WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:02.000 --> 00:00:10.640 Aloha and welcome. We're happy you're joining  us today for this webinar entitled Cephalopods   00:00:10.640 --> 00:00:18.640 of Hawai'i. You are among 900 folks who have  registered for this webinar and whether you   00:00:18.640 --> 00:00:25.040 are nearby or further away we appreciate this  opportunity to connect with you in the next hour.   00:00:26.960 --> 00:00:32.480 This webinar is hosted by the NOAA, National  Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's   00:00:33.360 --> 00:00:38.800 Office of National Marine Sanctuaries and is a  great way to learn about some of the exploration   00:00:38.800 --> 00:00:44.560 research and discoveries occurring across  our sanctuary system and to learn from   00:00:44.560 --> 00:00:53.120 our sanctuary co-managing partner. During the  presentation we will be in, all attendees will   00:00:53.120 --> 00:00:59.760 be in listen only mode you are welcome to type  questions for the presenter into the question   00:00:59.760 --> 00:01:06.320 box located in the control panel on the right  hand side of your screen. This is the same area   00:01:06.880 --> 00:01:12.240 where you can let us know about any technical  issues you may be having we will be monitoring   00:01:12.240 --> 00:01:19.920 the question box and we'll respond to them as soon  as possible. We are recording this session and will   00:01:19.920 --> 00:01:25.840 share the archived webinar with registered  participants via the sanctuary's website. 00:01:32.800 --> 00:01:33.300 00:01:36.960 --> 00:01:43.760 I'm joined today by Cindy Among-Serrao who  is currently based on the island of Oahu   00:01:43.760 --> 00:01:50.000 and by Sanctuary Superintendent, Allen Tom who is  based in our headquarters on the island of Maui. 00:01:52.400 --> 00:01:57.280 This webinar is also part of the  Kauai Ocean Discovery speaker series. 00:02:03.040 --> 00:02:09.440 NOAA manages a system of marine and freshwater  protected areas called National Marine Sanctuaries   00:02:09.440 --> 00:02:15.600 and Marine National Monuments that are found  throughout the coastal U.S. and territories.   00:02:17.040 --> 00:02:22.160 These special ocean and great lakes  areas have been set aside by Congress to   00:02:22.160 --> 00:02:27.440 better understand and check these underwater  treasures for current and future generations.   00:02:28.320 --> 00:02:34.800 The National Marine Sanctuary system consists  of 14 National Marine Sanctuaries and two marine   00:02:34.800 --> 00:02:42.480 national monuments they encompass more than  600 000 square miles of marine and great lakes   00:02:42.480 --> 00:02:50.880 waters that stretch from Washington state to the  Florida Keys and from Lake Huron to American Samoa. 00:02:56.000 --> 00:03:00.000 National marine sanctuaries and marine  national monuments seek to preserve   00:03:00.000 --> 00:03:05.520 the beauty and biodiversity of these  special places some of the nation's most   00:03:05.520 --> 00:03:11.440 significant cultural and maritime heritage  resources are located within marine national   00:03:12.400 --> 00:03:18.080 national marine sanctuaries  and marine national monuments.   00:03:18.080 --> 00:03:23.520 Many national marine sanctuaries serve as living  classrooms and places for community stewardship.   00:03:24.560 --> 00:03:30.240 Sanctuaries and monuments are also known for their  research and monitoring programs and for many   00:03:30.240 --> 00:03:35.120 resource protection and management initiatives  that protect these underwater treasures. 00:03:38.480 --> 00:03:44.000 The Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National  Marine Sanctuary was designated in 1992   00:03:44.000 --> 00:03:49.680 and is strongly managed by NOAA's office of  national marine sanctuaries and the State   00:03:49.680 --> 00:03:55.280 of Hawai'i through its division of aquatic  resources. More than half of the humpback   00:03:55.280 --> 00:04:00.720 whales in the north pacific seasonally  use the waters around the Hawaiian islands   00:04:01.680 --> 00:04:07.840 as their principal winter breeding and calving  grounds. The sanctuary's mission is to protect   00:04:07.840 --> 00:04:13.840 Hawai'i humpback whales and their habitat through  education, research and resource protection efforts.   00:04:14.880 --> 00:04:20.400 The sanctuary works with the community and other  partners to reduce threats to humpback whales. 00:04:23.280 --> 00:04:27.600 In the main Hawaiian islands as shown  here the Humpback Whale National Marine   00:04:27.600 --> 00:04:33.040 Sanctuary encompasses portions of the  near shore waters off the islands of Kauai   00:04:33.680 --> 00:04:45.600 Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Hawai'i. We have  staff on most of the populated islands with   00:04:45.600 --> 00:04:49.760 our headquarters located in  Kihei on the island of Maui. 00:04:52.000 --> 00:04:59.040 Today's speaker is Dr Heather Ylatalo -Ward of the island of Kauai. Heather is   00:04:59.040 --> 00:05:04.480 the aquatic biologist with the division of  aquatic resources in the State of Hawai'i   00:05:04.480 --> 00:05:11.200 Department of Land and Natural Resources. Heather  welcome and we will turn the program over to you. 00:05:16.960 --> 00:05:27.680 Thank you so much Jean. Okay here we go  sharing my screen can everybody see that? 00:05:31.040 --> 00:05:39.280 yep here good okay great all right so thanks  Jean as Jean said I'm going to be talking about   00:05:39.280 --> 00:05:45.840 Cephalopods in Hawai'i and beyond. so I'm just  going to give you a little bit of background   00:05:45.840 --> 00:05:52.160 about myself and how I got here. I'm was really  lucky I got to grow up all around the world my   00:05:52.160 --> 00:05:58.880 dad worked for the State department and we  lived in the tropics and we lived in Costa Rica   00:05:58.880 --> 00:06:06.160 and the first time I got in the water  snorkeling in the Oso peninsula I just   00:06:06.160 --> 00:06:12.400 fell in love with the ocean and thought I  want to spend as much time as possible underwater   00:06:12.400 --> 00:06:18.080 because it is an incredible world under there and  so that sparked an interest in me and I went to   00:06:19.440 --> 00:06:26.960 undergrad at Swarthmore where I studied biology  and I went to Zanzibar to study abroad and there I   00:06:26.960 --> 00:06:32.320 worked with the octopus fishermen which really got  me involved in cephalopod research and I thought   00:06:32.320 --> 00:06:39.040 oh these creatures are incredible. After that I  was lucky enough to work in Woods Hole with   00:06:39.040 --> 00:06:46.080 Roger Hanlin he's one of the pre-eminent cephalopod  biologists on the planet so that was pretty cool   00:06:46.800 --> 00:06:55.440 and then I went after that I got my PhD at the  University of Hawaii where I studied cephalopods   00:06:55.440 --> 00:07:01.680 and their mating behavior and now I am lucky  enough to be here in Kauai working with the   00:07:01.680 --> 00:07:09.280 Division of Aquatic Resources where now I monitor  the coral reef and fish out here so now I'm kind   00:07:09.280 --> 00:07:15.840 of more peripherally working with cephalopods  not necessarily quite as directly with them.   00:07:17.040 --> 00:07:21.360 So today I'm going to just talk about what  are cephalopods just so everybody's on the   00:07:21.360 --> 00:07:26.080 same page and knows what they are I'm going  to talk about what species are in Hawai'i and   00:07:26.080 --> 00:07:31.280 where you can find them and i'm mostly going to  be talking about the shallow water species so   00:07:31.280 --> 00:07:34.560 if you were to be snorkeling out  here what species would you be seeing   00:07:36.000 --> 00:07:43.040 and then why should we care about cephalopods  their importance in the ecosystem to fisheries   00:07:43.040 --> 00:07:47.680 and to science and then I'll talk a little  bit about the research that I did for   00:07:47.680 --> 00:07:53.280 for my PhD while in Hawai'i after that we'll  have a little bit of time for questions.   