WEBVTT

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<v ->All right, Aloha kākou.</v>

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Welcome to our third Thursday presentation.

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And we're grateful to have you here today.

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There's a wonderful talk for you

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with Brian Hauk our Resource Protection Specialist.

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But before we get going,

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we'd like to open up our presentation

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in the traditional way with a mele no Papahānaumokuākea,

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which is a name song or chant

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that was written for Papahānaumokuākea.

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And Justin will be our chanter for today.

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<v ->Aloha kākou.</v>

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So this mele was written by Kainani Kahaunaele

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and Halealoha Ayau in 2007 when the name was gifted

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to Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.

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And I will try to do it justice.

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(Chanting in Hawaiian)

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(Justin claps twice)

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Mahalo.

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<v ->Mahalo, Justin.</v>

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So that is the traditional way we open

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in Hawaiʻi with a protocol or a chant,

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something that asks for openness

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and to open our minds to wisdom and knowledge

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or for permission to enter a place,

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basically to show respect for the place, the surroundings,

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for our own internal knowledge

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and to ask for openness to that.

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So welcome.

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Today, myself, Andy Collins and Justin Umholtz

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are your hosts for today.

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I am the Education Coordinator

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for Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.

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And Justin is one of our education specialists

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at Mokupāpapa Discovery Center over here

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in beautiful Hilo on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi.

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So this lecture is part of the Office

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of National Marine Sanctuaries Webinar Program.

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And the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries

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runs several sites.

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These are our underwater parks for the United States.

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We have many sites across the country.

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Hopefully, some of you are located

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near some of our beautiful places,

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such as Stellwagen Bank on the East coast,

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Gray's Reef,

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Flower Garden Banks in the Gulf of Mexico,

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which was recently expanded,

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which was an awesome achievement

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in an area that has a lot of commercial activity.

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Also Channel Islands, Monterey Bay

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on the West coast of the United States,

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Olympic Coast far up there in Washington.

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And out here in Hawaiʻi where we are,

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we have two national marine,

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well one national marine sanctuary,

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one marine national monument.

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We have the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale

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National Marine Sanctuary,

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and the site that Justin and I work for and Brian,

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Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument

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in the remote Northwestern Hawaiian islands.

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And down South, not to be forgotten,

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we also have another sanctuary in American Samoa

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and also a marine national monument

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associated with that site.

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Papahānaumokuākea is the largest,

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fully-protected area on the planet.

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We're 582,000 square miles of marine

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and only six square miles of land within that,

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but the rest of it is open ocean

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of deep water resources, amazing coral reefs,

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and banks that support very diverse and incredible wildlife.

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And we protect that area

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through a very stringent permitting system

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in partnership with the U.S Coast Guard

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for any type of illegal fishing activities

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and things like that.

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So it's very fortunate

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that we have this vast area of the Pacific

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protected for wildlife and habitats

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and for the coral reefs and other other ecosystems

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found in that area.

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So both Justin and I work over here in Hilo

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at our Mokupāpapa Discovery Center.

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It's a beautiful 30,000 square foot facility

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that unfortunately because of COVID right now is closed,

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but we hope to reopen in the near future

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once the pandemic has settled down some more.

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We have a wonderful 3,500-gallon saltwater aquarium

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and many exhibits and displays in Hawaiian and English.

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And we also have about 7,000 school children

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that we bring through field trips

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and programs in our facility.

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And I'm sorry, but I was operating at my home

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and my internet died.

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The fortunes of living in a rural area

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and I had to scramble and run down to a neighbor's place.

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So I'm out on their porch and a little out of sorts.

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I forgot to mention that if you have any questions

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or technical difficulties with your audio

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or anything like that,

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please put them in the question box or the chat box,

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and we'll do what we can to help you

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if you're having challenges

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hearing the broadcast or seeing the PowerPoint.

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But our Office of National Marine Sanctuaries

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protect amazing biodiverse sites across the country.

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You know, these are areas of extreme richness

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in terms of the number of species

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and the diversity of bottom habitats

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and corals, deep sea corals, and other things.

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We also protect many maritime heritage sites

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and a number of them in your Great Lakes

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in Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary.

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Also the ironclad vessels on the East coast,

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the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary

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which was the first national marine sanctuary.

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And in Papahānaumokuākea,

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we also have many 19th century whaling wrecks

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and other amazing maritime heritage sites

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that are protected and in near pristine condition.

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We also have many cultural heritage sites

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across the program.

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This is a picture from Mokumanamana,

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the second island in the Northwestern Hawaiian Island chain.

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And this is a heiau site that was used

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for hundreds and hundreds and maybe thousand years

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by native Hawaiians to study this movement of the sun

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or also for navigational purposes, celestial navigation.

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These islands also provide amazing shelter

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for threatened and endangered species

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like this green sea turtle and Hawaiian monk seal

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that are not practicing social distancing.

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They're hanging out on a tiny little islet

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at French Frigate Shoals.

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Nearly all the green sea turtles in Hawaiʻi

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return to Papahānaumokuākea to nest and breed.

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We also run education programs such as this one

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where we try to instill an understanding

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for why these places are important

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and what people can do to protect them.

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And we do outreach events with a lot of our volunteers

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in various career fairs and other things.

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Without our volunteers, we wouldn't be able

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to do a lot of the things that we do.

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We also conduct research on this place

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to understand the flora and fauna

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and habitats of these places

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and monitoring to understand

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how they're changing over time

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in response to threats like climate change

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or run-off from land and things like that.

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And Brian's gonna be talking about

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this particular topic today,

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but across the program we have a lots of efforts

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in resource protections such as

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this amazing coral reef restoration program

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we have in Florida where they outplant corals

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that were grown in a laboratory or a field environment

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and then put out to recover damaged habitats

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such as from boat groundings and things like that.

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But all of these places are very special marine environments

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where we can go, particularly in this time of challenge,

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you have changes, major changes

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and mental stress where we can go

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and try to recover from these

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and learn how to reconnect with nature.

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And if you're interested,

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please volunteer with one of our sites.

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Our volunteers are the backbone of our program.

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We have several hundred volunteers across the program

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that help with things such as marine debris beach cleanups

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and other restoration efforts,

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and also work in our discovery centers

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to interface with the public.

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So today, we're very fortunate to have

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our awesome Resource Protection Specialist,

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Brian Hauk here with his most amazing title:

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"Aliens in Papahānaumokuākea:

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"Some are green, but none are friendly."

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You'll find that Brian has a tremendous sense of humor.

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He holds an MS degree from the University of Hawaiʻi

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in animal science,

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specializing in reproductive physiology

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and life history of fishes.

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He has over 20 years of experience

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as a professional and technical scuba diver

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and boat operator.

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He leads the logistical operations for the monument

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and oversees marine alien species research,

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marine debris projects, and incident response

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for the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries.

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Brian has participated in numerous

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remote ecological expeditions

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serving as a scientific fish or benthic survey diver

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and as a topside supervisor

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for technical and rebreather operations.

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Additionally, Brian has also been active

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in training undergraduate scientific divers

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in underwater ecological survey techniques

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and in an effort to help prepare the next generation

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of marine research scientists.

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With great fanfare, I would like to turn the presenter

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over to Brian and have him

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give his talk.

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So you should have control, Brian.

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<v ->All right.</v>

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Hi, everybody.

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Let me just get things set up here.

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<v ->You're looking good.</v>
<v ->Thank you,</v>

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Andy and Justin, for that.

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Everything will look all right on your end?

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<v Andy>It looks good.</v>

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<v ->Okay.</v>

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Let's get started here so good afternoon.

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As everybody said,

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as Andy introduced,

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my name is Brian Hauk and I'll be giving an update

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on the status of alien marine species

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in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument

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as of 2020.

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I'd like to thank all my research partners,

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which are listed on this first slide here,

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and many others that have come

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before me that have been involved

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with this data to get it to where it is today.

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So with that, let's get going.

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Okay, Andy gave you a bit of a introduction on this,

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but the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument

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is a protected area encompassing

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over 1.5 million square kilometers

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of areas surrounding the Northwestern Hawaiian islands.

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It's composed of high basalt islands,

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some of the only atolls in U.S. waters,

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coral-rubble islands, banks, sea mounts,

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and deep sea areas down to 16,000 feet.

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It's one of the largest, fully protected

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marine areas in the world

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and spans 1200 nautical miles

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across the world's biggest ocean.

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So for those of you on the mainland,

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you can see that's kind of the equivalent distance

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from Dallas up to Las Vegas on here.

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So one of management's goals is to prevent

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new alien species from being introduced

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into this pristine and extremely isolated environment.

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So I'm gonna talk to you a little bit today

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about how we do that.

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First of all, some background

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and definitions and terminology.

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I've been talking about alien species

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'cause it's easier and funner to say the word alien,

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but an alien species is also known

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as a non-indigenous species.

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And it can be defined as an organism

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that is not native to a particular environment

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and has been accidentally or purposely

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introduced into a new ecosystem.

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These introductions can sometimes result

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in negative ecological, economic

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or human health impacts.

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So organisms are considered native

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when they are found in an ecosystem

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due to a natural process.

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And furthermore, endemic species only exist

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in one specific geographical region.

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So just as an example,

269
00:14:33.130 --> 00:14:36.970
for a couple species that live up in the monument,

270
00:14:36.970 --> 00:14:39.760
the Hawaiian monk seal, which is seen here,

271
00:14:39.760 --> 00:14:42.730
is endemic to the Hawaiian archipelago.

272
00:14:42.730 --> 00:14:44.670
And the fish you see following it there,

273
00:14:44.670 --> 00:14:47.730
that jack is a giant trevally or white ulua,

274
00:14:47.730 --> 00:14:49.700
and it is native or indigenous

275
00:14:49.700 --> 00:14:52.423
to the Hawaiian archipelago or that region.

276
00:14:54.760 --> 00:14:58.250
Alien species can be introduced unintentionally

277
00:14:58.250 --> 00:15:01.670
by vessels, marine debris, aquaculture,

278
00:15:01.670 --> 00:15:04.690
or intentionally, as in the case of some species

279
00:15:04.690 --> 00:15:07.900
of groupers and snappers and algae that are now found

280
00:15:07.900 --> 00:15:09.723
throughout the Hawaiian archipelago.

281
00:15:11.730 --> 00:15:14.880
A species becomes invasive when it demonstrates

282
00:15:14.880 --> 00:15:16.720
rapid growth and spread,

283
00:15:16.720 --> 00:15:21.160
invades habitats and displaces native organisms.

284
00:15:21.160 --> 00:15:24.690
Though not all introduced species will become invasive,

285
00:15:24.690 --> 00:15:28.170
those that do could potentially cause environmental impacts

286
00:15:28.170 --> 00:15:30.650
to the Northwestern Hawaiian islands.

