WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:03:00.880 --> 00:03:07.200 Welcome, I would like to invite  all of you to our special 00:03:07.200 --> 00:03:10.000 National Marine Sanctuary webinar series. 00:03:10.560 --> 00:03:12.720 We're so pleased that you can join us today. 00:03:13.360 --> 00:03:18.480 This is a series that is  hosted by the NOAA Office of 00:03:18.480 --> 00:03:21.680 National Marine Sanctuaries  and we find that it's a 00:03:21.680 --> 00:03:25.920 great way (Pre-COVID) and during the pandemic to 00:03:25.920 --> 00:03:29.200 connect with educators, so formal and informal 00:03:29.200 --> 00:03:34.080 educators, students, families  and other folks that are 00:03:34.080 --> 00:03:35.680 interested in our topics. 00:03:36.480 --> 00:03:40.240 To teach them about National Marine Sanctuaries, 00:03:40.800 --> 00:03:43.840 help them bring ocean and  climate literacy into your 00:03:43.840 --> 00:03:45.840 classroom or your home, your facility. 00:03:46.720 --> 00:03:49.360 And of course conservation and stewardship of our 00:03:49.360 --> 00:03:50.800 special ocean areas. 00:03:51.520 --> 00:03:55.440 So we're very pleased that  you're all here with us today. 00:03:56.000 --> 00:04:00.960 We're excited too that we  have (let's go back here) we 00:04:00.960 --> 00:04:07.040 have just about 1100 people  that have joined us for 00:04:07.040 --> 00:04:10.400 today's webinar, so we have hit it out of the park 00:04:10.400 --> 00:04:13.520 with interest and in this particular topic about 00:04:13.520 --> 00:04:14.240 Hanauma Bay. 00:04:15.040 --> 00:04:20.480 So we'll get to that in a  minute, but we're hoping that 00:04:20.480 --> 00:04:23.600 you'll learn some science from our presenter today 00:04:23.600 --> 00:04:27.040 about what has happened at Hanauma Bay without 00:04:27.040 --> 00:04:30.160 direct human impact since March of 2020. 00:04:31.120 --> 00:04:34.240 And before we get there, I'm  going to do a little SLIDO, 00:04:34.240 --> 00:04:36.400 which is kind of a new thing  we're doing to increase 00:04:36.400 --> 00:04:39.600 engagement in our presentations. 00:04:40.960 --> 00:04:49.200 And right here, if all goes  as planned, we for those of 00:04:49.200 --> 00:04:52.240 you that are new to SLIDO,  you can join by just going 00:04:52.240 --> 00:04:54.400 on your smartphone or on your computer in a 00:04:54.400 --> 00:04:59.040 different tab - slido.com and enter 95220. 00:04:59.600 --> 00:05:03.760 For those of you that want  to try the more advanced 00:05:03.760 --> 00:05:06.480 solution, you can pick up your smartphone use the 00:05:06.480 --> 00:05:11.120 camera app. to scan this  QR code on the right and a 00:05:11.120 --> 00:05:14.480 link to the website that will  log you into this event for 00:05:14.480 --> 00:05:17.200 SLIDO, will be there where  you can touch it and you 00:05:17.200 --> 00:05:18.480 can join our event. 00:05:19.600 --> 00:05:26.320 So again, slido.com, event  code 95220 or the camera 00:05:26.320 --> 00:05:28.640 app. for the SLIDO QR code. 00:05:28.640 --> 00:05:31.840 The first question we're  going to ask you today is (for 00:05:31.840 --> 00:05:34.240 those of you that are here  live with us today) Where 00:05:34.240 --> 00:05:35.440 are you located? 00:05:35.440 --> 00:05:36.720 So give us the State. 