WEBVTT

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<v ->All right.</v>

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Aloha everybody and welcome to our Mokupapapa

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third Thursday by the Bay lecture series

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in partnership with the office of

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National Marine Sanctuaries

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and our national Marine sanctuary foundation.

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And before we get going with the presentation,

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we have our native Hawaiian education person, Malia Evans

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who will be presenting our name song for Papahanaumokuakea.

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(foreign language)

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and I will turn it over to,

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let me turn it over to you Malia.

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<v ->All right, well, welcome everybody.</v>

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I'm just gonna begin our presentation today

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by chanting an oli as Andy said (foreign language)

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To honor the sacred area that we are privileged

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to take care of.

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(chanting in foreign language)

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<v ->(foreign language) That was a wonderful.</v>

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So for those of you who are joining us

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from outside of Hawaii, that is a traditional,

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one of the many traditional openings for entry.

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And this is particularly for entry into

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Papahanaumokuakea, which we will be virtually bringing you

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into in this presentation, but in the Hawaiian culture

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it's customary to open with an Oli

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before you go into the forest

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or before undertaking a practice or a voyage

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to bring wisdom, to bring knowledge,

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to bring respect to the area.

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So we're so grateful to be able to share that

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with you today.

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And you are here today for our,

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the third lecture series.

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And we are a part of the office of

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National Marine Sanctuaries.

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And we have many sites across the country.

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On the East coast, we have sites at the Stellwagen bank

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and monitor Mallows Bay, Greece reef, flower garden banks

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several sites on the West coast

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including Olympic coast, Cordell bank, honorary Bay.

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Now here in the Pacific, we have our

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Hawaiian islands humpback whale, national Marine sanctuary

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and our Marine national monument Papahanaumokuakea.

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Finally, we have a site down in American Samoa,

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the Fangatele Bay, the national Marine sanctuary

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of American Samoa.

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But we work for Papahanaumokuakea

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and we're the largest, fully protected area

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in the world, actually 500 each 2000 square miles.

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It covers the entire Northwestern Hawaiian islands

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and it's extends out to the US exclusive economic zone.

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So our hosts today are myself, Andy Collins.

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I'm the education coordinator for Papahanaumokuakea.

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Malia Evans, who's there, we met earlier our education

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and need point outreach specialist working under

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national Marine sanctuary foundation.

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And Justin Umholtz our education specialist.

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And we all work in Hilo at our beautiful Mokupapapa

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discovery center.

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I forgot to mention that if you do have any issues

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with audio or having any problems,

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please use the chat function

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and Justin will be able to help you get online

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if you're not hearing the audio

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or having any other technical issues.

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But we, like I said we work over at Mokupapapa

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discovery center which is the window to Papahanaumokuakea.

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It's a beautiful 30,000 square foot facility

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we have in Hilo Hawaii.

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We have a wonderful 3,500 gallon saltwater aquarium

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and many unique displays in Hawaiian and in English.

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And if you do get over to Hilo, please come see us.

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Hopefully after the pandemic ends

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we will reopen to the public.

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Right now, we've been doing all of our education programs

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and everything virtually.

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So you can't access the facility

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but we will hopefully reopen hopefully by summer

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that would be nice.

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But the national Marine sanctuary system

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and Papahanaumokuakea protect these special areas

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for many features, such as biodiversity.

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Some of the wonderful maritime heritage sites

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in the in Papahanaumokuakea,

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We have many 18th century 19th

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and 18th and 19th century whaling shipwrecks

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and that are almost perfectly preserved

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because of people don't access that area.

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And so there are a lot of the materials

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from those wrecks are still on the bottom

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and we study those and curate those.

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We also have important cultural heritage sites

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in Papahanaumokuakea such as this site have mokumanamana

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which is one of the highest concentrations

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of cultural sites anywhere in the Hawaiian archipelago.

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They also provide spaces for these

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like these green sea turtle and monk seal

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who are enjoying a non socially distance hug Fest

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on French frigate Shoals.

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But these places provide shelter for these special animals.

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And we do a lot of education around those sites

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because if we don't tell the next generation

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and even our generation about what's there

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and why it's important they won't necessarily

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wanna protect it.

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And we also do a lot of outreach using particularly

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our volunteer Corps and research in all the different sites

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across the system.

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This is at Stellwagen national Marine sanctuary.

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Stellwagen Bank on the East coast

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where they study the behavior of humpback whales.

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And one of the interesting things they use

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some of this research for is correcting or changing

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shipping lanes so that they don't go through

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the highest density of where humpback whales are.

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So we take this research and we apply it

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in management practices.

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We also conduct monitoring in these sites to find out

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how they're doing over time and reacting

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to human impacts and climate change.

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We also do some restoration work such as this amazing

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coral reef restoration work in the Florida keys.

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And these are just amazing spaces to reconnect

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with your spirit, reconnect with nature,

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recharge and refuel.

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And this is a person experiencing,

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I think this is at Olympic coast on the West coast

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just beautiful places to reconnect with nature.

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And if you're interested, please volunteer with us.

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We have several hundred volunteers that have

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a thousand volunteers that work with

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the national Marine sanctuary system

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across the program.

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And we'd love to have you if you'd like to volunteer

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no matter where you are in US.

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So at the moment, and for this today's presentation

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I would like to welcome our Marine scientist, Jon Martinez.

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And Jon, you could turn on your webcam

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and I will switch the presentation over to you.

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But Jon has been diligently working on the report

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that we recently released, the state of the monument report.

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And hold on for a second, let me just switch it over to you.

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And do you have your webcam on?

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There we go.

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Okay, great.

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All right.

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So I will turn it over to you, Jon

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to talk about the recent report

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and the work that you've been doing on.

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So thank you for joining us.

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<v ->Great, thanks, Andy.</v>

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Can you folks hear me?

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<v Andy>Yep we can hear you great.</v>

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Excellent, thank you.

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Okay and you see my screen?

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<v Andy>Yes.</v>

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<v ->Excellent.</v>

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Well, thanks for the introduction Andy.

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Again, my name is Jon Martinez.

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I work for the office of national Marine sanctuaries

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for the Papahanaumokuakea Marine national monument.

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And today we wanted to share with you folks

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a set of 23 assessments that we've done

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for resources in the monument.

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So we actually packaged this up in a report,

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we're calling The State of the Monument Report.

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A quick plug for you here.

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If you're interested in looking at the reports

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go to our website, papahanaumokuakea.gov.

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You click on the news link or the library link,

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you should be able to find that.

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So these, but the bulk of what we're gonna talk about today

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are the assessments themselves.

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This is actually an adaptation of a process that the office

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of national Marine sanctuaries usually uses to assess

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this data of resources.

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And those are packaged in a report called

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the Condition Report.

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So we actually have one that was done in 2009.

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And if you're interested in that, you can also find that

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on the website.

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Just a brief introduction to the report

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and then we'll get into the assessments.

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So this report covers a period of 2008 to 2019,

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so that's about 11 years of time.

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In the report you'll see various sections notated.

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The site history section is essentially an introduction.

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It tells you a lot about the background

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and the history of the site and the governance structure.

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If you're interested in that.

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The pressure section is where we have a discussion

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on various human induced and natural pressures

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that affect the state of resources in the monument.

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And then the bulk of the report and what we're

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gonna talk about today is the actual assessments themselves

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on the state of the state and the other resources

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in the monument.

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And that spans three different categories.

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We have resources as in the physical environment,

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living resources and heritage resources.

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When we talk about heritage we're referring to

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historical artifacts and objects as well as

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native Hawaiian cultural resources.

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And then we finally wrap that up with a discussion

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on the response to pressures by the management agencies.

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So this framework is really it's called

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the pressure state response framework.

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It's something that the office of

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national Marine sanctuaries has been using

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for quite a long time.

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And we were able to use this framework

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for these assessments.

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The idea being that we identify the various pressures

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that influenced the state or condition

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of the resources in the monument.

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And then we have a discussion on the management responses

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to address just those issues.

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So they can address the pressures themselves

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or actually look at any potential opportunities

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to improve the States or trends that we found

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from our assessment.

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Just another word on the development of these assessments

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and some numbers for you here.

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So this is an 11 year time series.

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We focused on our original 2006 designation boundary.

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So if you see the map on the right,

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the area within the lighter blue lines,

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that's the area we were focusing on.

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The white line indicates the area of the expanded monuments

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which was expanded in 2016.

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In the report, we do include information

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related to the expanded area and resources within.

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But our main focus was on that 2006

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designation boundary area.

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So I mentioned we have 23 assessments and these are actually

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spread out across 12 broader question areas.

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So we pose these standard questions,

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and then we have several assessments to address those.

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For example, a question might be, what is the status

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of bio-diversity in the monument?

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And then we might have a couple of assessments,

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one for Marine biodiversity,

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one for terrestrial biodiversity, nested underneath them.

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To do this, it was a huge effort.

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We had to work with up to 40 subject matter experts.

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And we were fortunate to have their time and attention.

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It provided data, their expert opinion

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on the actual rankings and the trends,

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and they provided original writing in some cases.

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So we're really grateful for their support on that.

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We had a six person editorial team.

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We had three peer reviewers that improved

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our draft versions dramatically, and a team of over 10

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staff members that contributed to this.

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So I just wanna give a little bit of acknowledgement

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to all those efforts ahead of time.

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Okay so for the assessments that we worked on,

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this is the list of them.

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They're spread across these different areas.

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Physical resources we had climate and habitats

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water quality and contaminants.

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For living resources, we had a combination of

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ecological parameters like biodiversity

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or non-indigenous species.

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And then we had several individual species

267
00:14:39.290 --> 00:14:41.780
or groups of species that we did assessments for

268
00:14:41.780 --> 00:14:44.840
because the monument managers needed this information

269
00:14:44.840 --> 00:14:46.340
for those groups specifically.

270
00:14:47.200 --> 00:14:50.040
And then we also did assessments for heritage resources

271
00:14:50.040 --> 00:14:54.100
including maritime, historic and native Hawaiian resources.

272
00:14:54.100 --> 00:14:56.300
You make the distinction between what we're calling maritime

273
00:14:56.300 --> 00:14:59.060
and historic here, because these resources are exposed

274
00:14:59.060 --> 00:15:00.810
to different environmental conditions.

275
00:15:00.810 --> 00:15:02.050
So when we talk about maritime

276
00:15:02.050 --> 00:15:04.700
we mean those resources in the ocean.

277
00:15:04.700 --> 00:15:08.410
So think shipwrecks and crashed planes

278
00:15:08.410 --> 00:15:11.640
for historic think cannons or other structures

279
00:15:11.640 --> 00:15:14.143
that are in there on midway or on land.

280
00:15:16.730 --> 00:15:18.410
So before we get us to the assessments

281
00:15:18.410 --> 00:15:22.910
I just wanted to orient you to some of the symbology

282
00:15:22.910 --> 00:15:25.260
you're gonna see and some of the terms you're gonna hear.

283
00:15:25.260 --> 00:15:27.450
So we did these assessments based on

284
00:15:27.450 --> 00:15:30.470
a six point scale ranging from good to poor.

285
00:15:30.470 --> 00:15:33.020
And we had a category for undetermined.

286
00:15:33.020 --> 00:15:35.350
Undetermined would be a case where we felt there wasn't

287
00:15:35.350 --> 00:15:38.463
enough data to do an assessment of a status.

288
00:15:39.610 --> 00:15:42.680
And for each of these other five categories,

289
00:15:42.680 --> 00:15:46.670
there was a specific criteria for each individual question

290
00:15:46.670 --> 00:15:48.130
and assessment area.

291
00:15:48.130 --> 00:15:49.960
And those details you could find in the report

292
00:15:49.960 --> 00:15:52.330
if you're interested in the appendix.

293
00:15:52.330 --> 00:15:55.255
But I can give you a general idea of what postludes

294
00:15:55.255 --> 00:15:57.570
their core and so on.