00:07:54.320 --> 00:08:01.680 Okay so what are cephalopods? Cephalopods are part  of the Phylum Mollusca which is the second largest   00:08:01.680 --> 00:08:07.840 phylum and they include snails, slugs, chitins,  oysters, limpets among other things so everything   00:08:07.840 --> 00:08:15.760 that you're seeing here on the left these are  molluscs and molluscs have a broad muscular foot.   00:08:15.760 --> 00:08:21.200 So if you think of like a snail or a slug you  know that makes sense that foot but then with   00:08:21.200 --> 00:08:25.520 cephalopods we know that they've got these arms  or tentacles and that's their foot has been kind   00:08:25.520 --> 00:08:32.320 of modified to that. They all have a radula which  is this kind of raspy tongue it's got teeth on it   00:08:32.320 --> 00:08:37.760 so imagine like a limpet or something on the  rocks is scraping off algae and they've got that   00:08:38.400 --> 00:08:46.320 toothed tongue and most or all molluscs  they have a shell either internal or external   00:08:46.320 --> 00:08:50.320 and then most of them have bilateral symmetry  which means like if you cut them in half they'd   00:08:50.320 --> 00:08:55.360 be the same on both sides but you know  not all of them because imagine a snail   00:08:55.360 --> 00:09:00.560 shell some of those you know you cut that in  half not gonna be the same on both sides. okay   00:09:00.560 --> 00:09:05.440 so now we know cephalopods are molluscs  well what are the cephalopods specifically   00:09:06.640 --> 00:09:14.320 we've got octopuses are cephalopods and they have  eight arms not tentacles some people want to call   00:09:14.320 --> 00:09:20.160 them tentacles but the difference between arms  and tentacles is that arms have suckers that go   00:09:20.160 --> 00:09:28.880 all the way up and tentacles only have suckers  at the end there's also squid that are part of   00:09:28.880 --> 00:09:34.480 the cephalopods and these guys do have tentacles  they've got two feeding tentacles and eight arms   00:09:35.520 --> 00:09:40.800 and then we've got cuttlefish who like the  squid have those eight arms and the two   00:09:40.800 --> 00:09:46.000 feeding tentacles and they usually keep them  kind of they have a little pocket where they keep   00:09:46.000 --> 00:09:52.480 them in their mouth and then we also have the  nautilus which have these tentacles and then   00:09:52.480 --> 00:09:59.920 they're so this is the groups of cephalopods  that we have and they all have ink sacs they have   00:09:59.920 --> 00:10:07.760 either arms or tentacles they have shells  and so you can see what the nautilus clearly has   00:10:07.760 --> 00:10:12.720 a shell with the cuttlefish it's an internal  shell they have something called a cuttlebone   00:10:12.720 --> 00:10:18.560 and with squid they have something we call it  like an ink pen and basically it's a   00:10:18.560 --> 00:10:24.320 little modified shell that's internal as well and  then octopuses they've got we've got they've got   00:10:24.320 --> 00:10:28.880 no shell inside they've got these tiny little  things called stylets that are kind of behind   00:10:28.880 --> 00:10:35.600 their eyes and that's kind of a vestigial shell  and they all have beaks that they eat with they   00:10:35.600 --> 00:10:42.720 like kind of like a parrot beak and they have  three hearts and I wanted to show you this guy   00:10:42.720 --> 00:10:47.920 this is an argonaut and sometimes it's called a  paper nautilus but it's actually not a nautilus   00:10:47.920 --> 00:10:54.160 this is an octopus species and it's really  cool it floats in the open ocean in its shell   00:10:54.160 --> 00:11:00.000 this is a female and so she keeps her eggs in  there and the males are teeny teeny tiny and they   00:11:00.000 --> 00:11:06.400 come around and they try and find the female so yeah I think those these guys are pretty awesome.   00:11:08.320 --> 00:11:15.040 Okay what about cephalopods in Hawai'i well  cephalopods are important in Hawai'i because they   00:11:15.040 --> 00:11:22.960 are part of the Kumulipo which is the Hawaiian  creation chant Kanaloa is the god of the sea and   00:11:22.960 --> 00:11:29.280 sea creatures and the way that he's described  is when the emergence of gods and men   00:11:29.280 --> 00:11:38.080 come in the creation chant ki'i who's man kane who's  god and kanaloa they all arrive at the same time   00:11:38.080 --> 00:11:44.880 and kanaloa is the hot striking octopus and then  later he's described as the evil smelling squid   00:11:44.880 --> 00:11:51.520 and that's from translation from Beckwith  in 1951. so that's an interesting thing that   00:11:51.520 --> 00:11:58.880 we already know it's part of culturally they're  important they're also aumakua which are basically   00:11:58.880 --> 00:12:06.320 like spirit animals or ancestral gods who are very  important to culturally and for families out here   00:12:07.680 --> 00:12:14.640 and of course they're very important for food  a lot of people eat them out here in tako poke   00:12:14.640 --> 00:12:21.120 and tako is the Japanese word for octopus but  it's used interchangeably out here the Hawaiian   00:12:21.120 --> 00:12:30.400 word for octopus is he'e. So here is a species of  squid that you will find in Hawai'i this is the   00:12:30.400 --> 00:12:37.840 Big fin reef squid and usually you find them in  shallow water up to about a hundred feet depth   00:12:38.800 --> 00:12:45.360 and these guys are really interesting because  in their mating behavior the males will show   00:12:46.240 --> 00:12:52.160 one display to a female on one side and then  on the other side if another male comes up   00:12:52.160 --> 00:12:57.600 it can show this kind of like a different  display to say hey back off and they you   00:12:57.600 --> 00:13:03.440 know seamlessly can change that and it's really  interesting behavior and I've seen them mostly   00:13:04.240 --> 00:13:08.000 around harbor areas when I see them  and usually I'll see them in pairs. 00:13:11.600 --> 00:13:19.520 Okay this is the bobtail squid of Hawai'i and  these guys are really interesting they only   00:13:19.520 --> 00:13:24.800 this particular species Euprymna scolopes only  lives in Hawaii so that means that they are   00:13:24.800 --> 00:13:32.720 endemic to this area and they are super cool  they have this amazing thing where they have   00:13:32.720 --> 00:13:38.400 a symbiotic relationship with bacteria  they do something called counter shading   00:13:38.960 --> 00:13:44.960 and what that is is imagine that you're swimming  and there's a bright moon above you and there's a   00:13:44.960 --> 00:13:49.440 shark underneath you it's gonna see your shadow  right it's going to look up and the shadow from   00:13:49.440 --> 00:13:56.640 the moon coming down you look like there you are  well these guys they have this thing with that   00:13:56.640 --> 00:14:03.760 bacteria that's in their gut they can glow  to the same extent that the moon is shining   00:14:03.760 --> 00:14:08.960 so the predator underneath can't see anything  it's like they're invisible so these guys   00:14:08.960 --> 00:14:15.840 pretty fascinating species out here and these ones  you'll find kind of buried in the sand sometimes.   