WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.001 --> 00:00:02.001 00:00:11.873 --> 00:00:16.000 [Shannon Ricles] Hi everyone! Welcome to  "Hidden Beneath the Waves - Exploring North   00:00:16.000 --> 00:00:19.760 Carolina's Underwater Cultural Heritage."  We're very glad to have you today.   00:00:20.400 --> 00:00:24.560 I am Shannon Ricles, and I will be your  host today. I'm the Education and Outreach   00:00:24.560 --> 00:00:31.520 Coordinator for Monitor National Marine Sanctuary.  And we are also joined today with our newest team   00:00:31.520 --> 00:00:36.160 member for Monitor, and his name is Mark  Losavio, and he is the Media and Outreach   00:00:36.160 --> 00:00:43.840 Coordinator for Monitor. And we welcome you  today and hope that you will enjoy our webinar. 00:00:47.200 --> 00:00:52.560 So this webinar is brought to you by NOAA's  Monitor National Marine Sanctuary in collaboration   00:00:52.560 --> 00:01:00.080 with the North Carolina Office of State  Archaeology. I'm having a little trouble with   00:01:00.080 --> 00:01:06.640 my slides being a little slow so my apologies.  Monitor is just one of 14 national marine   00:01:06.640 --> 00:01:11.440 sanctuaries and two national marine monuments  in the national marine sanctuary system. The   00:01:11.440 --> 00:01:16.400 system encompasses more than six hundred thousand  square miles of marine and great lakes water from   00:01:16.400 --> 00:01:22.480 Washington State to the Florida Keys and from Lake  Huron to American Samoa. During the presentation   00:01:22.480 --> 00:01:27.360 all attendees will be in listen only mode. You are  welcome to type questions for the presenters into   00:01:27.360 --> 00:01:31.440 the question box at the bottom of the control  panel on the right-hand side of your screen.   00:01:32.000 --> 00:01:36.000 Now this is the same area you can let us  know about any technical issues you may be   00:01:36.000 --> 00:01:40.560 having that we can help you with. And we'll be  monitoring incoming questions and any technical   00:01:40.560 --> 00:01:45.440 issues and will respond just as soon as we can.  We are recording this session, and we will share   00:01:45.440 --> 00:01:50.720 the recording with registered participants  via the webinar archive page, and a URL will   00:01:50.720 --> 00:01:55.040 be provided at the end of this presentation  for where you can access that recording. 00:01:57.600 --> 00:02:01.920 Today we welcome our presenters. From the North  Carolina Office of State Archaeology, we have   00:02:01.920 --> 00:02:08.160 Chris Southerly, the Deputy State Archaeologist  for Underwater. And joining us from Monitor   00:02:08.160 --> 00:02:13.120 National Marine Sanctuary is Tane Casserley,  the Resource Protection and Permit Coordinator.   00:02:14.240 --> 00:02:18.960 Now this is the first presentation in  a new series titled "Submerged NC."   00:02:18.960 --> 00:02:23.280 The series is a collaboration between NOAA Monitor  National Marine Sanctuary and the North Carolina   00:02:23.280 --> 00:02:28.960 Office of State Archaeology. Partnering since  1975, NOAA and the state of North Carolina work   00:02:28.960 --> 00:02:33.520 to research honor and protect the hallmarks of  North Carolina's underwater cultural heritage,   00:02:34.080 --> 00:02:39.520 which are shipwrecks. From violent storms and  dangerous shoals to world wars, the waters off   00:02:39.520 --> 00:02:46.000 North Carolina have claimed thousands of ships  and lives over hundreds of years. These shipwrecks   00:02:46.000 --> 00:02:51.360 hold information about the ever-changing  technologies and cultural and physical landscapes.   00:02:51.360 --> 00:02:56.880 They serve as a uniquely accessible underwater  museum and a memorial to generations of mariners   00:02:56.880 --> 00:03:02.160 who lived, died, worked, and fought off our  shores. So sit back and learn how the discovery of   00:03:02.160 --> 00:03:09.040 the USS Monitor in 1973 and its designation as our  nation's first national marine sanctuary brought   00:03:09.040 --> 00:03:14.080 NOAA and the North Carolina Office of State  Archaeology together. Hear how these agencies have   00:03:14.080 --> 00:03:19.040 worked together for over 45 years to celebrate  North Carolina's underwater cultural heritage   00:03:19.040 --> 00:03:23.520 and as they tell the stories of the Monitor  and many other shipwrecks that lie near it. 00:03:26.320 --> 00:03:28.480 Okay Chris, you are on. 00:03:33.100 --> 00:03:34.200 [Chris Southerly]   00:03:43.680 --> 00:03:47.600 All right. Thanks Shannon. I think  everybody should be seeing my screen now. 00:03:50.640 --> 00:03:54.480 Good afternoon, evening, morning to  everyone, wherever you're watching from.   00:03:55.360 --> 00:04:00.080 To start off our Submerged North Carolina  series, I'm going to provide a kind of a   00:04:00.080 --> 00:04:05.440 whirlwind history and overview of almost 60 years  of underwater archaeology in North Carolina.   00:04:06.000 --> 00:04:10.480 I'm going to focus on the state's inland  waters' cultural resources and management   00:04:10.480 --> 00:04:16.720 and let Tane talk about the Monitor and  some of our offshore resources and research. 00:04:24.880 --> 00:04:27.840 Slides are a bit slow this morning. 00:04:35.280 --> 00:04:41.840 All right there we go, and it's catching up. 00:04:52.640 --> 00:05:00.960 Okay. North Carolina has a vast network of more  than 37 000 miles of navigable lakes, rivers,   00:05:00.960 --> 00:05:07.680 sounds, and inlets with access to the Atlantic  Ocean that form the second largest estuary system   00:05:07.680 --> 00:05:13.120 in the United States. Almost 10 percent of the  state is covered in water. North Carolina has   00:05:13.120 --> 00:05:18.560 more water than the entire state of Connecticut  has dry land. These waters have served the   00:05:18.560 --> 00:05:23.760 peoples of North Carolina for thousands of years.  Initial settlements happened along the shorelines   00:05:23.760 --> 00:05:29.520 with public and private landings all along the  rivers' creeks and sounds. In modern terms,   00:05:29.520 --> 00:05:35.520 you can think of the rivers like an interstate  or major highway, with landings being exit ramps   00:05:35.520 --> 00:05:41.920 giving access to a town or leading to a road to go  further into the countryside. From the beginning,   00:05:41.920 --> 00:05:47.600 even into the early 20th century, water was the  preferred means of travel and transportation. 00:05:50.160 --> 00:05:55.920 In colonial times, a trip from New Bern to Edenton  by land, roughly 90 miles, could take four to five   00:05:55.920 --> 00:06:02.480 days using questionable roads, and still having  to make three river crossings. By comparison New Bern 00:06:02.480 --> 00:06:08.800 to Edenton by water, about 180 miles, twice  the distance, could take only two to three days,   00:06:08.800 --> 00:06:15.280 barring bad weather in the sounds. This extensive  utilization of water has resulted in an abundance   00:06:15.280 --> 00:06:20.960 of submerged resources in North Carolina waters,  representing a diverse underwater heritage. 00:06:23.920 --> 00:06:28.880 Now the Underwater Archaeology Branch (UAB) is part  of the Office of State Archaeology within the   00:06:28.880 --> 00:06:34.880 Department of Natural and Cultural Resources.  OSA was officially created by the North Carolina   00:06:34.880 --> 00:06:42.240 General Assembly in 1973. However, the underwater  branch had its beginning a decade before that. 00:06:45.040 --> 00:06:50.560 Underwater archaeology in North Carolina began  with one staff member in a small preservation lab   00:06:51.280 --> 00:06:55.600 and has since grown to eight permanent  staff, with numerous temporary staff,   00:06:55.600 --> 00:06:58.080 interns and volunteers at two separate 00:06:58.080 --> 00:07:08.960 locations. So what's the story behind this? In  March 1962, Navy divers, on a holiday trip from   00:07:08.960 --> 00:07:13.360 Maryland, chartered a local boat to dive on a  Civil War wreck, local lore identified it as   00:07:13.360 --> 00:07:18.640 the blockade runner Modern Greece. The divers  found the wreck exposed by storm and recovered   00:07:18.640 --> 00:07:24.720 a variety of Civil War vintage artifacts. Based on  this information, the North Carolina Department of   00:07:24.720 --> 00:07:29.280 Archives in History at the time and the governor's  office requested assistance from the Navy and   00:07:29.280 --> 00:07:35.920 Coast Guard in the recovery of artifacts. In the  summers of 1962 and 63, Navy divers recovered   00:07:35.920 --> 00:07:41.840 over 10 000 artifacts from the shipwreck. This  recovery was more salvage than archaeology,   00:07:41.840 --> 00:07:46.960 with no detailed mapping and no real  provenience for the artifacts. What   00:07:46.960 --> 00:07:51.280 would be inconceivable today, seemed perfectly  reasonable then from an underwater environment.   00:07:52.160 --> 00:07:59.120 After all George Bass, nominally the the 'father  of underwater archaeology' in a lot of ways,   00:07:59.120 --> 00:08:04.720 was still a PhD student at the University of  Pennsylvania, having recently only done the   00:08:04.720 --> 00:08:11.840 first true archaeology underwater in 1960, on the  Cape Caledonia shipwreck in the Mediterranean.   00:08:13.680 --> 00:08:20.240 So in 1963, the Fort Fisher Preservation Lab was  established to manage the artifacts recovered   00:08:20.240 --> 00:08:25.840 from Modern Greece, and Leslie Bright became  the sole permanent staff member until 1972. 