WEBVTT 1 00:00:03.220 --> 00:00:05.400 All right. Hello, hi, everybody. 2 00:00:05.400 --> 00:00:10.400 And welcome to our third Thursday presentation. 3 00:00:11.340 --> 00:00:14.280 We have a really wonderful talk for you today, 4 00:00:14.280 --> 00:00:16.003 and thank you for joining us. 5 00:00:17.040 --> 00:00:21.030 We have people from all across the United States 6 00:00:21.030 --> 00:00:23.540 and several countries including some new ones 7 00:00:23.540 --> 00:00:27.230 such as the Tunisia, Jordan, Kiraboss. 8 00:00:27.230 --> 00:00:30.043 So all are welcome, thank you for joining us. 9 00:00:34.000 --> 00:00:37.930 So this presentation is part of the national, 10 00:00:37.930 --> 00:00:41.740 Office of National Marine Sanctuaries webinars series 11 00:00:41.740 --> 00:00:45.080 and also the Mokupapapa Discovery Center's 12 00:00:45.080 --> 00:00:47.880 third Thursday presentation series. 13 00:00:47.880 --> 00:00:50.920 And the National Marine Sanctuary System manages sites 14 00:00:50.920 --> 00:00:52.330 across our country. 15 00:00:52.330 --> 00:00:54.030 We have several sites 16 00:00:54.030 --> 00:00:55.950 on the Eastern side of the United States, 17 00:00:55.950 --> 00:00:57.413 such as Stellwagen Bank, 18 00:00:57.413 --> 00:01:01.120 Mallows Bay is the newest, one of the newest ones, 19 00:01:01.120 --> 00:01:04.910 Monitor, Gray's Reef, Florida Keys, (indistinct) Keys, 20 00:01:04.910 --> 00:01:05.920 Flower Garden Banks. 21 00:01:05.920 --> 00:01:09.860 We have Greater Farallones, Cordell Bank, Monterey Bay 22 00:01:09.860 --> 00:01:11.240 on the West Coast. 23 00:01:11.240 --> 00:01:12.420 Here in the Pacific, 24 00:01:12.420 --> 00:01:15.970 we have two sanctuaries, two sites in Hawaii, 25 00:01:15.970 --> 00:01:17.580 the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale 26 00:01:17.580 --> 00:01:18.993 National Marine Sanctuary, 27 00:01:19.921 --> 00:01:23.850 Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument, that I work for 28 00:01:25.466 --> 00:01:28.590 and our co-facilitators work for. 29 00:01:28.590 --> 00:01:32.867 as well as we have American Samoa down South of us 30 00:01:32.867 --> 00:01:36.283 and also a Marine National Monument down there. 31 00:01:37.900 --> 00:01:40.270 We work for Papahanaumokuakea 32 00:01:40.270 --> 00:01:43.900 and we're the world's largest fully marine protected area. 33 00:01:45.045 --> 00:01:48.680 And we span 583,000 square miles 34 00:01:48.680 --> 00:01:52.310 of the Central Pacific, Central-North Pacific Ocean. 35 00:01:52.310 --> 00:01:56.850 And we protect the area for many, many unique species 36 00:01:56.850 --> 00:02:00.293 such as monk seals, green sea turtles, 37 00:02:01.310 --> 00:02:05.260 a lot of unique island species in this region. 38 00:02:05.260 --> 00:02:08.760 And it's also a very important cultural place 39 00:02:08.760 --> 00:02:09.980 for native Hawaiians, 40 00:02:09.980 --> 00:02:12.847 particularly the first two islands of Nihoa 41 00:02:12.847 --> 00:02:14.050 and Mokumanamana, 42 00:02:14.050 --> 00:02:16.770 where there are the highest concentrations 43 00:02:16.770 --> 00:02:19.963 of ceremonial sites in the entire archipelago. 44 00:02:21.950 --> 00:02:26.170 So I'll ask Malia and Justin to turn on their webcams 45 00:02:26.170 --> 00:02:27.770 and join us briefly. 46 00:02:27.770 --> 00:02:32.240 So these are our hosts for this presentation. 47 00:02:32.240 --> 00:02:36.380 Malia Evans is our Education and Native Hawaiian Outreach 48 00:02:36.380 --> 00:02:38.230 Program Coordinator. 49 00:02:38.230 --> 00:02:40.310 And I am Andy Collins. 50 00:02:40.310 --> 00:02:42.010 I'm the Education Coordinator 51 00:02:42.010 --> 00:02:45.680 for Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument, 52 00:02:45.680 --> 00:02:49.670 working in Hilo at the Mokupapapa Discovery Center. 53 00:02:49.670 --> 00:02:54.430 And also Justin Umholtz who is our Education Coordinator 54 00:02:54.430 --> 00:02:57.077 over at Mokupapapa Discovery Center. 55 00:02:57.077 --> 00:03:00.220 And so these folks will be handling your questions. 56 00:03:00.220 --> 00:03:02.520 Any technical issues you might have, 57 00:03:02.520 --> 00:03:05.180 please if you have any problems with your audio 58 00:03:05.180 --> 00:03:06.690 or anything like that, 59 00:03:06.690 --> 00:03:08.793 please type them into, 60 00:03:09.978 --> 00:03:13.320 into the question box or into the chat. 61 00:03:13.320 --> 00:03:16.763 Oh, here we go, their webinars are coming on the webcams. 62 00:03:17.620 --> 00:03:19.640 And they will do their best to help you 63 00:03:19.640 --> 00:03:20.813 and to, 64 00:03:21.880 --> 00:03:23.230 to get your audio working. 65 00:03:23.230 --> 00:03:26.120 Typically audio problems are what people have 66 00:03:26.120 --> 00:03:30.130 but it doesn't look like we're having problems right now. 67 00:03:30.130 --> 00:03:30.963 So that's good. 68 00:03:32.180 --> 00:03:33.970 So here's our center over in Hilo, 69 00:03:33.970 --> 00:03:35.840 our Mokupapapa Discovery Center. 70 00:03:35.840 --> 00:03:39.220 We have a wonderful 3,500 gallon saltwater aquarium. 71 00:03:39.220 --> 00:03:43.160 We are the only visitor center for Papahanaumokuakea 72 00:03:43.160 --> 00:03:48.070 and we greet about 70,000 visitors per year when we're open. 73 00:03:48.070 --> 00:03:50.700 Of course, like many places were closed right now 74 00:03:50.700 --> 00:03:52.460 due to the pandemic, 75 00:03:52.460 --> 00:03:55.980 but we've been conducting these virtual presentations 76 00:03:55.980 --> 00:03:58.570 and other things to reach out to our audience. 77 00:03:58.570 --> 00:04:00.570 So thank you so very much for joining us. 78 00:04:00.570 --> 00:04:03.040 And if you ever get over to Hilo in the future, 79 00:04:03.040 --> 00:04:06.640 please make sure to visit us right there on the Bay front, 80 00:04:06.640 --> 00:04:08.383 on beautiful Hilo Bay. 81 00:04:10.230 --> 00:04:12.170 line:15% But all of our sites across the country, 82 00:04:12.170 --> 00:04:13.970 line:15% all the National Marine Sanctuary sites 83 00:04:13.970 --> 00:04:15.880 line:15% and Marine National Monuments 84 00:04:15.880 --> 00:04:18.760 line:15% protect these areas for many different reasons. 85 00:04:18.760 --> 00:04:20.480 line:15% One of which is biodiversity. 86 00:04:20.480 --> 00:04:24.390 line:15% These are some of the richest marine sites on the planet. 87 00:04:24.390 --> 00:04:27.100 line:15% Also there very many unique shipwrecks 88 00:04:27.100 --> 00:04:30.883 line:15% and other maritime heritage resources 89 00:04:30.883 --> 00:04:32.690 line:15% in this sites that we protect. 90 00:04:32.690 --> 00:04:36.310 line:15% Some of them are dedicated mostly to maritime heritage 91 00:04:36.310 --> 00:04:39.740 line:15% such as Thunder Bay and the Great Lakes. 92 00:04:39.740 --> 00:04:41.560 line:15% And out here in Papahanaumokuakea 93 00:04:41.560 --> 00:04:45.010 line:15% we have over, you know, dozens shipwrecks 94 00:04:45.010 --> 00:04:48.693 line:15% dating back to the whaling era and prior to that. 95 00:04:49.630 --> 00:04:51.980 Also this is a picture from Mokumanamana 96 00:04:51.980 --> 00:04:55.793 of some of those unique operates on the island, 97 00:04:57.160 --> 00:04:58.847 the ceremonial site. 98 00:04:58.847 --> 00:05:02.060 The whole island is essentially a large ceremonial site 99 00:05:02.060 --> 00:05:04.750 composed of multiple different components. 100 00:05:04.750 --> 00:05:09.390 But many sites protect cultural heritage in their locations. 101 00:05:09.390 --> 00:05:13.340 They also provide shelter and unique spaces for, 102 00:05:13.340 --> 00:05:17.020 like here we have two, my Hawaiian monk seal 103 00:05:17.020 --> 00:05:20.600 and green tea turtle, not following social distancing. 104 00:05:20.600 --> 00:05:23.000 This was prior to the pandemic (laughs). 105 00:05:23.000 --> 00:05:25.990 But these are special resting places for those animals. 106 00:05:25.990 --> 00:05:28.670 We also do a lot of education programs 107 00:05:28.670 --> 00:05:31.550 line:15% such as this webinar outreach 108 00:05:31.550 --> 00:05:34.890 line:15% at different events and online. 109 00:05:34.890 --> 00:05:36.810 And research in these sites. 110 00:05:36.810 --> 00:05:41.140 We do quite a bit of research on how are the sites doing? 111 00:05:41.140 --> 00:05:42.930 What are some of the unique animals? 112 00:05:42.930 --> 00:05:45.610 What questions can we ask to help management 113 00:05:45.610 --> 00:05:46.840 of those special sites? 114 00:05:46.840 --> 00:05:50.560 And how can we gain those answers to research programs? 115 00:05:50.560 --> 00:05:54.840 Monitoring for things such as changes, like climate change. 116 00:05:54.840 --> 00:05:56.780 We monitor a site to understand 117 00:05:56.780 --> 00:05:59.770 what the impacts of climate change, marine debris, 118 00:05:59.770 --> 00:06:01.310 and things like that. 119 00:06:01.310 --> 00:06:02.910 We also have a really lot of unique 120 00:06:02.910 --> 00:06:06.550 resource protection programs such as down here on the coral, 121 00:06:06.550 --> 00:06:09.720 in the Florida Keys, they do some really unique work 122 00:06:09.720 --> 00:06:14.310 in out planting of corals to restore damaged reefs 123 00:06:14.310 --> 00:06:15.850 or reefs that have been damaged 124 00:06:15.850 --> 00:06:18.903 by like boats running a ground or things like that. 125 00:06:20.780 --> 00:06:24.000 line:15% And in this time of COVID when we're all stressed 126 00:06:24.000 --> 00:06:27.773 line:15% and really, you know, losing our place in a lot of ways 127 00:06:27.773 --> 00:06:29.000 line:15% (indistinct) 128 00:06:29.000 --> 00:06:31.620 line:15% it's very important to reconnect with nature 129 00:06:31.620 --> 00:06:33.760 line:15% and to reconnect with our spiritual sense. 130 00:06:33.760 --> 00:06:35.460 line:15% And National Marine Sanctuaries 131 00:06:35.460 --> 00:06:38.370 line:15% provide a wonderful place to do that. 132 00:06:38.370 --> 00:06:40.420 line:15% Whether it's through diving, kayaking 133 00:06:40.420 --> 00:06:41.950 line:15% or just going on a hike 134 00:06:41.950 --> 00:06:46.700 line:15% and reconnecting with your inner spiritual sense 135 00:06:46.700 --> 00:06:49.390 line:15% and external spiritual sense. 136 00:06:49.390 --> 00:06:51.640 line:15% So these places provide that. 137 00:06:51.640 --> 00:06:55.800 And lastly, we can't do any of this without our volunteers. 138 00:06:55.800 --> 00:06:59.820 We have huge volunteer programs across the program. 139 00:06:59.820 --> 00:07:02.630 And these people help us to do citizen science, 140 00:07:02.630 --> 00:07:04.220 cleanup marine debris. 141 00:07:04.220 --> 00:07:06.740 There are docents in our discovery centers 142 00:07:06.740 --> 00:07:07.573 and other things. 143 00:07:07.573 --> 00:07:11.020 So if you wanna volunteer, please reach out to any of us. 144 00:07:11.020 --> 00:07:13.070 But today, and I'll ask the presenters 145 00:07:13.070 --> 00:07:14.700 to turn their webcams off, 146 00:07:14.700 --> 00:07:16.900 we have a special presentation 147 00:07:16.900 --> 00:07:19.860 about How NASA Satellites Help Protect the Coral Reefs 148 00:07:19.860 --> 00:07:21.820 of Papahanaumokuakea. 