00:14:17.760 --> 00:14:25.120 Okay what about octopuses well we've got the day  octopus and this is the one that you'll probably   00:14:25.120 --> 00:14:32.000 see the most out here it's also the one that  people fish for the most and eat and as their   00:14:32.000 --> 00:14:39.680 name suggests they are active during the day  they they can be found kind of shallow areas   00:14:39.680 --> 00:14:47.360 but also down to around 150 feet and you'll  usually find them in sort of coral rubble   00:14:47.360 --> 00:14:54.000 areas so that because they like to hide and they  make little dens in that. Then we have the night   00:14:54.000 --> 00:15:00.960 octopus and just like its name suggests these ones  are more active at night and they're also really   00:15:00.960 --> 00:15:07.040 interesting because they do this thing called  autotomy where they kind of just drop their arm   00:15:07.040 --> 00:15:13.200 off if something comes and startles it you know  if you try and catch it in a net it'll just it's   00:15:13.200 --> 00:15:18.560 arms just falling off of its body and it's doing  that as a defense mechanism it's like here take   00:15:18.560 --> 00:15:25.680 my arms you know leave me be and people sometimes  say that they're a little bit more aggressive than   00:15:25.680 --> 00:15:31.040 the day octopus and like the fishers out here will  say that they they like to bite a little bit more 00:15:33.360 --> 00:15:39.440 then there's also this one called the short  armed sand octopus this is another species   00:15:39.440 --> 00:15:46.160 that is endemic to Hawai'i which means that it only  lives here and these guys again with their names   00:15:46.160 --> 00:15:50.480 really great names because they kind of tell us  where we can find them these ones like to live   00:15:50.480 --> 00:15:58.080 in sandy areas and they a similar kind of depth  they'll be in shallow areas to about 150 feet.   00:15:59.760 --> 00:16:05.920 Okay and this one I'm a little bit biased because  this is the species that I studied I think these   00:16:05.920 --> 00:16:13.360 ones are pretty fascinating these ones are called  octopus oliveri or he'e pali which means rock tako   00:16:13.360 --> 00:16:19.040 so they come out or rock tako which is they  live on the rocks which is why they're called that   00:16:19.040 --> 00:16:26.080 they come out of the water at night to feed on  crabs they come up into the intertidal zone so   00:16:26.080 --> 00:16:31.600 here in this picture you can see this is me  hunting for them at night this is kind of the   00:16:31.600 --> 00:16:36.720 area that they are they like that high wave action  where you're getting slammed against the rocks   00:16:37.520 --> 00:16:43.440 and here you can see them in the wild look how  clear that is right here let me help you out there   00:16:43.440 --> 00:16:52.640 they are living on those rocks outside of the  water hunting for crabs. Okay time for a pop quiz 00:16:56.880 --> 00:17:00.400 All right everyone so I am  going to launch the first poll   00:17:01.600 --> 00:17:08.800 of Heather's webinar so what makes a cephalopod  a cephalopod so there's four different answers   00:17:08.800 --> 00:17:15.920 so everyone get your votes in is it mollusc they  have a radula arms tentacles three hearts and an   00:17:15.920 --> 00:17:26.400 ink sac crustacean radula arms tentacles ink  sac mollusc have a radula arms and tentacles   00:17:26.400 --> 00:17:33.840 two hearts and an ink sac so it looks like  you have around 40 percent of the attendees voted so   00:17:35.760 --> 00:17:40.400 let's try and get up to around  70 to 80 percent of all attendees voted   00:17:40.960 --> 00:17:48.880 and currently we have about 498 folks attending  this webinar so it's very interesting stuff.   00:17:50.160 --> 00:17:54.560 All right we're going to give you guys a few more  seconds and then we're going to show the results   00:17:55.120 --> 00:18:01.840 and so far it looks like there is two top  answers but one leading in a landslide. 00:18:04.000 --> 00:18:07.280 All right we are going to close the first poll   00:18:09.040 --> 00:18:16.640 and now we shall share it. Alright Heather so  looks like everyone got it 80 percent of the audience   00:18:16.640 --> 00:18:22.960 has got the question correct that what makes  a cephalopod a cephalopod they are molluscs   00:18:22.960 --> 00:18:29.920 they have a radula arms tentacles and three  hearts and an ink sack so some folks are on 13  percent 00:18:30.800 --> 00:18:36.720 but it was the other answer with mollusc regular  but it had two hearts so they actually have the   00:18:36.720 --> 00:18:44.160 three hearts so great job everyone and now back  to Heather yeah fantastic job well done good   00:18:44.160 --> 00:18:49.040 thing you're listening at least you really heard  that they're definitely molluscs so that's good.   00:18:50.880 --> 00:18:56.880 Okay why should we care about cephalopods  well they're very important parts of the   00:18:56.880 --> 00:19:03.120 ecosystem they're predators so they  will eat crustaceans they'll eat   00:19:03.120 --> 00:19:10.000 molluscs they'll eat fish they'll even eat  other octopuses so they ca they are cannibals   00:19:10.000 --> 00:19:16.240 and they are you know an important part  of the ecosystem creating balance.   00:19:17.920 --> 00:19:24.320 Another thing is they are eaten by lots of things  they're eaten by sharks we've got a monk seal here   00:19:24.320 --> 00:19:34.560 predatory fish we've got an eel they're also  sometimes eaten by birds whales so imagine   00:19:35.280 --> 00:19:40.640 this perfect nutrient package especially  considering something like an octopus that doesn't   00:19:40.640 --> 00:19:46.400 have any bones like that sounds great right the  only hard part is that beak so that's a perfect   00:19:46.400 --> 00:19:52.000 yummy thing that you can get right away and you  don't have to worry about dealing with the bones   00:19:52.000 --> 00:19:58.080 getting stuck in your throat so they're definitely  an important protein source for a lot of animals. 00:20:00.480 --> 00:20:07.120 Okay how about fisheries well they're an important  fishery in the world they account for about   00:20:07.120 --> 00:20:16.000 five percent of total capture and of that  five percent most of the fishery is squid   00:20:16.880 --> 00:20:24.720 about eighty percent is squid and then 10 of  that is octopus and 10 of that is cuttlefish   00:20:24.720 --> 00:20:28.720 and there's been a real steady increase in the  amount of cephalopods that have been caught over   00:20:28.720 --> 00:20:38.720 the years from about 180 tons in about in 1980  it's basically just been steadily increasing   00:20:38.720 --> 00:20:45.280 and then it fully doubled by the time it got to  2014. So it's still on that sort of trajectory   00:20:45.280 --> 00:20:49.280 where people are eating more and more and  there's higher and higher demand for them. 00:20:51.440 --> 00:20:56.960 Okay so this map I'm just kind of trying to show  you how trends have changed around the world   00:20:57.600 --> 00:21:03.920 and and this was in 2019 it says 2020  next to it but it's 2019 and it's showing how   00:21:03.920 --> 00:21:11.600 in some areas the number of species  or number of individuals caught went down and   00:21:11.600 --> 00:21:17.120 in other areas it went up and I yeah I'm  showing that to you to let you know that   00:21:17.120 --> 00:21:21.360 it's kind of an unpredictable fishery one  of the interesting things I recently read   00:21:21.360 --> 00:21:26.640 actually is that during COVID 19 there  has been a decrease in the amount of    00:21:28.080 --> 00:21:34.560 demand for cephalopods and especially in the  western world where people don't really catch   00:21:35.360 --> 00:21:41.280 these species and eat them at home it's more  of something that people eat in restaurants so I   00:21:41.280 --> 00:21:46.000 thought that was interesting so you know maybe  that there's been less pressure on the fishery   00:21:46.000 --> 00:21:52.080 maybe there's you know time to recuperate. But  why are they an unpredictable fishery well   00:21:52.080 --> 00:21:58.880 these species have kind of a boom and bust life  cycle and what that means is that they live fast   00:21:58.880 --> 00:22:05.840 have lots of babies and they die young and so if  there's one season where there's not too many but   00:22:05.840 --> 00:22:12.960 enough females get through they have thousands  of eggs and so maybe the next year the oceanic   00:22:12.960 --> 00:22:19.520 conditions are better and you have a lot more  individuals surviving into the fishery so it   00:22:19.520 --> 00:22:26.960 really depends and it can be a great year one year  and not so great the next year however if there is   00:22:26.960 --> 00:22:33.600 too much fishing pressure and too many of them are  caught then it will cause a steady decline because   00:22:33.600 --> 00:22:39.840 you won't have enough females in the population  providing the eggs for the next generation. 