00:08:28.720 --> 00:08:34.320 Now the publicity surrounding the Modern Greece  recovery prompted people's interest in salvaging   00:08:34.320 --> 00:08:41.600 historic shipwrecks. In 1965, a group named Flying  W Enterprises began diving operations on Modern   00:08:41.600 --> 00:08:47.680 Greece and other known Civil War shipwrecks with  the intention to recover artifacts for profit.   00:08:49.280 --> 00:08:53.520 The Department of Archives in History filed  a complaint against Flying W, which led to   00:08:53.520 --> 00:08:58.160 criminal charges, restraining order, and court  proceedings that lasted over a year and a half   00:08:58.720 --> 00:09:03.600 before ultimately the North Carolina Supreme  Court ruled in favor of the department. 00:09:06.160 --> 00:09:09.840 In 1967, as a direct result  of the court proceedings,   00:09:09.840 --> 00:09:15.360 North Carolina legislators introduced and passed  the bill, clearly establishing state jurisdiction   00:09:15.360 --> 00:09:21.840 and ownership of artifacts abandoned and  unclaimed for more than 10 years in public waters. 00:09:27.680 --> 00:09:33.120 With the law to protect the submerged resources.  but no means to conduct its own research,   00:09:33.120 --> 00:09:38.720 the state began issuing special annual permits and  short-term sports and hobby permits to individuals   00:09:38.720 --> 00:09:43.760 and groups often allowing them to keep a  percentage of the recovered artifacts for   00:09:43.760 --> 00:09:50.000 their work. Again, this would not be acceptable  nor done by today's standards, but the work of   00:09:50.000 --> 00:09:57.280 Underwater Archaeological Associates Incorporated  on the blockade runner Ella, between 1970 and '73,   00:09:57.280 --> 00:10:03.840 did produce the first true site map of  an underwater North Carolina shipwreck.   00:10:04.720 --> 00:10:10.320 By 1971, the state finally allocated  funds to support the 1967 legislation.   00:10:10.320 --> 00:10:15.600 And Gordon Watts was hired as the first underwater  archaeologist for North Carolina, working for   00:10:15.600 --> 00:10:21.360 the Fort Fisher Preservation Lab with Leslie  Bright. Still lacking funding and equipment for   00:10:21.360 --> 00:10:26.560 department projects, Watts pursued affiliations  with various North Carolina universities. 00:10:29.040 --> 00:10:33.360 While working in collaboration with  Duke University, as part of a 1973   00:10:33.360 --> 00:10:36.400 geological survey project in  the Cape Hatteras vicinity,   00:10:36.960 --> 00:10:41.440 22 shipwrecks were located. One of which was  tentatively identified as the USS Monitor.   00:10:42.320 --> 00:10:46.960 This discovery and subsequent work brought  North Carolina's underwater archaeology program   00:10:46.960 --> 00:10:52.320 international attention. Despite being outside  the state's three nautical mile jurisdiction,   00:10:52.320 --> 00:10:58.160 North Carolina took the lead in managing the  shipwreck for a decade between 1974 and '84.   00:10:59.120 --> 00:11:04.800 I'm not going to say anything else about the  Monitor. We'll leave that for Tane to delve into   00:11:04.800 --> 00:11:16.800 in the next section of the webinar, so stand by  for the Monitor. Now in addition to the deep water   00:11:16.800 --> 00:11:22.480 work with Duke University and NOAA, UAB engaged  with other universities for student education   00:11:22.480 --> 00:11:30.400 and underwater archaeology. Between 1974 and  '77, UAB worked with students and staff at UNCW,   00:11:31.040 --> 00:11:35.120 visiting Civil War shipwrecks in  eastern and southeastern North Carolina. 00:11:38.240 --> 00:11:44.640 This collaboration culminated in 1977, with  the recovery of four Civil War cannons,   00:11:45.280 --> 00:11:48.880 with their gun carriages from the  Roanoke River adjacent to the Fort   00:11:48.880 --> 00:11:51.360 Branch Earthworks near Hamilton, North Carolina. 00:11:54.560 --> 00:12:00.080 Between '79 and '82, UAB worked with students  and staff at East Carolina University   00:12:00.080 --> 00:12:06.480 exploring North Carolina's colonial ports  of Bath, Edenton, New Bern, and Beaufort,   00:12:07.280 --> 00:12:09.840 through remote sensing and diver investigations. 00:12:12.320 --> 00:12:16.640 In part, because of the successful  collaboration on these field projects,   00:12:16.640 --> 00:12:21.840 especially Edenton Harbor and the documentation  of the Johns Island shipwreck in 1980,   00:12:23.200 --> 00:12:29.040 Gordon Watts resigned as the State Underwater  Archaeologist in 1981, going to East Carolina   00:12:29.040 --> 00:12:37.840 University to help Dr. Bill Still found what  would become the maritime studies program.   00:12:38.880 --> 00:12:43.840 Since that time, UAB has continued to work with  graduate students from the ECU Maritime Studies   00:12:43.840 --> 00:12:50.080 Program, supporting their research as much as  possible. If you've looked at the speaker bios   00:12:50.080 --> 00:12:54.720 for today, you may have noticed that Tane and I  are both graduates of the ECU Maritime Program. 00:12:59.680 --> 00:13:03.680 About the same time that Gordon Watts  was leaving, UAB transitioned from   00:13:03.680 --> 00:13:08.720 conducting individual projects to more resource  management responsibilities for the department,   00:13:09.680 --> 00:13:14.240 primarily because of new federal environmental  protection and historical preservation laws. 00:13:18.160 --> 00:13:22.080 For UAB environmental review and compliance  had been working closely with many different   00:13:22.080 --> 00:13:27.040 federal and state agencies. In 1982, the need  for maintenance, stretching of the channel,   00:13:27.040 --> 00:13:30.960 and Lockwood's Valley inlet, required close  coordination between UAB and the U.S. Army   00:13:30.960 --> 00:13:35.600 Corps of Engineers for the investigation of  several known shipwrecks prior to dredging.   00:13:36.640 --> 00:13:41.920 On the left here, you can see the approximate  locations of the Bendigo, USS Iron Age,   00:13:41.920 --> 00:13:47.360 and Elizabeth within the inlet. And to the right,  you can see a hopper dredge from the Corps of   00:13:47.360 --> 00:13:51.840 Engineers in the inlet working near the wreck of  the Bendigo, which is sticking up out of the sand. 00:13:56.720 --> 00:14:02.880 Full investigations were conducted by a  professional archaeological consulting firm   00:14:03.440 --> 00:14:07.360 and consisted of remote sensing diver  reconnaissance and minimal disturbance   00:14:07.360 --> 00:14:12.720 archaeology. Here you can see in one  of the divers' sketch of the stern and   00:14:12.720 --> 00:14:16.880 some machinery from the Iron Age that's  exposed above the bottom in the inlet. 00:14:19.440 --> 00:14:26.080 Now some of the limited recovery in these photos,  you can see a lantern recovered from the Iron Age   00:14:26.080 --> 00:14:31.200 on the left, as it looked when it first came  up, and then on the right, after conservation.   00:14:32.480 --> 00:14:36.080 UAB continues to work closely with  the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers   00:14:36.080 --> 00:14:39.280 and the North Carolina Department  of Environmental Quality   00:14:39.280 --> 00:14:45.040 in their coastal management division and  many other regulatory partners to this day. 00:14:47.840 --> 00:14:53.360 Now based on the investigations in Lockwoods  Folly Inlet for the Civil War period wrecks   00:14:53.360 --> 00:15:01.520 there, and expanding on the '70s, 1970s work done  with UNCW, UAB began conducting additional survey   00:15:01.520 --> 00:15:07.040 and research on the Civil War shipwrecks off  Fort Fisher. This resulted in the creation of the   00:15:07.040 --> 00:15:13.440 Civil War, Cape Fear Civil War Shipwreck District,  consisting of 21 historically significant vessels.   00:15:14.720 --> 00:15:19.200 This was the first maritime  historic district to be listed   00:15:19.200 --> 00:15:25.840 on the National Register and  that was in December of 1985. 00:15:29.920 --> 00:15:35.040 Also, during the early '80s, UAB conducted  the Wilmington Waterfront Survey. 00:15:38.560 --> 00:15:44.720 This survey documented 46 abandoned vessels,  including the river steamers Waccamaw and   00:15:44.720 --> 00:15:50.240 H.D. Wright, across the river from downtown  Wilmington, along what is known as Eagles 00:15:50.240 --> 00:15:58.400 Island. Thirty-seven of the 46  wrecks identified were added as   00:15:58.400 --> 00:16:02.240 contributing elements to the Wilmington  National Register Historic District.   00:16:03.840 --> 00:16:10.240 Much as the Civil War Shipwreck District was  created. So far we've been looking mostly at   00:16:10.240 --> 00:16:16.720 south, along the southeastern coast of North  Carolina. And kind of the home base for UAB and   00:16:17.520 --> 00:16:24.160 within easy working range. So let's expand out a  bit to look at the entire coast of North Carolina.   00:16:25.440 --> 00:16:31.360 There are three major capes along our coast, each  with shallow shoals that extend miles into the   00:16:31.360 --> 00:16:37.200 ocean. Combined with the cooler Labrador Current  from the north meeting the warmer Gulf Stream   00:16:37.200 --> 00:16:42.800 from the south near Cape Hatteras, our coast has  very dynamic and unpredictable weather conditions.   00:16:44.800 --> 00:16:50.480 This has caused North Carolina to  become known as the Graveyard of the Atlantic.   00:16:52.160 --> 00:16:58.320 By the early 1980s, UAB had developed a beached  shipwreck tagging program to inventory and   00:16:58.320 --> 00:17:03.040 track ship timbers, hull fragments,  and in some cases, even entire ships   00:17:03.040 --> 00:17:07.360 that could be found washing up on  our beaches, being buried or exposed,   00:17:07.360 --> 00:17:11.360 and migrating up and down the  shoreline, once they had come aground. 