149 00:07:21.820 --> 00:07:24.670 And we have four wonderful presenters for you. 150 00:07:24.670 --> 00:07:27.920 We have Anna Ballasiotes 151 00:07:27.920 --> 00:07:30.890 who is a recent graduate from Oregon State University, 152 00:07:30.890 --> 00:07:34.173 and that's in Geography, 153 00:07:35.060 --> 00:07:37.790 specializing in remote sensing of coastal pollution 154 00:07:37.790 --> 00:07:40.070 and populations marginalized by conflict. 155 00:07:40.070 --> 00:07:42.060 She'll be our main presenter. 156 00:07:42.060 --> 00:07:44.030 Keo Lopes who worked in our office. 157 00:07:44.030 --> 00:07:48.390 He's a JIMAR/PMNM Field Tech and Remote Sensing PhD student 158 00:07:48.390 --> 00:07:49.650 at UH Manoa. 159 00:07:49.650 --> 00:07:52.150 Ginah Tran, who is a recent graduate 160 00:07:52.150 --> 00:07:54.050 from University of California Berkeley 161 00:07:54.050 --> 00:07:55.880 with a BA in Geography, 162 00:07:55.880 --> 00:07:58.240 and specialization in Earth System Science 163 00:07:58.240 --> 00:08:00.260 and Geographic Information Systems. 164 00:08:00.260 --> 00:08:03.160 And last but not least, Taylor Orcutt, 165 00:08:03.160 --> 00:08:06.930 who let us know that he will be graduating this week 166 00:08:06.930 --> 00:08:09.770 from, you know, UC Berkeley. 167 00:08:09.770 --> 00:08:12.563 And by Monday, he should have his degree in hand. 168 00:08:13.930 --> 00:08:14.763 At this point though, 169 00:08:14.763 --> 00:08:16.750 he's still finishing his undergrad degree 170 00:08:16.750 --> 00:08:20.100 with a major in Ecosystem Management and Forestry. 171 00:08:20.100 --> 00:08:22.893 So I will turn it over to Anna. 172 00:08:23.870 --> 00:08:26.433 If you turned on your webcams. 173 00:08:30.828 --> 00:08:33.245 (indistinct) 174 00:08:37.460 --> 00:08:40.100 Hold on for one second while we switch presenters. 175 00:08:40.100 --> 00:08:42.070 And I will turn off my webcam. 176 00:08:42.070 --> 00:08:43.440 So enjoy the talk 177 00:08:47.710 --> 00:08:48.543 Great. 178 00:08:50.580 --> 00:08:53.611 Team is this, can we see this all properly? 179 00:08:53.611 --> 00:08:56.335 (team chattering) 180 00:08:56.335 --> 00:08:57.550 Great. 181 00:08:57.550 --> 00:09:01.490 I'll pass it to Keo who is starting off our presentation. 182 00:09:01.490 --> 00:09:02.650 Hallo, hi, good morning. 183 00:09:02.650 --> 00:09:03.940 And thank you, Andy and the team 184 00:09:03.940 --> 00:09:07.823 for that gracious introduction to our team. 185 00:09:08.950 --> 00:09:11.410 First of all, I'd like to thank the team 186 00:09:11.410 --> 00:09:14.790 for making my NASA DEVELOP experience amazing. 187 00:09:14.790 --> 00:09:17.830 I didn't think we could accomplish as much as we did 188 00:09:17.830 --> 00:09:20.548 in this short 10-week time. 189 00:09:20.548 --> 00:09:22.490 It was a great experience for me 190 00:09:22.490 --> 00:09:25.640 and I enjoyed working with you guys. 191 00:09:25.640 --> 00:09:26.990 I'm kinda getting sentimental here 192 00:09:26.990 --> 00:09:30.660 because this is technically our last scheduled talk 193 00:09:30.660 --> 00:09:33.740 with our group together. 194 00:09:33.740 --> 00:09:35.490 I'd like to quickly just describe 195 00:09:35.490 --> 00:09:37.410 the NASA DEVELOP Program. 196 00:09:37.410 --> 00:09:39.950 It's a nation, 197 00:09:39.950 --> 00:09:42.860 nationwide program run by NASA 198 00:09:42.860 --> 00:09:46.430 that promotes the use of remote sensing tools 199 00:09:46.430 --> 00:09:50.330 and the earth observation systems of NASA 200 00:09:51.270 --> 00:09:53.270 by cultivating students 201 00:09:53.270 --> 00:09:56.240 and anyone who's interested in remote sensing 202 00:09:57.380 --> 00:10:00.530 for this 10-week internship 203 00:10:00.530 --> 00:10:04.653 that's usually based at the NASA sites, 204 00:10:05.980 --> 00:10:09.750 but obviously it was remote for the last two 205 00:10:11.450 --> 00:10:12.323 sessions. 206 00:10:13.400 --> 00:10:18.400 Our program was ran out of the NASA Ames Research Center 207 00:10:20.070 --> 00:10:21.690 in California. 208 00:10:21.690 --> 00:10:26.220 And our lead was Dr. Juan Perez-Torres, 209 00:10:26.220 --> 00:10:28.673 Juan Torres-Perez, apologies. 210 00:10:31.001 --> 00:10:33.213 And that's where we met virtually. 211 00:10:35.450 --> 00:10:38.000 Our project was Hawaii water resources 212 00:10:38.000 --> 00:10:42.783 which is about what we're going to explain to you shortly. 213 00:10:44.300 --> 00:10:47.770 Our title was Utilizing NASA Earth Observation 214 00:10:47.770 --> 00:10:50.390 to Assess Ocean Conditions 215 00:10:50.390 --> 00:10:53.230 to Analyze the Spread of Nuisance Red Algae, 216 00:10:53.230 --> 00:10:54.720 Chondria Tumulosa, 217 00:10:54.720 --> 00:10:57.493 in Papahanaumokaukea Marine National Monument. 218 00:11:01.479 --> 00:11:05.853 That image is a screenshot of our product. 219 00:11:07.371 --> 00:11:09.140 So I'd like to just elaborate a little bit 220 00:11:09.140 --> 00:11:12.040 on what Andy has mentioned already 221 00:11:12.040 --> 00:11:13.513 about the monument, 222 00:11:15.080 --> 00:11:16.800 particularly our study area 223 00:11:16.800 --> 00:11:20.330 which is one of the atolls, Manawai, 224 00:11:20.330 --> 00:11:23.330 otherwise known as Pearl and Hermes Atoll. 225 00:11:23.330 --> 00:11:28.330 It's more northerly central relocated in the monument, 226 00:11:29.020 --> 00:11:33.040 and that was our primary study area 227 00:11:33.040 --> 00:11:36.903 due to the discovery of this Chondria tumulosa. 228 00:11:39.670 --> 00:11:44.670 Our satellite imagery availability and study period 229 00:11:44.770 --> 00:11:48.130 was January '13 to October '20th. 230 00:11:48.130 --> 00:11:52.030 And the product that the team made, 231 00:11:52.030 --> 00:11:56.130 will continuously the oceanographic information 232 00:11:56.130 --> 00:11:57.630 you guys will see in the tool. 233 00:12:02.050 --> 00:12:06.150 And to confirm what Andy said earlier, 234 00:12:06.150 --> 00:12:09.742 I'd like to just convert the protected conservation area 235 00:12:09.742 --> 00:12:11.900 into SI units 236 00:12:11.900 --> 00:12:15.820 and translate it to 1.5 million square kilometers 237 00:12:15.820 --> 00:12:18.010 of protected area. 238 00:12:18.010 --> 00:12:19.640 And 239 00:12:19.640 --> 00:12:23.370 it protects the majority of the US 240 00:12:23.370 --> 00:12:25.123 coral reef ecosystems. 241 00:12:26.140 --> 00:12:28.320 And as Andy mentioned, 242 00:12:28.320 --> 00:12:32.180 it's the host to a wide variety of endemic species 243 00:12:32.180 --> 00:12:35.333 and endangered species in Hawaii. 244 00:12:37.720 --> 00:12:40.730 I think one of the more important designations 245 00:12:40.730 --> 00:12:45.730 of our monument is the UNESCO World Heritage Mixed Site 246 00:12:48.810 --> 00:12:49.923 designation. 247 00:12:50.930 --> 00:12:54.520 It is only one of 39 sites in the world 248 00:12:54.520 --> 00:12:59.133 that has both cultural and natural designations 249 00:13:01.490 --> 00:13:06.490 to team outstanding universal value for the world. 250 00:13:06.540 --> 00:13:11.080 And that is pretty amazing in my mind. 251 00:13:11.080 --> 00:13:16.080 We have native Hawaiian sites as Andy mentioned earlier, 252 00:13:16.660 --> 00:13:18.870 for Polynesian navigation. 253 00:13:18.870 --> 00:13:21.270 We have a lot of whaling heritage 254 00:13:21.270 --> 00:13:25.910 that is now at the bottom of the ocean in the monument 255 00:13:25.910 --> 00:13:27.950 for their final resting place, 256 00:13:27.950 --> 00:13:29.933 as well as our natural, 257 00:13:31.290 --> 00:13:34.053 natural environmental species. 258 00:13:37.640 --> 00:13:41.160 So when the team usually goes 259 00:13:41.160 --> 00:13:42.830 to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 260 00:13:42.830 --> 00:13:46.270 we're usually disconnected from the city life and the world 261 00:13:46.270 --> 00:13:51.130 and go on this amazing tour of research and discovery, 262 00:13:51.130 --> 00:13:53.947 but on our last expedition up there, 263 00:13:53.947 --> 00:13:55.470 it was quite devastating. 264 00:13:55.470 --> 00:13:58.580 And I feel it saddened in many of us 265 00:13:58.580 --> 00:14:00.520 while we were out there. 266 00:14:00.520 --> 00:14:03.323 We discovered this Chondria tumulosa, 267 00:14:05.008 --> 00:14:07.230 a newly discovered species of 268 00:14:08.980 --> 00:14:09.813 algae 269 00:14:09.813 --> 00:14:14.813 that has blanketed mass amounts of coral reefs 270 00:14:14.960 --> 00:14:16.773 up in the monument at Manawai. 271 00:14:18.680 --> 00:14:22.700 So this has the potential for devastating consequences 272 00:14:22.700 --> 00:14:27.030 and all management partners are very concerned 273 00:14:27.030 --> 00:14:28.170 with the potential damage 274 00:14:28.170 --> 00:14:32.153 that this species could and is causing. 275 00:14:37.180 --> 00:14:39.640 Because the site is extremely remote 276 00:14:39.640 --> 00:14:44.070 and difficult to study constantly, 277 00:14:44.070 --> 00:14:46.510 we turned to satellite imagery. 278 00:14:46.510 --> 00:14:50.510 And that's where NASA has stepped in to partner with NOAA 279 00:14:50.510 --> 00:14:52.530 and the Fish in Wildlife Service, 280 00:14:52.530 --> 00:14:54.160 to start this project 281 00:14:54.160 --> 00:14:54.993 and 282 00:14:56.020 --> 00:14:59.710 assemble this team of crack, young, 283 00:14:59.710 --> 00:15:02.230 scientific, geographic minds. 284 00:15:02.230 --> 00:15:04.977 And that included myself to help them along (laughs). 285 00:15:06.790 --> 00:15:10.950 So our project was to see if we could determine 286 00:15:10.950 --> 00:15:13.130 the causes of this outbreak 287 00:15:13.130 --> 00:15:14.310 and see if we could 288 00:15:16.230 --> 00:15:20.163 determine if this outbreak will continue or not. 289 00:15:22.300 --> 00:15:24.630 So we have some field data. 290 00:15:24.630 --> 00:15:28.510 The picture that you see before you is in situ data 291 00:15:28.510 --> 00:15:30.720 that was collected in 2019. 292 00:15:30.720 --> 00:15:33.000 There's basically spot visual checks 293 00:15:33.000 --> 00:15:35.140 at each of these points. 294 00:15:35.140 --> 00:15:39.800 So the redder the dot, the more percent cover it was. 295 00:15:39.800 --> 00:15:43.790 And to me there's these hot spot regions 296 00:15:43.790 --> 00:15:44.680 where the 297 00:15:46.560 --> 00:15:50.980 algae was in high percent cover 298 00:15:50.980 --> 00:15:52.963 up to a 100% cover. 299 00:15:54.200 --> 00:15:58.200 The reports say it was pretty well swamped 300 00:15:58.200 --> 00:15:59.950 and everything under it was dead 301 00:15:59.950 --> 00:16:02.490 at these particular locations. 302 00:16:02.490 --> 00:16:04.110 So we had this to go on 303 00:16:06.070 --> 00:16:06.903 and 304 00:16:09.090 --> 00:16:13.160 to utilize in conjunction with the NASA satellite data. 305 00:16:13.160 --> 00:16:18.160 Our project objectives was to develop, no pun intended, 306 00:16:18.970 --> 00:16:23.970 a user interface that was easily used and free to access. 307 00:16:24.020 --> 00:16:28.093 So the platform chosen was Google Earth Engine. 308 00:16:29.480 --> 00:16:32.880 And we chose to look at the products 309 00:16:32.880 --> 00:16:37.880 that NASA's earth observation systems could calculate, 310 00:16:38.760 --> 00:16:42.860 which is chlorophyll- a, sea surface temperature, 311 00:16:42.860 --> 00:16:45.910 wind velocity, salinity, 312 00:16:45.910 --> 00:16:48.730 and various other products, 313 00:16:48.730 --> 00:16:51.523 along with the remote sensing reflectance, 314 00:16:53.060 --> 00:16:54.670 and combine it with their in situ data 315 00:16:54.670 --> 00:16:56.853 to see if we could see any correlations. 