00:22:43.040 --> 00:22:46.240 In Hawai'i I was telling you  before that there are very   00:22:46.240 --> 00:22:54.640 important species out here to be caught the  octopuses people like to eat their tako poke and   00:22:54.640 --> 00:23:00.480 you can see that sort of trend this data is  the commercial fishing data so that means   00:23:00.480 --> 00:23:07.840 that people would be selling it and you can see  that trend it's kind of going up until about 2014,   00:23:08.400 --> 00:23:15.760 2013 and then it's kind of declines and I'm  not exactly sure why there's a decline in   00:23:15.760 --> 00:23:21.280 octopus fishing in the commercial catch but  one of the interesting things in Hawai'i is that   00:23:21.280 --> 00:23:26.560 we don't have a recreational fishing license and  so what that means is that people aren't required   00:23:26.560 --> 00:23:34.800 to say what they're catching recreationally so and  it's a very popular recreationally fished species   00:23:34.800 --> 00:23:40.400 so it's very likely that there's a lot more  catch that's happening it's just not reported. 00:23:44.080 --> 00:23:46.880 Oh time for your next pop  quiz that one came up fast. 00:23:49.680 --> 00:23:53.040 All right everyone we're  gonna launch our second poll   00:23:54.240 --> 00:23:56.400 so hopefully hopefully you folks are listening   00:23:58.320 --> 00:24:04.240 all right so how much of the world's fisheries  are cephalopods so Heather did mention this   00:24:05.200 --> 00:24:14.080 not that long ago all right we're going to get  folks to around 80 percent of attendees voted right   00:24:14.080 --> 00:24:19.440 now we're around halfway and it does look like  there's one answer that's leading over the rest   00:24:20.720 --> 00:24:27.040 so get your votes in and continue asking  some awesome questions we are getting a lot   00:24:27.040 --> 00:24:33.120 of them we probably won't have enough time to  answer all the questions but we will save them   00:24:33.120 --> 00:24:38.560 and send them over to Heather and we will  email the questions plus answers out to   00:24:38.560 --> 00:24:47.120 all the emails you folks registered with so we  have around 75 percent voted in the audience so   00:24:47.120 --> 00:24:53.040 we're going to give it a few more seconds and  I will close the poll and launch the answers. 00:24:55.280 --> 00:25:02.640 All right I am closing the poll and  we will share the results all right   00:25:02.640 --> 00:25:09.920 so it looks like the audience was listening we  have around 50 percent of attendees voted for 5 percent of the   00:25:09.920 --> 00:25:16.480 world's fisheries are cephalopods which is correct  so you folks were listening some other folks   00:25:16.480 --> 00:25:26.400 20 percent of the audience said 24 percent or 24 percent of the audience  said 20 percent and then 7 percent of the audience said 80 percent    00:25:27.040 --> 00:25:33.120 and 21 percent of the audience said 10 percent but it looks  like everyone was listening Heather back to you.   00:25:33.920 --> 00:25:40.240 Great great sounds good yeah 80 percent would be a lot I  mean that would mean we weren't eating very much   00:25:40.240 --> 00:25:45.520 fish it would just be mostly cephalopods so maybe  in the future but right now just five percent.   00:25:47.440 --> 00:25:53.280 Okay now here's the part that I love the most  why should we care about cephalopods science   00:25:54.000 --> 00:26:04.480 so octopuses and squid and cuttlefish have these  really interesting neurons and especially squid   00:26:04.480 --> 00:26:11.600 they have something called the giant axon and  so many of the seminal studies of neurobiology   00:26:11.600 --> 00:26:20.240 have been done using these giant axons because  basically it's about 1000 times the diameter of a   00:26:20.240 --> 00:26:26.640 human neuron so you know imagine you're trying to  study how these things work and teeny tiny human   00:26:26.640 --> 00:26:33.680 neuron or big squid neuron this is like helping  us understand how these functions are happening   00:26:33.680 --> 00:26:39.840 and there's been a lot of really great research  done about Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease   00:26:39.840 --> 00:26:49.520 through the use of these these axons. And in  octopuses they have two-thirds of their brain   00:26:49.520 --> 00:26:56.560 is in their body and not just in their head and  so that means that they can control each of their   00:26:56.560 --> 00:27:02.400 arms kind of individually in this picture  you can see with the squid that the brain is   00:27:02.400 --> 00:27:05.840 is kind of located right between the eyes  and it's wrapped around the esophagus. 00:27:08.720 --> 00:27:13.920 Okay so one of the things that everybody knows  about cephalopods is their incredible ability   00:27:13.920 --> 00:27:20.240 to camouflage especially octopuses so I'm gonna  show you this little video and you may have seen   00:27:20.240 --> 00:27:26.400 it before this is by Roger Hanlin I mentioned  him earlier he's an incredible scientist who   00:27:26.400 --> 00:27:33.120 studies octopus camouflage and so here or actually  cephalopod camouflage he also studies cuttlefish.   00:27:33.120 --> 00:27:39.760 Here we've got a beautiful piece of algae and  we're coming closer to it and oh my goodness   00:27:39.760 --> 00:27:46.720 look it has changed into an octopus and there it  goes it's inking it's going away from the predator   00:27:47.520 --> 00:27:54.400 and it's swimming and now it's changed color  again it's made itself look really big and scary   00:27:55.280 --> 00:27:59.600 and here it says this dynamic threat display  is designed to fool the predator into thinking   00:27:59.600 --> 00:28:05.040 the octopus is larger than it really is in many  cases it's the animal's second defense mechanism.   