00:17:14.720 --> 00:17:19.600 So how many shipwrecks are out there? On the  left, you can see how many shipwrecks were lost   00:17:19.600 --> 00:17:25.520 by region based on historical documentation.  On the right, you can see the number of   00:17:25.520 --> 00:17:32.720 beach wreck remains that have been identified  over the years. Currently, there are just   00:17:32.720 --> 00:17:39.360 over 90 identified sites in the program that are  still actively being tracked along our beaches,   00:17:39.360 --> 00:17:45.840 that show up and disappear depending  on the season and the storm activity.   00:17:46.960 --> 00:17:51.120 I don't want you to think that it's just historic  shipwrecks that underwater archaeology deals with.   00:17:52.080 --> 00:17:58.160 In 1985 and '86, it appeared in extreme low water  during a drought, 19 prehistoric dugout   00:17:58.160 --> 00:18:03.360 canoes were identified and documented at Lake  Phelps in eastern North Carolina. Radiocarbon   00:18:03.360 --> 00:18:08.880 dating of the canoes indicates Native American  activity from the late Archaic Period, around   00:18:08.880 --> 00:18:15.920 2400 BC, through the late Woodland Period, which  ends with European contact. Terrestrial sites and   00:18:15.920 --> 00:18:23.760 artifacts were also found in association along the  shores of the lake with these dugout canoes. 00:18:27.680 --> 00:18:33.520 Moving forward in time, in the early 1990s, UAB  collaborated again with the U.S. Army Corps   00:18:33.520 --> 00:18:39.040 of Engineers to complete a comprehensive  assessment of submerged cultural resources   00:18:39.040 --> 00:18:44.080 in the Cape Fear River, associated with the  planned widening and deepening of the shipping   00:18:44.080 --> 00:18:50.560 channel in the river. Twelve high priority  areas for maritime activity were established   00:18:50.560 --> 00:18:56.640 with a remote sensing survey and archaeological  diver investigations being conducted at each area. 00:19:00.560 --> 00:19:08.480 More than 150 dives were made on 102 identified  anomalies, resulting in 33 shipwrecks being   00:19:08.480 --> 00:19:13.840 identified. Several wrecks proved to be  historically significant, including the Civil   00:19:13.840 --> 00:19:21.040 War ironclads North Carolina and Raleigh, the  blockade runner Kate, and an early 20th century   00:19:21.040 --> 00:19:29.360 schooner barge the Belfast. Now given that we're  doing this via webinar, and everybody's remote and   00:19:29.360 --> 00:19:35.280 we're currently in a pandemic, I thought it'd be  interesting to make special mention of the Kate,   00:19:35.280 --> 00:19:39.120 which was formerly the the vessel Carolina,  before she became a blockade runner,   00:19:40.240 --> 00:19:51.840 as this vessel was responsible for bringing  yellow fever to Wilmington in 1862.   00:19:53.840 --> 00:19:58.800 All right. Things were going smoothly in the  '90s with UAB focusing on resource management   00:19:58.800 --> 00:20:05.280 collaboration with ECU Maritime Studies graduate  students on projects, conducting public education   00:20:05.280 --> 00:20:13.360 and outreach, when we end up getting waylaid  by pirates, on November 22 1996. The wreck of   00:20:13.360 --> 00:20:18.000 Queen Anne's Revenge, flagship of Blackbeard  the pirate, was discovered in Beaufort Inlet by   00:20:18.000 --> 00:20:23.680 Intersal Incorporated, a company conducting work  under search and survey permit from our office. 00:20:27.360 --> 00:20:31.920 Now, since its discovery in 1996,  extensive work has been done on the project   00:20:32.480 --> 00:20:37.600 beginning with initial exploration and  interdisciplinary site assessments.   00:20:37.600 --> 00:20:43.440 Other work includes intensive remote sensing,  stratified sampling, systematic archaeological   00:20:43.440 --> 00:20:49.280 excavation, documentation, and recovery, large  artifact recovery, and public education outreach.   00:20:50.560 --> 00:20:58.560 To date, 5,300 scientific working dives have been  made on this site. Now of particular significance   00:20:58.560 --> 00:21:04.960 for the project, and the state as a whole, is  kind of highlighted there in 2003. It is the   00:21:04.960 --> 00:21:10.320 establishment of a fully equipped conservation  lab to manage artifacts coming from the site.   00:21:11.360 --> 00:21:16.720 The QAR lab has become an internationally  recognized facility, staffed by a diverse team   00:21:17.440 --> 00:21:23.040 of professional conservators. And is where much  of our efforts with the project have been focused   00:21:23.040 --> 00:21:29.840 since 2015, to address the thousands of artifacts  hidden in the already recovered concretions. 00:21:34.320 --> 00:21:39.680 Now, as the focus of QAR began to shift from  field work more to conservation in the lab,   00:21:39.680 --> 00:21:46.000 UAB turned its resources to more familiar  waters with various other projects.   00:21:46.800 --> 00:21:52.560 This began in 2012, with the recognition of  the 150th anniversary of the sinking of the   00:21:52.560 --> 00:21:57.840 Modern Greece and the 50th anniversary of  underwater archaeology in North Carolina. 00:22:00.480 --> 00:22:06.320 Now, one of the first new projects that UAB  delved into was the National Park Service   00:22:06.320 --> 00:22:12.880 American Battlefield Protection Program Grant  that was designed to collect consistent up-to-date   00:22:12.880 --> 00:22:19.600 remote sensing data for the Civil War shipwrecks  in the Cape Fear region, to do a condition   00:22:19.600 --> 00:22:26.480 assessment, and to allow for better long-term  resource management. Work from this grant   00:22:26.480 --> 00:22:33.040 project positively identified the wreck of the  blockade runner Agnes Fry off of Oak Island Beach.   00:22:34.720 --> 00:22:40.160 Almost completely buried, and virtually  unseen, and unidentifiable by UAB divers,    00:22:40.160 --> 00:22:48.240 in 1984, it was found to be fully exposed  when surveying in 2016. Subsequent field work   00:22:48.240 --> 00:22:54.560 on this site through a North Carolina Sea Grant  allowed for closer inspection, and demonstrated   00:22:54.560 --> 00:23:01.840 the effectiveness of modern sector scanning sonar  technology for accurate site wrecks, for accurate   00:23:01.840 --> 00:23:10.880 site documentation in zero visibility. This is  right near an outflow from one of the plants   00:23:10.880 --> 00:23:17.440 along the Brunswick County coast. And visibility  rarely exceeds about six inches on this site. 00:23:21.600 --> 00:23:25.680 Working through another North Carolina  Sea Grant, UAB officially designated the   00:23:25.680 --> 00:23:31.680 blockade runner Condor as the state's second  heritage dive site in 2018. It had been over   00:23:31.680 --> 00:23:37.840 25 years since the USS Huron was designated  as the first historic shipwreck preserve  00:23:37.840 --> 00:23:43.040 and heritage dive site in the state. And UAB does  have plans for more designations in the future. 00:23:45.280 --> 00:23:50.560 In recent years, the increase in frequency and  intensity of hurricanes and tropical storms,   00:23:51.520 --> 00:23:57.440 and coastal flooding events as well, seem to  have caused previously unknown dugout canoes   00:23:57.440 --> 00:24:03.840 to become exposed or be dislodged from the  banks or bottoms where they were embedded.   00:24:04.400 --> 00:24:09.360 On the left, you see a small 12 and a half  foot canoe recovered in 2018 from South River,   00:24:10.240 --> 00:24:15.840 about 15 miles east of Fayetteville, North  Carolina. This canoe carbon dated to about   00:24:15.840 --> 00:24:22.960 650 years old, has completed conservation, and  has been on temporary display at both the Kahari   00:24:22.960 --> 00:24:28.800 Travel Center and the Dunn Area History Museum,  before coming back to UAB for further analysis.   00:24:29.840 --> 00:24:35.440 On the right, you see a much larger 23 and a half  foot canoe that washed into the shallows of Lake   00:24:35.440 --> 00:24:42.800 Waccamaw, North Carolina. Recovered in 2019,  this canoe carbon dated to about 950 years old,   00:24:42.800 --> 00:24:49.280 is currently undergoing conservation at UAB. Once  conservation is completed, there are plans for its   00:24:49.280 --> 00:24:54.800 display and interpretation at UNC Pembroke's  Museum of the Southeastern American Indian. 00:24:58.240 --> 00:25:02.000 UAB is also working to update  and modernize our beach   00:25:02.000 --> 00:25:08.160 wreck tagging program. New tags to take advantage  of mobile digital technology can facilitate public   00:25:08.160 --> 00:25:14.320 engagement, and also, encourage citizen scientists, helping to document and monitor beach wrecks   00:25:14.320 --> 00:25:19.280 and the disarticulated ship fragments that are  along our coast. We're currently collaborating   00:25:19.280 --> 00:25:25.360 with NC State University, Cape Lookout National  Seashores, neighboring state archaeology programs,   00:25:25.360 --> 00:25:28.960 and the Florida Public Archaeology  Network to move this project forward. 00:25:32.640 --> 00:25:39.920 Now North Carolina has over 5,200 historically  documented shipwreck losses in our waters.   00:25:39.920 --> 00:25:43.600 And over 1,000 underwater  archaeological sites currently recorded   00:25:44.560 --> 00:25:49.760 from the past roughly 58 years  of work. Now all the work that   00:25:49.760 --> 00:25:55.200 UAB and the Office of State Archaeology has  accomplished over these last six decades,   00:25:55.200 --> 00:26:00.480 and future work, benefits from close collaboration  and cooperation with with our partners. 