295
00:15:57.570 --> 00:16:00.840
So something would be given a banking good,

296
00:16:00.840 --> 00:16:05.100
if the ecosystem wasn't as close to a pristine state

297
00:16:05.100 --> 00:16:08.370
as possible vice could possibly be assessed.

298
00:16:08.370 --> 00:16:11.110
Something would be given a rank of poor,

299
00:16:11.110 --> 00:16:15.200
if there were several impairments to whatever that resources

300
00:16:15.200 --> 00:16:16.730
that we're assessing.

301
00:16:16.730 --> 00:16:20.330
And it seems to have broader ecosystem implications.

302
00:16:20.330 --> 00:16:22.850
Or in the case where we're assessing species

303
00:16:22.850 --> 00:16:26.400
or a group of species where those species populations

304
00:16:26.400 --> 00:16:28.960
have become severely depressed and the prospects

305
00:16:28.960 --> 00:16:31.690
for their recovery are just uncertain.

306
00:16:31.690 --> 00:16:34.270
Something would be ranked as fair if say maybe one or two

307
00:16:34.270 --> 00:16:36.710
indicators indicated some impairment

308
00:16:36.710 --> 00:16:38.130
related to that resource.

309
00:16:38.130 --> 00:16:41.530
But the overall ecosystem seem to be unaffected by it,

310
00:16:41.530 --> 00:16:43.840
or very minimally effected by it.

311
00:16:43.840 --> 00:16:46.410
And then good slash fair and fair slash poor,

312
00:16:46.410 --> 00:16:48.210
are middle points between those two.

313
00:16:49.530 --> 00:16:52.450
So for trends, we had a five point scale.

314
00:16:52.450 --> 00:16:55.480
You have conditions appear to be improving,

315
00:16:55.480 --> 00:16:58.840
conditions don't appear to be changing so stable.

316
00:16:58.840 --> 00:17:00.780
Conditions appear to be declining

317
00:17:00.780 --> 00:17:02.570
and then categories for undetermined.

318
00:17:02.570 --> 00:17:06.730
If we didn't have enough data to actually assess a trend

319
00:17:06.730 --> 00:17:10.053
or not applicable, if for some reason it wasn't applicable.

320
00:17:10.960 --> 00:17:13.300
We also wanted to qualify the type of information

321
00:17:13.300 --> 00:17:15.320
we were using to do these assessments

322
00:17:15.320 --> 00:17:18.190
because it does vary by assessment.

323
00:17:18.190 --> 00:17:20.220
So we had a three point score for that.

324
00:17:20.220 --> 00:17:22.900
We have robust, medium and limited.

325
00:17:22.900 --> 00:17:26.770
Something would be given a three point robust score,

326
00:17:26.770 --> 00:17:29.510
if there was a lot of evidence and information

327
00:17:29.510 --> 00:17:32.360
that we had to be able to make these assessments.

328
00:17:32.360 --> 00:17:34.820
So I think a multiple of peer reviewed

329
00:17:34.820 --> 00:17:37.820
published journal articles data collected every year

330
00:17:37.820 --> 00:17:40.110
from this 11 year time period.

331
00:17:40.110 --> 00:17:43.250
Many experts for us to consult with that sort of thing.

332
00:17:43.250 --> 00:17:45.710
Something would be given evidence score up limited

333
00:17:45.710 --> 00:17:48.550
if say there was only maybe one or two type of data,

334
00:17:48.550 --> 00:17:52.233
a year's worth of time data or this 10 year time period.

335
00:17:53.120 --> 00:17:55.900
Or if you had to heavily lean on expert opinion.

336
00:17:55.900 --> 00:17:58.450
And then it would be given a ranking of medium,

337
00:17:58.450 --> 00:17:59.700
if it was somewhere in the middle.

338
00:17:59.700 --> 00:18:01.227
Maybe there's three or four of those 10 years

339
00:18:01.227 --> 00:18:04.190
that have data available to use

340
00:18:04.190 --> 00:18:06.440
but not the entire timeframe.

341
00:18:06.440 --> 00:18:08.280
And then you see the symbol on the bottom,

342
00:18:08.280 --> 00:18:10.730
you're gonna see a lot of symbols like this.

343
00:18:10.730 --> 00:18:15.190
This example indicates a fair condition with medium evidence

344
00:18:15.190 --> 00:18:19.620
used to determine the condition and then a declining trend

345
00:18:19.620 --> 00:18:22.663
with medium evidence used to determine that trend.

346
00:18:23.840 --> 00:18:26.590
It can all make more sense as we look at some examples.

347
00:18:28.210 --> 00:18:30.280
Okay, so let's get into it.

348
00:18:30.280 --> 00:18:32.310
Starting with the physical resources,

349
00:18:32.310 --> 00:18:36.020
we assessed changes in climate over this period of time.

350
00:18:36.020 --> 00:18:39.203
And if those changes in climate effected water or habitat.

351
00:18:45.303 --> 00:18:46.870
So this was rated as fair slash poor

352
00:18:46.870 --> 00:18:48.870
with a decreasing trend.

353
00:18:48.870 --> 00:18:51.050
And we used several different indicators for this.

354
00:18:51.050 --> 00:18:53.730
In fact, one of the strengths of using the format

355
00:18:53.730 --> 00:18:55.890
that we used is that it allows us to use

356
00:18:55.890 --> 00:18:59.010
different indicators particularly ones that are available

357
00:18:59.010 --> 00:19:00.960
and have strong data sets to them.

358
00:19:00.960 --> 00:19:03.060
So if you look at this Mitch here,

359
00:19:03.060 --> 00:19:06.800
if you see this map with the red, this indicates the average

360
00:19:08.100 --> 00:19:11.010
the average temperature over this 10 year time period.

361
00:19:11.010 --> 00:19:14.480
And that's compared to the average temperature

362
00:19:14.480 --> 00:19:16.190
from the time period before that.

363
00:19:16.190 --> 00:19:18.790
So what you're seeing here is actually significantly

364
00:19:18.790 --> 00:19:21.600
increased temperatures in the ocean across the monument

365
00:19:21.600 --> 00:19:22.740
over this 10 year time period,

366
00:19:22.740 --> 00:19:24.260
compared to the period before.

367
00:19:24.260 --> 00:19:26.460
So the ocean has gotten warmer over this

368
00:19:26.460 --> 00:19:27.460
10 year time period.

369
00:19:28.343 --> 00:19:31.690
We also use other metrics like the number of

370
00:19:31.690 --> 00:19:33.310
extreme weather events that occurred.

371
00:19:33.310 --> 00:19:36.840
So in this 10 year time period, we had two cyclones,

372
00:19:36.840 --> 00:19:39.420
three tropical storms, three tropical depressions

373
00:19:39.420 --> 00:19:41.300
and the ten years before that there was less than

374
00:19:41.300 --> 00:19:43.180
half of that many.

375
00:19:43.180 --> 00:19:46.370
We looked at sea level rise and a lot of other indicators

376
00:19:46.370 --> 00:19:49.790
and our assessment was that the condition

377
00:19:49.790 --> 00:19:52.800
was fair slash poor with a declining trend.

378
00:19:52.800 --> 00:19:55.090
Largely being worried about climate change.

379
00:19:55.090 --> 00:19:56.530
I won't talk more about this because

380
00:19:56.530 --> 00:19:58.810
we're gonna have somebody hopefully to give a webinar

381
00:19:58.810 --> 00:20:01.850
on this specific topic either in the summer.

382
00:20:01.850 --> 00:20:03.257
So moving on to the habitats,

383
00:20:03.257 --> 00:20:08.257
the status was a fair slash poor with an unknown trend.

384
00:20:08.500 --> 00:20:10.510
Now, when we talk about habitats we're thinking about

385
00:20:10.510 --> 00:20:12.860
terrestrial and Marine habitats.

386
00:20:12.860 --> 00:20:16.200
And it's actually highly unfeasible to assess and monitor

387
00:20:16.200 --> 00:20:18.730
every single habitat in the entire monument.

388
00:20:18.730 --> 00:20:22.510
So we used the data that we had available to us.

389
00:20:22.510 --> 00:20:24.045
The example I'm gonna share with you here today

390
00:20:24.045 --> 00:20:27.280
is that French Frigate Shoals atoll.

391
00:20:27.280 --> 00:20:29.570
So you see this Island, the photo in the middle,

392
00:20:29.570 --> 00:20:34.220
that represents East Island and in 2018

393
00:20:34.220 --> 00:20:36.700
Hurricane Walaka came through that atoll

394
00:20:36.700 --> 00:20:37.703
and severely eroded that Island.

395
00:20:37.703 --> 00:20:40.370
And that's the photo that you see on the right.

396
00:20:40.370 --> 00:20:43.710
It eroded it to less than 90% of what it was before.

397
00:20:43.710 --> 00:20:47.280
The photo you see on the bottom shows slight depletion

398
00:20:47.280 --> 00:20:48.420
of sediment over time.

399
00:20:48.420 --> 00:20:50.540
So this is maybe three months after

400
00:20:50.540 --> 00:20:51.950
the hurricane came through.

401
00:20:51.950 --> 00:20:53.810
You can see, you can tell that it's still not

402
00:20:53.810 --> 00:20:55.550
the feature that it was before.

403
00:20:55.550 --> 00:20:57.805
And in fact, the sand that has depleted

404
00:20:57.805 --> 00:21:00.530
does not have the same kind of stabilization

405
00:21:00.530 --> 00:21:02.090
as it did previously.

406
00:21:02.090 --> 00:21:05.000
This area was really important habitat

407
00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:06.960
for nesting green, sea turtles.

408
00:21:06.960 --> 00:21:10.130
In fact, something like 80 to 90% of green sea turtles

409
00:21:10.130 --> 00:21:12.780
for the entire archipelago were thought to nest in that

410
00:21:12.780 --> 00:21:14.290
one small Island.

411
00:21:14.290 --> 00:21:16.970
So the future will tell what the implications

412
00:21:16.970 --> 00:21:19.770
to green sea turtles are through the loss of that Island

413
00:21:19.770 --> 00:21:22.190
but that's a significant loss of habitat

414
00:21:22.190 --> 00:21:24.053
and the ranking was fair slash poor.

415
00:21:26.170 --> 00:21:28.403
And I think we're onto a poll question.

416
00:21:29.480 --> 00:21:30.690
<v Malia>Yes we are.</v>

417
00:21:30.690 --> 00:21:34.364
So now we have our first poll question

418
00:21:34.364 --> 00:21:37.820
and here it is.

419
00:21:37.820 --> 00:21:40.250
The question is, what is the name of the atoll

420
00:21:40.250 --> 00:21:43.960
impacted by hurricane Walaka in 2018?

421
00:21:43.960 --> 00:21:45.640
So select one of the following.

422
00:21:45.640 --> 00:21:48.220
Was it Lalo, French Frigate Shoals,

423
00:21:48.220 --> 00:21:51.410
Manawai, from Pearl and Hermes atoll,

424
00:21:51.410 --> 00:21:54.960
or Holaniku Kure Atoll.

425
00:21:54.960 --> 00:21:57.190
Go ahead and register your vote.

426
00:21:57.190 --> 00:22:00.580
We've got a lot of you that are

427
00:22:00.580 --> 00:22:01.930
registering your vote right now.

428
00:22:01.930 --> 00:22:03.550
We have about 40%.

429
00:22:03.550 --> 00:22:08.320
So give you about five to 10 more seconds

430
00:22:08.320 --> 00:22:10.550
to see if we can get more of you.

431
00:22:10.550 --> 00:22:13.070
If you need to pop out of your full screen mode

432
00:22:13.070 --> 00:22:15.360
if you're having difficulty accessing it

433
00:22:15.360 --> 00:22:18.811
pop out of your full screen mode, and you can

434
00:22:18.811 --> 00:22:22.070
use your control panel to answer this question.