00:28:05.040 --> 00:28:09.920 So first it's inking and now it's looking  like oh my goodness I'm so big and scary   00:28:10.800 --> 00:28:18.640 and so now he's gonna show us a little bit how  in slow motion what's happening here with this   00:28:18.640 --> 00:28:24.000 incredible camouflage ability and how quickly  it's happening so we've got it's white it's got   00:28:24.000 --> 00:28:30.400 some brown around its eyes you know very clearly  an octopus and then as it's moving we're seeing   00:28:30.400 --> 00:28:35.200 changes in the texture of the skin they have these  things called papillae that they can raise to make   00:28:35.200 --> 00:28:42.640 themselves look textured like the algae and they  have these chromatophores which are these color   00:28:43.280 --> 00:28:51.760 cells in their skin that is that helps them  change colors so here we go we're going to look at   00:28:51.760 --> 00:29:02.000 these chromatophores in action. You can see in this  video these little sort of cells filled with color   00:29:02.560 --> 00:29:10.080 they are the muscles sort of contract to expand  the cells to make them bigger and we've got these   00:29:10.080 --> 00:29:17.360 reds and browns and yellows and that's how they're  able to change their color of their skin and why   00:29:17.360 --> 00:29:24.160 do they do that well like I was telling you before  everything likes to eat them right this is a yummy   00:29:24.880 --> 00:29:30.800 thing in the ocean that everything wants to  eat so they have this incredible capability of   00:29:30.800 --> 00:29:37.600 changing color and texture they need to have that  defense in order to save themselves from predators   00:29:37.600 --> 00:29:44.320 and then they also have that ink that they can  squirt to get predators to go away or they use   00:29:44.320 --> 00:29:49.120 that dimetic display that he was talking about  that shows them looking bigger than they are. 00:29:51.520 --> 00:29:55.280 Okay the other thing that  cephalopods are studied a lot   00:29:55.280 --> 00:30:01.280 for is their learning capabilities I'm sure  you have seen a lot of the articles about how   00:30:02.080 --> 00:30:06.640 smart they are and the little things floating in  the water here that you're seeing are actually   00:30:07.680 --> 00:30:13.440 suckers so they will shed suckers just  like we shed our skin so here we've got an   00:30:13.440 --> 00:30:22.000 octopus that's being put in a jar and we're  gonna see if he can get out or he or she and   00:30:22.720 --> 00:30:29.600 they the interesting thing about octopuses  especially is that they can learn, they use tools   00:30:29.600 --> 00:30:35.280 they can learn from watching other octopuses solve  a puzzle and then they can solve it themselves   00:30:35.280 --> 00:30:40.400 or even if they watch a human solve a puzzle  they can solve it themselves so they have this   00:30:40.400 --> 00:30:49.200 really fascinating capability of being able to see  something and then mimic it and get themselves out   00:30:49.200 --> 00:31:00.080 of a jam like this guy about to open the top off  of this jar and get them self out of being stuck   00:31:00.080 --> 00:31:07.520 in here so we'll just give it one more second and  he's gonna figure it out. It's pretty incredible   00:31:07.520 --> 00:31:14.480 how the the capability so a lot of scientists  kind of study this behavior and try and figure out   00:31:16.080 --> 00:31:22.480 the extent to which they're able to solve  these puzzles there he goes he's out okay. 00:31:25.120 --> 00:31:32.400 And then another thing that cephalopods kind  of inspire is technology there was a soft-bodied   00:31:32.400 --> 00:31:40.640 robot that was made where they're kind of  trying to use rather than these rigid sort of   00:31:40.640 --> 00:31:48.000 inflexible materials they're using soft bodies  and they're inspired by cephalopods to try   00:31:48.000 --> 00:31:59.680 and figure out how to grab different objects  using you know different softer materials and   00:31:59.680 --> 00:32:06.720 so this kind of has implications for you know  flexibility maybe biomedicine, wearable tech. 00:32:08.880 --> 00:32:16.400 Okay so now I'm just going to talk to you a little  bit about the research that I did in grad school   00:32:17.280 --> 00:32:24.960 and I studied that species that I told you  about earlier the rock tako, octopus oliveri, it   00:32:24.960 --> 00:32:30.320 had previously been dis described from  the Kermadec Islands but that was in the   00:32:30.880 --> 00:32:38.320 1914 and since then not very much information had  been learned about it so I wanted to learn about   00:32:38.320 --> 00:32:45.280 this particular species and their life history so  again here here's me on the rocks hunting for them   00:32:45.840 --> 00:32:51.520 at night collecting them and one of the  first things I did was talking about life   00:32:51.520 --> 00:32:57.440 history I wanted to see okay well how do they  develop in their eggs and you can see here it's   00:32:57.440 --> 00:33:01.520 about you know a little bit over a month is  how long it takes for these eggs to develop   00:33:02.240 --> 00:33:10.000 and you can see them all kind of like little  grains of rice on these strands the females   00:33:10.000 --> 00:33:16.640 will lay thousands of eggs and on these little  strands these pearls and then she sits with them   00:33:16.640 --> 00:33:21.120 she doesn't eat she just sits for this time  and she cleans them and she makes sure that   00:33:21.120 --> 00:33:26.800 no parasites or algae or anything grows on them  you can see about midway through they start to   00:33:26.800 --> 00:33:31.440 develop those eye spots and then there's  like a little bit of a yolk that they're   00:33:32.720 --> 00:33:37.680 having inside the egg and that gets smaller  and smaller and they get larger and larger   00:33:37.680 --> 00:33:44.720 until day 39 when they just pop out of that egg  and this is what they look like when they pop   00:33:44.720 --> 00:33:51.040 out they're teeny tiny little guys and so  they go out into the ocean they float around   00:33:51.760 --> 00:33:56.800 they're called paralarvae that's what they're  called when they float around in the ocean   00:33:57.840 --> 00:34:05.840 and they're zooplankton and so here again is  like a little description of what they look like   00:34:06.400 --> 00:34:12.720 and if you want any more information I think  there's a link to that paper in the chat if you're   00:34:12.720 --> 00:34:20.640 wanting to read a little bit more about it.  Okay so another thing that I was interested   00:34:20.640 --> 00:34:27.040 in because I was talking about life history  is kind of how does their mating behavior work   00:34:27.920 --> 00:34:37.040 a lot of the studies into reproduction biology  a lot of the preliminary ones were done in birds   00:34:37.840 --> 00:34:42.240 and some of the interesting things that they  saw was okay we're looking at this behavior   00:34:42.240 --> 00:34:48.320 and we're seeing monogamy we're seeing that these  birds are monogamous but then with the advent of   00:34:48.320 --> 00:34:55.520 new technology and genetics works people tested  the eggs and saw suddenly oh actually these are   00:34:55.520 --> 00:35:01.040 not monogamous and so I was curious to kind of  do a similar thing but in a different system   00:35:01.040 --> 00:35:09.600 looking at octopuses and see okay if we follow  the behavior and then do the genetic study what   00:35:09.600 --> 00:35:18.800 are we seeing what story are we being told and  so first let me kind of give you a little bit of   00:35:18.800 --> 00:35:24.240 a description of the mating behavior of octopuses  in general just so that we're all on the same page   00:35:24.880 --> 00:35:31.360 here we've got the female on the left and the  male on the right and the females will mate with   00:35:31.360 --> 00:35:38.320 several males before they lay their eggs and they  have these two oviducts so I'm not sure if you   00:35:38.320 --> 00:35:44.000 can see my mouse but on the left here with the  female they've got these two places where they   00:35:44.000 --> 00:35:50.240 can store sperm and in other animals sometimes  when there's multiple oviducts it means that   00:35:50.240 --> 00:35:57.120 the female has the capability of saying hey no  thanks to this sperm and yes please to this one   00:35:57.120 --> 00:36:02.720 and so that's called female cryptic choice so I  was curious okay I know she's mating with multiple   00:36:02.720 --> 00:36:10.720 males but is she actually using the sperm from all  the males so here we go and then yeah here we go   00:36:11.440 --> 00:36:17.760 so the males have this arm the specialized arm  it's called the hectocotylus and at the very   00:36:17.760 --> 00:36:21.280 end of it it's got this thing called the  legula which is a little spoon-like thing   00:36:21.840 --> 00:36:28.640 and they have that hectocotylus and that's what  they use to pass the sperm packet to the female.   