287
00:15:30.650 --> 00:15:33.470
And because it's difficult, if not impossible,

288
00:15:33.470 --> 00:15:35.470
to determine whether an alien species

289
00:15:35.470 --> 00:15:38.300
will become invasive in a given environment,

290
00:15:38.300 --> 00:15:40.860
all efforts must be made to prevent

291
00:15:40.860 --> 00:15:44.393
any alien species from entering monument ecosystems.

292
00:15:45.420 --> 00:15:48.180
Additionally, one last definition to give you,

293
00:15:48.180 --> 00:15:49.520
for the purpose of this talk,

294
00:15:49.520 --> 00:15:52.920
we've also included the term cryptogenic

295
00:15:52.920 --> 00:15:55.430
when it's unknown or unclear

296
00:15:55.430 --> 00:16:00.360
whether a species is native or alien or introduced.

297
00:16:00.360 --> 00:16:02.080
So the pictures on this slide

298
00:16:03.590 --> 00:16:07.750
show two species of red algae that are acting invasively

299
00:16:07.750 --> 00:16:10.673
and smothering the reefs in the Hawaiian archipelago.

300
00:16:11.520 --> 00:16:13.810
So it gives you an idea of what I mean by invasive.

301
00:16:13.810 --> 00:16:16.593
You can see how it's kind of covering everything there.

302
00:16:18.120 --> 00:16:21.180
The majority of alien species that are transported

303
00:16:21.180 --> 00:16:25.090
throughout the world are usually moved by ballast water

304
00:16:25.090 --> 00:16:29.483
or from biofouling associated with ship activity.

305
00:16:31.040 --> 00:16:34.510
Fortunately, the Northwestern Hawaiian islands'

306
00:16:34.510 --> 00:16:38.370
extreme geographical isolation and protective status

307
00:16:38.370 --> 00:16:41.010
reduces many of these anthropogenic sources,

308
00:16:41.010 --> 00:16:42.680
which are typically responsible

309
00:16:42.680 --> 00:16:44.693
for alien species introductions.

310
00:16:45.580 --> 00:16:48.830
Now management focuses mainly on these human activities

311
00:16:48.830 --> 00:16:51.070
as they are the main biosecurity vectors

312
00:16:51.070 --> 00:16:53.330
thought to spread pathogens and alien species

313
00:16:53.330 --> 00:16:55.940
into the monument's protected waters.

314
00:16:55.940 --> 00:17:00.100
And you can see in this graphic of marine vessel traffic,

315
00:17:00.100 --> 00:17:02.470
the gaps created by the monuments borders here,

316
00:17:02.470 --> 00:17:04.070
which I've circled.

317
00:17:04.070 --> 00:17:07.200
So this benefit keeps most of transiting vessels out.

318
00:17:07.200 --> 00:17:09.120
and it allows management to concentrate

319
00:17:09.120 --> 00:17:12.500
on vessels that are seeking permitted entry

320
00:17:12.500 --> 00:17:16.423
when we're trying to battle new alien species introductions.

321
00:17:20.530 --> 00:17:21.363
Let's see.

322
00:17:21.363 --> 00:17:26.020
The current monument management plan was released in 2008.

323
00:17:26.020 --> 00:17:27.530
And we're currently in the process

324
00:17:27.530 --> 00:17:30.173
of revisiting an update to this plan.

325
00:17:31.790 --> 00:17:35.130
The 2020 State of the Monument Report

326
00:17:35.130 --> 00:17:36.800
is paving the way for this update

327
00:17:36.800 --> 00:17:39.370
by summarizing the current status,

328
00:17:39.370 --> 00:17:41.940
pressures and trends of resources

329
00:17:41.940 --> 00:17:44.640
within the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.

330
00:17:45.560 --> 00:17:48.040
The State of the Monument document

331
00:17:48.040 --> 00:17:50.340
covers an 11-year time series

332
00:17:50.340 --> 00:17:53.700
and consists of 232 pages of updates

333
00:17:53.700 --> 00:17:56.720
provided by scientists and subject matter experts

334
00:17:56.720 --> 00:17:58.640
on various topics.

335
00:17:58.640 --> 00:18:01.330
So what I'm gonna be covering today is a subset

336
00:18:01.330 --> 00:18:03.460
of the information that can be found

337
00:18:03.460 --> 00:18:06.163
on marine alien species within this report.

338
00:18:09.940 --> 00:18:12.240
Three strategies have been identified

339
00:18:12.240 --> 00:18:14.280
for achieving the desired outcomes

340
00:18:14.280 --> 00:18:16.830
of preventing alien species introductions

341
00:18:16.830 --> 00:18:19.610
and monitoring and controlling existing species

342
00:18:19.610 --> 00:18:21.990
that are found within the monument.

343
00:18:21.990 --> 00:18:25.130
First is to prevent and monitor and control

344
00:18:25.130 --> 00:18:28.210
alien species introductions through inspection programs

345
00:18:28.210 --> 00:18:30.673
and adherence to best management practices.

346
00:18:31.700 --> 00:18:34.850
Second, it's to engage monument users

347
00:18:34.850 --> 00:18:37.080
and the public to promote the prevention

348
00:18:37.080 --> 00:18:40.240
of the introduction and spread of alien species.

349
00:18:40.240 --> 00:18:43.570
And lastly, to participate in regional efforts

350
00:18:43.570 --> 00:18:46.750
by engaging in statewide international initiatives

351
00:18:46.750 --> 00:18:48.113
on alien species.

352
00:18:52.180 --> 00:18:55.680
Okay, it looks like we're ready for our first poll question.

353
00:18:55.680 --> 00:18:58.537
So we'll see if you guys have been paying attention.

354
00:18:58.537 --> 00:18:59.440
<v Andy>All right.</v>

355
00:18:59.440 --> 00:19:01.100
I will launch the poll.

356
00:19:01.100 --> 00:19:04.460
And if you are unable to see it,

357
00:19:04.460 --> 00:19:08.070
you have to exit out of full screen mode sometimes

358
00:19:08.070 --> 00:19:10.680
to be able to to see the poll,

359
00:19:10.680 --> 00:19:13.550
but it looks like, we're going.

360
00:19:13.550 --> 00:19:14.917
We have 4%.

361
00:19:16.264 --> 00:19:17.097
All right.

362
00:19:17.097 --> 00:19:20.083
So what is a cryptogenic species?

363
00:19:23.820 --> 00:19:24.873
All right.

364
00:19:26.930 --> 00:19:28.930
As soon as we get up to 80%,

365
00:19:28.930 --> 00:19:30.683
I will close the poll.

366
00:19:35.190 --> 00:19:39.010
And we're at 70%.

367
00:19:39.010 --> 00:19:42.023
People are settling on one of these answers.

368
00:19:45.960 --> 00:19:47.973
I'll give it a couple more seconds.

369
00:19:51.130 --> 00:19:52.063
All right.

370
00:19:53.680 --> 00:19:57.657
We'll close, oh, a couple more stragglers coming in.

371
00:19:59.820 --> 00:20:00.653
Okay.

372
00:20:01.720 --> 00:20:04.720
So you should be able to see the answers, Brian.

373
00:20:04.720 --> 00:20:09.720
Looks like 81% went for the third response.

374
00:20:10.660 --> 00:20:12.310
So I'll turn it back over to you.

375
00:20:15.450 --> 00:20:16.610
<v ->All right, great.</v>

376
00:20:16.610 --> 00:20:18.810
So it looks like everybody got that right.

377
00:20:18.810 --> 00:20:19.643
You were listening.

378
00:20:19.643 --> 00:20:22.750
Cryptogenic species is one with unknown

379
00:20:22.750 --> 00:20:25.160
whether it is alien species or native species.

380
00:20:25.160 --> 00:20:28.730
So a lot of these organisms are small invertebrates

381
00:20:28.730 --> 00:20:31.560
that could have gotten somewhere naturally.

382
00:20:31.560 --> 00:20:33.710
And if it got there under a natural process,

383
00:20:33.710 --> 00:20:35.740
then it would be considered native.

384
00:20:35.740 --> 00:20:38.210
But it's hard to differentiate sometimes

385
00:20:38.210 --> 00:20:41.170
if that came in from anthropogenic causes

386
00:20:41.170 --> 00:20:43.660
on shipwrecks biofouling and that kind of stuff.

387
00:20:43.660 --> 00:20:45.040
So if that's the case,

388
00:20:45.040 --> 00:20:47.540
that's where the term cryptogenic comes into play.

389
00:20:48.460 --> 00:20:49.293
All right, good job.

390
00:20:49.293 --> 00:20:51.123
Let's move on here.

391
00:20:52.860 --> 00:20:54.440
All right, as mentioned earlier,

392
00:20:54.440 --> 00:20:56.140
humans and vessels are restricted

393
00:20:56.140 --> 00:20:59.430
from entering the monument without authorization.

394
00:20:59.430 --> 00:21:00.480
And because of this,

395
00:21:00.480 --> 00:21:03.020
this has allowed managers to develop

396
00:21:03.020 --> 00:21:05.330
a vessel risk assessment program

397
00:21:05.330 --> 00:21:08.350
which utilizes operational history questionnaires,

398
00:21:08.350 --> 00:21:10.560
hull inspections using divers

399
00:21:10.560 --> 00:21:13.160
or remotely-operated vehicles, ROVs,

400
00:21:13.160 --> 00:21:17.980
combined with specialized best management practices or BMPs

401
00:21:17.980 --> 00:21:20.930
that minimize the risk from permanent activities

402
00:21:20.930 --> 00:21:23.763
spreading or introducing alien species.

403
00:21:25.140 --> 00:21:27.880
This slide just shows a couple of those surveys

404
00:21:27.880 --> 00:21:29.860
taking place where we go under water

405
00:21:29.860 --> 00:21:33.500
with either divers, a team of divers or ROVs

406
00:21:33.500 --> 00:21:35.920
to inspect these vessels

407
00:21:35.920 --> 00:21:37.920
before they can enter into the monument.

408
00:21:39.240 --> 00:21:41.220
Because whether you're looking at

409
00:21:41.220 --> 00:21:44.290
terrestrial or marine ecosystems,

410
00:21:44.290 --> 00:21:46.960
the obvious key to alien species management

411
00:21:46.960 --> 00:21:48.560
is through prevention.

412
00:21:48.560 --> 00:21:51.010
That's especially important in the marine environment

413
00:21:51.010 --> 00:21:52.980
as it's typically even more difficult

414
00:21:52.980 --> 00:21:55.190
to eradicate marine organisms

415
00:21:55.190 --> 00:21:57.040
once they've been introduced and established

416
00:21:57.040 --> 00:21:59.030
to the point where you can detect them.

417
00:21:59.030 --> 00:22:00.310
So prevention is key.

418
00:22:00.310 --> 00:22:01.760
Once these things are in,

419
00:22:01.760 --> 00:22:02.960
the cat's out of the bag

420
00:22:02.960 --> 00:22:04.560
and it's hard to deal with them.

421
00:22:07.390 --> 00:22:08.530
Okay, let's see.