435
00:22:22.070 --> 00:22:25.643
All right we have about 60% of you that voted.

436
00:22:27.730 --> 00:22:30.320
And we're topping in, okay, here we go.

437
00:22:30.320 --> 00:22:32.783
We're gonna close out this poll in a few seconds.

438
00:22:35.970 --> 00:22:37.030
All right.

439
00:22:37.030 --> 00:22:41.430
So I'm gonna share the results with you, Jon.

440
00:22:41.430 --> 00:22:43.520
We have a lot of attentive people.

441
00:22:43.520 --> 00:22:48.280
So 69% indicated that Lalo of French Frigate Shoals

442
00:22:49.430 --> 00:22:52.029
was the atoll impacted by hurricane Walaka.

443
00:22:52.029 --> 00:22:54.430
Good job to all of you.

444
00:22:54.430 --> 00:22:55.263
<v ->Good job everyone.</v>

445
00:22:55.263 --> 00:22:56.950
Thank you, Malia.

446
00:22:56.950 --> 00:22:58.376
Yeah, that's excellent and that's right.

447
00:22:58.376 --> 00:23:01.597
In fact, hurricane Walaka didn't just impact

448
00:23:01.597 --> 00:23:04.300
the land port portions of the atoll,

449
00:23:04.300 --> 00:23:05.790
it impacted other portions.

450
00:23:05.790 --> 00:23:07.833
And we'll talk about that soon.

451
00:23:09.020 --> 00:23:10.993
So let me go to the next slide.

452
00:23:13.890 --> 00:23:14.723
Okay.

453
00:23:14.723 --> 00:23:16.660
So our assessments for water quality.

454
00:23:16.660 --> 00:23:18.460
Here we're talking about nutrient levels.

455
00:23:18.460 --> 00:23:21.040
We're talking about biological agents like bacteria

456
00:23:21.040 --> 00:23:23.550
that would be in the nearshore waters

457
00:23:23.550 --> 00:23:26.890
or the inland water bodies of features in the monument.

458
00:23:26.890 --> 00:23:30.430
This was rated as good slash fair but with an unknown trend.

459
00:23:30.430 --> 00:23:32.820
Primarily because there are really no sources

460
00:23:32.820 --> 00:23:35.920
of additional nutrients and biological agents

461
00:23:35.920 --> 00:23:37.540
to monument waters.

462
00:23:37.540 --> 00:23:40.630
As you folks probably know the monument is not inhabited

463
00:23:40.630 --> 00:23:42.572
and it doesn't have the same sort of watershed structures

464
00:23:42.572 --> 00:23:45.523
that high islands, high populated islands like Owapu have.

465
00:23:47.000 --> 00:23:50.680
The same types of nutrient inputs into the nearshore waters.

466
00:23:50.680 --> 00:23:54.490
So water quality conditions are expected to be very good.

467
00:23:54.490 --> 00:23:57.620
The exception being that there is a lot of Marine debris

468
00:23:57.620 --> 00:23:58.930
that does wash into the monument

469
00:23:58.930 --> 00:24:00.620
and that debris does degrade.

470
00:24:00.620 --> 00:24:03.980
So it does release different types of materials.

471
00:24:03.980 --> 00:24:06.870
And folks are doing a lot of research trying to understand

472
00:24:06.870 --> 00:24:08.123
what that implication is.

473
00:24:09.410 --> 00:24:11.870
Although, you know, it's not really feasible to monitor

474
00:24:11.870 --> 00:24:15.140
the entire neutral water all of the monument.

475
00:24:15.140 --> 00:24:18.010
So, and especially do that frequently.

476
00:24:18.010 --> 00:24:19.850
So we don't have a good assessment on the trend

477
00:24:19.850 --> 00:24:22.540
but generally we don't expect that it's changing much

478
00:24:22.540 --> 00:24:25.253
because there are no sources of inputs.

479
00:24:26.320 --> 00:24:27.693
Now onto contaminants.

480
00:24:28.820 --> 00:24:30.450
Here we talk about contaminants when we're

481
00:24:30.450 --> 00:24:32.070
talking about toxic materials.

482
00:24:32.070 --> 00:24:36.057
Things like heavy metals, organic toxicants.

483
00:24:38.010 --> 00:24:41.740
So this is rated as fair with a stable trend.

484
00:24:41.740 --> 00:24:44.450
This is primarily on the basis that there

485
00:24:44.450 --> 00:24:46.120
there still remains contaminants buried

486
00:24:46.120 --> 00:24:48.210
in some of the sediments on some of the islands

487
00:24:48.210 --> 00:24:49.610
in the monument.

488
00:24:49.610 --> 00:24:52.130
Particularly Tern Island, Richard Purdue Shoals,

489
00:24:52.130 --> 00:24:55.740
midway and green Island at Kure atoll.

490
00:24:55.740 --> 00:24:58.640
And those are some historic activities,

491
00:24:58.640 --> 00:25:02.040
primarily from military and by dumping equipment

492
00:25:02.040 --> 00:25:04.290
that they have dumped and buried in sand there.

493
00:25:04.290 --> 00:25:09.210
So over time, those materials erode and they leach

494
00:25:09.210 --> 00:25:10.910
some of these different compounds.

495
00:25:10.910 --> 00:25:12.210
If you see the image on the bottom

496
00:25:12.210 --> 00:25:14.950
that's a map of Tern Island at French frigate Shoals

497
00:25:14.950 --> 00:25:16.890
and you see the different colored dots indicate

498
00:25:16.890 --> 00:25:19.793
the amount of intoxicant called PCBs.

499
00:25:20.850 --> 00:25:23.620
If you look at those red dot areas that actually corresponds

500
00:25:23.620 --> 00:25:26.720
to the photo above it, this is a photo of a historical dump

501
00:25:26.720 --> 00:25:29.830
on that Island, which had been previously buried

502
00:25:29.830 --> 00:25:32.937
by sediment and covered by a lot of other materials.

503
00:25:32.937 --> 00:25:35.310
But hurricane Walaka came through the atoll

504
00:25:35.310 --> 00:25:36.550
the French frigate Shoals

505
00:25:36.550 --> 00:25:38.790
it uncovered portions of that dump.

506
00:25:38.790 --> 00:25:41.130
So it's actually potentially exposing some of those

507
00:25:41.130 --> 00:25:42.860
materials to the environment.

508
00:25:42.860 --> 00:25:44.230
And that's something that's very troubling.

509
00:25:44.230 --> 00:25:46.480
So the monument management board, is thinking about

510
00:25:46.480 --> 00:25:49.680
that carefully and looking at solutions to address that.

511
00:25:49.680 --> 00:25:52.500
In other places like Green Island and Kure Atoll

512
00:25:52.500 --> 00:25:54.050
the state of Hawaii has been very effective

513
00:25:54.050 --> 00:25:56.780
in being able to remediate and remove a lot of contaminants

514
00:25:56.780 --> 00:25:57.933
from the soil.

515
00:26:00.720 --> 00:26:03.070
Okay, let's talk about marine biodiversity.

516
00:26:03.070 --> 00:26:05.540
So that assessment is rated as good

517
00:26:05.540 --> 00:26:08.310
with a non-changing trend.

518
00:26:08.310 --> 00:26:09.660
When we talk about biodiversity

519
00:26:09.660 --> 00:26:11.760
there's several different things we can think of.

520
00:26:11.760 --> 00:26:15.590
The number of species, the number of individuals of species,

521
00:26:15.590 --> 00:26:19.280
and in our case a very special aspect called endemism.

522
00:26:19.280 --> 00:26:22.740
So that's where there's, endemism means there's species

523
00:26:22.740 --> 00:26:24.850
only live in one location and not others.

524
00:26:24.850 --> 00:26:26.850
That's just one of the aspects that make the monument

525
00:26:26.850 --> 00:26:28.220
so much more special.

526
00:26:28.220 --> 00:26:31.030
And the photos you see here are photos of a lot of

527
00:26:31.030 --> 00:26:34.429
endemic fish and two endemic and new species plants

528
00:26:34.429 --> 00:26:36.393
that were discovered recently.

529
00:26:37.440 --> 00:26:40.740
It's not something that's feasible to assess every year

530
00:26:40.740 --> 00:26:43.920
for a ten year cycle, like what we were looking at.

531
00:26:43.920 --> 00:26:46.960
So we don't have really an understanding of the trend

532
00:26:46.960 --> 00:26:50.510
but the diversity that as it is now is expected to be

533
00:26:50.510 --> 00:26:52.910
as it was before humans got there.

534
00:26:52.910 --> 00:26:54.610
That's the expert opinion on that.

535
00:26:55.648 --> 00:26:57.620
And then for Marine non-indigenous species.

536
00:26:57.620 --> 00:27:01.420
So that was rated as fair with a stable trend.

537
00:27:01.420 --> 00:27:05.370
Prior to 2019 there were known to be something like

538
00:27:05.370 --> 00:27:10.370
64 species of introduced species in the monument waters.

539
00:27:11.380 --> 00:27:13.630
None of them were thought to have severely impacted

540
00:27:13.630 --> 00:27:18.254
native species or habitats until our research team

541
00:27:18.254 --> 00:27:21.530
got to Pearl and Hermes Atoll in 2019.

542
00:27:21.530 --> 00:27:23.480
And what they found was this red algae.

543
00:27:24.360 --> 00:27:26.295
So you see these two photos here on the right

544
00:27:26.295 --> 00:27:29.896
the red algae was covering just football field size swaths

545
00:27:29.896 --> 00:27:32.100
of the reef all across the atoll.

546
00:27:32.100 --> 00:27:34.720
It was really shocking and alarming.

547
00:27:34.720 --> 00:27:37.260
You see the photo on the bottom that algae is growing

548
00:27:37.260 --> 00:27:39.040
from within the coral branches,

549
00:27:39.040 --> 00:27:41.623
and it grows over the coral and kills the coral.

550
00:27:42.850 --> 00:27:45.570
This species is having a significant effect

551
00:27:45.570 --> 00:27:47.260
at Pearl and Hermes atoll.

552
00:27:47.260 --> 00:27:49.880
And that's some of the basis for the rating of fair.

553
00:27:49.880 --> 00:27:53.060
Fortunately, for now it's contained just to that atoll

554
00:27:53.060 --> 00:27:55.960
and puzzlingly enough we don't know what the origin

555
00:27:55.960 --> 00:27:56.870
of that species is.

556
00:27:56.870 --> 00:27:59.720
We don't know if it's a native species that went crazy

557
00:27:59.720 --> 00:28:02.250
or if it's a species that was introduced

558
00:28:02.250 --> 00:28:06.590
and no one had been able to notice it until 2019.

559
00:28:06.590 --> 00:28:08.780
So we'll be having talks on both of these topics

560
00:28:08.780 --> 00:28:10.700
in the following two months.

561
00:28:10.700 --> 00:28:12.560
Keep your eyes peeled for announcements on those

562
00:28:12.560 --> 00:28:14.210
and you'll get a lot more detail.

563
00:28:16.900 --> 00:28:18.830
Okay for terrestrial bio-diversity

564
00:28:18.830 --> 00:28:21.680
and terrestrial non-indigenous species.

565
00:28:21.680 --> 00:28:23.570
These two are highly linked.

566
00:28:23.570 --> 00:28:27.190
And the reason why is because of the history of the place.

567
00:28:27.190 --> 00:28:29.710
So before the monument was established

568
00:28:29.710 --> 00:28:32.170
and all of the conservation and bio security measures

569
00:28:32.170 --> 00:28:34.920
were put in place, human access to this place

570
00:28:34.920 --> 00:28:36.710
actually resulted in the introduction

571
00:28:36.710 --> 00:28:38.810
of a lot of plant species.

572
00:28:38.810 --> 00:28:41.310
One of those species you see here in the middle photo

573
00:28:41.310 --> 00:28:43.670
is called Grabasina with the yellow flowers.

574
00:28:43.670 --> 00:28:46.710
And that species was highly invasive.