00:26:03.360 --> 00:26:08.320 This includes federal, state, and local  governments, regulatory agencies, the Native   00:26:08.320 --> 00:26:14.000 American community, public and private entities,  universities, researchers, and individuals.   00:26:15.760 --> 00:26:20.720 We all have a shared underwater cultural  heritage in connection to the past  00:26:20.720 --> 00:26:28.160 that's worth studying and preserving. And on that  note, I'm going to turn things over to Tane   00:26:28.720 --> 00:26:33.280 with NOAA's Monitor National Marine  Sanctuary, one of UAB's oldest partners,   00:26:34.000 --> 00:26:37.680 to talk about the Monitor, some of  our deep water cultural heritage,   00:26:37.680 --> 00:26:51.840 and plans for continued collaboration between  our agencies. So Tane, I will kick it over to you.   00:26:53.600 --> 00:26:56.480 [Tane Casserley] Outstanding. Thank you  Chris. Is everybody, are you able to see my   00:26:57.600 --> 00:27:00.640 screen Chris? Everything looking good? [Chris Southerly] Yep, everything looks good on   00:27:00.640 --> 00:27:04.560 my end. [Tane Casserley] Cool. Well thank  you Chris so much for that overview. And   00:27:05.520 --> 00:27:09.440 as Chris said, you know, everything we do is  built on partnerships. We can't do it without   00:27:09.440 --> 00:27:14.640 partners. This is a team approach. So working  with museums like The Mariners' Museum and Park.   00:27:14.640 --> 00:27:21.200 that you'll hear about soon, at academia like  East Carolina University, federal institutions,   00:27:21.200 --> 00:27:25.120 offices like the National Park Service, and  first and foremost, our longest and strongest   00:27:25.120 --> 00:27:30.560 partnership is with the North Carolina Office  of State Archaeology. I'm Tane Casserley with   00:27:30.560 --> 00:27:35.760 the Monitor National Sanctuary. Shannon gave you a  great overview of the sanctuary system and just to   00:27:35.760 --> 00:27:40.720 orientate you to where the Monitor National Marine  Sanctuary lies, take a look at this map on the   00:27:40.720 --> 00:27:47.360 screen on the left-hand side, you can see we're  about six and a half miles southeast of the cape   00:27:47.360 --> 00:27:55.680 of Cape Hatteras, off the coast of North Carolina.  We are a 1-mile diameter sanctuary. The shipwreck   00:27:55.680 --> 00:28:01.840 lies in 230 feet of water offshore. It's a really  dynamic environment. So you can see it's actually   00:28:01.840 --> 00:28:06.960 the Labrador Current comes racing down from  the north, those green colder waters colliding   00:28:06.960 --> 00:28:13.040 with the Gulf Stream, those clear warmer waters  that comes up, and they actually mix right over   00:28:13.040 --> 00:28:18.880 the site of the shipwreck. So it makes it really  dynamic. It's a challenge to work on, but it also   00:28:18.880 --> 00:28:23.440 brings a diversity to marine life, bringing those  temperate, those tropical species together. So it's   00:28:23.440 --> 00:28:29.120 just an incredible site. There's so much, so many  stories to tell there. And just to give you some   00:28:29.120 --> 00:28:34.240 context here, when we talk about Monitor, we need  to go back to the 1860s, you know, because Monitor   00:28:34.880 --> 00:28:40.480 is one of the most influential naval ships in the  United States, if not the world. And I want to set   00:28:40.480 --> 00:28:45.360 the stage to talk about that history and why that  ship is so important and the partnerships we have   00:28:45.360 --> 00:28:51.840 through it. So it all began in April 1861, when  Virginia seceded from the Union. The U.S. naval   00:28:52.560 --> 00:28:57.840 forces abandoned the Gosport Navy Yard, which  is a very large U.S. Navy yard in Portsmouth,   00:28:58.480 --> 00:29:03.840 Virginia. So when the south was coming up  to take it over, of course the Union didn't   00:29:03.840 --> 00:29:09.040 want to give them any sort of advantage, so they  burned the warehouses. They burned the supplies   00:29:09.040 --> 00:29:13.200 that they couldn't take with them. They burned the  ammunition, and they burned and sunk the remaining   00:29:13.200 --> 00:29:18.160 ships they couldn't move out of the area. One  of those was the steam frigate USS Merrimack.   00:29:20.080 --> 00:29:26.800 Now here, we can see the Merrimack, the top  image of it as a steamer, wooden steamer. So   00:29:26.800 --> 00:29:32.080 that was burnt down to the water line and then  raised to what you can see here on the bottom,   00:29:32.080 --> 00:29:38.000 and rebuilt into the CSS Virginia. So a  radically different vessel. The South didn't   00:29:38.000 --> 00:29:43.440 have the infrastructure to build new wooden ships  to compete with the Union infrastructure and its   00:29:43.440 --> 00:29:48.720 manufacturing. So they had to think outside the  box. So they tried this new technology. These   00:29:48.720 --> 00:29:54.400 new concepts of iron clads where everything is  contained within this armored iron casemate,   00:29:54.400 --> 00:29:59.680 that goes all the way around the vessel protecting  it. You'll notice it has sloping sides like   00:30:00.480 --> 00:30:05.760 sonar deflecting vessels today, that didn't  deflect radar or sonar of course, because it   00:30:05.760 --> 00:30:12.720 wasn't invented, but it deflected cannonballs.  So very similar usage. The South made no secret   00:30:12.720 --> 00:30:18.160 that they were building the ship. They wanted  to intimidate the Union military. They wanted to   00:30:18.160 --> 00:30:21.920 intimidate the populace because they put it  out there, we're going to build this ship,   00:30:21.920 --> 00:30:26.800 this monster. It's going to go out and nothing can  stop it. It can sail off up the Potomac River and   00:30:27.440 --> 00:30:32.560 perhaps even shell the capital. So the Union  knew they had to do something to combat this.   00:30:33.120 --> 00:30:37.920 So Abraham Lincoln and Gideon Wells, the  Secretary of the Navy, put out a contract for   00:30:37.920 --> 00:30:42.160 designs to counter this Confederate threat. And  the man that won was a Swedish American inventor,   00:30:42.160 --> 00:30:47.360 John Ericsson. So this is a brilliant engineer.  He'd worked with the U.S. Navy before with varying   00:30:47.360 --> 00:30:53.040 levels of success. But you know, he's done  things, like he designed the modern propeller,   00:30:53.040 --> 00:30:56.880 and all sorts of things, so just a brilliant  man. So he comes up with this brand new concept. 00:30:59.040 --> 00:31:02.400 The Union iron clad USS Monitor,  the strange looking vessel.  00:31:03.200 --> 00:31:07.440 And you can see here, like nothing like this  has ever been seen before. So it's very low to   00:31:07.440 --> 00:31:12.160 the water line. Not a lot to hit with your  cannonballs. Indeed about nine to 11 inches   00:31:12.160 --> 00:31:16.880 is all the hull of the vessel that was above the  water. Everything else is below the water line. So   00:31:17.520 --> 00:31:21.440 psychologically too, for the the sailors, just  something new to wrap their head around. Because   00:31:21.440 --> 00:31:25.520 they're used to running around open decks or  going up in mass and putting down sails. And now   00:31:25.520 --> 00:31:30.000 they're essentially inside an iron coffin, where  they couldn't see the surface. So not only was it   00:31:30.000 --> 00:31:36.400 a radical naval engineering design, It's also sort  of a social psychological mindset too that you had   00:31:36.400 --> 00:31:42.160 to get used to. So just incredible. But what makes  this ship so special is that rotating gun turret.   00:31:42.160 --> 00:31:48.400 Because in the past, you had to turn the entire  vessel to come up and and fire at another ship.   00:31:49.120 --> 00:31:53.920 Now with the Monitor, the ship could stay  in its same orientation, and you could just   00:31:53.920 --> 00:31:59.120 move that turret. So indeed this is the great,  great grandfather of all modern naval guns,  00:31:59.120 --> 00:32:05.600 and the USS Monitor. So when we put these two  vessels side-by-side, in the background there   00:32:05.600 --> 00:32:11.440 looking like a crocodile is the CSS Virginia,  and closer to us there is the USS Monitor. Again,   00:32:12.000 --> 00:32:18.000 not a lot to hit on these vessels purposely made  to deflect or avoid cannon balls. But this is   00:32:18.000 --> 00:32:22.480 the first time these two types of vessels are  actually going to go head-to-head and battle,   00:32:23.440 --> 00:32:30.480 So that occurs on March 8th and 9th of 1862,  at the Battle of Hampton Roads. And on March 8th,   00:32:30.480 --> 00:32:35.120 which is the maiden voyage of the CSS Virginia,  this is the first time the ship ever went   00:32:35.120 --> 00:32:40.880 out into the waterways, it goes out and attacks  the entire Union fleet in Hampton Roads, Virginia.   00:32:41.520 --> 00:32:47.200 It sinks four vessels, captures a transport,  and damages four other warships, and kills over   00:32:47.200 --> 00:32:54.800 241 Union sailors and wounds another hundred.  And in comparison, they had only two dead and   00:32:54.800 --> 00:33:00.960 about a dozen wounded. So already, we're seeing how  this technology is outpacing the wooden warships.   00:33:00.960 --> 00:33:06.000 So just an incredible onslaught. And this is the  worst defeat for the US Navy before Pearl Harbor.   