422
00:22:08.530 --> 00:22:10.740
So all vessels and ancillary equipment

423
00:22:10.740 --> 00:22:12.980
are required to be free of alien species.

424
00:22:12.980 --> 00:22:14.580
That also includes rodents,

425
00:22:14.580 --> 00:22:17.240
even though I'm talking about marine alien species.

426
00:22:17.240 --> 00:22:19.393
I guess some rats can swim a long way.

427
00:22:20.390 --> 00:22:24.050
In order to comply with the permit requirements of entering,

428
00:22:24.050 --> 00:22:26.780
they have to be free of all alien species.

429
00:22:26.780 --> 00:22:29.480
So that's part of what our inspection program insures.

430
00:22:31.590 --> 00:22:34.250
It's important for managers to have a baseline

431
00:22:34.250 --> 00:22:37.690
regarding the known alien species abundance and distribution

432
00:22:37.690 --> 00:22:39.690
before policymakers can properly

433
00:22:39.690 --> 00:22:41.830
develop management strategies.

434
00:22:41.830 --> 00:22:43.534
This is much easier said than done.

435
00:22:43.534 --> 00:22:46.070
As you've seen, this as a huge area

436
00:22:46.070 --> 00:22:47.820
to try and detect and quantify

437
00:22:47.820 --> 00:22:50.053
the presence of non-indigenous species.

438
00:22:51.210 --> 00:22:54.400
The Biological Biogeographic Assessment

439
00:22:54.400 --> 00:22:55.900
of the Northwest Hawaiian Islands,

440
00:22:55.900 --> 00:22:58.280
which was published in 2009

441
00:22:58.280 --> 00:23:00.770
included an attempt to try and quantify

442
00:23:00.770 --> 00:23:02.920
marine alien species data.

443
00:23:02.920 --> 00:23:07.210
And in this report, it listed 343 alien species

444
00:23:07.210 --> 00:23:09.810
that were found within the main Hawaiian islands.

445
00:23:09.810 --> 00:23:14.110
And it listed only 13 species that were considered

446
00:23:14.110 --> 00:23:17.110
established in the Northwestern Hawaiian islands.

447
00:23:17.110 --> 00:23:21.400
These 13 species consisted of one macroalgae,

448
00:23:21.400 --> 00:23:23.290
nine marine invertebrates,

449
00:23:23.290 --> 00:23:25.263
and three fish species.

450
00:23:28.740 --> 00:23:29.820
Let's see, okay.

451
00:23:29.820 --> 00:23:34.330
This next slide is the same data from that 2009 report.

452
00:23:34.330 --> 00:23:36.440
It's showing the number of species by island

453
00:23:36.440 --> 00:23:39.110
broken down into broad phylogenetic categories.

454
00:23:39.110 --> 00:23:40.760
And you can see up at the top there

455
00:23:40.760 --> 00:23:42.390
that Midway Atoll tops the list

456
00:23:42.390 --> 00:23:44.890
with the most introduced invertebrates.

457
00:23:44.890 --> 00:23:47.010
Because of this, one of my research partners,

458
00:23:47.010 --> 00:23:50.980
Scott Godwin, has been conducting alien species surveys

459
00:23:51.940 --> 00:23:54.740
around Midway for over a decade.

460
00:23:54.740 --> 00:23:57.810
And his data combined with other surveys we've had

461
00:23:57.810 --> 00:24:01.120
and increased service efforts from research cruises

462
00:24:01.120 --> 00:24:03.330
has all contributed into the new records

463
00:24:03.330 --> 00:24:05.530
that we now have throughout the archipelago.

464
00:24:08.450 --> 00:24:11.280
So as of 2020,

465
00:24:11.280 --> 00:24:12.310
we now know that there are

466
00:24:12.310 --> 00:24:14.730
more than 400 marine alien species

467
00:24:14.730 --> 00:24:16.900
recorded in the Hawaiian archipelago.

468
00:24:16.900 --> 00:24:20.220
And of those, roughly 10% are considered established

469
00:24:20.220 --> 00:24:21.800
in the Northwestern Hawaiian islands

470
00:24:21.800 --> 00:24:25.120
with the majority being found at Midway Atoll.

471
00:24:25.120 --> 00:24:27.460
Our research has found that there are currently

472
00:24:27.460 --> 00:24:31.100
61 documented non-indigenous or cryptogenic species

473
00:24:31.100 --> 00:24:33.270
in the Northwestern Hawaiian islands

474
00:24:33.270 --> 00:24:36.680
compared to the roughly 400 in the main Hawaiian islands.

475
00:24:36.680 --> 00:24:39.150
And these consist of 58 invertebrates,

476
00:24:39.150 --> 00:24:41.193
two algae, and three fish.

477
00:24:42.030 --> 00:24:44.450
Now these record increases are most likely

478
00:24:44.450 --> 00:24:48.690
not from recent introductions over the last decade,

479
00:24:48.690 --> 00:24:51.620
but it's just a result of more focused surveys

480
00:24:51.620 --> 00:24:53.760
combined with increased survey effort.

481
00:24:53.760 --> 00:24:55.010
Basically, the more you look,

482
00:24:55.010 --> 00:24:56.450
the more you find.

483
00:24:56.450 --> 00:24:58.380
And additionally, many of these organisms

484
00:24:58.380 --> 00:25:00.300
are cryptic by nature.

485
00:25:00.300 --> 00:25:02.170
So it's very difficult to document

486
00:25:02.170 --> 00:25:05.010
and find these utilizing standard survey methods

487
00:25:05.010 --> 00:25:08.003
which makes their detection a little more challenging.

488
00:25:11.280 --> 00:25:12.920
Okay, wow, that was quick.

489
00:25:12.920 --> 00:25:15.210
Now we're already into question number two.

490
00:25:15.210 --> 00:25:17.833
So I'll turn it back over here to Andy.

491
00:25:19.350 --> 00:25:21.400
<v Andy>Okay. Thanks Brian.</v>

492
00:25:21.400 --> 00:25:23.180
So I'm going to launch this poll.

493
00:25:23.180 --> 00:25:26.020
So the question is: What atoll and/or island

494
00:25:26.020 --> 00:25:28.250
has the highest number of alien species

495
00:25:28.250 --> 00:25:31.543
recorded within Papahānaumokuākea?

496
00:25:33.060 --> 00:25:35.713
We'll see how well your listeners,

497
00:25:36.580 --> 00:25:37.800
what their attention,

498
00:25:37.800 --> 00:25:39.523
how good their attention was.

499
00:25:40.430 --> 00:25:42.303
Oh, everybody's,

500
00:25:43.670 --> 00:25:46.849
they're focusing on the right answer.

501
00:25:46.849 --> 00:25:48.000
(chuckles)

502
00:25:48.000 --> 00:25:49.250
They're listening, Brian.

503
00:25:53.354 --> 00:25:55.813
All right, 60% have voted.

504
00:26:02.920 --> 00:26:05.110
And we'll give it a couple more seconds.

505
00:26:05.110 --> 00:26:07.040
So as a corollary to this,

506
00:26:07.040 --> 00:26:10.480
you might want to think about why,

507
00:26:10.480 --> 00:26:13.113
why that is,

508
00:26:15.210 --> 00:26:17.610
why this island has the most.

509
00:26:17.610 --> 00:26:21.510
I'm sure Brian will discuss that in a little bit here.

510
00:26:21.510 --> 00:26:23.940
Okay, I'm gonna close the poll

511
00:26:23.940 --> 00:26:26.400
and share the results.

512
00:26:26.400 --> 00:26:31.400
So we have 88% said that Midway, Pihemanu,

513
00:26:31.550 --> 00:26:34.173
has the highest number of species.

514
00:26:35.020 --> 00:26:36.713
I'll turn it back over to you, Brian.

515
00:26:38.650 --> 00:26:40.623
<v ->Good job, okay.</v>

516
00:26:44.760 --> 00:26:45.593
All right.

517
00:26:51.000 --> 00:26:52.890
Okay, good job on question number two.

518
00:26:52.890 --> 00:26:56.020
Sorry, I had to get things set back up there.

519
00:26:56.020 --> 00:26:58.430
Now I'd like to give you a little bit of insight

520
00:26:58.430 --> 00:27:00.550
into why Midway tops the list.

521
00:27:00.550 --> 00:27:04.780
So paradoxically, while a military invasion

522
00:27:04.780 --> 00:27:09.610
was successfully fended off by U.S. forces in 1942,

523
00:27:09.610 --> 00:27:12.620
the same military infrastructure that made that possible

524
00:27:12.620 --> 00:27:14.880
may have also fostered a moderately

525
00:27:14.880 --> 00:27:17.580
successful biological invasion.

526
00:27:17.580 --> 00:27:19.030
So as mentioned previously,

527
00:27:19.030 --> 00:27:22.380
many of the alien marine invertebrate species

528
00:27:22.380 --> 00:27:26.440
that become established are generally biofouling organisms

529
00:27:26.440 --> 00:27:29.440
that easily adapt to human-introduced substrates

530
00:27:29.440 --> 00:27:31.610
like wood, metal or concrete

531
00:27:31.610 --> 00:27:34.200
that are placed into the marine environment.

532
00:27:34.200 --> 00:27:36.860
So these anthropogenic substrates

533
00:27:36.860 --> 00:27:39.210
provide a habitat in which these organisms

534
00:27:39.210 --> 00:27:41.950
can have a competitive edge over native species

535
00:27:41.950 --> 00:27:43.880
within the same environment.

536
00:27:43.880 --> 00:27:47.830
The Midway Atoll is a prime example of this type of dynamic

537
00:27:47.830 --> 00:27:50.840
in both shoreline and submerged reef habitats.

538
00:27:50.840 --> 00:27:52.080
If you look at the pictures here,

539
00:27:52.080 --> 00:27:55.290
you can see how the majority of the entire coastline

540
00:27:55.290 --> 00:27:58.270
there of Midway has been altered.

541
00:27:58.270 --> 00:28:00.760
These stabilization efforts of shorelines

542
00:28:00.760 --> 00:28:02.720
through sea walls and docks

543
00:28:02.720 --> 00:28:05.330
provide a foothold for new introductions

544
00:28:05.330 --> 00:28:08.270
and to harbor environments that could then spread

545
00:28:08.270 --> 00:28:11.713
to nearshore and offshore habitats.

546
00:28:14.950 --> 00:28:18.300
Okay, so in May of 2017,

547
00:28:18.300 --> 00:28:21.360
I was fortunate enough to be able to participate

548
00:28:21.360 --> 00:28:23.290
in a multidisciplinary project

549
00:28:23.290 --> 00:28:24.890
with the Fish and Wildlife Service

550
00:28:24.890 --> 00:28:26.770
and the National Park Service

551
00:28:26.770 --> 00:28:31.300
to complete 10 days of exploratory remote sensing surveys

552
00:28:31.300 --> 00:28:32.580
using a magnetometer,

553
00:28:32.580 --> 00:28:35.310
combined with the diver ground truthing

554
00:28:35.310 --> 00:28:37.760
to search for missing aircraft lost

555
00:28:37.760 --> 00:28:41.090
in the Battle of Midway in 1942.