575
00:28:46.710 --> 00:28:50.860
It's growing wildly out of control and just swallowing up

576
00:28:50.860 --> 00:28:53.583
native habitats, turning it into something else.

577
00:28:54.610 --> 00:28:56.720
These are photos from Kure atoll

578
00:28:56.720 --> 00:28:59.490
and the state of Hawaii does a lot of on the ground

579
00:28:59.490 --> 00:29:02.630
restoration and management of that atoll.

580
00:29:02.630 --> 00:29:06.480
So they were able to remove a lot of these invasive plants

581
00:29:06.480 --> 00:29:08.450
and that's opened up space for native plants

582
00:29:08.450 --> 00:29:11.163
and native biodiversity to come back and to thrive.

583
00:29:12.310 --> 00:29:14.070
So those hands-on restoration efforts

584
00:29:14.070 --> 00:29:17.140
had been highly successful in improving the biodiversity

585
00:29:17.140 --> 00:29:19.503
and reducing non-indigenous species.

586
00:29:21.032 --> 00:29:24.640
In fact, some of these plants actually preclude even animals

587
00:29:24.640 --> 00:29:27.500
like albatross from using some of those spaces.

588
00:29:27.500 --> 00:29:30.070
So a lot of hard work has gone into eradicating those

589
00:29:30.070 --> 00:29:32.143
and it's been highly successful.

590
00:29:36.090 --> 00:29:38.620
Okay Hawaiian monk seals.

591
00:29:38.620 --> 00:29:40.930
So those were rated as fair slash poor

592
00:29:40.930 --> 00:29:42.740
with an increasing trend.

593
00:29:42.740 --> 00:29:45.070
That's mostly on the basis that Hawaiian monk seal

594
00:29:45.070 --> 00:29:48.034
populations have been declining over time,

595
00:29:48.034 --> 00:29:51.100
Not showing in the graph on the bottom,

596
00:29:51.100 --> 00:29:53.160
the past few years, the population actually

597
00:29:53.160 --> 00:29:54.000
has been increasing.

598
00:29:54.000 --> 00:29:56.760
So that's the basis for the improvements.

599
00:29:56.760 --> 00:30:00.790
Also monk seals have been having better survival rates

600
00:30:00.790 --> 00:30:02.620
due to some of the intervention efforts

601
00:30:02.620 --> 00:30:04.570
of the national Marine fishery service.

602
00:30:04.570 --> 00:30:06.440
They provide veterinary care for seals.

603
00:30:06.440 --> 00:30:08.150
They track them.

604
00:30:08.150 --> 00:30:11.440
They help address some behavioral issues with the seals

605
00:30:11.440 --> 00:30:14.970
and eliminate some potential entrapment hazards for them.

606
00:30:14.970 --> 00:30:16.310
So a lot of the work that they've done

607
00:30:16.310 --> 00:30:21.003
has improved the condition of seals and it's continuing.

608
00:30:22.620 --> 00:30:23.610
Green turtles.

609
00:30:23.610 --> 00:30:26.290
So these were rated as good slash fair

610
00:30:26.290 --> 00:30:28.320
with an increasing trend.

611
00:30:28.320 --> 00:30:31.020
You see the image on the bottom, our main indicator there

612
00:30:31.020 --> 00:30:33.160
is the number of green turtle nests.

613
00:30:33.160 --> 00:30:36.550
So you see over time, they're generally increasing.

614
00:30:36.550 --> 00:30:39.010
You do see a Sawtooth pattern there with some periods

615
00:30:39.010 --> 00:30:41.670
having more than others, but that's a natural function

616
00:30:41.670 --> 00:30:44.060
of the reproductive biology of these turtles.

617
00:30:44.060 --> 00:30:47.170
So the data goes up to 2018, and as of then

618
00:30:47.170 --> 00:30:48.930
it's expected to have an increasing trend.

619
00:30:48.930 --> 00:30:53.030
So turtles were at that point expected to be doing well.

620
00:30:53.030 --> 00:30:54.930
Now, remember I mentioned that French frigate Shoals

621
00:30:54.930 --> 00:30:57.500
hurricane Walaka that came through and decimated

622
00:30:57.500 --> 00:31:00.250
some of the most important nesting habitats for them.

623
00:31:00.250 --> 00:31:01.660
We still don't have a good understanding

624
00:31:01.660 --> 00:31:03.280
of what the long-term implications are

625
00:31:03.280 --> 00:31:06.150
to green sea turtle populations as a whole,

626
00:31:06.150 --> 00:31:08.220
but the national Marine fishery service is working hard

627
00:31:08.220 --> 00:31:09.520
to try to understand that.

628
00:31:13.160 --> 00:31:14.500
Okay, corals.

629
00:31:14.500 --> 00:31:16.050
So I wanted to spend a little bit more time

630
00:31:16.050 --> 00:31:17.343
talking about corals.

631
00:31:18.880 --> 00:31:20.670
One of the things that we learned when we talked

632
00:31:20.670 --> 00:31:23.920
with experts about trying to assess the status of corals

633
00:31:23.920 --> 00:31:26.230
is an appreciation for the fact

634
00:31:26.230 --> 00:31:29.140
that each of these Island reef areas are very distinct

635
00:31:29.140 --> 00:31:30.910
and very different from one another.

636
00:31:30.910 --> 00:31:33.423
The monument is quite large and it lends quite a different

637
00:31:33.423 --> 00:31:35.000
latitudinal gradient.

638
00:31:35.000 --> 00:31:37.900
So water is in the Southwest, sorry, sorry.

639
00:31:37.900 --> 00:31:40.700
South East are much warmer and have not as

640
00:31:40.700 --> 00:31:42.860
have a little bit more mild winter conditions.

641
00:31:42.860 --> 00:31:44.890
Waters in the Northwest are much cooler

642
00:31:44.890 --> 00:31:48.030
and have a lot harsher winter conditions with waves.

643
00:31:48.030 --> 00:31:50.930
And so the environment they're in actually structured

644
00:31:50.930 --> 00:31:53.050
the type of carrying capacity that they have

645
00:31:53.050 --> 00:31:54.690
for corals to grow.

646
00:31:54.690 --> 00:31:57.150
So we were advised to do individual assessments

647
00:31:57.150 --> 00:31:58.250
and we did them.

648
00:31:58.250 --> 00:32:00.280
You'll see the table here on the upper right,

649
00:32:00.280 --> 00:32:03.200
that indicates what the different status and trends are

650
00:32:03.200 --> 00:32:04.680
for each of these areas.

651
00:32:04.680 --> 00:32:06.780
You don't need to look too hard at this table

652
00:32:06.780 --> 00:32:07.613
because we're gonna go through

653
00:32:07.613 --> 00:32:09.453
each of these areas individually.

654
00:32:10.390 --> 00:32:13.960
We also tried our best to give an overall assessment

655
00:32:13.960 --> 00:32:15.738
for all the coral areas.

656
00:32:15.738 --> 00:32:19.190
And that assessment was fair with a declining trend.

657
00:32:19.190 --> 00:32:21.970
And that's primarily on the basis of a few things.

658
00:32:21.970 --> 00:32:24.270
In these past 10 years we've seen the monument

659
00:32:24.270 --> 00:32:27.660
have experienced at least floor mass bleaching events.

660
00:32:27.660 --> 00:32:29.710
Now bleaching events, coral bleaching is when

661
00:32:29.710 --> 00:32:32.390
the temperature gets so high that the coral animal

662
00:32:32.390 --> 00:32:36.223
is stressed and it loses its color and its symbiotic algae.

663
00:32:37.870 --> 00:32:40.200
And that's very, that's very bad for the coral.

664
00:32:40.200 --> 00:32:42.060
The coral could die if it stays without that algae

665
00:32:42.060 --> 00:32:42.893
for too long.

666
00:32:43.960 --> 00:32:46.110
See photos of coral bleaching here on the left

667
00:32:46.110 --> 00:32:47.350
and on the bottom.

668
00:32:47.350 --> 00:32:51.780
You'll also see some Marine debris fishing nets

669
00:32:51.780 --> 00:32:54.480
that drift in and some of the reefs up there.

670
00:32:54.480 --> 00:32:56.360
So there are several different stressors

671
00:32:56.360 --> 00:32:59.880
that affect corals broadly in the monument.

672
00:32:59.880 --> 00:33:03.543
However, these bleaching events are pretty significant.

673
00:33:04.490 --> 00:33:05.939
And then you see the image on the bottom,

674
00:33:05.939 --> 00:33:08.690
that's a figure showing the percent coral cover

675
00:33:08.690 --> 00:33:10.760
at each location over time.

676
00:33:10.760 --> 00:33:13.630
We were highly encouraged to do these assessments

677
00:33:13.630 --> 00:33:16.660
to assess each place to itself over time

678
00:33:16.660 --> 00:33:18.710
instead of compare one weed to another.

679
00:33:18.710 --> 00:33:19.667
And so that's what we've done here.

680
00:33:19.667 --> 00:33:21.350
And you see it a different percentage

681
00:33:21.350 --> 00:33:22.790
of coral cover over time.

682
00:33:22.790 --> 00:33:24.820
It's varied somewhat by each year

683
00:33:24.820 --> 00:33:27.580
but generally there's been less coral cover found

684
00:33:27.580 --> 00:33:30.303
over these time periods that you'll see here.

685
00:33:33.810 --> 00:33:36.245
Okay another question.

686
00:33:36.245 --> 00:33:40.050
<v Malia>Okay, so let's see who is paying attention.</v>

687
00:33:40.050 --> 00:33:42.030
Our second poll.

688
00:33:42.030 --> 00:33:45.030
How many mass coral bleaching events have occurred

689
00:33:45.030 --> 00:33:49.590
in Papahanaumokuakea between 2008 and 2019?

690
00:33:50.560 --> 00:33:53.080
So go ahead and register your vote.

691
00:33:53.080 --> 00:33:58.080
The selections are two, three, four, or five.

692
00:33:58.080 --> 00:34:01.313
How many coral bleaching events have occurred?

693
00:34:02.460 --> 00:34:03.293
All right.

694
00:34:03.293 --> 00:34:05.060
We got lots of you voting.

695
00:34:05.060 --> 00:34:07.680
Half of you voted so far, we'll leave about

696
00:34:07.680 --> 00:34:11.847
five more seconds and all right,

697
00:34:14.830 --> 00:34:16.480
I'm gonna close out the poll

698
00:34:17.760 --> 00:34:19.573
and let's see what the results are.

699
00:34:21.930 --> 00:34:23.080
Okay.

700
00:34:23.080 --> 00:34:27.170
So here's a good, we've got a nice

701
00:34:28.500 --> 00:34:32.670
a nice people have 61% of you have said

702
00:34:32.670 --> 00:34:34.970
four mass coral bleaching events.

703
00:34:34.970 --> 00:34:38.700
So you are absolutely correct and were paying attention.

704
00:34:38.700 --> 00:34:40.573
So we're back to you, Jon.

705
00:34:42.860 --> 00:34:45.950
<v ->Excellent thank you, Malia and well done everyone else.</v>

706
00:34:45.950 --> 00:34:49.150
You know, out of this 10 year period that's 40% of the time

707
00:34:49.150 --> 00:34:52.540
of their summers have they experienced coral bleaching

708
00:34:52.540 --> 00:34:54.300
and that's significant corals.

709
00:34:54.300 --> 00:34:56.180
That stress can be cumulative.

710
00:34:56.180 --> 00:34:58.010
So that's not, that's not good.

711
00:34:58.010 --> 00:35:00.660
And honestly, when we're worried about climate change

712
00:35:01.840 --> 00:35:04.443
that's something that we really have to look at carefully.

713
00:35:05.540 --> 00:35:08.380
Okay let's talk about each of these areas independently.