00:33:06.800 --> 00:33:13.280 That very, that very night Monitor arrives into  Hampton Roads to the burning ships. So it gets   00:33:13.280 --> 00:33:18.400 its orders, and it says the orders are to stand by  the USS Minnesota, which is run aground, protect   00:33:18.400 --> 00:33:23.840 that ship at all costs. The next morning, on March  9th, out comes the CSS Virginia to finish off the   00:33:23.840 --> 00:33:29.120 remaining vessels. And there's the Monitor. And  the two square off. So the battle runs for about   00:33:29.120 --> 00:33:34.480 four hours. Each one testing the other, firing at  point blank range. Trying to ram one another. In   00:33:34.480 --> 00:33:40.720 fact, at one point the CSS Virginia actually hits  the Monitor. But the battle ends in a stalemate.   00:33:41.680 --> 00:33:47.840 Both sides believe they won the battle, both  sides did win, and both sides essentially   00:33:47.840 --> 00:33:53.520 lost in certain ways. But what it really sounded  was this is the end of wooden warships and the   00:33:53.520 --> 00:33:57.600 beginning of modern naval warfare. And  that's why this story is so important. 00:34:00.000 --> 00:34:05.040 The Monitor had a few other small actions  that it participated in the Hampton Roads area   00:34:05.040 --> 00:34:09.920 and James River in Virginia, but it really wasn't  ever to be able to draw out the Virginia again.   00:34:09.920 --> 00:34:13.920 The Virginia tries to draw out the Monitor. It  doesn't want to go out because these two vessels   00:34:13.920 --> 00:34:20.640 are just too valuable. So eventually, December  29th of 1862, the Monitor is ordered south,   00:34:20.640 --> 00:34:24.880 undertow by the USS Rhode Island, that you  can see in the background of this painting,   00:34:24.880 --> 00:34:29.120 and it's a side paddle wheeler. And it was being  towed south to Beaufort, North Carolina, to help   00:34:29.120 --> 00:34:36.720 in blockading duties. It leaves in fair seas,  following wind. Quite calm, but as the days go on,   00:34:38.160 --> 00:34:42.560 they run into a storm. And it gets more and more  powerful. And they're doing everything they can   00:34:42.560 --> 00:34:46.560 to kind of beat through this storm, but there's  not a lot they can do. And the Cape Hatteras is   00:34:46.560 --> 00:34:52.960 known for these tremendous storms, and these folks  were square in the middle of one. So eventually,   00:34:52.960 --> 00:35:00.720 after battling for nearly a day and a half, on  December 31st 1862, near midnight, the Monitor   00:35:00.720 --> 00:35:05.600 finally has to give up the ship. It raises its red  signal lantern, that you can see in the image here   00:35:05.600 --> 00:35:11.040 on top of the turret, indicating that they need  to abandon ship. And the USS Rhode Island sent   00:35:11.040 --> 00:35:15.840 a series of their longboats out to help remove  that crew. It's just an incredible heroic effort.   00:35:17.440 --> 00:35:22.160 They got nearly an entire crew out, except for  16 brave men, who unfortunately died during the   00:35:22.160 --> 00:35:29.520 sinking event. And from that point on the Monitor  is lost to the sands of time for nearly 100 years,   00:35:29.520 --> 00:35:38.000 110 years in fact. Until August 1973, when a  multidisciplinary team made up of folks from   00:35:39.920 --> 00:35:45.200 Duke University Marine Lab, led by John  G. Newton, as well as the Massachusetts   00:35:45.200 --> 00:35:50.480 Institute of Technology, National Geographic,  and the North Carolina Department of Cultural   00:35:50.480 --> 00:35:55.760 Resources. And they went out to do a geological  study of the continental shelf and a search for   00:35:55.760 --> 00:35:59.760 the USS Monitor using the last known  positions from the USS Rhode Island. 00:36:03.120 --> 00:36:06.560 So the expedition went on for several days, until   00:36:06.560 --> 00:36:11.440 as always happens on the very last day of  the planned expedition, on August 27th,   00:36:11.440 --> 00:36:16.400 after already looking at 21 other targets  that they believed were not the Monitor,   00:36:16.400 --> 00:36:21.760 they found what's called a long amorphous echo.  And you could see that image here on the left-hand   00:36:21.760 --> 00:36:26.400 side of the screen. It's the first real good  view of what they believe could be the Monitor. 00:36:28.800 --> 00:36:32.880 Now a challenge that they had was  they had a series of drop cameras,   00:36:33.440 --> 00:36:38.800 still cameras and television cameras. So on August  28th the 30th, they put down this television   00:36:38.800 --> 00:36:44.480 camera you can see here. Unfortunately, the still  camera got snagged and was inoperable. So now all   00:36:44.480 --> 00:36:48.640 they have is this. So now if you're looking at  this and trying to figure out what you're seeing,   00:36:48.640 --> 00:36:53.440 imagine the folks back in the early 70s trying to  figure this out. And they just couldn't make heads   00:36:53.440 --> 00:36:59.120 or tails of it. So after months of looking at the  data, and it was Gordon Watts really, who Chris   00:36:59.120 --> 00:37:03.440 mentioned earlier from the Department of Cultural  Resources from North Carolina. He posed the   00:37:03.440 --> 00:37:08.720 question to John Broadwater, another archaeologist  on the project, and he said, John what happens   00:37:09.680 --> 00:37:15.040 if we think of the ship might be upside down? What  happens if the turret is actually underneath the   00:37:15.040 --> 00:37:18.720 vessel? And once they were re-looking at  the data with that mindset, they thought,   00:37:18.720 --> 00:37:23.680 oh my lord, we think we might have actually  found this. So after looking at the data again,   00:37:24.960 --> 00:37:30.080 on March 8th in 1974, the official announcement  was made from the Duke University team, they indeed   00:37:30.080 --> 00:37:34.880 discovered the USS Monitor. And just to show you  some of the challenges, and remember this is very   00:37:34.880 --> 00:37:39.360 fuzzy data they're looking at, they really had to  rethink it. And then really look at these images   00:37:39.360 --> 00:37:44.160 from drawings. So you can see how things line up  here. Where we look at the still image here, to   00:37:44.160 --> 00:37:50.800 the drawing, okay and that appears to be part of  the armor belt of the Monitor. And then this piece   00:37:50.800 --> 00:37:55.600 looks like a support structure that was underneath  the turret, because remember the turret is upside   00:37:55.600 --> 00:38:01.360 down just like the rest of the vessel is. And  then now what appears to be the turret walls.   00:38:01.360 --> 00:38:06.560 So from looking at this data, they can indeed say,  yes, we have found the Monitor. But now we need to   00:38:06.560 --> 00:38:13.680 go back and document it properly. So that same  team went out in 1974, with the Alcoa Seaprobe.   00:38:14.640 --> 00:38:17.840 Now this is a very special vessel, very  strange looking, and you can see it here.   00:38:18.720 --> 00:38:24.000 This happened in the first week of April  in 1974, and this is a team with the U.S. Navy,   00:38:24.000 --> 00:38:31.040 the National Geographic Society again,  Duke University, again North Carolina, and MIT.   00:38:31.040 --> 00:38:35.360 So if the vessel looks strange to you,  might something that see in the Cold War,   00:38:35.360 --> 00:38:41.040 it's because it is. It did have archaeological  purposes, but we need to remember at the height of   00:38:41.040 --> 00:38:46.960 the Cold War, the Russians were losing submarines.  So the U.S. wanted to be able to go out and find   00:38:46.960 --> 00:38:52.000 a way to document those lost subs on the bottom,  to try to discover the technologies they use. So   00:38:52.000 --> 00:38:56.560 that's primarily what the ship is used for. But  because the Monitor was so famous at the ties of   00:38:56.560 --> 00:39:01.360 the Navy, they also were able to use it for the  project. So you can see in the drawing, there's   00:39:01.360 --> 00:39:06.720 a moon pool underneath through the hull of the  vessel that drops this sled, this red sled you can  00:39:06.720 --> 00:39:11.200 see an image of it here. It's filled with still  cameras, color cameras, video cameras, sonars, all   00:39:11.200 --> 00:39:16.320 sorts of technologies. And the idea is to scan  whatever you're looking at on the bottom in order   00:39:16.320 --> 00:39:21.120 to create a larger mosaic picture of it. And they  were able to accomplish that in partnership with   00:39:21.920 --> 00:39:28.240 the U.S. Navy's Intelligence Support Center  produced this bottom mosaic you can see here,  00:39:28.240 --> 00:39:32.880 this very famous mosaic, taken from all that data  from the Alcoa Seaprobe. And working with the   00:39:32.880 --> 00:39:38.240 archaeologists, they were able to produce this site  plan you see on top, which is just incredible.   00:39:38.240 --> 00:39:43.440 And of course, this was made very famous in 1975,  when it was highlighted in National Geographic. 00:39:46.320 --> 00:39:51.280 So things began moving very quickly with the  Monitor. She was actually laying, the vessel   00:39:51.280 --> 00:39:56.000 was laying out in what was known as the high  seas. It doesn't have any protections being close   00:39:56.000 --> 00:40:00.080 to the coast of the United States, because a lot  of the state waters only went out three miles. So   00:40:00.080 --> 00:40:05.600 the question was how do we protect this incredibly  important site for the future? Luckily enough,   00:40:06.640 --> 00:40:10.880 the Marine Sanctuaries Act was just recently  passed. It was really created to protect   00:40:10.880 --> 00:40:16.240 natural resources, biological resources, but there  was a caveat there for historical and cultural   00:40:16.240 --> 00:40:21.040 resources. And that's how the Monitor actually  became our very first national marine sanctuary.   