316 00:16:58.530 --> 00:17:02.070 Our partners for this project 317 00:17:02.070 --> 00:17:02.903 was 318 00:17:04.100 --> 00:17:06.544 Kauaoa Fraiola at Fish and Wildlife Service. 319 00:17:06.544 --> 00:17:11.240 And Jonathan Martinez spearheaded this proposal, 320 00:17:11.240 --> 00:17:14.100 presented it to NASA DEVELOP team 321 00:17:14.100 --> 00:17:15.970 where Juan 322 00:17:17.520 --> 00:17:20.860 decided that it was a worthy project, 323 00:17:20.860 --> 00:17:24.933 and that was the birth of this NASA DEVELOP partnership. 324 00:17:31.130 --> 00:17:35.023 And here's the time for the first poll question. 325 00:17:36.000 --> 00:17:39.150 What is the Western name of Manawai? 326 00:17:41.119 --> 00:17:45.620 Okay. So what is the Western name of Manawai? 327 00:17:45.620 --> 00:17:49.710 Your choices are Pearl and Hermes Atoll, 328 00:17:49.710 --> 00:17:51.530 French Frigate Shoals, 329 00:17:51.530 --> 00:17:53.110 Midway Atoll 330 00:17:53.110 --> 00:17:54.053 or Necker Island. 331 00:17:55.200 --> 00:17:56.660 If you're in full screen mode, 332 00:17:56.660 --> 00:17:59.440 you wanna pop out using your control panel 333 00:17:59.440 --> 00:18:00.940 to answer this poll. 334 00:18:00.940 --> 00:18:04.563 So go ahead. I see lots of people are responding. 335 00:18:05.991 --> 00:18:09.283 We'll do about five more seconds. 336 00:18:11.580 --> 00:18:15.120 And we look like we have a definite winner here. 337 00:18:15.120 --> 00:18:17.790 So I'm going to close the poll 338 00:18:19.180 --> 00:18:22.530 and kill your results. 339 00:18:22.530 --> 00:18:23.623 Here they are. 340 00:18:26.620 --> 00:18:29.490 Pearl and Hermes Atoll at 68%. 341 00:18:29.490 --> 00:18:31.023 People were paying attention. 342 00:18:36.300 --> 00:18:37.413 And back to you. 343 00:18:41.510 --> 00:18:43.800 Good job guys. Good job 344 00:18:43.800 --> 00:18:48.163 I will hand it off to Taylor to describe the tool. 345 00:18:49.630 --> 00:18:52.400 So to address many of our concerns, 346 00:18:52.400 --> 00:18:55.010 specifically with how remote the area is, 347 00:18:55.010 --> 00:18:57.060 we created a tool within Google Engine 348 00:18:57.060 --> 00:18:58.770 named the CORALS tool, 349 00:18:58.770 --> 00:19:00.420 to monitor the area 350 00:19:00.420 --> 00:19:02.710 and track certain ocean conditions and parameters. 351 00:19:02.710 --> 00:19:04.660 Some of which kind of make (indistinct) 352 00:19:04.660 --> 00:19:06.630 that may or may not be connected to the growth 353 00:19:06.630 --> 00:19:09.670 and spread of Chondria tumulosa. 354 00:19:09.670 --> 00:19:10.830 CORALS, standing for 355 00:19:10.830 --> 00:19:13.273 the Conditions Observed in Red Algae Spread. 356 00:19:15.230 --> 00:19:18.580 So we used a variety of different sensors 357 00:19:18.580 --> 00:19:20.860 and satellites to acquire our data. 358 00:19:20.860 --> 00:19:22.707 The ones that we used primarily in terms of satellites 359 00:19:22.707 --> 00:19:26.490 that were used, notice, Aqua and Terra satellites. 360 00:19:26.490 --> 00:19:29.670 We used VIIRS and we used Sentinel-3. 361 00:19:29.670 --> 00:19:30.503 We used multiple satellites 362 00:19:30.503 --> 00:19:34.090 because they both allowed us to track different parameters 363 00:19:34.090 --> 00:19:36.400 and to track them at different resolutions. 364 00:19:36.400 --> 00:19:40.170 So MODIS has a daily resolution chlorophyll-a 365 00:19:40.170 --> 00:19:44.460 with a spatial resolution of about four kilometers. 366 00:19:44.460 --> 00:19:46.310 VIIRS had another daily resolution 367 00:19:46.310 --> 00:19:48.720 and that was a little bit finer, at one kilometer. 368 00:19:48.720 --> 00:19:51.250 Sentinel-3 had the highest resolution 369 00:19:51.250 --> 00:19:53.640 of a 300-meter resolution. 370 00:19:53.640 --> 00:19:56.720 But the issue with selenophile 371 00:19:56.720 --> 00:20:00.050 was that it was only counting chlorophyll-a as radians 372 00:20:00.050 --> 00:20:02.096 and not correct it to the actual (indistinct). 373 00:20:02.096 --> 00:20:03.830 So we're not actually seeing real values 374 00:20:03.830 --> 00:20:06.406 which is why we also utilized VIRRS and MODIS, 375 00:20:06.406 --> 00:20:09.690 so that we could get actual concentration values 376 00:20:09.690 --> 00:20:13.693 even if they are slightly less fine resolution. 377 00:20:13.693 --> 00:20:15.563 Can you go to the next slide. 378 00:20:20.640 --> 00:20:22.210 Oh, sorry (indistinct). 379 00:20:22.210 --> 00:20:25.830 So we also do used NOAA's Climate Data Record 380 00:20:25.830 --> 00:20:27.330 or the NOAA CDR, 381 00:20:27.330 --> 00:20:31.940 and the National Ocean Partnership Program's 382 00:20:31.940 --> 00:20:34.010 Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model. 383 00:20:34.010 --> 00:20:36.920 These allowed us to see things like sea surface temperature, 384 00:20:36.920 --> 00:20:39.580 velocity, salinity, and sea surface height 385 00:20:39.580 --> 00:20:42.190 to give us a more broad picture of what we're looking at 386 00:20:42.190 --> 00:20:43.573 and from mutual parameters. 387 00:20:47.650 --> 00:20:48.510 So the other tool, 388 00:20:48.510 --> 00:20:50.950 we had several steps that the tool went through. 389 00:20:50.950 --> 00:20:52.830 First was our data acquisition. 390 00:20:52.830 --> 00:20:55.843 We gathered, like I said, Sentinel-3, Aqua and Terra MODIS, 391 00:20:55.843 --> 00:20:59.050 VIIRS, HYCOM, and NOAA CDR data. 392 00:20:59.050 --> 00:21:02.250 From there, we got parameters like chlorophyll-a, 393 00:21:02.250 --> 00:21:06.770 Kd 490, water velocity, salinity, sea surface elevation, 394 00:21:06.770 --> 00:21:08.920 and sea surface temperature. 395 00:21:08.920 --> 00:21:11.590 From there, we created our outputs, 396 00:21:11.590 --> 00:21:15.110 those being a visualization of these ocean conditions 397 00:21:15.110 --> 00:21:16.330 over time. 398 00:21:16.330 --> 00:21:19.900 And we allowed it to create time series graphs 399 00:21:19.900 --> 00:21:22.270 with specified data and ocean conditions 400 00:21:22.270 --> 00:21:23.470 that the user can select. 401 00:21:23.470 --> 00:21:24.940 If you go to the next slide, 402 00:21:24.940 --> 00:21:27.333 we can see a little bit of the tool in action. 403 00:21:28.890 --> 00:21:31.140 Oh, nevermind. We have a poll question first. 404 00:21:34.130 --> 00:21:38.253 All right. So here we have our second poll. 405 00:21:39.400 --> 00:21:40.580 And the question is, 406 00:21:40.580 --> 00:21:43.610 there are two major types of satellite resolution, 407 00:21:43.610 --> 00:21:47.840 spatial and temporal, which one refers to time? 408 00:21:47.840 --> 00:21:51.713 So go ahead and register your vote. 409 00:21:52.980 --> 00:21:54.560 Lots of people are voting 410 00:21:56.849 --> 00:21:59.790 And we'll give it another five seconds. 411 00:22:03.250 --> 00:22:04.330 And it looks like, 412 00:22:04.330 --> 00:22:07.790 oh, about three quarters of you have voted so far. 413 00:22:07.790 --> 00:22:09.913 All right. I'm gonna close the poll. 414 00:22:11.070 --> 00:22:13.183 And your results, Taylor, 415 00:22:14.618 --> 00:22:17.133 are 92% temporal. 416 00:22:17.133 --> 00:22:22.133 All right. Good job everyone. 417 00:22:29.920 --> 00:22:32.470 Oh, and here we go for poll number three. 418 00:22:32.470 --> 00:22:34.240 You guys haven't had much time to rest. 419 00:22:34.240 --> 00:22:37.760 Okay. Here we gonna go into our third one. 420 00:22:37.760 --> 00:22:38.593 So 421 00:22:39.710 --> 00:22:40.703 let's see. 422 00:22:41.670 --> 00:22:44.490 Satellite imagery collects spectral imagery. 423 00:22:44.490 --> 00:22:47.560 Which spectral range do humans see in? 424 00:22:47.560 --> 00:22:49.540 So go ahead and register your vote. 425 00:22:49.540 --> 00:22:52.710 380 to 700 nanometers 426 00:22:52.710 --> 00:22:57.300 or 700 to 900 nanometers. 427 00:22:57.300 --> 00:22:58.390 All right. We've had about, 428 00:22:58.390 --> 00:23:01.310 we'll give them 10 more seconds. 429 00:23:01.310 --> 00:23:04.360 We've only had about 40% voting. 430 00:23:04.360 --> 00:23:07.803 Okay. The numbers are rising, about half of you have voted. 431 00:23:10.180 --> 00:23:12.380 Oh, and see, we don't have the other enters, 432 00:23:13.600 --> 00:23:15.360 unfortunately, it's not showing on here 433 00:23:15.360 --> 00:23:17.253 but you actually have four choices. 434 00:23:21.520 --> 00:23:26.520 All right. And so the third choice is 900 to 1100 nanometers 435 00:23:26.890 --> 00:23:31.143 and 220 to 370 nanometers. 436 00:23:33.170 --> 00:23:37.313 All right. I'm gonna close out this poll. 437 00:23:39.210 --> 00:23:41.130 And let's see what the results were. 438 00:23:41.130 --> 00:23:44.713 Unfortunately, we couldn't see the last two choices. 439 00:23:46.118 --> 00:23:49.290 Well, let's see what the attendees. 440 00:23:49.290 --> 00:23:53.983 All right. So 60% said 380 to 700 nanometers. 441 00:23:54.990 --> 00:23:56.203 And back to you, Taylor. 442 00:24:02.040 --> 00:24:05.050 All right. So here we have a short video 443 00:24:05.050 --> 00:24:06.280 showing a bit of our tool. 444 00:24:06.280 --> 00:24:08.070 We'll show first half in one slide, 445 00:24:08.070 --> 00:24:10.520 and then the second half we may amplify. 446 00:24:10.520 --> 00:24:12.550 So just a brief overview 447 00:24:12.550 --> 00:24:14.350 of the Google invention infrastructure. 448 00:24:14.350 --> 00:24:17.080 So we have that layer that are just hovered over. 449 00:24:17.080 --> 00:24:18.490 On the left side, we have a panel 450 00:24:18.490 --> 00:24:20.530 where the user can change the location 451 00:24:20.530 --> 00:24:21.580 that they're looking at, 452 00:24:21.580 --> 00:24:23.660 whether they're looking at the entire monument 453 00:24:23.660 --> 00:24:25.270 in that red outline, 454 00:24:25.270 --> 00:24:28.187 or if they're looking at the specific atolls 455 00:24:28.187 --> 00:24:30.010 and different things within it. 456 00:24:30.010 --> 00:24:32.460 On the map, we have two things probably draw, 457 00:24:32.460 --> 00:24:34.840 which is an outline of the National Monument 458 00:24:34.840 --> 00:24:38.660 and a International Date Line which comes into play 459 00:24:38.660 --> 00:24:39.827 when you're exporting some of the data. 460 00:24:39.827 --> 00:24:41.580 The International Date Line messes with it, 461 00:24:41.580 --> 00:24:42.740 so we wanted to put that there 462 00:24:42.740 --> 00:24:45.500 so our users aren't running into any errors. 463 00:24:45.500 --> 00:24:46.790 So now we're over on the right side 464 00:24:46.790 --> 00:24:49.220 where the user does most of their interacting. 465 00:24:49.220 --> 00:24:50.603 So we have description of what's going on. 466 00:24:50.603 --> 00:24:52.680 But there, we can see they're selecting 467 00:24:52.680 --> 00:24:54.153 from a variety of different parameters 468 00:24:54.153 --> 00:24:56.210 that they can choose from. 469 00:24:56.210 --> 00:24:57.310 And then once they select that 470 00:24:57.310 --> 00:24:59.260 they can choose what satellite they want 471 00:24:59.260 --> 00:25:01.020 with the resolution displayed. 