00:36:29.440 --> 00:36:34.320 They have these things called spermatophores  this is the sperm packet where there's sperm   00:36:34.320 --> 00:36:41.200 inside there's an ejaculatory organ and then  there's the cap thread and so what happens is   00:36:41.920 --> 00:36:49.440 the male has his spermatophore it passes down  through the hectocotylus and up to the female   00:36:50.240 --> 00:36:57.520 then the cap thread comes off and  the sperm mass goes into the oviduct   00:36:57.520 --> 00:37:00.640 and then the way that this mating is  happening the male is either going to   00:37:02.480 --> 00:37:09.280 he's going to mount the female or he'll he'll  stretch out the hectocotylus from a distance   00:37:09.280 --> 00:37:15.280 or very rarely sometimes you'll see face-to-face  mating but remember how I told you that sometimes   00:37:15.280 --> 00:37:21.600 cannibalism happens in these species so face  to face is kind of a scary situation to be in   00:37:21.600 --> 00:37:27.600 because you know the male could be eaten and it  does happen sexual cannibalism does happen because   00:37:28.480 --> 00:37:33.360 remember I was telling you that the females  they don't eat when they have their eggs so   00:37:33.360 --> 00:37:37.600 having that big nutrient package right  before they lay their eggs is a good idea.   00:37:39.440 --> 00:37:40.960 Okay time for the next pop quiz. 00:37:43.920 --> 00:37:49.840 All right everyone we're going on  our third poll so let me launch it.   00:37:51.120 --> 00:37:57.440 All right so what is the name of the specialized  arm the male uses to transfer sperm so hopefully   00:37:57.440 --> 00:38:04.960 folks who are listening we'll give you  a few moments to answer the poll so the   00:38:04.960 --> 00:38:12.240 potential answers are a sperm transfer  arm the hectocotylus, ligula and radula   00:38:13.520 --> 00:38:19.120 and I apologize if i did not say some of those  answers correctly but all right you haven't   00:38:19.120 --> 00:38:26.720 pronounced it perfectly oh perfect we have around  75 percent of the audience voted and it looks like   00:38:26.720 --> 00:38:33.920 there is a major landslide winner all right so I  am going to close the poll and share the results 00:38:37.120 --> 00:38:44.480 all right so 89 percent of attendees have voted the  hectocotylst as the specialized arm the   00:38:44.480 --> 00:38:50.000 male uses to transfer sperm with the small  percentages around four or three percent   00:38:50.960 --> 00:38:58.400 guessing the other answers so great job  everyone and yeah well well done good listening    00:38:58.400 --> 00:39:03.760 yeah that hectocotylus I feel like once you hear  that you never forget that that's that special arm.   00:39:05.440 --> 00:39:13.120 Okay so my questions for the behavioral portion  of this experiment I wanted to just as a   00:39:13.120 --> 00:39:19.840 reminder I was looking at behavior and then  genetics to kind of explain what's happening   00:39:19.840 --> 00:39:26.800 in this in the story of mating for this  species so because there hadn't really been   00:39:26.800 --> 00:39:31.600 anything described about them I'm curious okay  well does this species fall into the general   00:39:31.600 --> 00:39:36.160 description of what we know about octopus  mating do they also mate in a similar way   00:39:37.760 --> 00:39:44.400 are some males more successful than others in  mating with size class and precedence so 00:39:44.400 --> 00:39:49.760 because of the females mate with several males  are some of them spending a longer time are they   00:39:49.760 --> 00:39:57.920 able to get more you know time with the female  is it the larger males who have more time or the   00:39:57.920 --> 00:40:03.840 first or second male and that's what I'm  what I mean when I say precedence and then   00:40:03.840 --> 00:40:10.960 I'm also curious is there behavioral evidence for  sperm competition or female choice so with that   00:40:11.840 --> 00:40:18.320 there was a study in the 90s where a scientist  saw an octopus mating where the second male   00:40:18.320 --> 00:40:25.040 spent a little bit more time before he passed  that sperm packet and so his hypothesis was   00:40:25.040 --> 00:40:30.240 oh maybe the male is removing the sperm from the  previous male so that would be evidence for sperm   00:40:30.240 --> 00:40:36.720 competition and then also is there female choice  is does it look like she's saying no thank you   00:40:36.720 --> 00:40:43.920 to these males so the way that i did that uh was  to have several males mate with several females   00:40:43.920 --> 00:40:49.200 and the males were of different size classes  and of in different orders that's the the point   00:40:49.200 --> 00:40:54.880 of this slide is to just show you that it was  mating in different orders and different sizes   00:40:56.080 --> 00:41:02.960 so I recorded the male and female weight, the  mating duration so and the numbers of arches   00:41:02.960 --> 00:41:07.360 and pumps remember I was telling you about how  they pass that sperm packet they do this thing   00:41:07.360 --> 00:41:12.000 called an arch and pump I'll show you in a  video in a second where the males it almost   00:41:12.000 --> 00:41:17.760 looks like they kind of inhale and then exhale  and pass that sperm packet and so it's you know   00:41:17.760 --> 00:41:22.240 stands to reason that every time that happens  they're passing one of those spermatophores.    00:41:22.240 --> 00:41:26.960 And then also I wanted to see the time  from the start of the first arch and pump   00:41:26.960 --> 00:41:33.200 so and that would be like that other scientists  saw where it took a little bit longer for the   00:41:33.200 --> 00:41:38.880 second male to start and so he thought oh maybe  they're removing something so I wanted to look   00:41:38.880 --> 00:41:45.680 at that also whether there's fighting and how  long that happened and then resting and how long   00:41:45.680 --> 00:41:50.720 that happened and then whether or not I could see  any evidence of the female removing a sperm packet   00:41:52.000 --> 00:41:58.320 so here we go here's a video of the arch and pump  you saw that real big sort of inhale and then the   00:41:59.760 --> 00:42:06.880 exhale the males on the right here I apologies for  the quality of the video all of these experiments   00:42:06.880 --> 00:42:13.280 happen at night because this species is  nocturnal so this is the video from that research   00:42:14.960 --> 00:42:20.800 okay and then here's what fighting kind of looked  like and you can see does not look like things are   00:42:20.800 --> 00:42:27.360 going well there mating is not happening  no one is really interested in mating in   00:42:27.360 --> 00:42:33.920 that little video and then resting is you know  they're not touching each other they could be   00:42:33.920 --> 00:42:39.360 moving around the tank but they're just kind of  like not really interested in things happening.   