00:40:22.240 --> 00:40:27.680 The governor actually, James Holshouser,  petitioned NOAA asking specifically,   00:40:27.680 --> 00:40:33.200 please protect this vessel. Please put it  underneath the Marine Sanctuary Program. And   00:40:33.200 --> 00:40:38.560 so we were lucky enough, on January 30th of 1975,  and the 113th anniversary of the Monitor's launch,   00:40:39.280 --> 00:40:42.960 the USS Monitor became our nation's  first national marine sanctuary. 00:40:45.280 --> 00:40:51.440 You know, we're also very lucky that we were able  to pull in all the newest technologies of the day   00:40:51.440 --> 00:40:56.240 back in the 1970s. They were doing some really  exciting work back then under the sea. And one of   00:40:56.240 --> 00:41:01.360 this was working with submersible submarines. And  they did lockout dives from them, which means they   00:41:01.360 --> 00:41:05.440 would have the people, pilots in the front, like you  can see in some of these images here on the left,   00:41:05.440 --> 00:41:08.880 people piloting the sub. But in the back  of the sub would be a separate section   00:41:09.520 --> 00:41:12.800 where two people were, two divers  essentially. One diver would go out,   00:41:12.800 --> 00:41:16.640 like you can see here. This is actually Dr. Gordon  Watts, again who we've mentioned several times,   00:41:17.280 --> 00:41:21.520 doing archaeological work on the site. And he  would have somebody in the sub sort of passing out   00:41:21.520 --> 00:41:24.320 his air line to him. And they would go out  for a certain amount of time, do the work,   00:41:24.320 --> 00:41:29.680 and then come back. So just incredible  stuff. We can see some of the early work   00:41:29.680 --> 00:41:34.160 that happened there. Here's a beautiful drawing of  again Gordon Watts doing some work on the turret   00:41:34.160 --> 00:41:41.120 from the submarine. Remember that red signal  lantern was the last thing that history saw back   00:41:41.120 --> 00:41:45.440 in the 1860s before the ship went down. That's  the very first artifact that was recovered.   00:41:45.440 --> 00:41:49.760 You can see the image here. That happened in  1977, using that Johnson Sea Link submersible.   00:41:50.480 --> 00:41:55.040 We recovered the anchor of the vessel in a  partnership with East Carolina University in 1983.   00:41:55.840 --> 00:42:00.080 And then we need to think about how are we  going to caretake all of these materials.   00:42:00.080 --> 00:42:03.520 So in '87, we actually worked with  The Mariners' Museum and Park,   00:42:03.520 --> 00:42:08.000 and they were selected as our principal  repository for all of our materials and artifacts. 00:42:10.320 --> 00:42:15.440 So looking at the Monitor, and recognizing that  it is an iron hulled vessel and salt water,   00:42:15.440 --> 00:42:20.240 which corrodes very quickly, the decision is  made that we need to save parts of this vessel.   00:42:21.280 --> 00:42:26.320 We need to save those iconic parts for the sake  of history. To share them with the American   00:42:26.320 --> 00:42:30.560 people. And the first and foremost in that is  going to be the recovery of that gun turret.   00:42:30.560 --> 00:42:34.640 That first gun turret in the history  of the world. So in order to do that,   00:42:34.640 --> 00:42:40.080 there's a massive engineering undertaking. So we  also decided to recover the propeller and shaft,   00:42:40.080 --> 00:42:46.160 which was done in 1998. Decided to recover the  engine, which is also a John Ericsson invention,   00:42:46.160 --> 00:42:50.560 and that occurred in 2001. And then  in 2002, we went after the turret.   00:42:52.160 --> 00:42:54.480 This is the first real prize  here that we're going after. 00:42:56.800 --> 00:43:01.760 So this is a great animation that shows how  we did that. So this happened over 45 days,   00:43:01.760 --> 00:43:09.760 working on a 300-foot barge with the Navy Salvage  Divers. And they use surface supply diving and   00:43:11.200 --> 00:43:15.760 also decompression diving techniques  as well, saturation diving techniques.   00:43:15.760 --> 00:43:20.160 So essentially, we had to remove those  pieces of the hull and the armor belt.   00:43:20.160 --> 00:43:26.080 We excavated around the turret, dropped down the  spider structure, gently picked up the turret.   00:43:26.080 --> 00:43:31.760 Because we need to remember, it's upside down,  so it still had its contents in there. Made it to   00:43:31.760 --> 00:43:36.800 a secure base, and then bring the whole thing  up. So with a total weight of over 230 tons,   00:43:38.240 --> 00:43:42.080 on August 5th of 2002, the Monitor's  turret broke the surface again. 00:43:44.480 --> 00:43:49.760 So oftentimes, we look at these works  that we do offshore and this history,   00:43:49.760 --> 00:43:52.720 and we think, oh my lord, well you  guys were out there, you brought it up,   00:43:52.720 --> 00:43:57.120 and you're done, right? That is not the truth.  That's only ten percent of the project,   00:43:57.120 --> 00:44:02.160 90 percent of the project is done on land. So  we're again, we're very fortunate to work with   00:44:02.160 --> 00:44:08.480 the world's, I think the world's best metals  expert for deep-water archaeology and conservation   00:44:08.480 --> 00:44:12.640 and the USS Monitor Center at The Mariners'  Museum and Park in Newport News, Virginia.   00:44:14.560 --> 00:44:19.440 We brought the turret there, and you can see this  is a great example of some of the work we did. So   00:44:20.000 --> 00:44:23.680 there's an animation of the interior of  the turret. You can see the two guns there.   00:44:24.320 --> 00:44:28.960 We actually had to excavate a large portion of  the turret that was still filled with sediment,   00:44:29.760 --> 00:44:33.520 artifacts, and actually two sailors as  well, that we worked with the military   00:44:33.520 --> 00:44:35.840 and the U.S. Navy to very  carefully document and remove. 00:44:38.800 --> 00:44:42.960 As I mentioned those two sailors, you know, this  is, we need to remember this is also a human story,   00:44:42.960 --> 00:44:45.440 right? It's, you know, we talked about  the naval engineering in the history,   00:44:45.440 --> 00:44:50.880 but you know these were human lives that lived,  fought, and died aboard this vessel, and we honor   00:44:50.880 --> 00:44:55.760 and recognize that. So here's some of those  special finds that we found inside the turret.   00:44:55.760 --> 00:44:58.960 A gold ring, one of those men  were wearing, U.S. Navy buttons,   00:44:58.960 --> 00:45:03.840 a boot, even a piece of line, and  these bottles, all tell a story.   00:45:05.680 --> 00:45:10.000 You know we can't forget about the engine, you  know, that's another huge component that needs   00:45:10.000 --> 00:45:15.680 to be very carefully de-concreted, which means  you take off this sort of this crusty outer   00:45:15.680 --> 00:45:20.160 structure until you get to the metal. Then you can  actually do the conservation work. Take it apart,   00:45:20.160 --> 00:45:23.840 conserve it, and put it back together again.  So just it's a phenomenal ongoing project.   00:45:24.400 --> 00:45:28.480 And as we scroll through quickly, you  can see some of the fantastic progress   00:45:28.480 --> 00:45:35.360 The Mariners' Museum's conservation staff made.  So it's really just beautiful. And now it's ready   00:45:35.360 --> 00:45:39.680 for disassembly. So again, even as we work on the  turret and these other things, there's these other   00:45:39.680 --> 00:45:45.520 ongoing archaeological components that need  to be dealt with and honored. And of course,   00:45:45.520 --> 00:45:50.960 the turret. So after completely excavating it,  now we could take it down to the bare metal,   00:45:50.960 --> 00:45:57.280 scan it, map it, and start the conservation work.  And again trying to pull in partners, using the   00:45:57.280 --> 00:46:01.120 latest technology, here's some photogrammetry that  we've done in the interior. You know, it's just   00:46:01.680 --> 00:46:06.640 oftentimes can do a much better job than the  human hand can by using this high technology.   00:46:08.000 --> 00:46:10.960 Again working with other  groups to do laser scanning,   00:46:12.320 --> 00:46:16.400 and always sort of updating the conservation  efforts and techniques brought. So this is the   00:46:16.400 --> 00:46:21.280 older electrolytic reduction system, which  is the system used to pull the salts out of   00:46:21.280 --> 00:46:25.680 out of the metals. And the installation of  the new system. It's all computerized. So   00:46:25.680 --> 00:46:28.880 again everything's state-of-the-art  to treat this artifact with respect. 00:46:30.960 --> 00:46:35.520 And again, we can't forget those two sailors.  It's very important that they be honored   00:46:35.520 --> 00:46:42.560 and remembered. So working with the Department of  Veterans Affairs and the Department of the Navy,   00:46:43.120 --> 00:46:49.360 we had the honor of burying these two sailors in  Arlington National Cemetery on March 8th of 2013,   00:46:49.360 --> 00:46:56.240 151 years after the Battle Hampton Roads. It was a  very moving event. The eulogy was overseen by the   00:46:56.800 --> 00:47:01.280 Secretary of the Navy and over 10 000  people attended, so it's just incredible. 