00:05:36.720 --> 00:05:39.920 If it's Hawai'i don't put  HI, put Hawai'i spell it out. 00:05:39.920 --> 00:05:41.520 California, spell it out. 00:05:41.520 --> 00:05:44.080 If you're from outside of  the United States, we would 00:05:44.080 --> 00:05:46.880 love to know what Country  you're participating from. 00:05:47.440 --> 00:05:50.640 We do get a lot of international  interest often times 00:05:51.200 --> 00:05:55.280 they join us watching the  archive because the timing 00:05:55.280 --> 00:05:56.320 isn't ideal for them. 00:05:56.960 --> 00:06:00.080 Although we have Slovenia in the house, Nigeria, 00:06:01.120 --> 00:06:05.200 Portugal and of course California and Hawai'i are 00:06:05.200 --> 00:06:08.480 some of our our states where  there's big participation. 00:06:09.840 --> 00:06:12.320 So I think it's always fun  to kind of see where our 00:06:12.320 --> 00:06:16.480 audience is and let our presenter Sarah know where 00:06:16.480 --> 00:06:20.240 you guys are coming from. 00:06:20.240 --> 00:06:23.840 All right well I'm going  to go ahead we've got about 00:06:23.840 --> 00:06:27.840 166 of you that are playing SLIDO but I'm going to 00:06:27.840 --> 00:06:30.240 switch back to our presentation since we have a 00:06:31.280 --> 00:06:33.600 limited time here and we need to get started. 00:06:33.600 --> 00:06:37.040 So just a quick introduction  to our National Marine 00:06:37.040 --> 00:06:40.240 Sanctuary System, each of these blue dots on the 00:06:40.240 --> 00:06:43.360 map represent one of these special underwater 00:06:43.360 --> 00:06:46.240 treasures or an underwater park that is managed 00:06:46.240 --> 00:06:49.200 by NOAA, The National Oceanic and Atmospheric 00:06:49.200 --> 00:06:49.920 Administration. 00:06:50.560 --> 00:06:54.640 So all of my co-hosts and I  are trustees of this system 00:06:54.640 --> 00:06:58.000 of underwater parks that encompasses about - well 00:06:58.000 --> 00:07:01.920 it's over 600,000 square miles of ocean and 00:07:01.920 --> 00:07:03.120 Great Lake treasures. 00:07:03.920 --> 00:07:06.080 So as you can see we're  going to be diving into the 00:07:06.080 --> 00:07:08.640 Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine 00:07:08.640 --> 00:07:10.400 Sanctuary for today's presentation. 00:07:11.040 --> 00:07:14.480 Before we get into that  part of the reason why these 00:07:14.480 --> 00:07:17.840 special areas are set aside  is that we're protecting 00:07:17.840 --> 00:07:21.360 the biodiversity, so all the  plants and animals that live 00:07:21.360 --> 00:07:24.880 in these special underwater  parks not only the plants 00:07:24.880 --> 00:07:28.160 and animals, we also protect  the shipwrecks and the 00:07:28.160 --> 00:07:32.640 maritime archaeological heritage and of course the 00:07:32.640 --> 00:07:35.760 cultural heritage, as seen  here in the Northwestern 00:07:35.760 --> 00:07:36.640 Hawaiian Islands. 00:07:37.200 --> 00:07:41.200 And these special ocean areas or underwater parks 00:07:41.200 --> 00:07:44.720 provide shelter for endangered animals like the 00:07:44.720 --> 00:07:47.120 Hawaiian Monk Seal and threatened species like 00:07:47.120 --> 00:07:49.680 the Hawaiian Green Sea  Turtle, you see in this photo. 00:07:50.800 --> 00:07:53.760 And we actually are mandated through the National 00:07:53.760 --> 00:08:00.960 Marine Sanctuaries Act to conduct education and 00:08:00.960 --> 00:08:01.520 outreach. 00:08:03.200 --> 00:08:09.200 We do research and monitoring  and all of this is with 00:08:09.200 --> 00:08:13.280 the end goal of resource  protection, so protecting the 00:08:13.280 --> 00:08:16.960 plants and animals and  cultural and maritime assets 00:08:16.960 --> 00:08:20.800 within these special ocean places and Great Lakes 00:08:20.800 --> 00:08:21.440 locations. 