714
00:35:08.380 --> 00:35:11.040
So French Frigate Shoals, and you can see here on the map

715
00:35:11.040 --> 00:35:13.180
it's circled in red, you see on the bottom

716
00:35:13.180 --> 00:35:16.580
there's a satellite image of the atoll.

717
00:35:16.580 --> 00:35:18.790
This is was ranked as good slash fair

718
00:35:18.790 --> 00:35:20.330
with a declining trend.

719
00:35:20.330 --> 00:35:21.750
And that's primarily on the basis

720
00:35:21.750 --> 00:35:23.880
that for most of this time period,

721
00:35:23.880 --> 00:35:27.460
corals there were thought to be in pretty good condition.

722
00:35:27.460 --> 00:35:30.640
Our team was alarmed when they went there to research,

723
00:35:30.640 --> 00:35:32.670
do research in 2019.

724
00:35:32.670 --> 00:35:34.290
You might see the photo in the bottom left,

725
00:35:34.290 --> 00:35:36.490
and you may recognize it from other places.

726
00:35:36.490 --> 00:35:40.440
It's often used by people around the world to embody

727
00:35:40.440 --> 00:35:43.850
what a pristine coral reef might look like.

728
00:35:43.850 --> 00:35:45.620
And that's what that reef used to look like.

729
00:35:45.620 --> 00:35:49.580
It was called rapture reef on the atoll.

730
00:35:49.580 --> 00:35:51.490
When our team got there expecting to see the photo

731
00:35:51.490 --> 00:35:54.748
on the left, what they found was the photo in the center.

732
00:35:54.748 --> 00:35:56.910
They found that the coral was not there,

733
00:35:56.910 --> 00:36:00.750
the fish was not there become piles of rubble and sediment

734
00:36:00.750 --> 00:36:03.593
and it looks like they found a shark too.

735
00:36:03.593 --> 00:36:06.270
What we think happened is hurricane Walaka

736
00:36:06.270 --> 00:36:09.740
which came through the atoll, severely damaged this reef.

737
00:36:09.740 --> 00:36:12.320
And that's a huge, huge loss for the system

738
00:36:12.320 --> 00:36:14.690
because that was a very extensive reef.

739
00:36:14.690 --> 00:36:16.460
It had some of the most unique assemblages

740
00:36:16.460 --> 00:36:18.360
of coral and monument.

741
00:36:18.360 --> 00:36:20.493
So we're really quite upset about that.

742
00:36:22.171 --> 00:36:25.860
That in addition to the additional coral bleaching

743
00:36:25.860 --> 00:36:30.742
that occurs we decided to give it a declining trend.

744
00:36:30.742 --> 00:36:33.020
However we haven't been able to continue

745
00:36:33.020 --> 00:36:35.840
serving the entire atoll, so we're not sure

746
00:36:35.840 --> 00:36:38.000
what the extent of the full damage is.

747
00:36:38.000 --> 00:36:40.710
But we're gonna continue trying to understand

748
00:36:40.710 --> 00:36:42.553
that into the next few years.

749
00:36:45.790 --> 00:36:46.790
Okay Maro Reef.

750
00:36:46.790 --> 00:36:48.780
So you see that circled in red.

751
00:36:48.780 --> 00:36:51.040
This is one of the reef systems that's not associated

752
00:36:51.040 --> 00:36:51.893
with an Island.

753
00:36:52.930 --> 00:36:56.470
It's out, it's sort of exposed to the elements.

754
00:36:56.470 --> 00:36:59.233
That's rated as good slash fair with a stable trend.

755
00:37:00.200 --> 00:37:01.820
The team has only been able to survey there,

756
00:37:01.820 --> 00:37:03.820
I think two of those 10 years,

757
00:37:03.820 --> 00:37:05.420
two years out of those 10 years.

758
00:37:06.260 --> 00:37:09.940
But the data that they had indicated no real coral mortality

759
00:37:09.940 --> 00:37:13.300
or death as a result of any of the mass bleaching events

760
00:37:13.300 --> 00:37:14.890
or any other alarming issues.

761
00:37:14.890 --> 00:37:17.133
So it's been rated as good slash fair.

762
00:37:20.470 --> 00:37:21.970
Okay Laysan.

763
00:37:21.970 --> 00:37:24.640
So this is an Island surrounded by sea floor

764
00:37:24.640 --> 00:37:26.700
that's largely flat and pavement.

765
00:37:26.700 --> 00:37:29.800
And that pavement is not conducive to the development

766
00:37:29.800 --> 00:37:31.893
of extensive coral reefs.

767
00:37:32.910 --> 00:37:35.310
So generally there's fairly low coral cover

768
00:37:35.310 --> 00:37:37.420
at least compared to other islands

769
00:37:37.420 --> 00:37:39.240
but the coral that are there

770
00:37:39.240 --> 00:37:41.100
as of the last data collection looked like

771
00:37:41.100 --> 00:37:42.850
they were in fairly good condition.

772
00:37:43.770 --> 00:37:47.460
Laysan has been exposed to coral bleaching in the past

773
00:37:47.460 --> 00:37:49.480
but it had extensive die-offs of coral

774
00:37:49.480 --> 00:37:51.430
having been observed or expected.

775
00:37:51.430 --> 00:37:53.780
So it was given this rating of good slash fair.

776
00:37:56.370 --> 00:37:57.657
Okay Lisianski.

777
00:37:59.020 --> 00:38:02.900
So this is an area with, you see the Island

778
00:38:02.900 --> 00:38:04.480
in the photo on the bottom, right?

779
00:38:04.480 --> 00:38:06.810
And then you can see this lighter blue coloration

780
00:38:06.810 --> 00:38:07.855
in the water.

781
00:38:07.855 --> 00:38:11.070
This has a large reef structure that surrounds that Island.

782
00:38:11.070 --> 00:38:12.380
And it goes further to the South

783
00:38:12.380 --> 00:38:14.880
to a feature called nibashul.

784
00:38:14.880 --> 00:38:17.030
There's a lot of coral habitat there

785
00:38:17.030 --> 00:38:20.880
and impacts to this habitat have varied

786
00:38:20.880 --> 00:38:23.880
by depth and by actual location around the area.

787
00:38:23.880 --> 00:38:26.600
The overall assessment though, was for this fair

788
00:38:26.600 --> 00:38:28.170
with a declining trend.

789
00:38:28.170 --> 00:38:31.030
And that's primarily on the basis of the fact that

790
00:38:31.030 --> 00:38:34.620
these reefs at Lisianski suffered a severe

791
00:38:34.620 --> 00:38:37.550
coral bleaching events in 2014.

792
00:38:37.550 --> 00:38:38.950
You see this image on the left,

793
00:38:38.950 --> 00:38:41.360
this image on the upper left,

794
00:38:41.360 --> 00:38:43.280
it looks a little blue and purple,

795
00:38:43.280 --> 00:38:44.973
that's actually live coral.

796
00:38:46.380 --> 00:38:48.330
You see that year after that in 2015,

797
00:38:48.330 --> 00:38:50.980
that's the same location you see it looks brown,

798
00:38:50.980 --> 00:38:53.580
that's because that coral had bleached and died.

799
00:38:53.580 --> 00:38:55.670
And the Brown is probably some turf algae

800
00:38:55.670 --> 00:38:57.430
that's growing on top of it.

801
00:38:57.430 --> 00:39:00.670
And then they surveyed it, the team survey did again in 2016

802
00:39:00.670 --> 00:39:02.580
and the coral has still not recovered,

803
00:39:02.580 --> 00:39:06.950
but you may notice some green algae spreading

804
00:39:06.950 --> 00:39:07.870
across the reef there.

805
00:39:07.870 --> 00:39:10.689
So not only has that coral not recovered

806
00:39:10.689 --> 00:39:13.800
that substrate is actually being covered with algae.

807
00:39:13.800 --> 00:39:17.100
So the condition of that location was rated as fair

808
00:39:17.100 --> 00:39:18.463
with a declining trend.

809
00:39:20.994 --> 00:39:23.940
Pearl and Hermes atoll, that was rated as fair slash poor

810
00:39:23.940 --> 00:39:25.263
with a declining trend.

811
00:39:26.170 --> 00:39:28.670
Prior to 2019, the reef seemed to be

812
00:39:28.670 --> 00:39:30.250
in fairly good condition.

813
00:39:30.250 --> 00:39:32.330
Remember when I said our team got there to do research

814
00:39:32.330 --> 00:39:36.970
in 2019, they found this red alga covering the reef.

815
00:39:36.970 --> 00:39:38.980
So the photo on the top is what it would look like

816
00:39:38.980 --> 00:39:41.683
without the algae but on the bottom is what it looks like

817
00:39:41.683 --> 00:39:44.070
with the algae colonizing that.

818
00:39:44.070 --> 00:39:48.212
And it's this algae has spread across the entire atoll.

819
00:39:48.212 --> 00:39:51.850
We have detailed plans to continue researching this

820
00:39:51.850 --> 00:39:54.050
and we've developed strict bio security protocols

821
00:39:54.050 --> 00:39:56.310
to prevent that species of algae from getting

822
00:39:56.310 --> 00:39:59.750
out of the atoll and transport it to another location.

823
00:39:59.750 --> 00:40:01.520
The current state of that atoll is rated

824
00:40:01.520 --> 00:40:04.473
as fair slash poor because of the significant impacts

825
00:40:04.473 --> 00:40:05.573
from the algae.

826
00:40:09.100 --> 00:40:10.210
Midway.

827
00:40:10.210 --> 00:40:14.310
So midway was rated fair slash poor with a stable trend.

828
00:40:14.310 --> 00:40:18.130
Midway is one of the two Northern most reef areas

829
00:40:18.130 --> 00:40:19.120
in the monument.

830
00:40:19.120 --> 00:40:21.090
The waters are cold.

831
00:40:21.090 --> 00:40:24.903
The weather, winter weather at least is especially harsh,

832
00:40:25.770 --> 00:40:28.900
and it's not conducive to the growth of lots of coral

833
00:40:28.900 --> 00:40:30.780
and high coral cover.

834
00:40:30.780 --> 00:40:35.480
Adding to that past military activities there resulted in

835
00:40:35.480 --> 00:40:39.060
some damage to corals in the past as well as several years

836
00:40:39.060 --> 00:40:40.360
worth of coral bleaching.

837
00:40:40.360 --> 00:40:43.840
So those corals haven't recovered from those past events

838
00:40:43.840 --> 00:40:46.220
which happened before this 11 year period.

839
00:40:46.220 --> 00:40:49.260
So the state of those corals are fair slash poor

840
00:40:49.260 --> 00:40:51.860
but they're not expected to have to be changing.

841
00:40:51.860 --> 00:40:54.653
The coral that are there seem to be a fairly stable.

842
00:40:57.250 --> 00:40:58.470
And then Kure.

843
00:40:58.470 --> 00:41:01.760
So Kure was rated as fair slash poor

844
00:41:01.760 --> 00:41:04.050
with the stable trend as well.

845
00:41:04.050 --> 00:41:06.820
This is the Northern most reef area in the monument.

846
00:41:06.820 --> 00:41:08.750
Waters are cool.

847
00:41:08.750 --> 00:41:11.120
Winter weather is harsh on top of that

848
00:41:11.120 --> 00:41:12.150
there were bleaching events.

849
00:41:12.150 --> 00:41:15.140
I think it was 2002 that actually resulted

850
00:41:15.140 --> 00:41:16.893
in mortality of some of the corals.

851
00:41:17.830 --> 00:41:20.160
And this is a typical reef scene that you would see there.

852
00:41:20.160 --> 00:41:24.150
So the conditions that Kure and Midway are at

853
00:41:24.150 --> 00:41:26.390
aren't highly conducive to the growth of new coral

854
00:41:26.390 --> 00:41:27.880
at least rapid growth

855
00:41:27.880 --> 00:41:31.950
and the rapid colonization by new coral juveniles or larvae

856
00:41:33.610 --> 00:41:36.450
but the coral that are there seem to be hanging on

857
00:41:36.450 --> 00:41:37.333
and doing fine.