00:47:03.360 --> 00:47:08.640 In the Monitor shipwreck site today, still a very  vibrant site, there's still tons of history to   00:47:08.640 --> 00:47:15.280 dive into there. It's exciting. We, you still have  the whole forward portion of the wreck where all   00:47:15.280 --> 00:47:20.800 the men lived and worked. So this site still has  stories to tell, and we're excited to do that.  00:47:22.080 --> 00:47:26.400 And so as we look at the Monitor,  16 and a half miles offshore of Cape Hatteras,   00:47:27.120 --> 00:47:31.040 now with sort of taking a step back, we're able  to look at the other histories that are out   00:47:31.040 --> 00:47:36.960 there. Nearly 500 years of history, including the  Civil War and two World Wars, most predominantly   00:47:37.520 --> 00:47:41.120 World War II's Battle the Atlantic.  This is where the war came home to the   00:47:41.120 --> 00:47:43.840 United States. And it's an important  story that we want to start telling.   00:47:45.840 --> 00:47:50.560 So it all needs to go back to understand  how the war came to North Carolina.   00:47:51.440 --> 00:47:56.160 To December 7th in 1941, when the  Empire of Japan attacked Pearl Harbor,   00:47:56.160 --> 00:48:02.880 Hawaii at 7 55 a.m. on December 7th, you know,  ushering us in to this worldwide conflict. 00:48:04.960 --> 00:48:08.400 Now even though that Germany  and Japan were allies,   00:48:08.400 --> 00:48:12.800 they weren't always necessarily coordinating  on when things were going to happen. So   00:48:13.360 --> 00:48:16.720 everyone knew at one point we would  be at war against the two of them. But   00:48:16.720 --> 00:48:20.880 Germany is somewhat caught unaware. So it  actually took a few days later for them to   00:48:20.880 --> 00:48:26.720 declare war on the United States. And of course,  in turn we declare war on them. And then literally   00:48:27.600 --> 00:48:33.520 a month later, they're at our shores. So this  is a great map to help give context for why   00:48:33.520 --> 00:48:38.640 Germany was sending the U-boats to the coasts of  the United States and North Carolina is because we   00:48:38.640 --> 00:48:45.120 were in a world-wide war. The U.S. had the ability  to fight, as well as we did, because we had the   00:48:45.120 --> 00:48:51.520 raw materials, we had the means of manufacturing  those materials into goods - ammunition, tanks,   00:48:52.720 --> 00:48:56.320 hospital supplies, everything we needed  to fight a war, and the means to ship it   00:48:56.880 --> 00:49:03.440 with our vessels in the Merchant Marine. So  Germany knew, to be able to stop those supplies   00:49:03.440 --> 00:49:07.120 reaching Europe, so they could be used against  them, they needed to stop the flow of materials   00:49:07.120 --> 00:49:10.480 back here in the United States. And that's  why they sent their U-boats against us.   00:49:12.480 --> 00:49:15.840 So as I mentioned, literally  one month after declaring war,   00:49:15.840 --> 00:49:20.240 the first wave of five U-boats is hitting our  shores. An operation called Operation Drumbeat. 00:49:22.480 --> 00:49:29.200 So the Germans knew exactly where to hit us. So  if you look at this map of the continental shelf   00:49:29.200 --> 00:49:34.000 and the East Coast of the United States, and North  Carolina specifically, you'll see how close those   00:49:34.000 --> 00:49:39.760 Outer Banks come to that continental shelf. So  the Germans knew that they could come close into   00:49:39.760 --> 00:49:44.800 the coast there, hide in that deeper water off the  shelf, that cold deep water, and hide from sonar   00:49:44.800 --> 00:49:49.280 and to being found by our forces. And then  they could pop into the shallow waters,   00:49:49.280 --> 00:49:54.000 attack the merchant vessels going up and down  the coast. before they would get to ports,   00:49:54.000 --> 00:49:58.320 like New York or even further north like  Halifax, for the big trip over to Europe.   00:49:58.320 --> 00:50:01.840 But if they could stop the flow before  they even reached those ports, they would   00:50:01.840 --> 00:50:07.840 reflect harm and stop those materials from  moving. So they also knew the shipping lanes,   00:50:07.840 --> 00:50:12.000 which haven't changed in, you know, 100 and  200 years. They have exactly the same ones.   00:50:12.000 --> 00:50:18.000 So they knew exactly where to stage their  forces to attack us. And if we overlay   00:50:18.000 --> 00:50:23.040 the known World War II shipwrecks, the discovered  World War II shipwrecks, we see they lay right   00:50:23.040 --> 00:50:26.720 in those shipping lanes. So they knew right  where to hit us. They were very smart about it. 00:50:29.920 --> 00:50:34.160 So during World War II, a total of 90  vessels were lost over North Carolina   00:50:34.160 --> 00:50:40.640 alone - 78 merchant ships, eight allied naval  ships, and four German U-boats. And again,   00:50:40.640 --> 00:50:43.760 point your attention to that 78  merchant ships, how hard they hit us. 00:50:47.440 --> 00:50:53.680 So of the 1,657 total World War II casualties  off the coast of North Carolina, over 1,200 of   00:50:53.680 --> 00:50:58.160 those were merchant mariners. Historians have  called this American second Pearl Harbor.   00:50:58.800 --> 00:51:02.800 Except the difference here is that the enemy  wasn't attacking another naval force. The Germans   00:51:02.800 --> 00:51:06.800 weren't attacking trained warriors and squaring  off against battleships or aircraft carriers.   00:51:06.800 --> 00:51:11.920 They were attacking merchant ships with civilian  volunteer crews. The U.S. Merchant Marine provided   00:51:11.920 --> 00:51:15.920 the bulk of these sailors, and many of these  shipwrecks off North Carolina are graves for   00:51:15.920 --> 00:51:21.840 these brave men. And during World War II, one in  26 merchant mariners died in the line of duty,   00:51:21.840 --> 00:51:26.560 suffering a greater percentage of war-related  deaths than any other U.S. uniformed service. 00:51:30.800 --> 00:51:36.320 Now North Carolina may have been where the Germans  hit us the hardest of the U.S. mainland, but also   00:51:36.320 --> 00:51:41.120 where we started pushing back. And I think at the  start of the war where President Roosevelt said,   00:51:41.840 --> 00:51:48.080 "History has recorded who fired the first shot.  In the long run, however, all that will matter   00:51:48.080 --> 00:51:53.120 is who fired the last shot." In North Carolina  is where that road began for the Atlantic war.   00:51:53.760 --> 00:51:58.160 This is where we had the first victories  against the Germans. So I like to think of   00:52:00.240 --> 00:52:03.920 the coastal defense the East Coast of the United  States, almost like the eagle's foot here with   00:52:03.920 --> 00:52:09.040 its three talons. So those three talons are  the U.S. Navy, the United States Coast Guard,   00:52:09.040 --> 00:52:14.160 and the U.S. Army Air Force. So the first  success that we had was the USS Roper,   00:52:14.960 --> 00:52:19.520 a naval destroyer that sinks the U-85 off North  Carolina. This is the first U-boat sunk for the   00:52:19.520 --> 00:52:24.800 U.S. Navy off the U.S. East Coast. And here's  actually the remains of some of those sailors   00:52:24.800 --> 00:52:32.720 being buried in the Hampton National Cemetery at  night. The second success was on May 9th,1942,   00:52:32.720 --> 00:52:38.240 when the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Icarus sinks  the U-352 off North Carolina, becoming the first   00:52:38.240 --> 00:52:42.960 U-boat sunk by the U.S. Coast Guard off the U.S.  East Coast. Again here's some of the survivors of   00:52:42.960 --> 00:52:48.160 the U-352 being interrogated by naval and coast  guard personnel in Charleston, South Carolina.   00:52:49.680 --> 00:52:59.440 And then thirdly, we have July 7th, 1942, when  an B29 Hudson airplane sinks the U-701 off North   00:52:59.440 --> 00:53:03.840 Carolina, becoming the first U-boat sunk by  the U.S. Army Air Force. And this is actually   00:53:04.400 --> 00:53:08.720 Lieutenant Harry Kane, Jr. pointing to where he  sunk the vessel, this U-boat, excuse me, off   00:53:08.720 --> 00:53:18.560 the coast of North Carolina. And thankfully, by  May of 1943, U-boats were no longer a major threat   00:53:18.560 --> 00:53:23.120 to Allied convoys. They're now being escorted.  They've got much better protections. There's   00:53:23.120 --> 00:53:28.480 updated tactics, and we're really starting to  change the tide against the Germans at this point. 00:53:31.120 --> 00:53:36.160 And I truly believe that these successes that  we first had off the coast of North Carolina,   00:53:36.160 --> 00:53:41.680 pushing those U-boats back from our shores and all  the way across the Atlantic, made D-Day possible,   00:53:41.680 --> 00:53:46.720 and the Allied invasion of Europe possible on  June 6th, 1944. And if we hadn't had those first   00:53:46.720 --> 00:53:52.400 successes when we did in 1942, we would never have  had the freedom to move the amount of material necessary   00:53:52.400 --> 00:53:56.960 for one of the largest amphibious assaults in  history and ending the war nearly a year later. 00:54:01.600 --> 00:54:06.560 So like Gettysburg and Antietam battlefields, we  truly have a battlefield sitting off the coast   00:54:06.560 --> 00:54:12.000 of North Carolina. And this naval battlefield  is where World War II came home to America.   00:54:13.040 --> 00:54:16.000 These shipwrecks are grave sites.  They're memorials to our heroes,   00:54:16.000 --> 00:54:18.000 and they're fragile reminders of our past. 00:54:20.320 --> 00:54:24.080 I'd like to invite everybody who's  joined us today on this webinar,   00:54:24.080 --> 00:54:27.840 to join an expedition that we're  launching this May. This late May to June,   00:54:27.840 --> 00:54:30.880 working with a group called the Global  Foundation for Ocean Exploration,   00:54:31.760 --> 00:54:38.560 who are the world's experts in ROV technology,  remote operating vehicle, and telepresence.   