556
00:28:41.090 --> 00:28:42.910
If you're wondering what a magnetometer is

557
00:28:42.910 --> 00:28:45.060
you can see that top picture there.

558
00:28:45.060 --> 00:28:48.350
It's an instrument utilized to detect anomalies

559
00:28:48.350 --> 00:28:50.380
in the Earth's magnetic field.

560
00:28:50.380 --> 00:28:54.000
So basically, it's like a sophisticated metal detector

561
00:28:54.000 --> 00:28:56.280
that we use to tow around behind a boat

562
00:28:57.380 --> 00:28:59.280
to look for objects that contain iron.

563
00:29:03.250 --> 00:29:04.770
Okay.

564
00:29:04.770 --> 00:29:07.550
These surveys took place at Midway Atoll

565
00:29:07.550 --> 00:29:12.310
in specific areas of reported and probable aircraft loss

566
00:29:12.310 --> 00:29:13.530
during the Battle of Midway.

567
00:29:13.530 --> 00:29:16.410
And this was done as part of the 75th anniversary

568
00:29:16.410 --> 00:29:17.243
of that attack,

569
00:29:17.243 --> 00:29:21.003
which occurred in 2017 was the anniversary.

570
00:29:27.224 --> 00:29:29.470
Uh-oh, there we go.

571
00:29:29.470 --> 00:29:30.580
Sorry about that.

572
00:29:30.580 --> 00:29:33.230
So exploration for sunken aircraft sites

573
00:29:33.230 --> 00:29:35.320
served as an excellent opportunity

574
00:29:35.320 --> 00:29:37.520
to survey for alien species

575
00:29:37.520 --> 00:29:39.650
on these anthropogenic structures

576
00:29:39.650 --> 00:29:42.810
that were found beneath the survey of Midway Atoll

577
00:29:42.810 --> 00:29:46.100
making this multidisciplinary project very attractive

578
00:29:46.100 --> 00:29:48.100
to funding sources and all the partners.

579
00:29:51.400 --> 00:29:54.230
During this project, we surveyed approximately

580
00:29:54.230 --> 00:29:57.020
207 linear nautical miles,

581
00:29:57.020 --> 00:29:58.490
which you can see on this map.

582
00:29:58.490 --> 00:30:02.540
The blue lines show where we surveyed.

583
00:30:02.540 --> 00:30:05.670
And we utilized small boats towing that magnetometer,

584
00:30:05.670 --> 00:30:07.980
and we literally mowed the aquatic lawn.

585
00:30:07.980 --> 00:30:10.370
So you can see the series of blue lines

586
00:30:10.370 --> 00:30:12.960
where the small boat would just go back,

587
00:30:12.960 --> 00:30:15.840
up and forth, up and forth, and down across.

588
00:30:15.840 --> 00:30:20.250
And then areas surrounding these spots

589
00:30:20.250 --> 00:30:23.173
that were thought to be the sites for lost aircraft.

590
00:30:26.210 --> 00:30:29.760
The surveys detected 137 anomalies.

591
00:30:29.760 --> 00:30:32.060
And divers, including myself,

592
00:30:32.060 --> 00:30:35.420
were able to ground truth 102 of them.

593
00:30:35.420 --> 00:30:37.920
We also surveyed five previously known

594
00:30:37.920 --> 00:30:40.360
ship and aircraft wrecks, which explains why

595
00:30:40.360 --> 00:30:44.680
you see 107 alien invasive species surveys

596
00:30:44.680 --> 00:30:48.690
compared to the 102 anomalies there.

597
00:30:48.690 --> 00:30:51.650
That's the difference of the five discrepancies.

598
00:30:51.650 --> 00:30:55.890
Of these 107 alien species sites which we surveyed

599
00:30:55.890 --> 00:30:59.780
36 were found to have at least one target alien species

600
00:30:59.780 --> 00:31:01.640
that we were surveying for.

601
00:31:01.640 --> 00:31:03.910
Our surveys focused on the four species

602
00:31:03.910 --> 00:31:05.430
shown at the bottom of the slide

603
00:31:05.430 --> 00:31:08.010
as they had shown a tendency to be able to move

604
00:31:08.010 --> 00:31:10.943
from harbors out into reef ecosystems.

605
00:31:11.910 --> 00:31:14.190
The top culprits that we found were

606
00:31:14.190 --> 00:31:15.890
the third and fourth picture there,

607
00:31:15.890 --> 00:31:17.710
Amathia and Sabellastarte,

608
00:31:17.710 --> 00:31:20.513
which Amathia is a colonial bryozoan.

609
00:31:21.420 --> 00:31:23.530
That's that picture shown in number three.

610
00:31:23.530 --> 00:31:26.040
And then a type of polychaete worm known

611
00:31:26.040 --> 00:31:27.790
as a feather duster's the common name

612
00:31:27.790 --> 00:31:30.020
was the fourth one that you can see there

613
00:31:30.020 --> 00:31:31.913
that we found mostly.

614
00:31:35.930 --> 00:31:38.680
Historically, lagoon and reef habitats

615
00:31:38.680 --> 00:31:40.940
at former military bases have been altered

616
00:31:40.940 --> 00:31:44.100
by the intentional dumping of human-made debris,

617
00:31:44.100 --> 00:31:47.280
but also by the unintentional loss of equipment

618
00:31:47.280 --> 00:31:49.490
during training or active hostilities

619
00:31:49.490 --> 00:31:50.790
like the Battle of Midway.

620
00:31:52.930 --> 00:31:55.520
These objects of maritime history

621
00:31:55.520 --> 00:31:58.820
can act as an establishment and stepping stone points

622
00:31:58.820 --> 00:32:01.060
for marine alien species within habitats

623
00:32:01.060 --> 00:32:02.830
that would otherwise be difficult

624
00:32:02.830 --> 00:32:05.580
for these biofouling species to invade.

625
00:32:05.580 --> 00:32:09.490
Many of these lagoon habitat areas are all sand.

626
00:32:09.490 --> 00:32:11.550
And then you have all these metal objects

627
00:32:11.550 --> 00:32:13.240
that are kind of sprinkled from the harbor out

628
00:32:13.240 --> 00:32:15.650
throughout the lagoon that we think can act

629
00:32:15.650 --> 00:32:18.143
as a stepping stone to spread this stuff.

630
00:32:20.080 --> 00:32:24.560
Furthermore, the documented ages of aircraft and shipwrecks,

631
00:32:24.560 --> 00:32:27.940
which some are now are colonized by invasive species,

632
00:32:27.940 --> 00:32:31.750
provide us a basic baseline point of initiation

633
00:32:31.750 --> 00:32:34.040
for these colonizing species by giving us

634
00:32:34.040 --> 00:32:36.530
some key dating insights into the mechanisms

635
00:32:36.530 --> 00:32:39.973
of ecosystem change caused by these species invasions.

636
00:32:42.180 --> 00:32:44.650
This map here shows the same thing

637
00:32:44.650 --> 00:32:47.100
as the other one where we were mowing the lawn.

638
00:32:47.100 --> 00:32:48.140
There it goes.

639
00:32:48.140 --> 00:32:51.930
And it shows the 102 anomalies that were investigated.

640
00:32:51.930 --> 00:32:53.190
The yellow dots here,

641
00:32:53.190 --> 00:32:55.090
I'll see if I can show them on the screen,

642
00:32:55.090 --> 00:32:56.370
so this is the harbor,

643
00:32:56.370 --> 00:32:59.100
this kind of square area here.

644
00:32:59.100 --> 00:33:02.920
And our surveys focus out in these lagoon areas

645
00:33:02.920 --> 00:33:04.620
and on these offshore areas.

646
00:33:04.620 --> 00:33:07.230
So you can see the majority of the targets

647
00:33:07.230 --> 00:33:08.890
that contained alien species,

648
00:33:08.890 --> 00:33:12.060
which are shown with these yellow dots

649
00:33:12.060 --> 00:33:15.550
were found in a lagoon area, adjacent to the harbor

650
00:33:15.550 --> 00:33:18.130
and within historical anchorage locations

651
00:33:18.130 --> 00:33:20.340
for the large Navy ships.

652
00:33:20.340 --> 00:33:22.720
You notice the absence of alien species

653
00:33:22.720 --> 00:33:23.710
on these outer reefs,

654
00:33:23.710 --> 00:33:26.810
so these sections out here and out in here,

655
00:33:26.810 --> 00:33:28.970
we didn't find any alien species present.

656
00:33:28.970 --> 00:33:30.200
So as we go back to Midway,

657
00:33:30.200 --> 00:33:32.470
we're gonna continue to monitor

658
00:33:32.470 --> 00:33:35.900
some of these historical sites

659
00:33:35.900 --> 00:33:37.230
and see if we can investigate

660
00:33:37.230 --> 00:33:39.763
this steppingstone hypothesis a little further.

661
00:33:42.480 --> 00:33:44.710
All right, so as you can see

662
00:33:44.710 --> 00:33:48.110
from the photos I've been showing here,

663
00:33:48.110 --> 00:33:50.870
Midway is filled with interesting history

664
00:33:50.870 --> 00:33:53.550
both below and above the water.

665
00:33:53.550 --> 00:33:56.440
And we're very fortunate that we had

666
00:33:56.440 --> 00:34:00.010
some very good photographers from the National Park Service

667
00:34:00.010 --> 00:34:03.560
come with us on this project as partners.

668
00:34:03.560 --> 00:34:06.913
So we got a lot of great imagery out of it because of that.

669
00:34:09.860 --> 00:34:11.890
There's one of the other shipwreck,

670
00:34:11.890 --> 00:34:14.810
not shipwreck, aircraft crashes

671
00:34:14.810 --> 00:34:16.147
where it landed upside down.

672
00:34:16.147 --> 00:34:18.093
See the landing gear coming up there.

673
00:34:19.330 --> 00:34:21.670
All right, let's see.

674
00:34:21.670 --> 00:34:24.270
This is gonna bring us into our third question.

675
00:34:24.270 --> 00:34:26.450
My slides are moving very slowly here

676
00:34:26.450 --> 00:34:28.440
with the internet delay.

677
00:34:28.440 --> 00:34:29.273
There it goes.

678
00:34:29.273 --> 00:34:31.010
It looked like it popped up and I'll turn it over

679
00:34:31.010 --> 00:34:32.993
to Andy for the third question.

680
00:34:34.460 --> 00:34:35.293
<v Andy>All right.</v>

681
00:34:35.293 --> 00:34:36.830
Thank you, Brian.

682
00:34:36.830 --> 00:34:39.300
So our third question today is

683
00:34:39.300 --> 00:34:42.080
what is a magnetometer?

684
00:34:42.080 --> 00:34:43.603
We'll launch the poll.