858
00:41:40.470 --> 00:41:41.840
And then there's another group of islands that

859
00:41:41.840 --> 00:41:42.830
I didn't talk about.

860
00:41:42.830 --> 00:41:45.440
Nihoa, Mokumanamana, and Gardner.

861
00:41:45.440 --> 00:41:49.020
You see Nihoa in the center photo, Mokumanamana on the right

862
00:41:49.020 --> 00:41:52.220
and Gardner on the bottom.

863
00:41:52.220 --> 00:41:55.200
These are areas that actually lack a lot of

864
00:41:55.200 --> 00:41:57.340
monitoring data for this time period.

865
00:41:57.340 --> 00:42:01.070
So experts felt that we weren't able to determine

866
00:42:01.070 --> 00:42:03.260
what the condition or trends were.

867
00:42:03.260 --> 00:42:06.770
A couple of things about these locations

868
00:42:06.770 --> 00:42:08.673
while there are coral reefs surrounding these islands

869
00:42:08.673 --> 00:42:10.980
they're not as extensive as some of the others

870
00:42:10.980 --> 00:42:12.560
that we just talked about.

871
00:42:12.560 --> 00:42:16.090
And the, the way that these islands are positioned

872
00:42:16.090 --> 00:42:18.380
they experience harsh open ocean conditions.

873
00:42:18.380 --> 00:42:20.270
So it's very challenging to plan

874
00:42:20.270 --> 00:42:23.580
and actually execute diving research

875
00:42:23.580 --> 00:42:26.460
around these areas to be able to collect enough data

876
00:42:26.460 --> 00:42:27.930
to make an assessment.

877
00:42:27.930 --> 00:42:29.440
But it is flagged as a gap for us,

878
00:42:29.440 --> 00:42:31.920
and it is something that the monument management

879
00:42:31.920 --> 00:42:33.870
board is looking at and thinking about.

880
00:42:36.320 --> 00:42:38.370
It looks like we are at another question.

881
00:42:39.310 --> 00:42:44.310
<v Malia>Okay, friends, here we go to our third poll.</v>

882
00:42:44.630 --> 00:42:47.010
So the question is which reef has been

883
00:42:47.010 --> 00:42:51.710
significantly impacted by a nuisance alga

884
00:42:51.710 --> 00:42:54.460
and was discovered in 2019?

885
00:42:54.460 --> 00:42:58.277
So your selections are Lalo or French Frigate Shoals,

886
00:42:58.277 --> 00:43:01.590
Manawai, or Pearl and Hermes atoll.

887
00:43:01.590 --> 00:43:04.520
Kuaihelani or Midway atoll

888
00:43:04.520 --> 00:43:07.410
or Holaniku or Kure atoll.

889
00:43:07.410 --> 00:43:09.683
Go ahead and register your vote.

890
00:43:10.670 --> 00:43:12.383
Oh, I see a lot of you are voting.

891
00:43:14.240 --> 00:43:17.030
We've got about half of you so far.

892
00:43:17.030 --> 00:43:19.860
Don't forget to pop out if you're in full screen mode

893
00:43:21.430 --> 00:43:24.890
and we'll give you about five more seconds.

894
00:43:24.890 --> 00:43:29.633
Lalo, Manawai, Kiaihelani, or Holaniku.

895
00:43:31.380 --> 00:43:33.920
All right, so I'm gonna close the poll now

896
00:43:33.920 --> 00:43:35.933
and let's see what our results are.

897
00:43:39.040 --> 00:43:39.873
All right.

898
00:43:39.873 --> 00:43:43.640
So we've got 60% of you indicate that Manawai,

899
00:43:43.640 --> 00:43:45.710
or Pearl and Hermes atoll.

900
00:43:45.710 --> 00:43:47.033
Good job.

901
00:43:48.760 --> 00:43:50.140
<v ->Excellent, thank you, Malia.</v>

902
00:43:50.140 --> 00:43:52.333
And good job listening everybody.

903
00:43:53.640 --> 00:43:56.090
That's exactly right, Pearl and Hermes was the atoll

904
00:43:56.090 --> 00:43:59.729
where that algae is and hopefully still remains.

905
00:43:59.729 --> 00:44:02.740
We'll be having a talk in about two months by

906
00:44:02.740 --> 00:44:05.390
Brian Hawk talking about that and about other issues

907
00:44:05.390 --> 00:44:07.800
related to Marine bio security in the monument.

908
00:44:07.800 --> 00:44:10.600
So please keep your eyes peeled for those announcements.

909
00:44:11.840 --> 00:44:13.570
Okay let's move on.

910
00:44:13.570 --> 00:44:15.000
So coral reef fish.

911
00:44:15.000 --> 00:44:17.740
Those were assessed was good with a stable trend.

912
00:44:17.740 --> 00:44:19.410
That's mostly on the basis that there's

913
00:44:19.410 --> 00:44:21.160
very very high fish biomass

914
00:44:21.160 --> 00:44:23.830
and very good fish diversity in the monument.

915
00:44:23.830 --> 00:44:26.250
You might see the bar chart on the bottom

916
00:44:26.250 --> 00:44:28.340
indicate how much fish biomass are each

917
00:44:28.340 --> 00:44:29.930
of these different islands.

918
00:44:29.930 --> 00:44:31.630
To give you a frame of reference,

919
00:44:31.630 --> 00:44:35.050
a place like the populated main Hawaiian islands

920
00:44:35.050 --> 00:44:40.050
at most might have 50 grams per meter squared of fish

921
00:44:40.180 --> 00:44:41.013
at the highest.

922
00:44:41.013 --> 00:44:42.980
So some of these locations have two to three times

923
00:44:42.980 --> 00:44:46.120
the amount of fish at them compared to

924
00:44:46.120 --> 00:44:47.960
the most fish that there might be

925
00:44:47.960 --> 00:44:50.220
in the main Hawaiian islands.

926
00:44:50.220 --> 00:44:52.130
Those trends have been stable over time.

927
00:44:52.130 --> 00:44:54.250
Unfortunately, since there are no fishing pressures

928
00:44:54.250 --> 00:44:56.633
on the fish there, they're doing excellent.

929
00:44:58.870 --> 00:45:00.610
Okay, so this group we're calling

930
00:45:00.610 --> 00:45:02.720
historically targeted species.

931
00:45:02.720 --> 00:45:05.620
This is a group of species that were historically harvested

932
00:45:05.620 --> 00:45:08.330
before the monument protections were put in place.

933
00:45:08.330 --> 00:45:10.820
We're talking about two species of lobster,

934
00:45:10.820 --> 00:45:12.950
the black Pearl oyster on the bottom right,

935
00:45:12.950 --> 00:45:15.980
and then multiple species of autumn fish.

936
00:45:15.980 --> 00:45:19.430
So we did do individual assessments for each of them

937
00:45:19.430 --> 00:45:21.360
and they varied a little bit.

938
00:45:21.360 --> 00:45:23.330
The main takeaway from that is that

939
00:45:23.330 --> 00:45:28.330
the data available actually is not very recent.

940
00:45:28.950 --> 00:45:30.800
The most recent data available sort of ends

941
00:45:30.800 --> 00:45:33.600
at the beginning of our timeframe that we're assessing.

942
00:45:33.600 --> 00:45:35.730
So we know that there's a lack of data

943
00:45:35.730 --> 00:45:38.490
for a more recent time frames for these.

944
00:45:38.490 --> 00:45:41.700
But those data that were most recent indicated that

945
00:45:41.700 --> 00:45:45.240
the black Pearl oyster and both species of lobsters

946
00:45:45.240 --> 00:45:48.327
had not recovered to their pre harvesting levels.

947
00:45:48.327 --> 00:45:52.093
It did indicate that the bottom fish levels were doing well.

948
00:45:53.000 --> 00:45:55.870
So we did an overall assessment of this entire group

949
00:45:55.870 --> 00:45:58.610
and it was assessed as fair, but with an unknown trend

950
00:45:58.610 --> 00:46:00.810
because we don't have a lot of temporal data

951
00:46:00.810 --> 00:46:02.623
to be able to identify a trend.

952
00:46:05.870 --> 00:46:08.200
Okay moving on to deep sea corals.

953
00:46:08.200 --> 00:46:11.570
So these were rated as good with a non changing trend.

954
00:46:11.570 --> 00:46:12.833
And these are corals in the deep deep sea,

955
00:46:12.833 --> 00:46:15.653
like hundreds and thousands of feet deep.

956
00:46:17.600 --> 00:46:20.780
They're rated as good mostly because they're fairly isolated

957
00:46:20.780 --> 00:46:25.053
and they don't have a lot of human related impacts to them.

958
00:46:26.490 --> 00:46:28.540
There are may be some climate change impacts

959
00:46:28.540 --> 00:46:31.270
that they're highly vulnerable to, but as of yet,

960
00:46:31.270 --> 00:46:33.433
there's no signs of impacts to them.

961
00:46:34.270 --> 00:46:36.380
We were not able to identify a trend mostly

962
00:46:36.380 --> 00:46:40.600
because there are not temporal surveys,

963
00:46:40.600 --> 00:46:42.820
surveys that are correct the same locations.

964
00:46:42.820 --> 00:46:45.530
So we're not able to actually monitor a place over time.

965
00:46:45.530 --> 00:46:49.850
Typically research is exploratory and the places

966
00:46:49.850 --> 00:46:52.650
largest in the monument, there's a lot of places to explore.

967
00:46:52.650 --> 00:46:55.653
So we don't have those data to be able to identify a trend.

968
00:46:56.770 --> 00:47:00.320
For seabirds, here we're mostly talking about two species

969
00:47:01.200 --> 00:47:04.150
and we have the lace non albatross

970
00:47:04.150 --> 00:47:06.250
and the black-footed albatross.

971
00:47:06.250 --> 00:47:08.570
And these were rated as good slash fair

972
00:47:08.570 --> 00:47:11.290
with a stable trend.

973
00:47:11.290 --> 00:47:13.690
And these are mostly based on population models,

974
00:47:13.690 --> 00:47:16.542
which I'm not, I don't have the slide here for you.

975
00:47:16.542 --> 00:47:19.790
Previously these populations have been heavily impacted

976
00:47:19.790 --> 00:47:24.560
by things like egg harvesting and severe by catch

977
00:47:24.560 --> 00:47:27.490
from fisheries activities.

978
00:47:27.490 --> 00:47:30.100
And those numbers had decreased over time

979
00:47:30.100 --> 00:47:31.920
but the population has increased

980
00:47:31.920 --> 00:47:34.470
and remain stable for at least this period of time.

981
00:47:35.310 --> 00:47:38.078
Sea birds have other stressors that affect them

982
00:47:38.078 --> 00:47:43.078
in the monument for example, the 2011 to OCO earthquake

983
00:47:43.670 --> 00:47:45.320
in Japan and the caused a tsunami

984
00:47:46.196 --> 00:47:48.020
which resulted in the loss of several nesting birds

985
00:47:48.020 --> 00:47:51.620
and currently on Midway birds are threatened by mice

986
00:47:51.620 --> 00:47:54.320
which have shifted their behavior to be, to predate

987
00:47:54.320 --> 00:47:56.980
to predate and actually eat the sea birds

988
00:47:56.980 --> 00:47:58.590
as they're nesting.

989
00:47:58.590 --> 00:48:00.760
There's a lot to talk about there if you're interested,

990
00:48:00.760 --> 00:48:02.660
there's some discussion in the report.

991
00:48:03.750 --> 00:48:08.750
And then for endemic land plants we have poor.

992
00:48:08.920 --> 00:48:12.030
We have a rating of poor with an unknown trend.

993
00:48:12.030 --> 00:48:15.840
Of the 25 or so species of land plants in the monument

994
00:48:15.840 --> 00:48:18.840
at least five of them are endangered endemic.