00:54:38.560 --> 00:54:44.880 So we plan to go out and share these shipwrecks with  you live, in real time, during these dates. We're   00:54:44.880 --> 00:54:50.720 going to go to the USS Monitor, sites from the  World War I and World War II. We're hoping to join   00:54:50.720 --> 00:54:54.880 several partners, museums across the country  to bring these to you live. And please join   00:54:54.880 --> 00:55:00.240 us at allwrecks.org to learn more about how you  can be part of this really exciting expedition. 00:55:02.320 --> 00:55:06.880 And as we look back at all these histories  we've talked about, documenting these sites,   00:55:06.880 --> 00:55:11.360 you know, unearthing the archival materials,  physically going there to look at them, you know,   00:55:11.360 --> 00:55:15.200 and working hand-in-hand with our partners,  the North Carolina Office of State Archaeology.   00:55:15.840 --> 00:55:20.320 We have to never forget these are grave  sites. We're honoring these heroes,   00:55:20.320 --> 00:55:24.000 and we honor all those that lived,  died, and fought on the high seas. 00:55:26.160 --> 00:55:29.040 And if you'd like to learn more about  the work that we do working with the   00:55:29.040 --> 00:55:32.960 North Carolina Office of State Archaeology and  honoring this battlefield, please come to our   00:55:32.960 --> 00:55:41.200 website at monitor.noaa.gov. And with that I  will pass it over to Shannon. 00:55:41.200 --> 00:55:45.600 [Shannon Ricles]  Thank you Tane. Well, we just have  a few minutes left, but we do have   00:55:45.600 --> 00:55:52.720 a couple of questions that we will get to.  First off one of the questions that came in is, 00:55:55.920 --> 00:56:02.080 so this says that they want to know if the Monitor  is still, if private citizens can still dive on   00:56:02.080 --> 00:56:07.360 the Monitor. They said they used to not be able  to. They were involved in a lawsuit that opened   00:56:07.360 --> 00:56:11.440 access to the monitor for qualified divers, so  they're just wondering if you can still dive on   00:56:11.440 --> 00:56:16.000 Monitor. [Tane Casserley] Absolutely. It is,  we have a permitting system that is available   00:56:16.000 --> 00:56:23.200 to anyone. There is no cost to it whatsoever. We  have a very short form that we have you fill out,   00:56:23.200 --> 00:56:27.040 and I'm actually the permit coordinator.  I walk you through the process. But   00:56:27.920 --> 00:56:34.320 it is there for you to enjoy. It is a public  access for you, and we will do anything we   00:56:34.320 --> 00:56:38.720 can to get you out to enjoy that site.  So absolutely. [Shannon Ricles] Okay, and   00:56:38.720 --> 00:56:44.320 one for you Chris. Somebody asked - the dugout  canoes are these usually made of the same wood   00:56:44.320 --> 00:56:48.560 or of different species? And do you know  what species of wood they were made from? 00:56:48.560 --> 00:56:56.160 [Chris Southerly] There are a couple different  ones. A lot of them are made from the local   00:56:56.160 --> 00:57:03.760 pine, longleaf pine. We have seen cypress  canoes as well. So it varies somewhat,   00:57:03.760 --> 00:57:08.160 but ultimately, you're looking for the  the type of tree, you want something,   00:57:09.920 --> 00:57:14.240 you know, long and straight obviously.  And the pines fit well with that,   00:57:14.240 --> 00:57:19.920 as well as some of the cypress. So it varies  somewhat. The two I believe, the the two that   00:57:19.920 --> 00:57:25.200 you saw in the pictures with the presentation,  were both pine. [Shannon Ricles] Okay thank you.   00:57:25.200 --> 00:57:30.400 And Tane, one more for you. Somebody wants to  know how much did all that recovery cost? Do we   00:57:30.400 --> 00:57:34.880 have an actual figure for all of that? I know  that might be a little difficult to calculate.   00:57:36.080 --> 00:57:42.560 [Tane Casserley] You know, it is difficult to  calculate. I can't give you an exact number now,   00:57:42.560 --> 00:57:47.600 because what happened was a lot of the bulk  of this work was done by the U.S. Navy.   00:57:49.600 --> 00:57:56.960 The Navy Salvage and Diving Units across  the country, actually have a need to practice,    00:57:56.960 --> 00:58:00.640 you know, this is the foremost team that goes  out for any kind of plane wreck recoveries.   00:58:01.200 --> 00:58:04.000 So you might see them on the news if a  plane goes down anywhere in the world.   00:58:04.000 --> 00:58:09.200 It's usually the U.S. Navy that goes out to  help recover the remains of that vessel. And   00:58:10.080 --> 00:58:13.680 we were able to work with the Navy. Saying hey,  instead of like setting up a mock shipwreck,   00:58:14.400 --> 00:58:18.240 how about if we have you train out on the  Monitor? So a lot of those costs were already   00:58:19.040 --> 00:58:25.040 used existing funding. I would say  probably for the the NOAA expenses,   00:58:26.080 --> 00:58:32.320 there was staff time and probably, you know, over  the multiple years that we did this, you know,   00:58:32.320 --> 00:58:39.680 back from the 1970s, maybe $400,000, $500,00 to  $600,000. But again, a lot of this comes through   00:58:39.680 --> 00:58:44.800 through grants working with partners, sort of  in-kind contributions. But it does bring up a   00:58:44.800 --> 00:58:50.240 good point that, you know, a lot of the stuff has  a cost. And it's upon us to to manage it properly,   00:58:50.240 --> 00:58:54.160 make sure we do the right thing for the American  people. [Shannon Ricles] Okay, well thank you.   00:58:54.160 --> 00:59:00.000 Well, we just have two minutes left so if you have  any other questions, I didn't get to all of them,   00:59:00.000 --> 00:59:05.040 and my apologies for that, but if you would  like to ask Chris or Tane your question,   00:59:05.040 --> 00:59:10.160 you can see their email addresses there on the  screen. Feel free to email them directly. And also   00:59:10.160 --> 00:59:15.360 to learn more about their work that they do, you  can visit the websites that are also listed there.   00:59:16.640 --> 00:59:23.120 Now once this webinar is captioned, a video  recording of this presentation will be made   00:59:23.120 --> 00:59:28.320 available on the webinar archives page. And that's  the URL listed there at the bottom. That's a long   00:59:28.320 --> 00:59:33.760 URL, but trust me, we're also going to be sending  you a link to the recording in a follow-up email.   00:59:33.760 --> 00:59:36.800 So you don't have to copy it down right  now. But just know that it will be there.   00:59:37.600 --> 00:59:44.880 And be sure, and it will also be on  our monitor.noaa.gov website under the   00:59:44.880 --> 00:59:50.080 archive webinar. So you'll be able to find  it in two places. Now the next webinar is,   00:59:50.080 --> 00:59:54.240 for this webinar series, is actually  going to be the Submerged North Carolina,   00:59:55.600 --> 01:00:01.040 it's going to be Exploring USS Monitor - America's  Most Historic Ironclad. It's going to actually   01:00:01.040 --> 01:00:05.520 be a teacher workshop, and it's going to be on  Thursday, March the 4th at 4:00 p.m. A little bit   01:00:05.520 --> 01:00:11.920 of a different time so more teachers can register  for it and perhaps attend. But during the webinar,   01:00:12.480 --> 01:00:17.600 educators will learn how to access free resources,  such as activities, videos, and a curriculum guide   01:00:17.600 --> 01:00:21.760 that discovers and explores the Civil War  and our nation's most famous ironclad.   01:00:22.400 --> 01:00:28.080 And then we have other upcoming webinars in  our series. We have one coming up on March 16th   01:00:28.080 --> 01:00:34.880 with Dr. Avery Paxton. And on March 23rd with Kim  Kenyon, and then April 20th is going to be a beach   01:00:34.880 --> 01:00:41.360 tagging program with Stephen Atkinson. And April  22nd will be another teacher workshop on marine   01:00:41.360 --> 01:00:47.040 debris with Jenna Hartley. So we hope that you'll  register for that. If you want more information,   01:00:47.040 --> 01:00:53.840 you can contact me through my email or you can  visit the sanctuaries website webinar page.   01:00:55.280 --> 01:01:01.280 And be sure to check out the National Marine  Sanctuaries webinar series, because tomorrow    01:01:01.920 --> 01:01:07.600 Dr. Adrienne Correa, Assistant Professor of Ecology  and Evolutionary Biology at Rice University for   01:01:07.600 --> 01:01:12.880 'Gulf Coast Reefs', will be presenting  a presentation on Weathering the Storm.   01:01:12.880 --> 01:01:17.520 And there you will discover what scientists are  learning about extreme storms, such as hurricanes   01:01:17.520 --> 01:01:23.680 and how they impact coral reefs off the Texas  Gulf Coast. And lastly, if you are an educator   01:01:23.680 --> 01:01:28.640 or you are an formal or informal educator, we  would really like for you to take a few minutes,   01:01:28.640 --> 01:01:32.080 that there's going to be a survey that's  going to pop up at the end of this when you   01:01:32.080 --> 01:01:36.400 close out the webinar. We would love for you to  just spend a few minutes to take this very short   01:01:36.400 --> 01:01:44.160 survey, as it's going to really help us help  you in the long run. And I think that is it.   01:01:44.160 --> 01:01:49.440 So once again, we want to thank Tane and Chris  for a really great presentation. Lots of great   01:01:49.440 --> 01:01:54.720 information today being shared. And we thank you  for taking time out of your day today to join us.   01:01:54.720 --> 01:02:01.360 Have a wonderful day and this concludes  the presentation and ends the broadcast.