685
00:34:45.430 --> 00:34:49.920
Your answers are an automated DNA barcoding device,

686
00:34:49.920 --> 00:34:54.920
a machine that detects the presence of alien species,

687
00:34:54.920 --> 00:34:58.620
device that measures magnetic fields or anomalies,

688
00:34:58.620 --> 00:35:00.550
or a scientific instrument used

689
00:35:00.550 --> 00:35:02.913
to determine benthic habitat type.

690
00:35:04.190 --> 00:35:07.223
People were being very quick on this one.

691
00:35:09.410 --> 00:35:10.610
We've get some experts.

692
00:35:10.610 --> 00:35:13.743
We've got some ringers in the audience today.

693
00:35:16.550 --> 00:35:19.923
We'll leave it open for another few seconds.

694
00:35:24.090 --> 00:35:27.010
Okay, I'm going to close the poll

695
00:35:27.010 --> 00:35:29.113
and share the results.

696
00:35:31.370 --> 00:35:35.120
So yeah, it looks like they got the right answer.

697
00:35:35.120 --> 00:35:39.798
The device that measures magnetic fields or anomalies, 96%.

698
00:35:39.798 --> 00:35:41.748
I'm gonna turn back over to you, Brian.

699
00:35:43.650 --> 00:35:44.580
<v ->All right, great.</v>

700
00:35:44.580 --> 00:35:48.080
Yeah, I never know how difficult to make these questions

701
00:35:48.080 --> 00:35:49.340
and who the audience is.

702
00:35:49.340 --> 00:35:50.990
So good job everybody.

703
00:35:50.990 --> 00:35:53.113
I'm glad you got all those, correct.

704
00:35:55.030 --> 00:36:00.030
Okay, moving on here with the presentation.

705
00:36:00.240 --> 00:36:01.800
The following four slides

706
00:36:01.800 --> 00:36:04.040
that I'm gonna show are a little busy.

707
00:36:04.040 --> 00:36:06.590
There's kind of a lot going on here,

708
00:36:06.590 --> 00:36:08.610
but this is our current checklist

709
00:36:08.610 --> 00:36:11.260
of marine non-indigenous species

710
00:36:11.260 --> 00:36:13.930
or cryptogenic species that are thought to be

711
00:36:13.930 --> 00:36:16.980
throughout Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.

712
00:36:16.980 --> 00:36:18.970
As you can see here,

713
00:36:18.970 --> 00:36:22.610
the species names that are in red

714
00:36:22.610 --> 00:36:24.630
indicate that they are cryptogenic

715
00:36:24.630 --> 00:36:26.550
or it's unknown what their status

716
00:36:26.550 --> 00:36:29.063
with regarding to being alien or native.

717
00:36:31.450 --> 00:36:33.300
Species here are grouped together

718
00:36:33.300 --> 00:36:35.020
alphabetically by phylum.

719
00:36:35.020 --> 00:36:39.390
And then X indicates if they are known or found

720
00:36:39.390 --> 00:36:41.300
at the particular island or atoll

721
00:36:41.300 --> 00:36:43.570
which is listed up across the top

722
00:36:43.570 --> 00:36:45.560
with these three letter abbreviations

723
00:36:45.560 --> 00:36:47.580
starting from Nihoa at the beginning

724
00:36:47.580 --> 00:36:50.980
and going all the way up past Midway to Kure Atoll.

725
00:36:50.980 --> 00:36:53.100
So that kind of explains what you're looking at

726
00:36:53.100 --> 00:36:55.660
in this table.

727
00:36:55.660 --> 00:36:59.683
This first one shows the known annelids or arthropods.

728
00:37:01.330 --> 00:37:04.630
This next table or next slide,

729
00:37:04.630 --> 00:37:05.763
make sure it's,

730
00:37:07.450 --> 00:37:10.750
it's changed on my screen here,

731
00:37:10.750 --> 00:37:14.740
this shows the known species of bryozoans or chordates.

732
00:37:14.740 --> 00:37:17.390
And you can notice that most of these species

733
00:37:17.390 --> 00:37:20.200
are found only at Midway Atoll.

734
00:37:20.200 --> 00:37:22.100
So remember how you got that right

735
00:37:22.100 --> 00:37:23.940
in your previous poll question.

736
00:37:23.940 --> 00:37:27.880
You can see all these x's at Midway Atoll

737
00:37:27.880 --> 00:37:30.543
where most of these species are found.

738
00:37:33.160 --> 00:37:35.950
Okay, on the next slide,

739
00:37:35.950 --> 00:37:37.570
which will pop up here in a minute,

740
00:37:37.570 --> 00:37:39.680
it will show additional chordates

741
00:37:39.680 --> 00:37:41.720
which is where the fish fall into,

742
00:37:41.720 --> 00:37:43.420
the vertebrates,

743
00:37:43.420 --> 00:37:45.480
Cnidarians and sponges.

744
00:37:45.480 --> 00:37:47.337
And you'll notice that some of these fish

745
00:37:47.337 --> 00:37:50.590
are found throughout the monument.

746
00:37:50.590 --> 00:37:51.423
Also some of the Cnidarians,

747
00:37:51.423 --> 00:37:53.143
this hydroid here,

748
00:37:54.140 --> 00:37:56.218
is found pretty much everywhere.

749
00:37:56.218 --> 00:38:00.110
Lutjanus kasmira, which is the bluestripe snapper

750
00:38:00.110 --> 00:38:01.750
at the top here.

751
00:38:01.750 --> 00:38:03.960
It's probably found throughout the entire monument.

752
00:38:03.960 --> 00:38:06.200
Our surveys, our fish surveys,

753
00:38:06.200 --> 00:38:08.450
it has not shown up at Gardner Pinnacles,

754
00:38:08.450 --> 00:38:10.340
but being that it's everywhere else,

755
00:38:10.340 --> 00:38:11.930
I'm pretty sure those fish are there.

756
00:38:11.930 --> 00:38:13.460
They just haven't turned up

757
00:38:13.460 --> 00:38:17.303
on any statistical surveys and analysis.

758
00:38:18.460 --> 00:38:21.323
Let's see, moving to the last slide.

759
00:38:22.860 --> 00:38:26.620
Let's see, it's gonna show the remaining sponges

760
00:38:26.620 --> 00:38:28.190
and red algae.

761
00:38:28.190 --> 00:38:30.360
What I wanna bring your attention to

762
00:38:30.360 --> 00:38:32.720
is this last cryptogenic species that

763
00:38:32.720 --> 00:38:34.940
I've got circled on the bottom there,

764
00:38:34.940 --> 00:38:38.450
Chondria tumulosa, which I'm gonna talk to you

765
00:38:38.450 --> 00:38:41.320
in the later portion of this talk.

766
00:38:41.320 --> 00:38:43.840
You can see from this table that the totals add up

767
00:38:43.840 --> 00:38:47.280
to about 61 marine non-indigenous or cryptogenic

768
00:38:47.280 --> 00:38:49.680
invertebrates, fish, and algal species

769
00:38:49.680 --> 00:38:51.950
that have been recorded in the monument.

770
00:38:51.950 --> 00:38:53.950
And most likely these populations

771
00:38:53.950 --> 00:38:57.600
of non-indigenous marine species that have colonized

772
00:38:57.600 --> 00:38:59.420
have come from the main Hawaiian islands,

773
00:38:59.420 --> 00:39:01.740
'cause that represents the most likely source

774
00:39:01.740 --> 00:39:04.940
of invasive species to the Northwestern Hawaiian islands.

775
00:39:04.940 --> 00:39:07.300
As a majority of non-indigenous species

776
00:39:07.300 --> 00:39:10.060
found in the monument have mainly been detected

777
00:39:10.060 --> 00:39:12.460
in areas of higher human activity

778
00:39:12.460 --> 00:39:14.970
around Midway Atoll and other islands

779
00:39:14.970 --> 00:39:17.290
with historical human presence

780
00:39:17.290 --> 00:39:19.823
with ships coming from Honolulu Harbor and such.

781
00:39:22.210 --> 00:39:24.500
Okay, so now that we know there are roughly

782
00:39:24.500 --> 00:39:26.500
61 alien species in the monument

783
00:39:26.500 --> 00:39:29.320
compared to a little over 400 in the main Hawaiian islands,

784
00:39:29.320 --> 00:39:32.420
our goal is to keep out any new introductions.

785
00:39:32.420 --> 00:39:34.970
So in addition to the vessel risk assessments

786
00:39:34.970 --> 00:39:37.800
and hull inspections that I mentioned previously,

787
00:39:37.800 --> 00:39:40.460
permittees are given relative BMPs

788
00:39:40.460 --> 00:39:42.120
and are expected to follow procedures

789
00:39:42.120 --> 00:39:44.370
correlating to their activities.

790
00:39:44.370 --> 00:39:47.110
So this is a subset from BMP number 11

791
00:39:47.110 --> 00:39:48.980
which guards against the spread

792
00:39:48.980 --> 00:39:52.020
and introduction of alien species or disease.

793
00:39:52.020 --> 00:39:54.150
When I say disinfection on here,

794
00:39:54.150 --> 00:39:57.740
disinfection essentially consists of a 10-minute soak

795
00:39:57.740 --> 00:40:00.390
in a 3% free chlorine solution

796
00:40:00.390 --> 00:40:01.980
which was thought to be sufficient

797
00:40:01.980 --> 00:40:04.760
in destroying any pathogens or alien organisms

798
00:40:04.760 --> 00:40:06.190
that were exposed to it.

799
00:40:06.190 --> 00:40:10.340
But as you'll see, this protocol was put to the test in 2019

800
00:40:10.340 --> 00:40:12.823
upon the discovery of Chondria tumulosa.

801
00:40:15.270 --> 00:40:19.130
So a major outbreak of an unidentified red algal species,

802
00:40:19.130 --> 00:40:21.640
which is now known to be Chondria tumulosa,

803
00:40:21.640 --> 00:40:24.530
was discovered during a research cruise to Manawai,

804
00:40:24.530 --> 00:40:27.240
which is otherwise known as Pearl and Hermes Atoll

805
00:40:27.240 --> 00:40:29.660
in August of 2019.

806
00:40:29.660 --> 00:40:33.680
I was out on this cruise and this algae was something else,

807
00:40:33.680 --> 00:40:35.200
you can see from the pictures here.

808
00:40:35.200 --> 00:40:40.040
And it had been identified or observed as far back as 2014

809
00:40:40.040 --> 00:40:43.130
when it was seen growing on the northern back reef

810
00:40:44.020 --> 00:40:46.990
in cryptic assemblages with other algal species,

811
00:40:46.990 --> 00:40:48.800
but it was kind of misidentified,

812
00:40:48.800 --> 00:40:51.150
and it wasn't overtaking everything

813
00:40:51.150 --> 00:40:53.993
and drawing the attention that it did in 2019.