472 00:25:01.020 --> 00:25:02.910 That'll display a color bar, 473 00:25:02.910 --> 00:25:05.590 which can show you proper ideas for your values, 474 00:25:05.590 --> 00:25:06.870 which is a composite line. 475 00:25:06.870 --> 00:25:09.300 And they can display that composite on the map. 476 00:25:09.300 --> 00:25:10.780 We'll start to draw right away, 477 00:25:10.780 --> 00:25:12.372 give it some time if you're ever using the tool 478 00:25:12.372 --> 00:25:13.474 and it's speed is slow. 479 00:25:13.474 --> 00:25:15.040 It does take a little bit. 480 00:25:15.040 --> 00:25:16.453 It'll help draw your composite map on there 481 00:25:16.453 --> 00:25:18.800 so you can help visualize it. 482 00:25:18.800 --> 00:25:21.290 Up here, we can play with the transparency 483 00:25:21.290 --> 00:25:23.720 so we can kind of see what's going on below, 484 00:25:23.720 --> 00:25:25.910 especially when you have that brightening of color, 485 00:25:25.910 --> 00:25:29.270 it's nice to see what you're looking at underneath. 486 00:25:30.380 --> 00:25:32.370 And then, like I said before, 487 00:25:32.370 --> 00:25:34.170 we can move around to the different atolls 488 00:25:34.170 --> 00:25:36.270 in different areas, along the monument, 489 00:25:36.270 --> 00:25:39.250 with the dropdown over on the left hand side. 490 00:25:39.250 --> 00:25:40.810 This allows you to, you know, 491 00:25:40.810 --> 00:25:43.030 see how each of the monuments are doing 492 00:25:43.030 --> 00:25:45.167 and just really get an idea of exactly where you are 493 00:25:45.167 --> 00:25:46.970 and not just where you, 494 00:25:46.970 --> 00:25:49.100 roughly are based on your ability to, you know, 495 00:25:49.100 --> 00:25:51.793 scroll in and scroll out on the monument. 496 00:25:58.960 --> 00:26:00.753 So then below that, 497 00:26:02.410 --> 00:26:05.990 the left hand slider is a download, import button. 498 00:26:05.990 --> 00:26:06.960 If we click that, 499 00:26:06.960 --> 00:26:10.080 it'll take what you're actually looking at on the map, 500 00:26:10.080 --> 00:26:11.620 and we'll create an ability 501 00:26:11.620 --> 00:26:15.530 for you to download an exportable image 502 00:26:15.530 --> 00:26:20.520 and TIFF file or, you know, geographically referenced data 503 00:26:20.520 --> 00:26:22.310 that you could then export and work with 504 00:26:22.310 --> 00:26:25.342 in a program like Arc and something else. 505 00:26:25.342 --> 00:26:27.080 And I think what we're trying to display here 506 00:26:27.080 --> 00:26:29.810 is just that the data is global. 507 00:26:29.810 --> 00:26:31.393 So it does extend beyond the reach 508 00:26:31.393 --> 00:26:33.480 of what you're looking at immediately, 509 00:26:33.480 --> 00:26:34.320 but it's only gonna draw 510 00:26:34.320 --> 00:26:37.180 what you're looking at in that moment in time. 511 00:26:37.180 --> 00:26:38.013 So here we can see 512 00:26:38.013 --> 00:26:39.860 that you can also change what you're looking at. 513 00:26:39.860 --> 00:26:41.150 So if you wanna solve it chlorophyll 514 00:26:41.150 --> 00:26:43.074 but now you wanna specifically get the VIIRS 515 00:26:43.074 --> 00:26:44.800 so a higher resolution, 516 00:26:44.800 --> 00:26:46.930 you can change that as much as you want. 517 00:26:46.930 --> 00:26:48.570 It's gonna draw the layer. 518 00:26:48.570 --> 00:26:49.403 Keep in mind, 519 00:26:49.403 --> 00:26:52.243 it's gonna add the layer on top of your pre-existing one. 520 00:26:53.150 --> 00:26:55.510 So you're still gonna get that data there, 521 00:26:55.510 --> 00:26:57.810 but your other layer that you were looking at before 522 00:26:57.810 --> 00:27:00.100 from the Lotus data is just hidden beneath that. 523 00:27:00.100 --> 00:27:02.663 And like it's showing, you can play with the transparency, 524 00:27:02.663 --> 00:27:04.941 that kind of, see that still showing 525 00:27:04.941 --> 00:27:06.223 they're on the bottom. 526 00:27:15.230 --> 00:27:18.630 And that is utilizing the download, import button. 527 00:27:18.630 --> 00:27:20.100 Like I mentioned earlier, 528 00:27:20.100 --> 00:27:22.020 this will take you out to an external tab, 529 00:27:22.020 --> 00:27:24.970 which will pop up a way for you to download 530 00:27:24.970 --> 00:27:26.920 and save the file on your computer. 531 00:27:26.920 --> 00:27:28.570 Which you could then work with later 532 00:27:28.570 --> 00:27:30.720 to either analyze the specific values 533 00:27:30.720 --> 00:27:34.636 or to create maps for public viewing and information. 534 00:27:34.636 --> 00:27:35.790 You can go to the next slide 535 00:27:35.790 --> 00:27:37.540 to see the second half of the tool. 536 00:27:42.150 --> 00:27:45.470 So in the second half, is the time series graph, half of it. 537 00:27:45.470 --> 00:27:46.840 So first part of it, 538 00:27:46.840 --> 00:27:49.220 you're working with building your composites. 539 00:27:49.220 --> 00:27:51.840 And on the second half, you can create a time series graph. 540 00:27:51.840 --> 00:27:54.310 This doesn't necessarily have to impact at all 541 00:27:54.310 --> 00:27:55.480 what you're doing with the deposits. 542 00:27:55.480 --> 00:27:58.210 You can (indistinct) and time series graphs 543 00:27:58.210 --> 00:27:59.730 but that's a totally different thing. 544 00:27:59.730 --> 00:28:01.400 But at the same basic idea, 545 00:28:01.400 --> 00:28:02.930 you choose your parameter, 546 00:28:02.930 --> 00:28:05.290 you choose your resolution of the satellite, 547 00:28:05.290 --> 00:28:07.940 and you set how long you want your graph to look for. 548 00:28:08.850 --> 00:28:10.280 Essentially you'll choose a starting date 549 00:28:10.280 --> 00:28:12.920 and see how far after you want to. 550 00:28:12.920 --> 00:28:15.780 Then we can also sort the region, we have two options, 551 00:28:15.780 --> 00:28:17.190 one of them is a point of interest 552 00:28:17.190 --> 00:28:19.917 and one of them is the entire monument. 553 00:28:19.917 --> 00:28:22.040 Monument justice means wherever you click 554 00:28:22.040 --> 00:28:23.673 or wherever you're viewing in the middle of your screen 555 00:28:23.673 --> 00:28:26.450 it's gonna draw a 20-meter buffer around it, 556 00:28:26.450 --> 00:28:28.260 and create times you've checked for that. 557 00:28:28.260 --> 00:28:30.550 So this might be helpful if you're specifically looking 558 00:28:30.550 --> 00:28:34.130 at what Manawai's, levels you're looking at for the year. 559 00:28:34.130 --> 00:28:36.070 Or if you wanna see what the entire monument is looking at 560 00:28:36.070 --> 00:28:37.530 for the year, you could change the region 561 00:28:37.530 --> 00:28:39.773 to the entire Papahanaumokuakea Monument. 562 00:28:41.690 --> 00:28:42.523 Hey, Taylor. Yes. 563 00:28:42.523 --> 00:28:44.380 Sorry to interrupt you for a second. 564 00:28:44.380 --> 00:28:47.414 Can you move your mic, maybe a little closer to your mouth, 565 00:28:47.414 --> 00:28:49.860 your audio is a little muddy. 566 00:28:49.860 --> 00:28:52.518 Try that if- Is this better? 567 00:28:52.518 --> 00:28:53.816 Yeah. I think that's better. Awesome. 568 00:28:53.816 --> 00:28:54.970 Thank you. 569 00:28:54.970 --> 00:28:57.000 No. Thank you so much. 570 00:28:57.000 --> 00:28:58.830 So yeah. Back to the tool, 571 00:28:58.830 --> 00:29:02.080 we can see, we have a little tab 572 00:29:02.080 --> 00:29:06.530 that opens up showing your time series graph over here 573 00:29:06.530 --> 00:29:09.850 which you can download as either CSPs or PNGs 574 00:29:09.850 --> 00:29:11.510 to work with even later if you like 575 00:29:11.510 --> 00:29:13.800 and to analyze the data further. 576 00:29:13.800 --> 00:29:17.300 So now the user is changing it to the entire monument. 577 00:29:17.300 --> 00:29:20.040 So there's time where we're gonna look at the values, 578 00:29:20.040 --> 00:29:22.940 not just within your small little buffered point of interest 579 00:29:22.940 --> 00:29:24.480 but your entire monument 580 00:29:24.480 --> 00:29:26.420 to see how the whole thing changes 581 00:29:26.420 --> 00:29:28.860 across that six-month period that we're working with. 582 00:29:28.860 --> 00:29:32.230 And also just add the graph underneath of your first one. 583 00:29:32.230 --> 00:29:34.110 There is a clear graphs button there, 584 00:29:34.110 --> 00:29:35.891 if you ever have so many graphs working with 585 00:29:35.891 --> 00:29:36.853 that you're getting a little bit lost. 586 00:29:36.853 --> 00:29:39.780 You can just clear them out and start fresh 587 00:29:39.780 --> 00:29:41.640 and just kind of get a better idea 588 00:29:41.640 --> 00:29:44.370 of what your data is looking like. 589 00:29:44.370 --> 00:29:46.110 We hope this is really helpful 590 00:29:46.110 --> 00:29:48.680 for users to be able to analyze, 591 00:29:48.680 --> 00:29:51.270 not just what's going on right now with the composites, 592 00:29:51.270 --> 00:29:54.190 but also look at some historical data and some trend data 593 00:29:54.190 --> 00:29:57.493 to get a better idea of what's going on within the monument. 594 00:30:03.370 --> 00:30:05.090 Okay, everyone. 595 00:30:05.090 --> 00:30:05.923 Thank you, Taylor 596 00:30:05.923 --> 00:30:07.670 for your wonderful explanation of our tool. 597 00:30:07.670 --> 00:30:10.520 We're very excited to pass this tool onto our partners 598 00:30:10.520 --> 00:30:11.830 and help them make decisions 599 00:30:11.830 --> 00:30:14.430 for future expeditions into the field. 600 00:30:14.430 --> 00:30:18.520 And just to reiterate, the great thing about the tool 601 00:30:18.520 --> 00:30:20.367 is that all you need is the link for the tool, 602 00:30:20.367 --> 00:30:21.730 and everybody can use it. 603 00:30:21.730 --> 00:30:24.390 Anybody who wants to collaborate with us on this problem 604 00:30:24.390 --> 00:30:26.920 and you don't need an expensive software like ArcGIS 605 00:30:26.920 --> 00:30:28.830 if you wanted to use the tool. 606 00:30:28.830 --> 00:30:32.250 So now we're going to move on to the Statistical Analysis 607 00:30:32.250 --> 00:30:33.890 portion of the presentation 608 00:30:33.890 --> 00:30:36.363 and talk about some preliminary data and numbers 609 00:30:36.363 --> 00:30:38.880 that we crunched together for our partners. 610 00:30:38.880 --> 00:30:40.940 Are you guys able to hear me clearly? 611 00:30:40.940 --> 00:30:41.773 Is it okay? 612 00:30:43.084 --> 00:30:44.770 (indistinct chattering) 613 00:30:44.770 --> 00:30:47.330 Okay. So next slide. 614 00:30:47.330 --> 00:30:49.890 We had three main goals that we wanted to accomplish 615 00:30:49.890 --> 00:30:51.160 with our analysis. 616 00:30:51.160 --> 00:30:53.320 So first we wanted to validate the tool 617 00:30:53.320 --> 00:30:55.260 by comparing the temperature data 618 00:30:55.260 --> 00:30:56.920 that you can get from the tool 619 00:30:56.920 --> 00:30:59.000 with actual in situ recordings 620 00:30:59.910 --> 00:31:03.710 to see if it's reliable and if it's similar and useful. 621 00:31:03.710 --> 00:31:06.630 And second, we wanted to compare the temperature data 622 00:31:06.630 --> 00:31:07.970 where the alga is present 623 00:31:07.970 --> 00:31:10.340 versus the areas that do not have the alga 624 00:31:10.340 --> 00:31:11.950 around Manawai Atoll. 625 00:31:11.950 --> 00:31:13.830 To see if they are different. 626 00:31:13.830 --> 00:31:16.140 If there's something going on that we don't know about. 