00:08:22.640 --> 00:08:25.280 And these are these special marine places you can 00:08:25.280 --> 00:08:28.400 do lots of recreating there,  you can snorkel, scuba 00:08:28.400 --> 00:08:32.000 dive, fish, boat, etc. and  we're hoping that through 00:08:32.000 --> 00:08:34.480 not only this webinar series  but some of your personal 00:08:34.480 --> 00:08:38.000 connections with the ocean  that you might be inspired 00:08:38.000 --> 00:08:41.120 to become a volunteer for  one of our National Marine 00:08:41.120 --> 00:08:43.680 Sanctuaries and if you just get to our 00:08:43.680 --> 00:08:47.200 sanctuaries.noaa.gov we have  a get involved link that 00:08:47.200 --> 00:08:49.840 will give you lots of more  details about how to get 00:08:49.840 --> 00:08:50.320 involved. 00:08:51.120 --> 00:08:54.640 All right, well with that just  a quick note all attendees 00:08:54.640 --> 00:08:55.760 are in listen only mode. 00:08:56.560 --> 00:08:58.560 You're not able to unmute yourselves. 00:08:58.560 --> 00:09:02.560 We already have 550 people  live today's presentation, 00:09:02.560 --> 00:09:06.960 so welcome my name is Claire  Fackler, I'm the National 00:09:06.960 --> 00:09:11.440 Education Liaison and I'm  sitting actually in my kitchen 00:09:11.440 --> 00:09:13.280 in Santa Barbara, California. 00:09:13.280 --> 00:09:16.480 So I welcome you and I would now like to welcome 00:09:16.480 --> 00:09:19.120 our webinar hosts from the Hawaiian Islands 00:09:19.120 --> 00:09:22.400 Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary and 00:09:22.400 --> 00:09:25.680 we've got Allen Tom, who is the Superintendent of 00:09:25.680 --> 00:09:29.680 that underwater park joined  with Cindy Among-Serrao, 00:09:29.680 --> 00:09:33.360 who is the sanctuary advisory  council and sanctuary 00:09:33.360 --> 00:09:36.720 ocean count coordinator for the Sanctuary there in 00:09:36.720 --> 00:09:39.440 the Hawaiian islands and we have Amy Eldredge, who 00:09:39.440 --> 00:09:42.000 is the volunteer coordinator also for the Humpback 00:09:42.000 --> 00:09:44.080 whale sanctuary in Hawai'i. 00:09:44.720 --> 00:09:47.440 So with that Allen go ahead. 00:09:48.640 --> 00:09:49.840 So "Aloha" everybody. 00:09:50.400 --> 00:09:53.840 Thank you for joining us  today all you wonderful people 00:09:53.840 --> 00:09:55.600 out there in the dark that I cannot see. 00:09:56.400 --> 00:09:59.920 I am the Superintendent of  the nation's best national 00:09:59.920 --> 00:10:01.840 marine sanctuary, the Hawaiian islands Humpback 00:10:01.840 --> 00:10:04.160 Whale National Marine Sanctuary and I am thrilled 00:10:04.160 --> 00:10:05.760 that you are all joining us today. 00:10:06.480 --> 00:10:09.120 The fact that so many of  you have expressed interest 00:10:09.120 --> 00:10:13.520 in this topic tells me that  not only Hawai'i but you're 00:10:13.520 --> 00:10:15.680 interested in about marine  protected areas and what 00:10:15.680 --> 00:10:18.720 might be happening to them  during this time of COVID. 00:10:19.280 --> 00:10:20.800 Next slide please. 00:10:20.800 --> 00:10:22.320 So you're gonna have to bare with me because I'm 00:10:22.320 --> 00:10:25.520 gonna put a plug in for my  national marine sanctuary. 00:10:25.520 --> 00:10:28.400 And we are located around  the main Hawaiian islands 00:10:28.400 --> 00:10:30.160 of Hawai'i of course. 