814
00:40:57.320 --> 00:41:01.400
Okay, so the following slides that I'm gonna go through here

815
00:41:01.400 --> 00:41:03.710
are a result of lots of research.

816
00:41:03.710 --> 00:41:04.940
It's a large team effort.

817
00:41:04.940 --> 00:41:06.828
So I just wanted to give credit to those

818
00:41:06.828 --> 00:41:09.580
that have participated in all of this.

819
00:41:09.580 --> 00:41:12.160
I'd especially like to thank, but Dr. Heather Spalding

820
00:41:12.160 --> 00:41:15.060
for her assistance with the discovery of the species.

821
00:41:15.060 --> 00:41:18.330
Dr. Alison Sherwood and Dr. Celia Smith and their colleagues

822
00:41:18.330 --> 00:41:20.403
for the work in identifying the species.

823
00:41:21.300 --> 00:41:22.610
This has now been published

824
00:41:22.610 --> 00:41:24.700
that this is a new species to science.

825
00:41:24.700 --> 00:41:26.883
It was published in July of 2020.

826
00:41:27.780 --> 00:41:29.810
And you can see a copy of the article there.

827
00:41:29.810 --> 00:41:33.120
And I think the link will be pasted in the chat

828
00:41:33.120 --> 00:41:36.323
if anybody is interested in looking into this further.

829
00:41:38.120 --> 00:41:40.430
So on 2019 expeditions,

830
00:41:40.430 --> 00:41:43.350
researchers found large thick mats of this alga,

831
00:41:43.350 --> 00:41:46.220
which is often thousands of meters in extent.

832
00:41:46.220 --> 00:41:48.730
It had virtually overgrown and killed

833
00:41:48.730 --> 00:41:52.070
all sessile benthic organisms, including corals.

834
00:41:52.070 --> 00:41:55.450
You can see some tiny corals kind of peeking out here,

835
00:41:55.450 --> 00:41:56.800
but for the most part,

836
00:41:56.800 --> 00:41:59.520
this is covering everything.

837
00:41:59.520 --> 00:42:01.730
The heaviest infestations were found

838
00:42:01.730 --> 00:42:04.300
on four reef spur and groove habitats

839
00:42:04.300 --> 00:42:07.080
between five and 15 meters depths.

840
00:42:07.080 --> 00:42:09.720
So this is an example of one of those spur and grooves.

841
00:42:09.720 --> 00:42:12.450
You can see the sand channel here is the groove.

842
00:42:12.450 --> 00:42:15.470
And the spur is this large kind of coral mound.

843
00:42:15.470 --> 00:42:19.130
This is completely overgrown with Chondria tumulosa.

844
00:42:19.130 --> 00:42:22.010
You can see the diver down there for reference

845
00:42:22.010 --> 00:42:23.763
of how thick this stuff is.

846
00:42:25.090 --> 00:42:28.420
So it was not detected in lagoon patch reef areas

847
00:42:28.420 --> 00:42:30.270
nor at depths below 30 feet.

848
00:42:30.270 --> 00:42:32.060
So on this cruise, we were surveying

849
00:42:32.060 --> 00:42:34.850
down to a 100 meters or 330 feet.

850
00:42:34.850 --> 00:42:37.560
And this algae was found down to about 80 feet.

851
00:42:37.560 --> 00:42:40.820
So it's a lot deeper than than most red alga

852
00:42:40.820 --> 00:42:41.800
like this grow.

853
00:42:41.800 --> 00:42:44.420
So we were looking all the way from a 100 meters

854
00:42:44.420 --> 00:42:46.970
up to shallow snorkeling depths.

855
00:42:46.970 --> 00:42:50.550
This map here shows our survey efforts.

856
00:42:50.550 --> 00:42:54.720
And you can see the colored dots around the side here

857
00:42:54.720 --> 00:42:57.470
where Chondria was found pretty much

858
00:42:57.470 --> 00:42:59.350
all the way around the atoll.

859
00:42:59.350 --> 00:43:00.850
And the areas in the lagoon

860
00:43:00.850 --> 00:43:03.090
where we did survey here and here,

861
00:43:03.090 --> 00:43:04.290
there was nothing found.

862
00:43:06.310 --> 00:43:09.320
Okay, that's gonna bring us into our next question.

863
00:43:09.320 --> 00:43:12.640
So I'm gonna turn it over to Andy once again

864
00:43:12.640 --> 00:43:13.643
for question four.

865
00:43:14.480 --> 00:43:16.510
<v Andy>Okay. Thanks, Brian.</v>

866
00:43:16.510 --> 00:43:17.530
I'm gonna launch this poll.

867
00:43:17.530 --> 00:43:20.776
So the question is what ecological category

868
00:43:20.776 --> 00:43:24.483
is Chondria tumulosa currently placed in?

869
00:43:30.770 --> 00:43:33.910
It's very a tricky, tricky name there.

870
00:43:33.910 --> 00:43:38.440
Try saying Chondria tumulosa very fast several times.

871
00:43:38.440 --> 00:43:40.660
(chuckles)

872
00:43:40.660 --> 00:43:43.250
<v ->I know this talk has lots of large words</v>

873
00:43:43.250 --> 00:43:44.959
like that that I mess up.

874
00:43:44.959 --> 00:43:48.050
(Andy laughs)

875
00:43:48.050 --> 00:43:49.530
<v Andy>Cryptogenic's my favorite.</v>

876
00:43:49.530 --> 00:43:52.613
Okay, we have 64%.

877
00:43:56.332 --> 00:44:00.107
Gonna close the poll here in about a few seconds.

878
00:44:08.370 --> 00:44:10.350
Okay.

879
00:44:10.350 --> 00:44:12.150
I'll close the poll

880
00:44:13.540 --> 00:44:14.500
and share the results.

881
00:44:14.500 --> 00:44:19.500
So kind of evenly split between an invasive alien species

882
00:44:19.910 --> 00:44:22.463
and a cryptogenic species.

883
00:44:24.197 --> 00:44:25.223
<v ->Very good.</v>

884
00:44:26.240 --> 00:44:28.203
That was kind of a trick question.

885
00:44:29.350 --> 00:44:32.680
It is not known whether this species

886
00:44:32.680 --> 00:44:36.060
is a native or if it's alien.

887
00:44:36.060 --> 00:44:37.920
So the correct answer to that one

888
00:44:37.920 --> 00:44:39.453
would have been cryptogenic.

889
00:44:40.960 --> 00:44:43.440
We think it's probably an alien species,

890
00:44:43.440 --> 00:44:46.410
and we just never have seen it before

891
00:44:46.410 --> 00:44:48.770
or Western science hasn't.

892
00:44:48.770 --> 00:44:50.770
But for the purposes of that poll,

893
00:44:50.770 --> 00:44:53.450
the correct answer was cryptogenic.

894
00:44:53.450 --> 00:44:55.093
So yes, nice job.

895
00:44:55.093 --> 00:44:58.470
Chondria tumulosa's currently considered cryptogenic

896
00:44:58.470 --> 00:45:01.720
as it is a new species to science,

897
00:45:01.720 --> 00:45:05.050
and it's not known if it was recently introduced.

898
00:45:05.050 --> 00:45:08.270
Or, if something has just caused it to go wild,

899
00:45:08.270 --> 00:45:10.800
and it's been part of the ecosystem

900
00:45:10.800 --> 00:45:14.890
and present at very low or undetectable levels forever.

901
00:45:14.890 --> 00:45:18.240
So there is a slight chance that this is some native

902
00:45:18.240 --> 00:45:21.120
or endemic species that's been there

903
00:45:21.120 --> 00:45:23.020
at very, very low levels and there was

904
00:45:23.020 --> 00:45:25.833
some kind of nutrient bloom that caused it to go wild.

905
00:45:27.370 --> 00:45:28.900
I don't really think that's the case,

906
00:45:28.900 --> 00:45:30.330
but until we know otherwise,

907
00:45:30.330 --> 00:45:33.830
it has to be placed in the cryptogenic category.

908
00:45:33.830 --> 00:45:36.330
So this is one reason why we're planning

909
00:45:36.330 --> 00:45:37.840
a research cruise this summer

910
00:45:37.840 --> 00:45:41.720
to go up to Pearl and Hermes to gather more data on this,

911
00:45:41.720 --> 00:45:44.340
because virtually all basic information is lacking

912
00:45:44.340 --> 00:45:46.510
on its current abundance and distribution,

913
00:45:46.510 --> 00:45:47.970
mode of spread,

914
00:45:47.970 --> 00:45:50.793
and if it has any natural predators up there.

915
00:45:53.670 --> 00:45:55.750
Okay, so regardless less of its origin,

916
00:45:55.750 --> 00:45:59.899
this cryptogenic species is acting quote, "invasively,"

917
00:45:59.899 --> 00:46:01.950
and it's wreaking havoc on the reefs

918
00:46:01.950 --> 00:46:03.560
where it was established

919
00:46:03.560 --> 00:46:06.170
as you can see from the pictures there.

920
00:46:06.170 --> 00:46:08.040
The development of control methods

921
00:46:08.040 --> 00:46:10.220
is a very high priority for managers,

922
00:46:10.220 --> 00:46:12.240
as well as biosecurity protocols

923
00:46:12.240 --> 00:46:15.540
to ensure that divers, boats, and ancillary equipment

924
00:46:15.540 --> 00:46:17.520
do not inadvertently serve as vectors

925
00:46:17.520 --> 00:46:20.360
for spreading this algae between islands.

926
00:46:20.360 --> 00:46:22.800
So even when these mats are removed,

927
00:46:22.800 --> 00:46:25.820
small fragments remain that could regrow

928
00:46:25.820 --> 00:46:27.640
in a very short time span.

929
00:46:27.640 --> 00:46:32.450
It's thought that these algal can reproduce

930
00:46:32.450 --> 00:46:34.770
both asexually by fragmentation

931
00:46:34.770 --> 00:46:38.430
and sexually through the release of gametes or spores.

932
00:46:38.430 --> 00:46:40.740
And these characteristics make the species

933
00:46:40.740 --> 00:46:43.590
particularly challenging to deal with

934
00:46:43.590 --> 00:46:45.870
to prevent further spread,

935
00:46:45.870 --> 00:46:47.540
'cause you get little fragments

936
00:46:47.540 --> 00:46:49.000
and they can go everywhere.

937
00:46:49.000 --> 00:46:50.610
So as I mentioned,

938
00:46:50.610 --> 00:46:53.300
these fragments are produce readily,

939
00:46:53.300 --> 00:46:56.210
and they're two to four centimeters long typically.

940
00:46:56.210 --> 00:46:59.780
They're cylindrical to flattened kind of shape,

941
00:46:59.780 --> 00:47:00.930
and they're spinous.

942
00:47:00.930 --> 00:47:05.930
So these branches can easily snag on various dive equipment.

943
00:47:06.290 --> 00:47:09.350
They can snag body hair, beards, whatever.