627 00:31:16.140 --> 00:31:17.010 And lastly, 628 00:31:17.010 --> 00:31:20.010 we wanted to examine the TransForce sea surface temperature 629 00:31:20.010 --> 00:31:21.420 and chlorophyll-a 630 00:31:21.420 --> 00:31:24.050 and just see their patterns and see if there's any changes 631 00:31:24.050 --> 00:31:26.560 in the last couple of years to confirm our theory, 632 00:31:26.560 --> 00:31:28.130 that these two parameters 633 00:31:28.130 --> 00:31:31.000 could be what is driving to growth of Chondria tumulosa 634 00:31:31.000 --> 00:31:32.300 in Manawai. 635 00:31:32.300 --> 00:31:34.160 And in order to accomplish this, 636 00:31:34.160 --> 00:31:36.520 we have three data sets of interest 637 00:31:36.520 --> 00:31:38.150 that we wanted to use for this portion. 638 00:31:38.150 --> 00:31:41.730 We have the MODIS outputs for sea surface temperature 639 00:31:41.730 --> 00:31:44.050 and chlorophyll-a, straight from our tool. 640 00:31:44.050 --> 00:31:46.550 And we also have in situ temperature data 641 00:31:46.550 --> 00:31:48.380 from Sub-surface Temperature Recorders 642 00:31:48.380 --> 00:31:50.740 that are located onsite in Manawai 643 00:31:50.740 --> 00:31:53.650 from the National Coral Reef Monitoring Program. 644 00:31:53.650 --> 00:31:56.860 And lastly, we also have the spatial locations of areas 645 00:31:56.860 --> 00:31:59.120 where the partners have found presence of the alga, 646 00:31:59.120 --> 00:32:01.420 of the alga, Chondria tumulosa. 647 00:32:01.420 --> 00:32:03.223 So next slide. 648 00:32:05.720 --> 00:32:07.300 Okay. So as we mentioned before, 649 00:32:07.300 --> 00:32:10.620 we wanted to confirm that the temperature data from MODIS, 650 00:32:10.620 --> 00:32:14.013 which is incorporated in into our tool, is reliable. 651 00:32:15.290 --> 00:32:16.590 And we wanted to compare it 652 00:32:16.590 --> 00:32:19.560 against the in situ temperature recordings. 653 00:32:19.560 --> 00:32:22.340 And so we took the daily average temperature 654 00:32:22.340 --> 00:32:25.220 from 2013 to 2020 from both datasets, 655 00:32:25.220 --> 00:32:28.580 and as you can see here, it lines up quite well. 656 00:32:28.580 --> 00:32:30.100 It looks like there are a couple more outliers 657 00:32:30.100 --> 00:32:31.290 captured in MODIS, 658 00:32:31.290 --> 00:32:33.740 but for the most part, we can say that it's reliable, 659 00:32:33.740 --> 00:32:34.573 which is great. 660 00:32:34.573 --> 00:32:35.490 And this is really useful 661 00:32:35.490 --> 00:32:38.240 because the partners can get sea surface temperature data 662 00:32:38.240 --> 00:32:39.800 for anywhere in the monument 663 00:32:39.800 --> 00:32:42.750 when they select a region of interest using the tool. 664 00:32:42.750 --> 00:32:44.870 And they can get temperature data for areas 665 00:32:44.870 --> 00:32:47.350 that we currently don't have any recorders on site. 666 00:32:47.350 --> 00:32:48.840 So that's really great. 667 00:32:48.840 --> 00:32:50.653 And Next slide. 668 00:32:51.950 --> 00:32:53.730 And continuing on that point, 669 00:32:53.730 --> 00:32:56.240 the linear regression graph here on the left 670 00:32:56.240 --> 00:32:58.340 shows that there is a strong correlation 671 00:32:58.340 --> 00:33:00.840 or R squared between MODIS temperature 672 00:33:00.840 --> 00:33:02.710 and in situ temperature, 673 00:33:02.710 --> 00:33:04.480 which again, validates the tool's accuracy 674 00:33:04.480 --> 00:33:06.310 when it comes to the temperature. 675 00:33:06.310 --> 00:33:07.750 So the next thing we wanted to see 676 00:33:07.750 --> 00:33:10.620 was if there is a difference between the temperature 677 00:33:11.600 --> 00:33:14.180 in sites with the alga presence and sites without. 678 00:33:14.180 --> 00:33:17.240 And fortunately there are sub-surface temperature recorders 679 00:33:17.240 --> 00:33:19.470 near sites with and without. 680 00:33:19.470 --> 00:33:23.450 So we extracted a temperature data for sites with the alga, 681 00:33:23.450 --> 00:33:25.700 and did an analysis of variance or ANOVA 682 00:33:25.700 --> 00:33:27.100 against sites without, 683 00:33:27.100 --> 00:33:29.240 and we found no significant difference. 684 00:33:29.240 --> 00:33:32.340 The box plot on the bottom right, that you can see, 685 00:33:32.340 --> 00:33:35.670 it summarizes the value ranges for the sites near and far 686 00:33:35.670 --> 00:33:37.290 and they are pretty similar. 687 00:33:37.290 --> 00:33:39.640 And this means that the sites with alga presence 688 00:33:39.640 --> 00:33:41.340 aren't unique in terms of temperature 689 00:33:41.340 --> 00:33:43.853 and it's quite uniform throughout the atoll. 690 00:33:45.040 --> 00:33:46.880 Next slide. 691 00:33:46.880 --> 00:33:49.750 So lastly, we decided to take a special interest 692 00:33:49.750 --> 00:33:50.590 in chlorophyll-a 693 00:33:50.590 --> 00:33:53.830 because our partners and experts on Chondria tumulosa 694 00:33:53.830 --> 00:33:55.620 such as Dr. Heather Spalding, 695 00:33:55.620 --> 00:33:57.890 has suggested the impact of upwelling 696 00:33:57.890 --> 00:34:00.090 and nutrient mixing in Manawai. 697 00:34:00.090 --> 00:34:01.610 So for the chlorophyll-a analysis, 698 00:34:01.610 --> 00:34:04.610 we took the MODIS data from our tool 699 00:34:04.610 --> 00:34:05.930 and from that we extracted 700 00:34:05.930 --> 00:34:09.560 the median value for every month of every year 701 00:34:09.560 --> 00:34:13.120 in order to capture the seasonality trends in chlorophyll-a 702 00:34:13.120 --> 00:34:15.150 and which is shown here, as you can see, 703 00:34:15.150 --> 00:34:18.070 and it's measured in milligrams per cubic meter. 704 00:34:18.070 --> 00:34:21.210 What we were hoping to see was that the chlorophyll-a levels 705 00:34:21.210 --> 00:34:24.160 in Manawai where the algal growth is currently occurring 706 00:34:24.160 --> 00:34:27.110 would be a lot higher than another atoll. 707 00:34:27.110 --> 00:34:30.730 And in this instance we chose Lalo to be our control 708 00:34:30.730 --> 00:34:31.700 'cause it's further away 709 00:34:31.700 --> 00:34:33.660 and there's no any algal growth happening, 710 00:34:33.660 --> 00:34:36.160 but we did not see that in the data. 711 00:34:36.160 --> 00:34:38.490 And it seems as though the chlorophyll-a data 712 00:34:38.490 --> 00:34:41.623 falls within the normal median ranges for each atoll. 713 00:34:42.727 --> 00:34:44.200 In the next slide, 714 00:34:44.200 --> 00:34:47.960 We're looking more closely at the, oh, pardon. 715 00:34:47.960 --> 00:34:49.430 Okay. In the next slide, 716 00:34:49.430 --> 00:34:52.530 we are looking closely at the chlorophyll-a data 717 00:34:52.530 --> 00:34:55.450 and we're looking for more recent years, 718 00:34:55.450 --> 00:34:57.160 so 2017 to 2020. 719 00:34:57.160 --> 00:34:58.670 And we wanted to look at these years 720 00:34:58.670 --> 00:35:00.660 specifically because we know that the outbreak 721 00:35:00.660 --> 00:35:03.340 has really proliferated in 2019. 722 00:35:03.340 --> 00:35:05.010 So from the two graphs, it seems that 723 00:35:05.010 --> 00:35:07.540 both have about the same levels of chlorophyll-a 724 00:35:07.540 --> 00:35:10.210 but with the distinct difference being that in the summer 725 00:35:10.210 --> 00:35:11.540 when the temperature is warmest, 726 00:35:11.540 --> 00:35:13.990 Manawai levels actually spike up 727 00:35:13.990 --> 00:35:15.980 while Lalo's levels go down, 728 00:35:15.980 --> 00:35:18.840 which would correspond with the nutrients being lower 729 00:35:18.840 --> 00:35:20.700 when the temperature is warmer. 730 00:35:20.700 --> 00:35:23.540 But with that said, we cannot say with confidence 731 00:35:23.540 --> 00:35:25.210 that the chlorophyll-a by itself 732 00:35:25.210 --> 00:35:27.010 has a strong effect on algal growth, 733 00:35:27.010 --> 00:35:28.690 but perhaps maybe in conjunction 734 00:35:28.690 --> 00:35:31.030 with warmer sea surface temperatures 735 00:35:31.030 --> 00:35:33.420 and the chlorophyll-a spiking up in this summer 736 00:35:33.420 --> 00:35:36.390 it could be an interesting phenomenon to explore. 737 00:35:36.390 --> 00:35:38.870 And furthermore, I just wanna put a disclaimer 738 00:35:38.870 --> 00:35:41.580 that the algorithm that calculates chlorophyll-a 739 00:35:41.580 --> 00:35:43.490 is meant for open ocean waters. 740 00:35:43.490 --> 00:35:46.680 And here we are using it in shallow waters around atoll 741 00:35:46.680 --> 00:35:48.250 which can skew the data. 742 00:35:48.250 --> 00:35:51.010 However, there is somebody at NOAA, Jamie Gove, 743 00:35:51.010 --> 00:35:53.220 who is experienced with this type of data 744 00:35:53.220 --> 00:35:55.910 and he can apply a masking to the atolls 745 00:35:55.910 --> 00:35:58.840 which will give the partners more accurate calculations 746 00:35:58.840 --> 00:36:00.303 for chlorophyll-a levels. 747 00:36:01.310 --> 00:36:02.750 And this is the extent of the analysis 748 00:36:02.750 --> 00:36:04.720 that we were able to do in the 10 weeks. 749 00:36:04.720 --> 00:36:07.660 And we're hoping that once we pass it on to the partners 750 00:36:07.660 --> 00:36:09.700 they can use our expertise in oceanography 751 00:36:09.700 --> 00:36:12.330 to look at patterns that we might have overlooked. 752 00:36:12.330 --> 00:36:14.127 And now I will pass it on to Anna, 753 00:36:14.127 --> 00:36:16.790 where, oh, another poll we'll see, 754 00:36:16.790 --> 00:36:19.975 where she will talk about more of the limitations 755 00:36:19.975 --> 00:36:21.870 of the project and the future (indistinct) 756 00:36:21.870 --> 00:36:23.720 can be done to extend up on our work. 757 00:36:25.900 --> 00:36:27.307 Great. Thanks, Ginah. 758 00:36:28.410 --> 00:36:29.590 You know, as Gina mentioned, 759 00:36:29.590 --> 00:36:32.120 there are a number of errors, uncertainties 760 00:36:32.120 --> 00:36:34.310 that we had to consider with this project. 761 00:36:34.310 --> 00:36:36.040 And first and foremost, 762 00:36:36.040 --> 00:36:39.210 was the lack of available satellite data. 763 00:36:39.210 --> 00:36:42.070 This was by far the biggest challenge with this work, 764 00:36:42.070 --> 00:36:45.230 not only the Sentinel-2 not covering this area 765 00:36:45.230 --> 00:36:47.050 but the quality it lands at it imagery 766 00:36:47.050 --> 00:36:49.560 is also not suitable for this region. 767 00:36:49.560 --> 00:36:51.880 These are two major satellite constellations 768 00:36:51.880 --> 00:36:53.462 that are often used for (indistinct) 769 00:36:53.462 --> 00:36:55.962 And with these satellites out, 770 00:36:55.962 --> 00:36:57.180 we had to figure out 771 00:36:57.180 --> 00:37:00.463 what was possible to use that was also publicly available. 772 00:37:01.540 --> 00:37:03.140 So we moved to sentinel-3 773 00:37:03.140 --> 00:37:05.780 but as Taylor mentioned earlier, 774 00:37:05.780 --> 00:37:07.682 due to the processing level of the data 775 00:37:07.682 --> 00:37:09.610 provided in earth engine, 776 00:37:09.610 --> 00:37:12.530 we were unable to convert the data 777 00:37:12.530 --> 00:37:13.900 from radiance to reflectance 778 00:37:13.900 --> 00:37:16.820 and so as could not use this for quantitative analysis, 779 00:37:16.820 --> 00:37:18.903 but only qualitative analysis. 780 00:37:19.900 --> 00:37:22.310 We did include two models available in earth engine, 781 00:37:22.310 --> 00:37:25.270 HYCOM and NOAA CDR, 782 00:37:25.270 --> 00:37:28.230 but the limitation of models must be understood. 