995
00:48:18.840 --> 00:48:21.330
Those plants actually have fairly depressed

996
00:48:21.330 --> 00:48:24.180
population levels and the prospects for their recovery

997
00:48:24.180 --> 00:48:25.013
are uncertain.

998
00:48:25.013 --> 00:48:27.650
So they were rated as poor condition.

999
00:48:27.650 --> 00:48:30.020
But the US fish and wildlife service

1000
00:48:30.020 --> 00:48:32.224
in the state of Hawaii are working hard on

1001
00:48:32.224 --> 00:48:35.510
on addressing that and promoting the recovery

1002
00:48:35.510 --> 00:48:39.950
of these species by planting them and preserving them.

1003
00:48:39.950 --> 00:48:42.360
So for endemic land birds, we're talking about

1004
00:48:42.360 --> 00:48:43.740
four species here.

1005
00:48:43.740 --> 00:48:45.410
Starting on the right, we're talking about

1006
00:48:45.410 --> 00:48:46.590
the lace duck.

1007
00:48:46.590 --> 00:48:49.050
Underneath it is the lace and fish.

1008
00:48:49.050 --> 00:48:51.700
And then on the middle, we have the Nihoa Miller bird.

1009
00:48:51.700 --> 00:48:53.510
And on the bottom, the Nihoa fish.

1010
00:48:53.510 --> 00:48:56.600
Each of these animals were rated independently

1011
00:48:56.600 --> 00:48:58.580
and their conditions varied somewhat

1012
00:48:58.580 --> 00:49:02.060
with the Lakeside duck doing better than other species.

1013
00:49:02.060 --> 00:49:04.520
The overall assessment was fair slash poor

1014
00:49:04.520 --> 00:49:06.700
with an unknown trend on the basis that

1015
00:49:06.700 --> 00:49:08.840
I think these are all endangered species

1016
00:49:08.840 --> 00:49:10.390
and the populations are depressed

1017
00:49:10.390 --> 00:49:12.230
from what they were previously.

1018
00:49:12.230 --> 00:49:14.870
But again, the fish and wildlife service is working

1019
00:49:14.870 --> 00:49:17.920
very hard to promote the recovery

1020
00:49:17.920 --> 00:49:19.120
of all of these species.

1021
00:49:20.750 --> 00:49:23.730
And then our final set of assessments,

1022
00:49:23.730 --> 00:49:24.750
heritage resources.

1023
00:49:24.750 --> 00:49:28.260
So I mentioned maritime resources,

1024
00:49:28.260 --> 00:49:31.340
we were talking about those, which are exposed to conditions

1025
00:49:32.373 --> 00:49:34.870
in the water historic resources are those on land.

1026
00:49:34.870 --> 00:49:36.480
And we decided to rate them separately

1027
00:49:36.480 --> 00:49:39.630
because they experience different environmental impacts

1028
00:49:39.630 --> 00:49:41.960
but the ratings actually turned out to be the same.

1029
00:49:41.960 --> 00:49:44.950
So the ratings are fair with a declining trend.

1030
00:49:44.950 --> 00:49:46.792
And that's primarily on the basis that these are

1031
00:49:46.792 --> 00:49:48.820
finite resources.

1032
00:49:48.820 --> 00:49:51.630
A lot of them are metal and they're highly vulnerable

1033
00:49:51.630 --> 00:49:55.060
to erosion and corrosion, and they never improve over time.

1034
00:49:55.060 --> 00:49:59.820
They only decrease in their physical condition over time.

1035
00:49:59.820 --> 00:50:02.370
Now it's important to note here that

1036
00:50:02.370 --> 00:50:04.810
we made an important distinction on the physical condition

1037
00:50:04.810 --> 00:50:07.160
of these artifacts and resources

1038
00:50:07.160 --> 00:50:10.020
and not the actual intangible values

1039
00:50:10.020 --> 00:50:12.370
of their educational value or historical value.

1040
00:50:13.494 --> 00:50:16.843
So those are the ratings for those.

1041
00:50:17.980 --> 00:50:21.100
We also assessed native Hawaiian archeological resources

1042
00:50:21.100 --> 00:50:23.177
and these are mostly found on the islands of Nihoa

1043
00:50:23.177 --> 00:50:25.170
and Mokumanamana.

1044
00:50:25.170 --> 00:50:28.710
This rating was good slash fair with an unknown trend.

1045
00:50:28.710 --> 00:50:31.570
And that's mostly on the basis that these resources

1046
00:50:31.570 --> 00:50:33.260
have been there for quite a long time.

1047
00:50:33.260 --> 00:50:35.240
Most of them are made out of stone.

1048
00:50:35.240 --> 00:50:39.490
They're highly robust, and they appear to be in

1049
00:50:39.490 --> 00:50:41.960
as good of condition as we can assess.

1050
00:50:41.960 --> 00:50:44.500
There is some amount of erosion that occurs,

1051
00:50:44.500 --> 00:50:47.120
but unfortunately research and monitoring,

1052
00:50:47.120 --> 00:50:48.804
hasn't been able to fully quantify that

1053
00:50:48.804 --> 00:50:51.890
and monitor that occurrence over time.

1054
00:50:51.890 --> 00:50:54.040
So we don't have a trend assessed for that.

1055
00:50:55.942 --> 00:50:57.842
And I think we have our last question.

1056
00:50:59.470 --> 00:51:00.303
<v Malia>We do.</v>

1057
00:51:01.230 --> 00:51:02.063
All right.

1058
00:51:02.063 --> 00:51:03.180
So here we go.

1059
00:51:03.180 --> 00:51:05.420
Which islands have the most native

1060
00:51:05.420 --> 00:51:07.940
Hawaiian cultural artifacts?

1061
00:51:07.940 --> 00:51:09.230
Select one of the following.

1062
00:51:09.230 --> 00:51:11.550
Is it Lalo, French frigate Shoals,

1063
00:51:11.550 --> 00:51:14.030
Manawai Pearl and Hermes atoll,

1064
00:51:14.030 --> 00:51:19.030
Nihoa and Mokuamanamana or Holaniku or Kure atoll.

1065
00:51:19.210 --> 00:51:21.553
Go ahead and register your vote.

1066
00:51:23.010 --> 00:51:26.014
And we are about 50% of you have voted.

1067
00:51:26.014 --> 00:51:29.270
We'll give you another five seconds

1068
00:51:29.270 --> 00:51:30.950
before I close out the poll.

1069
00:51:30.950 --> 00:51:33.680
Which islands have the most native Hawaiian

1070
00:51:33.680 --> 00:51:36.200
cultural artifacts?

1071
00:51:36.200 --> 00:51:37.033
All right.

1072
00:51:37.033 --> 00:51:38.850
And I'm gonna close this out.

1073
00:51:38.850 --> 00:51:41.950
And let's share those results with you, Jon.

1074
00:51:41.950 --> 00:51:44.240
Oh, people were definitely paying attention.

1075
00:51:44.240 --> 00:51:47.830
Nihoa and Mokuamanamana 89% of you.

1076
00:51:47.830 --> 00:51:49.333
Very well done.

1077
00:51:50.810 --> 00:51:51.643
<v ->Very good.</v>

1078
00:51:51.643 --> 00:51:52.618
Thank you, Malia.

1079
00:51:52.618 --> 00:51:53.890
Thanks everybody for listening

1080
00:51:53.890 --> 00:51:55.440
and paying such good attention.

1081
00:51:56.520 --> 00:51:58.680
So let's wrap up what we've learned

1082
00:51:58.680 --> 00:52:01.660
on the summary of the state of these different resources.

1083
00:52:01.660 --> 00:52:03.765
Each of these rectangles you see here represents

1084
00:52:03.765 --> 00:52:06.090
one of the assessments that we made.

1085
00:52:06.090 --> 00:52:09.340
And as you can tell on the whole most of these resources

1086
00:52:09.340 --> 00:52:12.310
are in good or good slash fair to fair condition.

1087
00:52:12.310 --> 00:52:15.490
One of the most important takeaways that I got

1088
00:52:15.490 --> 00:52:18.160
from this exercise was that I learned those pressures

1089
00:52:18.160 --> 00:52:21.090
which are affecting the state of the resources

1090
00:52:21.090 --> 00:52:22.750
are largely external.

1091
00:52:22.750 --> 00:52:25.390
So it's not like there are a lot of people

1092
00:52:25.390 --> 00:52:28.220
going through stepping on corals or people extracting

1093
00:52:28.220 --> 00:52:30.450
species that are causing problem.

1094
00:52:30.450 --> 00:52:32.850
These are things that were set in place

1095
00:52:32.850 --> 00:52:35.530
before the monument protections were put in place

1096
00:52:35.530 --> 00:52:38.180
like contaminants buried in the soil

1097
00:52:38.180 --> 00:52:40.350
or harvesting of these various species

1098
00:52:40.350 --> 00:52:43.940
or introduction of introduced species.

1099
00:52:43.940 --> 00:52:47.070
And then also things related to climate and climate change,

1100
00:52:47.070 --> 00:52:48.860
you know increases in water temperature,

1101
00:52:48.860 --> 00:52:51.340
increased amounts of weather events,

1102
00:52:51.340 --> 00:52:53.603
severe weather events, things like that.

1103
00:52:55.330 --> 00:52:58.140
And I think that's a Testament to the type of

1104
00:52:58.140 --> 00:53:00.273
management responses that the agencies have been

1105
00:53:00.273 --> 00:53:02.660
having been putting in place.

1106
00:53:02.660 --> 00:53:05.250
So just a quick mention on that.

1107
00:53:05.250 --> 00:53:07.910
One of the, these are some of the major aspects

1108
00:53:07.910 --> 00:53:11.500
of our management that prevents other human induce stressors

1109
00:53:11.500 --> 00:53:13.430
from impacting the resources.

1110
00:53:13.430 --> 00:53:15.210
One of them, one of the most obvious

1111
00:53:15.210 --> 00:53:17.150
is the rigorous permitting process.

1112
00:53:17.150 --> 00:53:18.910
Any activity that's happens in the monument

1113
00:53:18.910 --> 00:53:21.400
has to be permitted and there are some that can,

1114
00:53:21.400 --> 00:53:23.200
can not even be permitted.

1115
00:53:23.200 --> 00:53:26.020
So by permitting, we actually have a good understanding

1116
00:53:26.020 --> 00:53:29.260
of what type of projects might happen in the monument.

1117
00:53:29.260 --> 00:53:31.480
What types of impacts those projects might have.

1118
00:53:31.480 --> 00:53:33.793
And we can offer best management practices

1119
00:53:33.793 --> 00:53:36.360
to folks who are doing their work to help minimize

1120
00:53:36.360 --> 00:53:38.010
any of those problems.

1121
00:53:38.010 --> 00:53:41.470
We have very stringent bio security protocols.

1122
00:53:41.470 --> 00:53:43.820
So folks that go to any of the land portions

1123
00:53:43.820 --> 00:53:46.750
in the monument might be asked to bring only new clothes.

1124
00:53:46.750 --> 00:53:48.270
So they're not transporting seeds

1125
00:53:48.270 --> 00:53:51.840
or other types of species to those areas.

1126
00:53:51.840 --> 00:53:53.910
We have a requirements to have vessels

1127
00:53:53.910 --> 00:53:55.450
have their holes inspected

1128
00:53:55.450 --> 00:53:58.230
or invasive species attached to their holes.

1129
00:53:58.230 --> 00:54:02.150
And if they are found to have too many species

1130
00:54:02.150 --> 00:54:06.060
on them, they will be required to have a cleaning

1131
00:54:06.060 --> 00:54:08.310
or they're not allowed to go to the monument.

1132
00:54:09.620 --> 00:54:11.080
There's no commercial fishing allowed.

1133
00:54:11.080 --> 00:54:13.175
So the fish populations don't have that pressure

1134
00:54:13.175 --> 00:54:14.993
and they're doing excellent.