944
00:47:09.350 --> 00:47:12.210
So given the potential for this nuisance alga

945
00:47:12.210 --> 00:47:15.290
to unintentionally spread via divers in their gear,

946
00:47:15.290 --> 00:47:17.930
we initiated a series of bleaching experiments

947
00:47:17.930 --> 00:47:19.640
using commercial grade bleach

948
00:47:19.640 --> 00:47:23.060
which contain 8.25% sodium hypochlorite

949
00:47:23.060 --> 00:47:25.080
to determine what percentage of bleach

950
00:47:25.080 --> 00:47:28.590
and duration of soaking was needed to cause mortality

951
00:47:28.590 --> 00:47:31.200
to algal fragments of this species.

952
00:47:31.200 --> 00:47:32.770
So we conducted an experiment,

953
00:47:32.770 --> 00:47:37.020
and we had bleach treatments with eight fragment replicates,

954
00:47:37.020 --> 00:47:40.570
each with 1.5, three, six and 12% bleach

955
00:47:40.570 --> 00:47:43.693
and seawater and freshwater controls.

956
00:47:45.200 --> 00:47:47.660
Algal fragment mortality was ascertained

957
00:47:47.660 --> 00:47:49.470
at the loss of all pigmentation

958
00:47:49.470 --> 00:47:51.700
resulting in a white algal fragment.

959
00:47:51.700 --> 00:47:52.533
So you can see in the picture there,

960
00:47:52.533 --> 00:47:55.700
they're the ones on the right hand side of this picture

961
00:47:55.700 --> 00:47:57.130
that are totally bleached out.

962
00:47:57.130 --> 00:47:58.380
Once they were white like that,

963
00:47:58.380 --> 00:48:00.740
we assumed they were dead.

964
00:48:00.740 --> 00:48:02.930
While all percentages of bleach ranging

965
00:48:02.930 --> 00:48:05.720
from 1.5 to 12% were effective

966
00:48:05.720 --> 00:48:08.970
at causing fragment mortality within one hour,

967
00:48:08.970 --> 00:48:13.170
the 6% solution caused mortality within 10 minutes.

968
00:48:13.170 --> 00:48:18.170
So the 3% bleach solution utilized by our previous BMPs

969
00:48:18.580 --> 00:48:21.610
caused mortality of algal fragments within 20 minutes.

970
00:48:21.610 --> 00:48:24.070
But as you recall from that previous slide,

971
00:48:24.070 --> 00:48:27.540
20 minutes is twice the time that was originally required.

972
00:48:27.540 --> 00:48:30.030
So we kind of found that the best mix

973
00:48:30.030 --> 00:48:31.790
was double the concentration

974
00:48:32.820 --> 00:48:36.020
to get to that same 10 minutes soak time.

975
00:48:36.020 --> 00:48:38.710
Clumps of algal fragments were even more resilient

976
00:48:38.710 --> 00:48:40.560
to bleach than single fragments,

977
00:48:40.560 --> 00:48:44.280
especially when they're placed inside dive gear,

978
00:48:44.280 --> 00:48:48.090
inside BCD pockets, mesh bags, things like that.

979
00:48:48.090 --> 00:48:50.930
They made them a bit more resilient to the bleach treatment.

980
00:48:50.930 --> 00:48:52.590
So based on these experiments,

981
00:48:52.590 --> 00:48:54.040
we made the following recommendation

982
00:48:54.040 --> 00:48:58.220
to managers regarding work around Pearl and Hermes Atoll.

983
00:48:58.220 --> 00:49:00.160
Additionally, a working group consisting

984
00:49:00.160 --> 00:49:03.230
of co-trustee agency reps, university professors,

985
00:49:03.230 --> 00:49:05.470
subject matter experts has been formed

986
00:49:05.470 --> 00:49:08.200
to better guide the monument management board

987
00:49:08.200 --> 00:49:10.550
in implementing best management practices

988
00:49:10.550 --> 00:49:13.990
designed specifically for Pearl and Hermes Atoll

989
00:49:13.990 --> 00:49:18.020
in preventing the spread of this newly discovered alga.

990
00:49:18.020 --> 00:49:19.500
More information can be found

991
00:49:19.500 --> 00:49:22.260
on that link below on the slide there.

992
00:49:22.260 --> 00:49:24.940
Or you can just Google Chondria tumulosa

993
00:49:24.940 --> 00:49:26.640
and have things come up.

994
00:49:26.640 --> 00:49:30.000
A site on our sanctuary webpage

995
00:49:30.000 --> 00:49:32.400
has some great pictures and information on that.

996
00:49:34.680 --> 00:49:38.780
Okay that brings us into our last quiz question.

997
00:49:38.780 --> 00:49:41.940
So I'll turn it over to Andy

998
00:49:41.940 --> 00:49:44.340
for the last question of the day.

999
00:49:44.340 --> 00:49:45.770
<v Andy>All right. Great.</v>

1000
00:49:45.770 --> 00:49:47.200
Thank you, Brian.

1001
00:49:47.200 --> 00:49:49.730
So the last question is what was utilized

1002
00:49:49.730 --> 00:49:52.933
in the trial studies to kill Chondria tumulosa?

1003
00:49:54.200 --> 00:49:56.940
And the poll has been launched.

1004
00:49:56.940 --> 00:49:59.520
(chuckles)

1005
00:49:59.520 --> 00:50:03.979
I know who's answering one question on here.

1006
00:50:03.979 --> 00:50:06.510
(chuckles)

1007
00:50:06.510 --> 00:50:10.200
Wow, people were listening.

1008
00:50:10.200 --> 00:50:12.210
They nailed that one very quickly.

1009
00:50:12.210 --> 00:50:14.643
I'm gonna close out the poll here in a second.

1010
00:50:16.470 --> 00:50:18.450
<v ->I'm pretty sure gasoline would work,</v>

1011
00:50:18.450 --> 00:50:20.960
but yeah, that's not what we utilize.

1012
00:50:20.960 --> 00:50:23.420
And there's no alcohol besides ethanol

1013
00:50:23.420 --> 00:50:25.373
for preservation allowed on the cruise,

1014
00:50:25.373 --> 00:50:28.060
so beer's gonna be out.
(Andy laughs)

1015
00:50:28.060 --> 00:50:30.360
<v Andy>Yeah, we know who requested the beer.</v>

1016
00:50:32.460 --> 00:50:37.460
So okay, 90% got it right and answered bleach.

1017
00:50:39.220 --> 00:50:41.610
Some of our research folks answered beer.

1018
00:50:41.610 --> 00:50:43.246
I know, it's true.

1019
00:50:43.246 --> 00:50:44.860
(both chuckling)

1020
00:50:44.860 --> 00:50:46.563
<v ->All right. Thanks, Andy.</v>

1021
00:50:48.410 --> 00:50:49.680
Okay.

1022
00:50:49.680 --> 00:50:51.980
So that last question kind of brought us

1023
00:50:51.980 --> 00:50:53.403
into a closing here.

1024
00:50:54.260 --> 00:50:56.380
As a take-home message,

1025
00:50:56.380 --> 00:51:00.110
you now know that there are roughly 61 alien species

1026
00:51:00.110 --> 00:51:02.910
that have been found in the Northwestern Hawaiian islands

1027
00:51:02.910 --> 00:51:05.600
most of which consists of invertebrates

1028
00:51:05.600 --> 00:51:07.480
that are found around the harbors

1029
00:51:07.480 --> 00:51:09.383
and seawalls of Midway Atoll.

1030
00:51:10.400 --> 00:51:13.690
This is far better than the 400-plus species

1031
00:51:13.690 --> 00:51:15.740
that are known from the main Hawaiian islands.

1032
00:51:15.740 --> 00:51:19.570
And so myself and resource managers

1033
00:51:19.570 --> 00:51:20.700
hope that it stays that way.

1034
00:51:20.700 --> 00:51:22.260
We don't want any more in,

1035
00:51:22.260 --> 00:51:25.543
'cause once alien species become established in harbors,

1036
00:51:28.400 --> 00:51:31.260
they may be able to use these non-natural substrates

1037
00:51:31.260 --> 00:51:34.380
as stepping stones to move into the surrounding habitats.

1038
00:51:34.380 --> 00:51:37.120
So at this time hull inspections,

1039
00:51:37.120 --> 00:51:38.420
vessel risk assessments

1040
00:51:38.420 --> 00:51:41.050
and implementations of BMPs

1041
00:51:41.050 --> 00:51:44.540
are our best strategy for preventing new introductions

1042
00:51:44.540 --> 00:51:47.640
and limiting the spread of known introduced species

1043
00:51:47.640 --> 00:51:50.633
into Papahānaumokuākea Marina National Monument.

1044
00:51:52.670 --> 00:51:54.910
And with that, I think

1045
00:51:54.910 --> 00:51:56.750
I've got a few minutes left here.

1046
00:51:56.750 --> 00:52:00.060
I'll take any questions that the audience might have.

1047
00:52:00.060 --> 00:52:03.173
I appreciate everybody's time for chiming in today.

1048
00:52:04.690 --> 00:52:06.703
And yeah, we'll go from there.

1049
00:52:07.950 --> 00:52:09.580
<v ->All right, we've got a couple of questions</v>

1050
00:52:09.580 --> 00:52:10.550
waiting for you, Brian.

1051
00:52:10.550 --> 00:52:12.330
The first one I'm gonna share is

1052
00:52:12.330 --> 00:52:14.360
are there any organisms at Pearl and Hermes

1053
00:52:14.360 --> 00:52:16.453
that consume Chondria tumulosa?

1054
00:52:20.110 --> 00:52:23.710
<v ->So on the limited surveys they did,</v>

1055
00:52:23.710 --> 00:52:25.330
I was doing the deep water surveys,

1056
00:52:25.330 --> 00:52:27.320
so I wasn't present on the shallow water,

1057
00:52:27.320 --> 00:52:31.610
but these areas were absent of like all

1058
00:52:31.610 --> 00:52:34.210
major schools of herbivorous fish.

1059
00:52:34.210 --> 00:52:36.030
Typically, areas like Pearl and Hermes

1060
00:52:36.030 --> 00:52:39.040
and throughout the monument have huge schools

1061
00:52:39.040 --> 00:52:42.220
of thousands of fish swimming around.

1062
00:52:42.220 --> 00:52:45.167
And a lot of areas where this algae

1063
00:52:45.167 --> 00:52:46.610
was overgrowing like that,

1064
00:52:46.610 --> 00:52:49.030
the fish seem to be absent.

1065
00:52:49.030 --> 00:52:51.520
There were a couple species that seemed

1066
00:52:51.520 --> 00:52:53.450
like they were kind of hanging around,

1067
00:52:53.450 --> 00:52:57.450
but they were picking at other native algal species

1068
00:52:57.450 --> 00:52:59.890
that were sticking up through the Chondria.