783 00:37:28.230 --> 00:37:30.010 These are not direct measurements of data 784 00:37:30.010 --> 00:37:32.380 and they are also globally focused, 785 00:37:32.380 --> 00:37:36.150 which means they can misconstrue any detailed anomalies 786 00:37:36.150 --> 00:37:37.150 that we were looking for. 787 00:37:37.150 --> 00:37:39.870 And they also may not characterize a localized area 788 00:37:39.870 --> 00:37:40.960 well enough, 789 00:37:40.960 --> 00:37:42.393 localized being like the areas of Manawai 790 00:37:42.393 --> 00:37:45.730 that we are specifically looking at here. 791 00:37:45.730 --> 00:37:47.040 Finally, MODIS and VIIRS, 792 00:37:47.040 --> 00:37:49.330 the two main earth observation products 793 00:37:49.330 --> 00:37:51.940 we were able to use for quantitative analysis, 794 00:37:51.940 --> 00:37:53.690 have a coarse spatial resolution 795 00:37:53.690 --> 00:37:56.263 that is not quite suitable for this scale of analysis 796 00:37:56.263 --> 00:37:58.723 that we were hoping to complete at Manawai. 797 00:37:59.670 --> 00:38:02.200 So we can see this on the left side of the screen. 798 00:38:02.200 --> 00:38:04.640 The pixels for MODIS are quite large 799 00:38:04.640 --> 00:38:07.700 while VIIRS, on the bottom left, are finer, 800 00:38:07.700 --> 00:38:10.700 they're not orthorectified to the specific region. 801 00:38:10.700 --> 00:38:12.940 So as we were really only to example, 802 00:38:12.940 --> 00:38:16.060 sorry, examine oceanographic conditions at large, 803 00:38:16.060 --> 00:38:18.440 rather than at specific survey locations 804 00:38:18.440 --> 00:38:22.570 that we are aware of from the survey that happened in 2019 805 00:38:22.570 --> 00:38:24.693 with the in situ alga presence. 806 00:38:27.630 --> 00:38:30.000 So this brings us to what we can actually say 807 00:38:30.000 --> 00:38:31.880 about the feasibility of this work, 808 00:38:31.880 --> 00:38:33.220 and this work moving forward. 809 00:38:33.220 --> 00:38:34.870 So holistically, we can conclude 810 00:38:34.870 --> 00:38:37.040 that tool itself that we developed 811 00:38:37.040 --> 00:38:39.910 will be a useful tool for our project partners 812 00:38:39.910 --> 00:38:41.400 in part because of the strong match 813 00:38:41.400 --> 00:38:44.330 between MODIS sea surface temperature 814 00:38:44.330 --> 00:38:46.770 confirmed with in situ temperature data. 815 00:38:46.770 --> 00:38:50.060 And also because it will allow managers to utilize the tool 816 00:38:50.060 --> 00:38:53.700 to examine and extract additional oceanographic conditions 817 00:38:53.700 --> 00:38:57.270 at a later time period, without our direct assistance. 818 00:38:57.270 --> 00:38:59.800 However, we cannot say right now 819 00:38:59.800 --> 00:39:03.370 that is possible to decide to this algae directly 820 00:39:03.370 --> 00:39:06.760 with publicly available satellite remote sensing imagery. 821 00:39:06.760 --> 00:39:10.060 And I wanna emphasize the publicly available part of this 822 00:39:10.060 --> 00:39:14.360 as Keo we'll move into some potential work in the future 823 00:39:14.360 --> 00:39:16.113 with privately acquired satellites. 824 00:39:17.940 --> 00:39:20.280 And part of this is because of the corals data 825 00:39:20.280 --> 00:39:21.370 of this public imagery 826 00:39:21.370 --> 00:39:23.980 and also the surprising lack of coverage 827 00:39:23.980 --> 00:39:25.633 over this remote area. 828 00:39:26.940 --> 00:39:27.930 You know, as Gina said, 829 00:39:27.930 --> 00:39:29.890 we did see some elevated chlorophyll-a levels 830 00:39:29.890 --> 00:39:32.050 that might have indicated conditions favorable 831 00:39:32.050 --> 00:39:33.350 for algae spread, 832 00:39:33.350 --> 00:39:35.250 but there were no distinct anomalies 833 00:39:35.250 --> 00:39:36.754 that could reasonably correlate 834 00:39:36.754 --> 00:39:38.973 to the Chondria tumulosa presence. 835 00:39:41.060 --> 00:39:43.780 And so thus there's significant future work 836 00:39:43.780 --> 00:39:46.320 that we identified through this study. 837 00:39:46.320 --> 00:39:48.080 You know, as we stated, 838 00:39:48.080 --> 00:39:50.640 we were not able to perform any direct identification 839 00:39:50.640 --> 00:39:54.040 or classification of the algae with the data at hand, 840 00:39:54.040 --> 00:39:58.860 however our partners, Keo included as well as Fraiola, 841 00:39:58.860 --> 00:40:01.050 Dr. Fraiola and Dr. Martinez, 842 00:40:01.050 --> 00:40:02.600 have access to WorldView data, 843 00:40:02.600 --> 00:40:05.180 which has a much higher spatial resolution. 844 00:40:05.180 --> 00:40:08.370 So future work can include classification of this alga 845 00:40:08.370 --> 00:40:10.820 over the monument using this WorldView data. 846 00:40:10.820 --> 00:40:13.953 Although, the computing power required is not insignificant. 847 00:40:15.380 --> 00:40:17.930 In discussions with other project stakeholders, 848 00:40:17.930 --> 00:40:22.560 we know that Manawai is also prone to catching marine debris 849 00:40:22.560 --> 00:40:24.380 like fishing equipment or shipwreck. 850 00:40:24.380 --> 00:40:26.700 So we do suggest exploring this impact 851 00:40:26.700 --> 00:40:30.350 as a potential agent for algae migration. 852 00:40:30.350 --> 00:40:32.560 And finally, discussions with other scientists 853 00:40:32.560 --> 00:40:34.970 studying the monuments like Dr. Heather Spalding, 854 00:40:34.970 --> 00:40:38.260 led us to consider the thermocline and potential upwelling 855 00:40:38.260 --> 00:40:39.970 where the alga was found. 856 00:40:39.970 --> 00:40:42.090 In what seasons is there more mixing 857 00:40:42.090 --> 00:40:43.580 within the water column? 858 00:40:43.580 --> 00:40:46.510 Is the water temperature a direct driver of the alga? 859 00:40:46.510 --> 00:40:49.060 Studying these anomalies in a more specific scale 860 00:40:49.060 --> 00:40:50.020 that can be detected 861 00:40:50.020 --> 00:40:52.080 with palpably available satellite imagery 862 00:40:52.080 --> 00:40:54.390 is useful future work. 863 00:40:54.390 --> 00:40:57.610 So while this study site is ideal for remote sensing 864 00:40:57.610 --> 00:41:00.320 because it is so difficult to access in person, 865 00:41:00.320 --> 00:41:02.410 there is limited available public imagery. 866 00:41:02.410 --> 00:41:06.350 And what is available has a quite coarse spatial resolution 867 00:41:06.350 --> 00:41:08.010 which is a significant disadvantage 868 00:41:08.010 --> 00:41:09.720 when attempting to track a phenomenon 869 00:41:09.720 --> 00:41:12.023 that occurs at a relatively fine scale. 870 00:41:12.890 --> 00:41:15.240 Our efforts in the 10 weeks of this project 871 00:41:15.240 --> 00:41:18.520 have shown the potential for remote sensing in this region 872 00:41:18.520 --> 00:41:20.020 but also highlighted the challenges 873 00:41:20.020 --> 00:41:22.130 that can come with (indistinct) 874 00:41:22.130 --> 00:41:24.640 We look forward to additional insights 875 00:41:24.640 --> 00:41:27.670 into this nuisance algae studies of Manawai 876 00:41:27.670 --> 00:41:28.800 in the monument progress, 877 00:41:28.800 --> 00:41:30.560 which Keo we'll talk more about 878 00:41:30.560 --> 00:41:32.610 after we acknowledge the project partners 879 00:41:32.610 --> 00:41:35.973 for this part of the NASA DEVELOP project. 880 00:41:38.030 --> 00:41:39.900 We have one poll question 881 00:41:39.900 --> 00:41:43.193 before we move on to acknowledgements and Keo's future work. 882 00:41:48.013 --> 00:41:50.630 Last poll all of this very informative 883 00:41:50.630 --> 00:41:53.210 and inspiring presentation. 884 00:41:53.210 --> 00:41:57.100 I'm just in awe of these young scientists, they're amazing. 885 00:41:57.100 --> 00:42:01.683 So our last poll is, what is the western name of Lalo? 886 00:42:02.780 --> 00:42:04.720 French Frigate Shoals, 887 00:42:04.720 --> 00:42:06.580 Pearl and Hermes Atoll, 888 00:42:06.580 --> 00:42:08.090 Midway Atoll, 889 00:42:08.090 --> 00:42:09.970 or Necker Island. 890 00:42:09.970 --> 00:42:13.490 So go ahead and register your vote. 891 00:42:13.490 --> 00:42:16.890 We have about, 25% have voted. 892 00:42:16.890 --> 00:42:20.453 So we'll give it another 10 seconds. 893 00:42:21.340 --> 00:42:23.690 Oh, lots of you, the numbers are climbing. 894 00:42:23.690 --> 00:42:26.450 Yep. We're up to 50%. 895 00:42:26.450 --> 00:42:29.010 So go ahead and register your vote. 896 00:42:29.010 --> 00:42:31.613 I'm gonna close it out in about five seconds. 897 00:42:33.216 --> 00:42:34.049 All right. 898 00:42:35.130 --> 00:42:36.983 And I'm closing up the poll. 899 00:42:38.460 --> 00:42:40.840 So here are our results. 900 00:42:40.840 --> 00:42:42.440 What's the western name of Lalo? 901 00:42:43.800 --> 00:42:47.853 48% has said French Frigate Shoals; is that correct? 902 00:42:51.420 --> 00:42:52.420 Yes. 903 00:42:52.420 --> 00:42:53.253 Yes. 904 00:42:53.253 --> 00:42:54.440 Sorry. I was muted for a second. 905 00:42:54.440 --> 00:42:57.610 But yes, that is correct, French Frigate Shoals. 906 00:42:57.610 --> 00:42:59.560 We are definitely promoting 907 00:42:59.560 --> 00:43:03.800 the use of, recognizing Hawaiian native names, 908 00:43:03.800 --> 00:43:04.920 especially in science. 909 00:43:04.920 --> 00:43:06.970 So we wanted to make sure to emphasize these 910 00:43:06.970 --> 00:43:08.170 within our presentation. 911 00:43:10.450 --> 00:43:14.160 Great. So I will move to the acknowledgements 912 00:43:14.160 --> 00:43:15.743 of our partners. 913 00:43:17.090 --> 00:43:19.490 So thank you to Dr. Kauaoa Fraiola 914 00:43:19.490 --> 00:43:20.990 with the US Fish and Wildlife Service, 915 00:43:20.990 --> 00:43:23.560 as well as Dr. Jona Martinez from NOAA. 916 00:43:23.560 --> 00:43:24.580 Our science advisors, 917 00:43:24.580 --> 00:43:26.910 Dr. Juan Torres-Perez and Liane Guild, 918 00:43:26.910 --> 00:43:29.970 offered fantastic feedback and guidance for this project. 919 00:43:29.970 --> 00:43:31.630 And thank you also to Britnay Beaudry, 920 00:43:31.630 --> 00:43:33.040 the fellow and fearless leader (indistinct) 921 00:43:33.040 --> 00:43:36.093 as well as Haley Pippin, our senior fellow. 922 00:43:37.130 --> 00:43:39.840 And this does bring us to What's Next. 923 00:43:39.840 --> 00:43:40.673 You know, as I said, 924 00:43:40.673 --> 00:43:42.780 this is what we accomplished in 10 weeks. 925 00:43:42.780 --> 00:43:44.790 Luckily we had Keo as a team member 926 00:43:44.790 --> 00:43:46.820 and an employee of the monument. 927 00:43:46.820 --> 00:43:48.950 He will be taking what we learned from this project 928 00:43:48.950 --> 00:43:52.630 to move forward on other (indistinct) the monument. 929 00:43:52.630 --> 00:43:54.240 So I'll pass it to Keo briefly, 930 00:43:54.240 --> 00:43:56.530 to talk about the future proposed work 931 00:43:56.530 --> 00:43:58.580 that Keo has recently received money for. 932 00:44:00.573 --> 00:44:03.420 I am the lucky one to have worked with you guys 933 00:44:03.420 --> 00:44:05.640 and be employed at the monument, 934 00:44:05.640 --> 00:44:07.553 so I'd like to thank all of you guys. 935 00:44:09.750 --> 00:44:14.393 This might seem to be the end, but it is just the beginning. 936 00:44:15.850 --> 00:44:18.543 2021 is going to be amazing. 