00:42:41.120 --> 00:42:50.240 Okay so what I found was that I was able to do  a mating a description of the mating behavior and   00:42:50.240 --> 00:42:56.480 for the most part it seemed very similar to other  octopus species what we know I did see mounting   00:42:56.480 --> 00:43:03.040 I saw reaching and I saw the face to face which  remember I was telling you is very rare because of   00:43:03.600 --> 00:43:08.640 sexual cannibalism so that was really interesting  to see that in this species there was face-to-face   00:43:08.640 --> 00:43:13.200 meeting and that's what that mating sorry and  that's what that fuzzy picture is right there   00:43:13.200 --> 00:43:18.720 on the right and there was a nice conspicuous  arch and pump which made it easier to kind of   00:43:18.720 --> 00:43:27.600 see how how many sperm packets were sent  to the female okay so that question are some   00:43:27.600 --> 00:43:33.680 males more successful than others in mating the  large ones the first ones the second one well   00:43:33.680 --> 00:43:41.760 I actually didn't see any sort of indication of  any significant it didn't look as if there was   00:43:41.760 --> 00:43:50.400 any sort of significant difference in the sizes  or the precedence so short answer know how about   00:43:50.400 --> 00:43:56.160 behavioral evidence for sperm competition well the  time between the start of mating to the first art   00:43:56.160 --> 00:44:01.200 and pump did not change between mating so between  the first and second it didn't look like there was   00:44:01.200 --> 00:44:08.000 a difference which meant that probably the males  aren't removing sperm from previous males and then   00:44:08.000 --> 00:44:14.400 I also found that the number of times the arch  and pump happened didn't relate to the size or   00:44:14.400 --> 00:44:20.800 the mate order however the number of times a  male arch and pump was related to the size of   00:44:20.800 --> 00:44:26.880 the female and that makes sense okay because think  about like the larger female she's probably ready   00:44:26.880 --> 00:44:32.320 to have eggs so the male's gonna spend as much  time as he can to get as many sperm packets to her   00:44:34.080 --> 00:44:39.920 and then was there behavioral evidence for  female choice yes I saw some really interesting   00:44:41.120 --> 00:44:46.640 what appeared to be removal of the sperm packet so  here we're going to see the female on the bottom   00:44:47.360 --> 00:44:52.960 and you'll see she kind of like wiggles her  arm and something comes out and so that is   00:44:52.960 --> 00:44:57.760 kind of like oh did she just remove a sperm  packet from the male that she was mating with   00:44:58.320 --> 00:45:03.440 and then here we have another video where it  looks like here she's on the top and something   00:45:03.440 --> 00:45:12.720 just squirted out was that a sperm packet that  she just removed and it didn't appear that male   00:45:12.720 --> 00:45:17.680 order or size seemed to determine whether the  female would remove the sperm packet so there   00:45:17.680 --> 00:45:24.400 wasn't like a clear pattern there either so now  just talking about the behavioral stuff it what   00:45:24.400 --> 00:45:30.560 I found was larger females mate longer no matter  what male size or order sperm removal by males was   00:45:30.560 --> 00:45:37.440 not observed or shown in this data analysis and  then sperm removal by female was seen in 19 trials   00:45:38.000 --> 00:45:46.480 the number of arch and pumps was also not related  to male size or order oh sorry okay so now that   00:45:46.480 --> 00:45:52.160 I've got done the behavioral stuff now I want  to know okay well what do the what does the   00:45:52.160 --> 00:45:58.720 genetic analysis tell me so all those females that  mated with those males they went on to lay eggs   00:45:58.720 --> 00:46:06.000 and so I did genetic analysis on those eggs to  see okay who's contributing to this to these eggs   00:46:07.360 --> 00:46:15.840 and what I found was that there is multiple  paternity in this species and that means that   00:46:16.560 --> 00:46:21.760 multiple males all the males that the female  was mating with ended up contributing to the   00:46:21.760 --> 00:46:26.960 brood they ended up fertilizing some of those  eggs and that happened both in the field so   00:46:26.960 --> 00:46:32.800 the females that I collected from the field who  laid eggs and those in these experimental trials   00:46:33.840 --> 00:46:40.800 and with the genetic evidence there was actually  it showed that the first male to mate with the   00:46:40.800 --> 00:46:47.680 female had a higher ratio of fertilized eggs  so that was an interesting pattern that I saw   00:46:48.400 --> 00:46:55.840 and then also the larger males seem to have  also a higher ratio of fertilization success   00:46:57.120 --> 00:47:04.160 so here I'm just kind of trying to show you  um basically that there it's all random the 00:47:04.960 --> 00:47:12.000 the eggs are fertilized by multiple males on each  of the strands it's not like one strand has one   00:47:12.000 --> 00:47:17.680 male contributing and one the other one has one  male the point of this slide is just to show you   00:47:17.680 --> 00:47:25.440 that it's kind of all over the place that the the  fertilization is happening all over so how come   00:47:25.440 --> 00:47:31.920 we saw that maybe the first male is going to be  contributing more well maybe he's taking up more   00:47:31.920 --> 00:47:37.840 real estate in the oviduct because he's you  know the first one that she's mating with and so   00:47:37.840 --> 00:47:44.000 there's more space and taking up more space maybe  the female was sperm limited when she encountered   00:47:44.000 --> 00:47:48.960 the first male and so she's like oh I don't know  if I'm ever going to be mating with another male   00:47:48.960 --> 00:47:53.360 after this I better take on as much sperm as  possible so that I can fertilize these eggs   00:47:55.040 --> 00:48:01.920 another possibility is that there was a  scientist who suggested that spermatophore   00:48:01.920 --> 00:48:07.280 size is related to the size of the mantle of the  octopus and the mantle is kind of what we think of   00:48:07.280 --> 00:48:13.760 as like the head where all the organs are back  there and so the larger male is going to have   00:48:14.320 --> 00:48:20.800 a larger sperm packet which is going  to hold more sperm and a smaller male   00:48:21.360 --> 00:48:26.560 is going to have a smaller sperm packet so  there's going to be less sperm in there to be   00:48:26.560 --> 00:48:33.680 contributing to the female so I did find multiple  paternity is present in octopus olivari which   00:48:33.680 --> 00:48:38.080 makes sense because you would think that their  higher genetic diversity means that there's a   00:48:38.080 --> 00:48:44.800 higher probability of the species surviving  the you know the little babies out in the   00:48:44.800 --> 00:48:50.400 open ocean who are going to have to be struggling  to survive the more genetic diversity there is   00:48:50.400 --> 00:48:56.960 hopefully more of them will end up surviving and  also it appeared that size did matter in this case   00:48:57.600 --> 00:49:04.080 and that the larger males do have a higher  probability of having more eggs fertilized   00:49:05.280 --> 00:49:11.040 but in terms of female cryptic choice it seems  like probably not it didn't the there was no real   00:49:11.040 --> 00:49:18.000 pattern that in those trials where the female was  ejecting that sperm packet those males still ended   00:49:18.000 --> 00:49:25.520 up fertilizing some of those eggs so she wasn't  saying no thank you it's probably more likely   00:49:25.520 --> 00:49:30.160 that there was kind of like a mechanistic  error that he put it in the wrong place   00:49:30.160 --> 00:49:39.680 and so she was like let's try again try again  so okay so the behavior showed us that larger   00:49:39.680 --> 00:49:45.200 females do mate longer there didn't seem to be a  pattern in the male behavior in these experiments   00:49:46.480 --> 00:49:51.040 and then it looked like from the behavior it  looked like oh maybe there is female choice   00:49:51.040 --> 00:49:56.640 but then when we took in the picture of the  genetics we saw that the first male in these   00:49:56.640 --> 00:50:03.040 experiments had a higher ratio of fertilized eggs  and then the large males also had a higher ratio   00:50:03.600 --> 00:50:07.360 and it also kind of told me  that female choice is unlikely   00:50:08.080 --> 00:50:14.400 so that was kind of the research that i did for for my PhD did a you know very broad overview if   00:50:14.400 --> 00:50:20.720 you actually want all the technical stuff there's  a link I think in the chat that you can see and   00:50:20.720 --> 00:50:28.400 so that's pretty much all I have for my talk today  and now I have some time I think for questions. 