1069
00:52:59.890 --> 00:53:01.680
The only thing that was observed

1070
00:53:01.680 --> 00:53:05.600
to kind of look like it was eating the Chondria

1071
00:53:05.600 --> 00:53:06.870
was a sea hare.

1072
00:53:06.870 --> 00:53:09.230
So it's a type of mollusc,

1073
00:53:09.230 --> 00:53:10.990
a big nudibranch that was in there.

1074
00:53:10.990 --> 00:53:12.150
But other than that, no,

1075
00:53:12.150 --> 00:53:17.150
nothing else was seen or known to be eating this stuff.

1076
00:53:18.600 --> 00:53:19.433
<v ->Great.</v>

1077
00:53:19.433 --> 00:53:20.640
There was another question that came in

1078
00:53:20.640 --> 00:53:22.250
that you mostly answered,

1079
00:53:22.250 --> 00:53:24.440
but is the loss of coral from Chondria

1080
00:53:24.440 --> 00:53:26.380
altering the fish presence?

1081
00:53:26.380 --> 00:53:27.810
So I just wanted to throw that out there

1082
00:53:27.810 --> 00:53:29.310
if you wanted to add anything.

1083
00:53:30.160 --> 00:53:32.453
<v ->I'm sure longterm, it will.</v>

1084
00:53:33.700 --> 00:53:37.470
At this point, I think the fish are just going where,

1085
00:53:37.470 --> 00:53:38.570
the herbivorous fish are going

1086
00:53:38.570 --> 00:53:40.670
where the things they like to eat are,

1087
00:53:40.670 --> 00:53:42.810
but yeah, this is gonna have detrimental effects

1088
00:53:42.810 --> 00:53:43.810
to the ecosystem.

1089
00:53:43.810 --> 00:53:47.270
This coral is getting smothered and dying,

1090
00:53:47.270 --> 00:53:50.430
so that's gonna dramatically change what lives there

1091
00:53:50.430 --> 00:53:53.593
and what species are gonna kind of hang out over time.

1092
00:53:55.250 --> 00:53:56.336
<v ->All right.</v>

1093
00:53:56.336 --> 00:53:59.440
Well, let's take a step back and talk about you.

1094
00:53:59.440 --> 00:54:00.853
What led you to this career?

1095
00:54:02.640 --> 00:54:05.330
<v ->Ah, what led me to this career?</v>

1096
00:54:05.330 --> 00:54:09.280
My mom got me a fish tank when I was about 10 years old

1097
00:54:09.280 --> 00:54:11.280
and I started mowing yards

1098
00:54:11.280 --> 00:54:13.030
and getting bigger and bigger fish tanks

1099
00:54:13.030 --> 00:54:15.110
till I had like 200 gallon tanks

1100
00:54:15.110 --> 00:54:18.220
with three-foot eels and things in it.

1101
00:54:18.220 --> 00:54:19.970
And I was living in Tennessee,

1102
00:54:19.970 --> 00:54:21.720
which was kind of landlocked,

1103
00:54:21.720 --> 00:54:23.220
but I got into scuba diving.

1104
00:54:23.220 --> 00:54:25.973
I got scuba diving lessons when I was 16.

1105
00:54:27.200 --> 00:54:28.270
That kinda opened the door.

1106
00:54:28.270 --> 00:54:29.730
From there, after high school,

1107
00:54:29.730 --> 00:54:32.350
I went down to the Bahamas to work as a dive master,

1108
00:54:32.350 --> 00:54:34.260
and then moved to the Caribbean after college

1109
00:54:34.260 --> 00:54:36.040
and things like that.

1110
00:54:36.040 --> 00:54:38.010
Eventually, you get tired and old

1111
00:54:38.010 --> 00:54:40.250
and can't lift a lot of scuba tanks anymore.

1112
00:54:40.250 --> 00:54:43.080
So I went back to school at the University of Hawaiʻi

1113
00:54:43.080 --> 00:54:46.530
and turned my kind of professional diving career

1114
00:54:46.530 --> 00:54:49.050
into one that was more science-based

1115
00:54:49.050 --> 00:54:51.560
and was able to use that background

1116
00:54:51.560 --> 00:54:53.540
as a dive instructor and dive master,

1117
00:54:53.540 --> 00:54:56.137
combined with the science to get the job

1118
00:54:56.137 --> 00:54:57.793
that I currently have today.

1119
00:55:00.030 --> 00:55:01.290
<v ->All right.</v>

1120
00:55:01.290 --> 00:55:03.930
Andy, do I have time for one or two more?

1121
00:55:03.930 --> 00:55:04.970
One more?
<v ->Yeah.</v>

1122
00:55:04.970 --> 00:55:07.370
Let's do just one more.

1123
00:55:07.370 --> 00:55:09.930
<v ->Okay, a whole slew just came in.</v>

1124
00:55:09.930 --> 00:55:12.420
So folks, for the ones we're not gonna have time to get to,

1125
00:55:12.420 --> 00:55:14.120
we're gonna share them with Brian,

1126
00:55:14.120 --> 00:55:16.860
and we'll email you his responses out.

1127
00:55:16.860 --> 00:55:17.693
The last one.

1128
00:55:17.693 --> 00:55:20.040
You're using a rebreather in this photo.

1129
00:55:20.040 --> 00:55:22.470
I assume you were doing diver visual surveys

1130
00:55:22.470 --> 00:55:25.100
for your deep surveys you mentioned earlier,

1131
00:55:25.100 --> 00:55:27.023
or did you use an ROV also?

1132
00:55:28.290 --> 00:55:32.410
<v ->No, we're using closed circuit mixed gas rebreathers</v>

1133
00:55:32.410 --> 00:55:33.630
just like put this picture is.

1134
00:55:33.630 --> 00:55:34.463
This is old.

1135
00:55:34.463 --> 00:55:36.590
This wasn't part of the Chondria surveys,

1136
00:55:36.590 --> 00:55:40.070
but I was often a fixed survey diver

1137
00:55:40.070 --> 00:55:41.800
and I was collecting algal species,

1138
00:55:41.800 --> 00:55:44.950
'cause many of these mesaphotic or deep water species

1139
00:55:44.950 --> 00:55:46.800
are turning out to be new to science.

1140
00:55:48.070 --> 00:55:49.920
We did not use an ROV on this.

1141
00:55:49.920 --> 00:55:52.960
It's much easier to have a diver down there

1142
00:55:52.960 --> 00:55:54.830
to really pick these things up

1143
00:55:54.830 --> 00:55:58.783
and be able to look, inspect, collect, and things like that.

1144
00:55:59.910 --> 00:56:02.960
I don't want the ROV taking my job just quite.

1145
00:56:02.960 --> 00:56:05.730
We're still able to outperform them as divers.

1146
00:56:05.730 --> 00:56:07.880
So yeah, we were using rebreathers on that.

1147
00:56:10.530 --> 00:56:11.390
<v ->Excellent. Thanks.</v>

1148
00:56:11.390 --> 00:56:13.670
I'm gonna sign off and let Andy take over.

1149
00:56:13.670 --> 00:56:14.540
Thank you so much.

1150
00:56:14.540 --> 00:56:17.330
<v ->Thank you.</v>
<v ->Okay, mahalo, Brian.</v>

1151
00:56:17.330 --> 00:56:19.180
Fantastic talk.

1152
00:56:19.180 --> 00:56:22.630
Thank you, thank you so much for your time today

1153
00:56:22.630 --> 00:56:26.493
and for the work that you do to protect Papahānaumokuākea.

1154
00:56:29.060 --> 00:56:32.450
So I have a few closing slides for us today.

1155
00:56:32.450 --> 00:56:37.260
So remember, if you wanna to watch this presentation again,

1156
00:56:37.260 --> 00:56:39.220
we will have it up on our archive

1157
00:56:39.220 --> 00:56:41.940
within about one to two weeks.

1158
00:56:41.940 --> 00:56:43.660
So that link is there.

1159
00:56:43.660 --> 00:56:47.770
But if you just search for ONMS webinars,

1160
00:56:47.770 --> 00:56:51.010
you'd be able to see that and find that this

1161
00:56:51.010 --> 00:56:53.268
and all the other great presentations

1162
00:56:53.268 --> 00:56:55.920
we host on that site.

1163
00:56:55.920 --> 00:56:57.830
And for everybody in attendance,

1164
00:56:57.830 --> 00:57:01.090
you will get a certificate for attending this workshop.

1165
00:57:01.090 --> 00:57:02.990
And it's good for one hour

1166
00:57:02.990 --> 00:57:05.580
of contact professional development.

1167
00:57:05.580 --> 00:57:07.180
You'll get that in your email

1168
00:57:07.180 --> 00:57:09.023
probably by tomorrow or today.

1169
00:57:10.190 --> 00:57:14.220
And also we have a great upcoming webinar next month.

1170
00:57:14.220 --> 00:57:15.760
That's again the third Thursday,

1171
00:57:15.760 --> 00:57:18.200
April 15th, tax day,

1172
00:57:18.200 --> 00:57:20.790
but I heard today that got moved to May,

1173
00:57:20.790 --> 00:57:21.623
(chuckles)

1174
00:57:21.623 --> 00:57:23.120
fortunately for many of us,

1175
00:57:23.120 --> 00:57:26.280
but April 15th at 12:00 pm Hawaiʻi time

1176
00:57:26.280 --> 00:57:27.830
we're going to have a presentation

1177
00:57:27.830 --> 00:57:30.626
on the Hawaiian monk seals and updates

1178
00:57:30.626 --> 00:57:35.210
on their recovery efforts from Thea Johanos-Kam

1179
00:57:35.210 --> 00:57:39.990
who's our NOAA Lead Hawaiian monk seal population assessment

1180
00:57:39.990 --> 00:57:43.470
for the NOAA Pacific Islands Fishery Science Center.

1181
00:57:43.470 --> 00:57:46.070
And you should see a link for that very soon

1182
00:57:46.070 --> 00:57:47.890
to be able to register for that talk.

1183
00:57:47.890 --> 00:57:50.650
We hope to see you next month.

1184
00:57:50.650 --> 00:57:53.760
And don't forget to fill out the survey

1185
00:57:53.760 --> 00:57:54.610
that we have at the end.

1186
00:57:54.610 --> 00:57:56.550
We really need this information

1187
00:57:56.550 --> 00:57:58.970
to know what you want to hear from us,

1188
00:57:58.970 --> 00:58:01.200
what kind of webinars you'd like to see,

1189
00:58:01.200 --> 00:58:04.160
and also how you're going to be using this information.

1190
00:58:04.160 --> 00:58:07.150
It helps us to justify these programs

1191
00:58:07.150 --> 00:58:09.750
and to continue to have more.

1192
00:58:09.750 --> 00:58:13.460
So again, thank you so much for attending today,

1193
00:58:13.460 --> 00:58:16.310
and hope you have a wonderful rest of your day.

1194
00:58:16.310 --> 00:58:18.000
Mahalo, Brian and Justin.

1195
00:58:18.000 --> 00:58:18.833
Aloha.