937 00:44:19.640 --> 00:44:23.230 I'm gonna start a multipronged remote sensing approach 938 00:44:23.230 --> 00:44:25.800 to the work that I do for school 939 00:44:25.800 --> 00:44:28.920 and try to flow it into the work 940 00:44:28.920 --> 00:44:31.390 that I'm doing at the monument as well. 941 00:44:31.390 --> 00:44:36.280 We're gonna start off this approach with the GEE CORALS tool 942 00:44:36.280 --> 00:44:38.693 that we developed, that developed, 943 00:44:40.560 --> 00:44:43.090 and use that as a spearhead 944 00:44:43.090 --> 00:44:47.280 to monitor ocean conditions remotely 945 00:44:47.280 --> 00:44:48.883 with a quick and easy tool. 946 00:44:50.320 --> 00:44:55.270 Then I will use satellite observation analysis 947 00:44:56.700 --> 00:45:01.240 to continue the work that we have done 948 00:45:03.890 --> 00:45:06.210 under the guidance of, 949 00:45:06.210 --> 00:45:07.043 of... 950 00:45:18.215 --> 00:45:20.632 (indistinct) 951 00:45:22.540 --> 00:45:23.690 Yeah, I think he's... 952 00:45:24.608 --> 00:45:27.108 (Andy laughs) 953 00:45:30.400 --> 00:45:32.310 Okay. Anybody else 954 00:45:33.520 --> 00:45:34.990 take over this part 955 00:45:34.990 --> 00:45:37.400 before he's back on? Ah, sure! 956 00:45:37.400 --> 00:45:39.550 I can talk a little bit about, a little bit about it, 957 00:45:39.550 --> 00:45:41.990 'cause I talked with Keo about it. 958 00:45:41.990 --> 00:45:44.550 In terms of the satellite observation analysis that will, 959 00:45:44.550 --> 00:45:45.963 that he will be looking at, 960 00:45:45.963 --> 00:45:49.170 it will be using this WorldView data that I mentioned 961 00:45:49.170 --> 00:45:51.533 which is has a much higher spatial resolution. 962 00:45:53.050 --> 00:45:55.550 And is also multispectral imagery, 963 00:45:55.550 --> 00:45:57.920 so we can look at specifically the blue, green, red 964 00:45:57.920 --> 00:46:01.930 and near infrared bands and hopefully detect some algae. 965 00:46:01.930 --> 00:46:03.280 And it does look like he's back. 966 00:46:03.280 --> 00:46:04.940 So I will pass it- 967 00:46:04.940 --> 00:46:08.120 Oh, that was great interpretation on my slide. 968 00:46:08.120 --> 00:46:09.430 Next (laughs). Great. 969 00:46:14.060 --> 00:46:14.893 Hang on. 970 00:46:19.007 --> 00:46:20.200 Did he freeze again? 971 00:46:20.200 --> 00:46:21.730 I do think he froze again. 972 00:46:21.730 --> 00:46:25.630 Okay. I will continue talking about this a little bit. 973 00:46:25.630 --> 00:46:28.130 This is a sample, this imagery here, 974 00:46:28.130 --> 00:46:31.320 is a sample of the potential sites to look at 975 00:46:31.320 --> 00:46:32.773 at the most recent, 976 00:46:34.060 --> 00:46:37.680 most recent trip that actually Dr. Fraiola went on 977 00:46:39.390 --> 00:46:41.190 using this worldly imageries here 978 00:46:41.190 --> 00:46:43.030 to detect some potential sites to survey, 979 00:46:43.030 --> 00:46:46.210 to see if what we're seeing in the satellite imagery 980 00:46:46.210 --> 00:46:50.193 is actually the Chondria tumulosa. 981 00:46:51.590 --> 00:46:54.930 One really cool part of this that Keo is trying to bring in 982 00:46:54.930 --> 00:46:57.380 is an uncrewed aerial system, 983 00:46:57.380 --> 00:47:00.170 basically a drone to collect imagery 984 00:47:00.170 --> 00:47:02.170 at a much finer spatial resolution 985 00:47:03.970 --> 00:47:07.130 and collect this over the sites. 986 00:47:07.130 --> 00:47:12.130 probably just in RGB, red, green, blue bands 987 00:47:12.700 --> 00:47:16.100 just due to the cost constraints 988 00:47:16.100 --> 00:47:18.373 of adding further multispectral imagery. 989 00:47:20.130 --> 00:47:22.550 And then finally with this drone imagery 990 00:47:22.550 --> 00:47:24.200 he will be performing an autoclassification 991 00:47:24.200 --> 00:47:25.893 of the substrate. 992 00:47:27.040 --> 00:47:28.810 There's a couple of different 993 00:47:28.810 --> 00:47:30.990 narrow network approaches to this, 994 00:47:30.990 --> 00:47:32.710 and I think that he was considering 995 00:47:32.710 --> 00:47:35.410 using the naive Bayes classifiers 996 00:47:37.010 --> 00:47:39.680 just basically, to help disseminate pixels 997 00:47:40.540 --> 00:47:44.780 and identify the red algae specifically 998 00:47:44.780 --> 00:47:45.613 with this 999 00:47:47.100 --> 00:47:47.933 new imagery. 1000 00:47:49.870 --> 00:47:52.440 Hopefully, he will be back. 1001 00:47:52.440 --> 00:47:55.850 I know that he was really promoting 2021 1002 00:47:55.850 --> 00:47:59.200 as the year of collaboration between everyone. 1003 00:47:59.200 --> 00:48:00.700 You know, I think we felt that 1004 00:48:02.440 --> 00:48:04.783 while collaborating with NASA, 1005 00:48:05.870 --> 00:48:08.060 but there's a lot of project partners 1006 00:48:08.060 --> 00:48:10.320 that he has to thank for funding, 1007 00:48:10.320 --> 00:48:13.020 specifically the Office Response and Restoration 1008 00:48:13.020 --> 00:48:15.440 for the funding for this most recent project 1009 00:48:15.440 --> 00:48:17.733 that Keo will be working on with his PhD. 1010 00:48:19.908 --> 00:48:22.180 And of course, NOAA, NOAA Fisheries 1011 00:48:22.180 --> 00:48:24.053 and the National Marine Sanctuaries. 1012 00:48:26.350 --> 00:48:27.610 With that I'm gonna conclude, 1013 00:48:27.610 --> 00:48:32.610 I don't know if he will be back to offer more conclusions 1014 00:48:33.140 --> 00:48:35.590 but (indistinct) 1015 00:48:35.590 --> 00:48:38.180 that is the end of what we have to present to you all. 1016 00:48:38.180 --> 00:48:39.673 So thank you so much for tuning in. 1017 00:48:39.673 --> 00:48:40.850 Fantastic. 1018 00:48:40.850 --> 00:48:42.200 Yeah. Thank you so much. 1019 00:48:42.200 --> 00:48:43.600 And you guys win the award 1020 00:48:43.600 --> 00:48:46.710 for being a cross-trained multi-disciplinary team, 1021 00:48:46.710 --> 00:48:50.090 pick up while your other team members go off 1022 00:48:50.090 --> 00:48:51.390 into cyber oblivion (laughs). 1023 00:48:51.390 --> 00:48:54.350 We don't know what happened to Keo. 1024 00:48:54.350 --> 00:48:58.160 Hopefully, there wasn't another one of those missile, 1025 00:48:58.160 --> 00:48:59.140 missile strikes (indistinct) 1026 00:48:59.140 --> 00:49:01.967 and they gave us a false missile alert (laughs). 1027 00:49:03.130 --> 00:49:06.300 Anyway, we do have a few questions for you. 1028 00:49:06.300 --> 00:49:08.630 And Justin and I will... 1029 00:49:10.159 --> 00:49:12.080 Why don't you start with the first question, Justin. 1030 00:49:12.080 --> 00:49:14.310 And I will look at the list and (indistinct) 1031 00:49:14.310 --> 00:49:15.800 Great. 1032 00:49:15.800 --> 00:49:17.960 Well, here's a technical one for you. 1033 00:49:17.960 --> 00:49:21.560 Are there any factors that affect reliability of data 1034 00:49:21.560 --> 00:49:24.770 such as turbidity or ocean conditions encores, 1035 00:49:24.770 --> 00:49:26.720 are there limits to the data collected? 1036 00:49:28.430 --> 00:49:31.280 I will say, definitely yes. 1037 00:49:31.280 --> 00:49:35.570 Clouds is a huge one and that's really the biggest limit. 1038 00:49:35.570 --> 00:49:37.500 If you're using the tool 1039 00:49:39.178 --> 00:49:40.770 there's a lot of automatic clown masking 1040 00:49:40.770 --> 00:49:42.540 that happens in processing of the data, 1041 00:49:42.540 --> 00:49:44.823 so clouds are a big deal, 1042 00:49:46.320 --> 00:49:49.590 especially when you're looking at shallow coastal areas 1043 00:49:49.590 --> 00:49:51.380 and ocean areas, 1044 00:49:51.380 --> 00:49:54.007 as you would see it in the tool, 1045 00:49:54.007 --> 00:49:56.813 turbidity and kind of even some of the reflectants 1046 00:49:56.813 --> 00:49:59.750 from the bottom surface can affect the reflections 1047 00:49:59.750 --> 00:50:02.740 hence the mask that Jamie Gove mentioned 1048 00:50:02.740 --> 00:50:06.023 or that Ginah mentioned that Jamie had talked to us about. 1049 00:50:07.984 --> 00:50:08.817 And 1050 00:50:10.900 --> 00:50:13.550 yeah, there's definitely some limitations here 1051 00:50:13.550 --> 00:50:16.890 as there are with pretty much any application 1052 00:50:16.890 --> 00:50:18.393 of remote sensing imagery. 1053 00:50:19.250 --> 00:50:21.680 We're really excited though, about Sentinel-6, 1054 00:50:21.680 --> 00:50:23.320 the newest satellite that launched 1055 00:50:23.320 --> 00:50:27.150 that can provide some more ocean focused 1056 00:50:27.150 --> 00:50:28.300 remote sensing imagery. 1057 00:50:29.760 --> 00:50:30.893 Great. Thank you. 1058 00:50:31.930 --> 00:50:34.600 Several folks, just kind of have questions around the same, 1059 00:50:34.600 --> 00:50:35.750 the same question. 1060 00:50:35.750 --> 00:50:39.123 So the tool, I know is being still cleared with NASA IT, 1061 00:50:40.860 --> 00:50:43.840 but when that will be available, 1062 00:50:43.840 --> 00:50:45.680 will it be on this NASA DEVELOP 1063 00:50:45.680 --> 00:50:47.740 Applied Science Program page? 1064 00:50:47.740 --> 00:50:51.403 Where can people find the tool when it will be available? 1065 00:50:53.150 --> 00:50:57.880 So if I'm not mistaken, and there's small chance I am, 1066 00:50:57.880 --> 00:51:01.360 the tool will be sent to the project partners 1067 00:51:01.360 --> 00:51:03.350 'cause it is made for the project partners. 1068 00:51:03.350 --> 00:51:08.150 And it is at their discretion to share it as they wish 1069 00:51:08.150 --> 00:51:10.270 because technically we did make it, you know, 1070 00:51:10.270 --> 00:51:12.223 for NASA but also for them. 1071 00:51:13.370 --> 00:51:16.330 They have the ability to like, you know, share it around 1072 00:51:16.330 --> 00:51:18.620 or have other people utilize and look at it, 1073 00:51:18.620 --> 00:51:21.640 but it's not being posted on any direct NASA website. 1074 00:51:21.640 --> 00:51:23.863 All that will be posted is, I believe, 1075 00:51:25.480 --> 00:51:29.230 pictures from our project and a brief project summary 1076 00:51:29.230 --> 00:51:30.190 for what we've done. 1077 00:51:30.190 --> 00:51:31.480 And if you do a little bit of digging, 1078 00:51:31.480 --> 00:51:33.600 you might be able to find the technical (mumbles) 1079 00:51:33.600 --> 00:51:35.910 but not a whole lot with those notes 1080 00:51:35.910 --> 00:51:38.513 other than a little snapshot of what we did. 1081 00:51:39.840 --> 00:51:40.700 Okay, great. 1082 00:51:40.700 --> 00:51:42.590 Yeah. Related to that question 1083 00:51:42.590 --> 00:51:45.633 was another one from Leon Gershwin. 1084 00:51:46.630 --> 00:51:48.050 Are there any partnerships 1085 00:51:48.050 --> 00:51:51.050 to enlist citizen science efforts? 1086 00:51:51.050 --> 00:51:55.090 You know, something like NimoNet, he suggested. 1087 00:51:55.090 --> 00:51:58.900 but that kind of relates to the tool being available 1088 00:51:58.900 --> 00:52:02.883 but any in the response to citizen science partnerships? 1089 00:52:08.570 --> 00:52:09.613 Keo, do you wanna take that? 1090 00:52:09.613 --> 00:52:12.773 I mean, I suppose I can, if you want. 1091 00:52:12.773 --> 00:52:17.450 I wasn't sure if I was in internet (indistinct) 1092 00:52:17.450 --> 00:52:20.410 (indistinct chattering) 1093 00:52:20.410 --> 00:52:22.257 I'm hot-spotted in. 1094 00:52:22.257 --> 00:52:25.080 (team laughing) 1095 00:52:25.080 --> 00:52:28.060 Yeah. There's currently no plans 1096 00:52:28.060 --> 00:52:32.760 for direct community science efforts yet. 1097 00:52:32.760 --> 00:52:37.760 I'll probably schedule a meeting with Dr. Juan Torres-Perez 1098 00:52:38.480 --> 00:52:39.770 and 1099 00:52:39.770 --> 00:52:42.970 the creator of NemoNet 1100 00:52:42.970 --> 00:52:44.390 in early January 1101 00:52:44.390 --> 00:52:48.523 to help guide me on some projects that I'm working with. 1102 00:52:49.790 --> 00:52:53.083 So we could probably discuss some citizen science work then. 1103 00:52:55.760 --> 00:52:56.950 Great. 