole lot more! On July 20th   00:43:33.040 --> 00:43:38.720 join Lori Sanderlin and Katie Minn at the North  Carolina Maritime Museum in Southport as they're   00:43:38.720 --> 00:43:43.760 going to tell us how their small museum took on  the big topic of diversity and inclusion. Learn   00:43:43.760 --> 00:43:49.280 how this small staff of three took on adapting  programs, creating an American sign language tour   00:43:49.280 --> 00:43:54.640 and making physical alterations to create a more  welcoming and inclusive experience for individuals   00:43:54.640 --> 00:44:01.360 and families with sensory sensitivities or  special needs. Be sure to check out and register   00:44:01.360 --> 00:44:06.080 for these upcoming webinars in our Submerged  North Carolina series! We have one coming up   00:44:06.080 --> 00:44:11.840 august 17th with David Cranford who's going to  be talking about the North Carolina Fish Weir   00:44:11.840 --> 00:44:17.920 archaeology project and then in September 16th  I'm going to be talking about World War I off   00:44:17.920 --> 00:44:23.760 the North Carolina coast and October 7th that's  going to be markham- Maritime Archaeology Month   00:44:23.760 --> 00:44:28.160 and we're going to be diving into maritime  archaeology and showcasing some of our free   00:44:28.160 --> 00:44:33.520 curriculum and then October 19th Mary Beth Fitz  and Allison Roper with the North Carolina Office   00:44:33.520 --> 00:44:39.280 of State Archaeology will present on near coast  archaeology and November 16th join John Mintz and   00:44:39.280 --> 00:44:44.320 Chris Southerly as they're going to talk about the  recovery of the Lake Wakama and Autryville canoes.   00:44:46.400 --> 00:44:50.640 If you enjoyed this webinar be sure to check out  others within the national marine sanctuaries   00:44:50.640 --> 00:44:57.120 webinar series. On June 15th at six o'clock pm  eastern time learn how new research supports   00:44:57.120 --> 00:45:04.240 the case for protecting at least 30 percent of  the ocean by 2030 through ocean conservation.   00:45:04.240 --> 00:45:08.800 And of course we invite you to follow us on  social media we're on Facebook and on Twitter.   00:45:10.960 --> 00:45:16.240 Lastly as you exit this webinar there is a short  survey for formal and informal educators if you   00:45:16.240 --> 00:45:20.320 are an educator NOAA would really appreciate  it if you would just take a minute or two to   00:45:20.320 --> 00:45:25.280 complete the survey your answers will help NOAA  develop future webinars to meet your needs.   00:45:25.280 --> 00:45:29.360 Your participation is voluntary and your  answers will be completely anonymous.   00:45:31.120 --> 00:45:34.960 Once again we want to thank Tim for a  really great presentation. I learned a   00:45:34.960 --> 00:45:39.280 lot today about the Lake Phelps canoes  and thank you for taking time to join   00:45:39.280 --> 00:45:43.280 us today have a wonderful day and  this concludes the presentation.