1135
00:54:16.040 --> 00:54:19.920
Monument has no discharge zones designated.

1136
00:54:19.920 --> 00:54:22.920
So vessels that go there aren't allowed to discharge

1137
00:54:22.920 --> 00:54:26.141
any of their waste on the coral reefs

1138
00:54:26.141 --> 00:54:29.041
that would input nutrients or other types of contaminants.

1139
00:54:30.070 --> 00:54:32.440
The area is designated as a particularly

1140
00:54:32.440 --> 00:54:34.700
sensitive sea area internationally.

1141
00:54:34.700 --> 00:54:37.560
You see the map on the right shows, these Brown areas.

1142
00:54:37.560 --> 00:54:39.510
Those are corridors that vessels are required

1143
00:54:39.510 --> 00:54:41.120
to go through when they're transiting

1144
00:54:41.120 --> 00:54:43.750
through this area and the areas that are hatched

1145
00:54:43.750 --> 00:54:45.340
they're not allowed to go there.

1146
00:54:45.340 --> 00:54:47.510
So by preventing them getting close

1147
00:54:47.510 --> 00:54:49.930
to sensitive areas like coral reefs

1148
00:54:49.930 --> 00:54:52.970
we reduce the opportunities for vessel groundings

1149
00:54:52.970 --> 00:54:53.823
to occur there.

1150
00:54:54.670 --> 00:54:56.990
There are a suite of other ongoing conservation measures

1151
00:54:56.990 --> 00:54:57.823
as well.

1152
00:54:57.823 --> 00:54:59.680
I mentioned some like the active removal

1153
00:54:59.680 --> 00:55:02.740
of invasive species, and veterinary care

1154
00:55:02.740 --> 00:55:05.760
to endangered monk seals, things like that.

1155
00:55:05.760 --> 00:55:07.490
And then we also continue our documentation

1156
00:55:07.490 --> 00:55:10.517
of heritage resources so that we know where they are.

1157
00:55:10.517 --> 00:55:13.290
And if people are doing projects and locations near there

1158
00:55:13.290 --> 00:55:15.470
we can give the best advice on how to minimize

1159
00:55:15.470 --> 00:55:19.313
or reduce impacts from their project to those artifacts.

1160
00:55:21.820 --> 00:55:24.690
And then two last things I wanted to again, share where

1161
00:55:24.690 --> 00:55:27.810
you can access the report, papahanaumokuakea.gov.

1162
00:55:27.810 --> 00:55:32.220
We have a nice web story up there that summarizes

1163
00:55:32.220 --> 00:55:34.130
some of the findings as well as a nice

1164
00:55:34.130 --> 00:55:36.210
eight pager document you can download.

1165
00:55:36.210 --> 00:55:38.830
If you don't have time to go through the 200 plus pages

1166
00:55:38.830 --> 00:55:40.163
in the report itself.

1167
00:55:41.720 --> 00:55:43.750
And then I just wanna finish by thanking everyone

1168
00:55:43.750 --> 00:55:45.110
who worked on this.

1169
00:55:45.110 --> 00:55:47.810
We had our 6 person editorial team, you know,

1170
00:55:47.810 --> 00:55:51.280
our 40 some subject matter experts, all of our other

1171
00:55:51.280 --> 00:55:52.800
supporting contributors.

1172
00:55:52.800 --> 00:55:55.440
And then of course the monument management board

1173
00:55:55.440 --> 00:55:58.083
for making this a priority for us to complete.

1174
00:55:58.939 --> 00:55:59.772
So with that, I think I'm done.

1175
00:55:59.772 --> 00:56:02.280
And if there's time for questions, I'm happy to take some

1176
00:56:05.561 --> 00:56:07.720
<v Andy>(foreign language) Jon, I think Justin's got one</v>

1177
00:56:07.720 --> 00:56:10.453
or two questions we have time for maybe one or two.

1178
00:56:13.430 --> 00:56:14.330
<v ->Yeah okay.</v>

1179
00:56:14.330 --> 00:56:18.910
So there are a lot just rolling in while I'm looking,

1180
00:56:18.910 --> 00:56:20.560
I did, there was one on T update.

1181
00:56:21.451 --> 00:56:23.230
I'm wondering if they were seeing throughout

1182
00:56:23.230 --> 00:56:24.930
the Northwestern Hawaiian islands.

1183
00:56:26.188 --> 00:56:27.570
<v ->That's a good question to Tapee</v>

1184
00:56:27.570 --> 00:56:28.727
is in the Northwestern Hawaiian islands.

1185
00:56:28.727 --> 00:56:30.480
They haven't been recorded

1186
00:56:30.480 --> 00:56:32.680
to the entire of the Northwestern Hawaiian islands.

1187
00:56:32.680 --> 00:56:34.580
I believe they've been observed somewhere

1188
00:56:34.580 --> 00:56:37.460
about midway up midway through the monuments.

1189
00:56:37.460 --> 00:56:40.810
I don't remember exactly which area is the furthest extent

1190
00:56:40.810 --> 00:56:43.183
but they have been seen in the monument yes.

1191
00:56:46.430 --> 00:56:49.560
<v ->And I'm sorry folks, there's so many rolling</v>

1192
00:56:49.560 --> 00:56:51.570
in one that's catching my eye.

1193
00:56:51.570 --> 00:56:53.930
Did hurricane Walaka hit any other islands

1194
00:56:53.930 --> 00:56:56.580
other than French Brigid Shoals in Papahanaumokuakea?

1195
00:56:57.950 --> 00:57:00.500
And did it affect any of the main Hawaiian islands?

1196
00:57:02.460 --> 00:57:04.560
<v ->I don't believe it affected the main Hawaiian islands.</v>

1197
00:57:04.560 --> 00:57:07.090
I'm not sure I've been, I've mostly been focusing on

1198
00:57:07.090 --> 00:57:09.180
its impacts to the monument.

1199
00:57:09.180 --> 00:57:11.710
Fortunately it did not seem to impact severely

1200
00:57:11.710 --> 00:57:14.420
any other locations other than French frigate Shoals.

1201
00:57:14.420 --> 00:57:16.560
In fact, the eye of the hurricane went directly

1202
00:57:16.560 --> 00:57:20.880
through the atoll as a category three or four hurricane.

1203
00:57:20.880 --> 00:57:23.570
So it was quite severe, unfortunately, that it was there

1204
00:57:23.570 --> 00:57:24.677
because French British shows has some of the most

1205
00:57:24.677 --> 00:57:28.320
sensitive habitats and important habitats in the monument.

1206
00:57:28.320 --> 00:57:30.650
But fortunately it didn't affect any of the other areas

1207
00:57:30.650 --> 00:57:31.500
as far as I know.

1208
00:57:33.260 --> 00:57:35.100
<v ->We're getting a lot of questions on the alga</v>

1209
00:57:35.100 --> 00:57:38.470
which I believe is going to be detailed in an upcoming talk.

1210
00:57:38.470 --> 00:57:39.303
Is that correct?

1211
00:57:40.400 --> 00:57:41.233
<v ->That's right.</v>

1212
00:57:41.233 --> 00:57:42.712
Brian Hawk is gonna be talking about that

1213
00:57:42.712 --> 00:57:47.712
and other bio security issues in the monument in

1214
00:57:48.036 --> 00:57:51.173
I think March the third Thursday in March.

1215
00:57:52.820 --> 00:57:54.543
<v ->Great, I better wrap it up.</v>

1216
00:57:55.410 --> 00:57:56.460
<v ->Go ahead, Andy.</v>

1217
00:57:56.460 --> 00:57:57.800
<v ->Yeah thank you everybody</v>

1218
00:57:57.800 --> 00:58:00.160
for all your great questions and engagement.

1219
00:58:00.160 --> 00:58:03.210
We will do a follow-up with Jon with your questions

1220
00:58:03.210 --> 00:58:07.460
and send him the questions that we weren't able to answer

1221
00:58:07.460 --> 00:58:09.543
which were most of them.

1222
00:58:10.410 --> 00:58:12.990
But thank you, Jon so very much

1223
00:58:12.990 --> 00:58:15.400
you can turn off your webcam now.

1224
00:58:15.400 --> 00:58:18.030
Thank you for that wonderful presentation.

1225
00:58:18.030 --> 00:58:23.030
And let me go over a few closing slides here.

1226
00:58:24.800 --> 00:58:28.460
So we do archive all these presentations

1227
00:58:28.460 --> 00:58:33.460
and the archive link is posted here on the slide.

1228
00:58:33.640 --> 00:58:36.310
So you can view all of our wonderful presentations

1229
00:58:36.310 --> 00:58:37.560
that we've done in the past.

1230
00:58:37.560 --> 00:58:41.533
And this one will also be posted there in a few weeks.

1231
00:58:42.410 --> 00:58:45.180
Also, you will receive a certificate of attendance

1232
00:58:45.180 --> 00:58:47.660
for one hour of professional development

1233
00:58:47.660 --> 00:58:49.430
for attending this workshop,

1234
00:58:49.430 --> 00:58:51.500
of attending this presentation.

1235
00:58:51.500 --> 00:58:53.400
Thank you very much.

1236
00:58:53.400 --> 00:58:55.550
And also we get some great talks coming up.

1237
00:58:55.550 --> 00:58:58.050
So if you're not familiar with Awahu

1238
00:58:58.050 --> 00:59:01.020
there's a place there called Hanauma Bay

1239
00:59:01.020 --> 00:59:02.760
and that's a nature preserve

1240
00:59:02.760 --> 00:59:06.920
and they have lectures and we are featured for February.

1241
00:59:06.920 --> 00:59:10.090
So we have, and it's also Hawaiian language month.

1242
00:59:10.090 --> 00:59:14.070
So we are featured at Hanauma Bay for several lectures.

1243
00:59:14.070 --> 00:59:16.300
And the link to that site had been posted

1244
00:59:16.300 --> 00:59:19.160
in the chat earlier and has also at the bottom of the slide.

1245
00:59:19.160 --> 00:59:20.590
So please join us.

1246
00:59:20.590 --> 00:59:24.183
Those are Thursdays 6:30 Hawaii standard time.

1247
00:59:25.580 --> 00:59:30.580
And also next month we have our resident research rockstar

1248
00:59:30.680 --> 00:59:34.350
Randy Kosaki, who's our research coordinator

1249
00:59:34.350 --> 00:59:37.430
for Papahanaumokuakea and he'll be giving a great talk

1250
00:59:37.430 --> 00:59:41.090
about Marine biodiversity in Papahanaumokuakea

1251
00:59:41.090 --> 00:59:44.450
and some of the really cool research methods they use

1252
00:59:44.450 --> 00:59:47.930
to dive to great depths a few hundred several

1253
00:59:47.930 --> 00:59:51.850
well for 300 feet plus to look at some of the

1254
00:59:51.850 --> 00:59:54.660
unique species down there and many of the endemic species

1255
00:59:54.660 --> 00:59:56.950
that Jon mentioned in his presentation.

1256
00:59:56.950 --> 00:59:59.380
So please sign up for that.

1257
00:59:59.380 --> 01:00:02.300
That's February 18th, same time as this one.

1258
01:00:02.300 --> 01:00:04.350
So a third Thursday.

1259
01:00:04.350 --> 01:00:08.410
And also please fill out the survey when you close out

1260
01:00:08.410 --> 01:00:12.220
we really use this information to improve our talks,

1261
01:00:12.220 --> 01:00:13.716
improve our presentations

1262
01:00:13.716 --> 01:00:16.210
and to also let know our leadership,

1263
01:00:16.210 --> 01:00:18.180
how valued these are.

1264
01:00:18.180 --> 01:00:21.690
So please fill out the learning survey at the end.

1265
01:00:21.690 --> 01:00:25.020
And thank you so very much for joining us,

1266
01:00:25.020 --> 01:00:29.570
and be safe and look forward to seeing you next time.

1267
01:00:29.570 --> 01:00:30.403
Aloha.