00:50:31.760 --> 00:50:38.160 Awesome thank you so much Heather there was just  a lot of awesome content and I learned a lot so   00:50:38.160 --> 00:50:43.760 you folks have been sending in a lot of awesome  questions we definitely won't be able to get   00:50:43.760 --> 00:50:51.600 through them but kind of filtering through we'll  answer a few and then we'll do some closing slides   00:50:51.600 --> 00:50:57.440 to end the webinar so I think we'll start off  with um there have been there have been several   00:50:57.440 --> 00:51:04.480 questions regarding how can you easily distinguish  the males from the females. Oh that's a great   00:51:04.480 --> 00:51:10.640 question so like I was telling you the males  have that hectocotylus and it's actually kind of   00:51:10.640 --> 00:51:17.440 shorter and stubbier than the other arms so and  it's the third arm on the right so if you catch   00:51:17.440 --> 00:51:25.440 your octopus and you kind of the middle of the  between the eyes are the first two arms the one on   00:51:25.440 --> 00:51:32.800 the right I guess in this video it looks like left  the one on the right is number one and then two   00:51:33.360 --> 00:51:39.600 three the third one on the right is going to  be shorter and stubbier and and also another   00:51:39.600 --> 00:51:44.960 thing that you can see is that the males will  sometimes have these kind of larger suckers   00:51:44.960 --> 00:51:53.760 that are sporadically distributed around their  arms and that's kind of used to probably when they   00:51:53.760 --> 00:52:03.840 mount the female so females don't have that it's  very regular size of suckers all the way up.   00:52:05.280 --> 00:52:12.400 Thank you Heather. So next question. There were  quite a few questions on inking. So how energy   00:52:12.400 --> 00:52:20.240 effective is inking is it harmful to the animal  and how does the ink regenerate? Great question.   00:52:20.240 --> 00:52:27.440 So the inking it's not energetically difficult  they have that ink sac and they actually kind of   00:52:27.440 --> 00:52:33.440 mix it with some mucus when they let it out so  they're not using all of it at once they have a   00:52:33.440 --> 00:52:43.280 store of it and it's yeah it's kind of it's  a it's not gonna wear them down by having to do it.   00:52:44.400 --> 00:52:50.240 Oh sorry can you ask the rest of the  question again I forgot. No problem. Is it   00:52:52.000 --> 00:52:58.080 how energy effective is inking is it harmful to  the animal and how does the ink regenerate okay   00:52:58.080 --> 00:53:10.320 perfect so it is not energetically taxing it does  not harm the animal and it it regenerates by    00:53:12.240 --> 00:53:17.840 it has like I said it has like a large reserve  of ink and so it's not using a whole lot   00:53:17.840 --> 00:53:21.680 every time it's just kind of using a  little bit and mixing it with the mucus 00:53:25.920 --> 00:53:33.200 all right and I think we'll finish off with  one more question and we had a few requests   00:53:33.200 --> 00:53:41.520 actually for your thoughts on the Oscar nominated  documentary My Octopus Teacher. Yeah you know   00:53:41.520 --> 00:53:47.760 I loved it i thought it was a great I thought  what this guy is a great field biologist going   00:53:47.760 --> 00:53:55.040 out there every day looking at this octopus and  uh gosh just beautifully filmed so I thought it   00:53:55.040 --> 00:54:01.920 was great and it also brings a lot of attention to  how incredible these animals are so so yeah I  00:54:01.920 --> 00:54:10.800 definitely thought it was and most of the science  is really well done so yeah it was great. Thank you   00:54:10.800 --> 00:54:16.320 Heather. So we do have a lot of questions for you  that we'll send to you after but for now we are   00:54:16.320 --> 00:54:23.920 going to finish off with a few closing slides so  I'm going to share my screen and bring back on    00:54:24.480 --> 00:54:32.720 Allen Tom our Superintendent but thank you so  much Heather my pleasure. So again I want to thank   00:54:32.720 --> 00:54:38.800 Heather I think just by all the questions I  was looking at and how many people had attended   00:54:38.800 --> 00:54:44.880 clearly folks were very interested in this and as  Cindy said we are going to be downloading all the   00:54:44.880 --> 00:54:50.240 questions sending them to Heather and then having  her respond to us and then we will email them back   00:54:50.240 --> 00:54:57.520 out to you all. So again I want to let people  know we've had a whole host of videos this past or   00:54:57.520 --> 00:55:03.120 actually last year and into this year some really  great speakers so feel free to go to our webinar   00:55:03.120 --> 00:55:07.280 archive and take a look at it this is where  Heather's talk will be posted hopefully in   00:55:07.280 --> 00:55:13.760 the next couple of weeks. Next slide Cindy and  you know I thought you know I had been watching a   00:55:13.760 --> 00:55:18.400 lot of the questions Heather and I think one of  the questions or suggestions was you should   00:55:18.400 --> 00:55:24.720 lead a octopus tours at night so just an FYI for  a second career. All of you who have stayed with   00:55:24.720 --> 00:55:31.360 us will get one contact unit hour of professional  development I'll be sending out the certificate   00:55:31.360 --> 00:55:37.920 hopefully within the next 24 hours once we  download all the people's emails. Next slide Cindy 00:55:40.640 --> 00:55:45.280 and we do want to know the feedback from  you if you are an educator especially   00:55:45.280 --> 00:55:48.560 I know I saw some schools on there  from the Big Island and other places   00:55:48.560 --> 00:55:54.080 please teachers fill out the evaluation  form let us know what other topics we could   00:55:54.720 --> 00:55:57.920 put on to our webinar series because  we also from the general public   00:55:57.920 --> 00:56:02.400 would like to know what other topics you  might be interested in. Next slide please 00:56:04.880 --> 00:56:10.480 and I do want to just put in a plug for our  next talk that the Humpback Whale Sanctuary   00:56:10.480 --> 00:56:16.160 will be hosting April 24th we'll be having  a talk from a speaker from Travis from   00:56:16.160 --> 00:56:21.200 Kona from the Big island and he will be talking  about whale sharks so please join us for that   00:56:21.200 --> 00:56:25.680 go online and register for it and again if  you can't make it if you register at least   00:56:25.680 --> 00:56:31.280 you'll get a notification when the video is  ready and the final slide I think that is it   00:56:32.320 --> 00:56:36.400 but again I want to thank everybody for  joining us for taking the time out of their day   00:56:36.400 --> 00:56:40.560 to participate with us with us and I  definitely want to thank Cindy and Jean   00:56:40.560 --> 00:56:56.640 and especially Heather for this great talk. Mahalo  everybody stay safe and hope to see you in April.