1104 00:52:56.950 --> 00:53:00.210 We actually have Dr. Juan Torres-Perez on 1105 00:53:00.210 --> 00:53:01.610 as an audience member. 1106 00:53:01.610 --> 00:53:03.330 He says he can help with that answer. 1107 00:53:03.330 --> 00:53:04.490 I don't know if I should unmute him 1108 00:53:04.490 --> 00:53:05.865 or if we should have that later. 1109 00:53:05.865 --> 00:53:07.010 Yeah. 1110 00:53:07.010 --> 00:53:10.760 Okay. Why don't you guys take another question first 1111 00:53:10.760 --> 00:53:12.220 and I will track him down- 1112 00:53:12.220 --> 00:53:13.053 Okay. 1113 00:53:16.600 --> 00:53:21.600 So there are several questions related to the algae itself 1114 00:53:22.830 --> 00:53:25.500 and you know it's a, 1115 00:53:25.500 --> 00:53:27.650 oh, so this is particularly related in mortality. 1116 00:53:27.650 --> 00:53:28.940 So the coral mortality, 1117 00:53:28.940 --> 00:53:32.590 is the mortality due to smothering, shading 1118 00:53:32.590 --> 00:53:35.163 or a bioactive compounds from the algae? 1119 00:53:38.140 --> 00:53:42.560 Currently, it looks like a physical killing of the coral 1120 00:53:42.560 --> 00:53:45.323 by shading and smothering. 1121 00:53:46.980 --> 00:53:50.710 I believe that Dr. Heather Spalding and her team 1122 00:53:51.720 --> 00:53:54.510 are looking into more biological 1123 00:53:55.410 --> 00:53:58.560 aspects of this particular species. 1124 00:53:58.560 --> 00:53:59.393 Just like to remind the audience 1125 00:53:59.393 --> 00:54:02.900 that this species was just recently described 1126 00:54:03.780 --> 00:54:06.543 in science a few months ago. 1127 00:54:08.110 --> 00:54:09.470 Yeah. 1128 00:54:09.470 --> 00:54:11.513 Okay. I just unmuted Dr. Torres-Perez. 1129 00:54:12.950 --> 00:54:15.020 Hi guys. Can you hear me? 1130 00:54:15.020 --> 00:54:16.630 Yes. 1131 00:54:16.630 --> 00:54:18.580 Hi. This is the (indistinct) 1132 00:54:18.580 --> 00:54:20.853 science advisor for this project. 1133 00:54:22.210 --> 00:54:24.640 I was one of the co-eyes for the Mnemonic Project 1134 00:54:24.640 --> 00:54:26.620 in particular that I really, 1135 00:54:26.620 --> 00:54:28.370 most of you guys familiarized with. 1136 00:54:29.370 --> 00:54:32.540 Yes. There's actually some data from Hawaii 1137 00:54:32.540 --> 00:54:36.850 that's incorporated into the Mnemonic platform already. 1138 00:54:36.850 --> 00:54:38.720 I believe some of it might 1139 00:54:38.720 --> 00:54:41.560 or might not contain some of these areas 1140 00:54:41.560 --> 00:54:45.255 but we did submit our proposal to the, 1141 00:54:45.255 --> 00:54:49.970 to the NASA Ocean Biology and Biochemistry Project Program 1142 00:54:49.970 --> 00:54:51.570 as a follow up for this one. 1143 00:54:51.570 --> 00:54:53.420 Unfortunately, we didn't get it from them. 1144 00:54:53.420 --> 00:54:55.325 The idea was to actually collect 1145 00:54:55.325 --> 00:54:58.760 additional 2D and and 3D data 1146 00:54:58.760 --> 00:55:01.830 to incorporate into the Mnemonic platform 1147 00:55:01.830 --> 00:55:04.080 particularly for the, for the monument. 1148 00:55:04.080 --> 00:55:08.560 But we are actually looking into what the reviewers said 1149 00:55:08.560 --> 00:55:09.680 about the proposal, 1150 00:55:09.680 --> 00:55:14.510 and I'm seeing if we can submit it to a different program, 1151 00:55:14.510 --> 00:55:18.040 either within NASA or NOAA or any other agency, 1152 00:55:18.040 --> 00:55:19.160 because we are definitely, 1153 00:55:19.160 --> 00:55:21.840 at Mnemonic, we are definitely very, very interested 1154 00:55:21.840 --> 00:55:25.260 in incorporating data for the monument 1155 00:55:25.260 --> 00:55:28.110 and eventually make it available to the public. 1156 00:55:30.016 --> 00:55:32.350 Great. Thank you. 1157 00:55:32.350 --> 00:55:34.280 Okay. I'll ask one last question 1158 00:55:34.280 --> 00:55:37.750 because I think this is important for people to understand, 1159 00:55:37.750 --> 00:55:41.020 you know, people, some folks have asked, you know, 1160 00:55:41.020 --> 00:55:45.440 how do we get rid of this, 1161 00:55:45.440 --> 00:55:47.750 kill off this nuisance algae? 1162 00:55:47.750 --> 00:55:50.776 And I think that gets into the Shades of Gray 1163 00:55:50.776 --> 00:55:54.480 of invasive species challenges there overall, 1164 00:55:54.480 --> 00:55:58.490 but if any of you want to reflect on that, 1165 00:55:58.490 --> 00:55:59.640 that'll be interesting. 1166 00:56:02.680 --> 00:56:05.040 I mean, I can briefly say that 1167 00:56:05.040 --> 00:56:07.220 Keo is definitely more of the expert on the algae 1168 00:56:07.220 --> 00:56:10.490 in terms of our group prospects. 1169 00:56:10.490 --> 00:56:12.240 But we're hoping that this tool itself 1170 00:56:12.240 --> 00:56:14.430 can perhaps shed light 1171 00:56:14.430 --> 00:56:17.700 on what might have been 1172 00:56:17.700 --> 00:56:20.510 causing the algae to actually like, 1173 00:56:20.510 --> 00:56:22.690 proliferate in the first place. 1174 00:56:22.690 --> 00:56:25.993 You know, I understand the issue is rising sea temperature. 1175 00:56:27.470 --> 00:56:30.790 You know, not too much that we can do to that 1176 00:56:30.790 --> 00:56:33.023 besides combating climate change as a whole. 1177 00:56:34.760 --> 00:56:36.290 I like Keo to talk a little bit more, 1178 00:56:36.290 --> 00:56:38.373 I think, about the algae itself. 1179 00:56:40.320 --> 00:56:43.160 I just consider myself a foot soldier on the ground. 1180 00:56:43.160 --> 00:56:45.560 That's I'm trying to just track this algae 1181 00:56:47.276 --> 00:56:50.910 and its process is in and how far it's spread. 1182 00:56:50.910 --> 00:56:53.820 And I'll leave that decision making 1183 00:56:53.820 --> 00:56:58.230 to the MMB, the Management Board of the Monument 1184 00:56:59.430 --> 00:57:02.608 and the decision makers. 1185 00:57:02.608 --> 00:57:03.870 (Andy chuckles) 1186 00:57:03.870 --> 00:57:05.810 I do have something to add. 1187 00:57:05.810 --> 00:57:08.570 From the footages that we've seen of the algae, 1188 00:57:08.570 --> 00:57:11.420 it grows in like these really thick blanket mats 1189 00:57:11.420 --> 00:57:14.350 and they really detach very easily 1190 00:57:14.350 --> 00:57:16.610 and can get caught in your hair and in your gear. 1191 00:57:16.610 --> 00:57:19.330 So there is that issue that they can disperse very easily, 1192 00:57:19.330 --> 00:57:20.980 so it's kind of a delicate situation 1193 00:57:20.980 --> 00:57:22.530 of getting people in and out 1194 00:57:22.530 --> 00:57:23.990 to kind of do anything about the algae. 1195 00:57:23.990 --> 00:57:26.100 So they're still trying to learn more about it 1196 00:57:26.100 --> 00:57:27.090 because it's still new, 1197 00:57:27.090 --> 00:57:29.460 but right now it can disperse really easily, 1198 00:57:29.460 --> 00:57:30.700 which is very concerning. 1199 00:57:30.700 --> 00:57:32.637 So yeah, just wanted to add- 1200 00:57:35.454 --> 00:57:38.330 Yeah. Thank you for that. 1201 00:57:38.330 --> 00:57:41.480 So that is all the time we have for questions. 1202 00:57:41.480 --> 00:57:45.050 Thank you so much, analysts for your presentation. 1203 00:57:45.050 --> 00:57:46.270 It's absolutely fascinating 1204 00:57:46.270 --> 00:57:49.320 and it's really interesting work 1205 00:57:49.320 --> 00:57:51.720 that's being done in the satellites 1206 00:57:51.720 --> 00:57:54.253 and what we can look at in the Papahanaumokuakea. 1207 00:57:55.700 --> 00:57:56.800 The Hawaiian archipelago 1208 00:57:56.800 --> 00:57:58.810 is the most remote archipelago on earth. 1209 00:57:58.810 --> 00:58:01.959 And that part of it, Papahanaumokuakea, 1210 00:58:01.959 --> 00:58:04.260 is the most remote part of the remote, 1211 00:58:04.260 --> 00:58:06.030 most remote archipelago on earth. 1212 00:58:06.030 --> 00:58:09.090 So it's always challenging understanding 1213 00:58:09.090 --> 00:58:11.270 and seeing what's going on up there. 1214 00:58:11.270 --> 00:58:14.097 And this is a really great advance in that. 1215 00:58:14.097 --> 00:58:17.020 And we look forward to more work on that. 1216 00:58:17.020 --> 00:58:19.400 But for those of you who we couldn't get to your questions 1217 00:58:19.400 --> 00:58:21.560 we do capture all the questions 1218 00:58:21.560 --> 00:58:23.860 and we get answers from the panelists 1219 00:58:23.860 --> 00:58:26.020 and we will send that back out to everybody 1220 00:58:26.020 --> 00:58:30.130 after, in about a couple of weeks. 1221 00:58:30.130 --> 00:58:33.590 Also this webinar will be online. 1222 00:58:33.590 --> 00:58:36.910 The recording will be archived on that URL 1223 00:58:36.910 --> 00:58:39.710 you're seeing on your screen right now. 1224 00:58:39.710 --> 00:58:43.960 And you will also get a certificate of attendance for this 1225 00:58:43.960 --> 00:58:45.590 for professional development, 1226 00:58:45.590 --> 00:58:48.010 one hour of professional development 1227 00:58:48.010 --> 00:58:49.390 for all those who attend. 1228 00:58:49.390 --> 00:58:52.300 We'll be sending them out in a couple of days. 1229 00:58:52.300 --> 00:58:54.820 And we also have some cool upcoming webinars. 1230 00:58:54.820 --> 00:58:58.360 So this one is on January 7th. 1231 00:58:58.360 --> 00:59:03.160 It's He Huliko'a Kanaloa, seeking the depths of Kanaloa 1232 00:59:04.050 --> 00:59:07.720 and Hawaiian religious understandings of the ocean 1233 00:59:07.720 --> 00:59:09.883 by Jane Lokomaika'Ikeakua Au, 1234 00:59:13.410 --> 00:59:16.910 program director for the non-profit Aina Momona 1235 00:59:16.910 --> 00:59:18.250 on the island of Molokai. 1236 00:59:18.250 --> 00:59:20.840 So that should be a really interesting talk 1237 00:59:20.840 --> 00:59:21.787 on January 7th, 1238 00:59:21.787 --> 00:59:24.163 you can register to that in the link below. 1239 00:59:25.290 --> 00:59:26.240 And also 1240 00:59:27.200 --> 00:59:30.210 we do, please fill out the short survey 1241 00:59:30.210 --> 00:59:32.370 after you close out your present, 1242 00:59:32.370 --> 00:59:33.860 after you close out of the webinar, 1243 00:59:33.860 --> 00:59:35.080 because we do wanna hear from you 1244 00:59:35.080 --> 00:59:37.470 on what you think and what we can do better, 1245 00:59:37.470 --> 00:59:40.380 and include in future presentations. 1246 00:59:40.380 --> 00:59:42.170 So mahalo for attending. 1247 00:59:42.170 --> 00:59:43.900 Mahalo for all the participants. 1248 00:59:43.900 --> 00:59:48.900 Everybody have a safe and happy holiday season. 1249 00:59:48.917 --> 00:59:53.917 And let's all hope that 2021 will be a better year (laughs) 1250 00:59:54.080 --> 00:59:54.970 than this one. 1251 00:59:54.970 --> 00:59:57.900 But we really appreciate you attending. 1252 00:59:57.900 --> 01:00:00.043 Take care. Aloha mahalo. 1253 01:00:02.130 --> 01:00:04.069 Bye bye. Thank you. 1254 01:00:04.069 --> 01:00:04.909 (indistinct) 1255 01:00:04.909 --> 01:00:06.576 All right. Mahalo.