00:10:30.160 --> 00:10:33.040 And our main office and where you are hearing me 00:10:33.040 --> 00:10:36.560 from today, is from the island  of Maui but (next slide) 00:10:37.840 --> 00:10:40.560 our boundary also extends  around the island of Kauai, 00:10:40.560 --> 00:10:43.040 where we have a small  visitor center and the island 00:10:43.040 --> 00:10:44.080 of Oahu. 00:10:44.080 --> 00:10:46.560 And I'm not sure if you can  see this map or not, but on 00:10:46.560 --> 00:10:49.760 the southern shore of Oahu,  is part of our sanctuary 00:10:49.760 --> 00:10:53.040 boundary which also encompasses, a dot there, the 00:10:53.040 --> 00:10:56.480 Hanauma Bay State Underwater  Park and that is where 00:10:56.480 --> 00:10:59.120 our talk will take place about today. 00:10:59.680 --> 00:11:00.480 Next slide. 00:11:01.920 --> 00:11:04.400 And so part of what the  sanctuary program in Hawai'i 00:11:04.400 --> 00:11:07.760 does is, you know, we don't we don't manage the 00:11:07.760 --> 00:11:10.240 whales, we manage the people who manage the 00:11:10.240 --> 00:11:12.720 whales or at least we try  to interact with the people 00:11:12.720 --> 00:11:14.080 who deal with the whales. 00:11:14.080 --> 00:11:15.920 And so one of the best ways we can do that is to 00:11:15.920 --> 00:11:18.400 partner with a variety of organizations to get our 00:11:18.400 --> 00:11:19.600 message out to the public. 00:11:20.160 --> 00:11:24.560 And what you have here is a tide calendar for the 00:11:24.560 --> 00:11:27.760 tides of Hawai'i of course  and it is actually free to 00:11:27.760 --> 00:11:28.560 the public. 00:11:28.560 --> 00:11:32.080 You can download it and it is a collection of 00:11:32.080 --> 00:11:34.720 photographs taken by an art contest done through 00:11:34.720 --> 00:11:36.000 the Waikiki Aquarium. 00:11:36.000 --> 00:11:40.000 So if you are interested,  please let us know and we 00:11:40.000 --> 00:11:41.920 will send you the link  where you can download this. 00:11:41.920 --> 00:11:45.040 That's your little gift for  calling in today and attending 00:11:45.040 --> 00:11:46.320 this webinar. 00:11:46.320 --> 00:11:46.640 Next. 00:11:48.160 --> 00:11:50.720 And as I said I'm going to  put a plug in for my programs. 00:11:50.720 --> 00:11:54.080 This month is "Ho'i Kohola"  or the "Welcome back of 00:11:54.080 --> 00:11:58.480 the humpback whale month", that we have termed and 00:11:58.480 --> 00:12:00.880 the whales are actually  already back here in Hawai'i. 00:12:00.880 --> 00:12:03.760 And we have a number of great talks coming up, not 00:12:03.760 --> 00:12:09.680 just this one, but we have  talks about how to behave 00:12:09.680 --> 00:12:13.280 appropriately out on the water in Hawai'i, when we 00:12:13.280 --> 00:12:15.520 have all these different  marine mammals and species 00:12:15.520 --> 00:12:15.760 here. 00:12:16.480 --> 00:12:17.440 That's this Friday. 00:12:17.440 --> 00:12:19.520 We have another talk this Friday, by our Research 00:12:19.520 --> 00:12:22.560 Coordinator but we also  have a great talk at the end 00:12:22.560 --> 00:12:24.480 of the month about the cultural significance of 00:12:24.480 --> 00:12:25.120 humpback whales. 00:12:25.120 --> 00:12:29.760 So I hope that you will join us and continue to be 00:12:31.040 --> 00:12:34.080 engaged and enlightened by your Hawaiian Islands 00:12:34.080 --> 00:12:36.160 Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary. 00:12:36.160 --> 00:12:39.600 So I'm going to turn it over  to Claire because, as I don't 00:12:39.600 --> 00:12:41.440 know if you many of you know  this, she's a local girl 00:12:41.440 --> 00:12:44.880 who grew up here in Hawai'i  and for all of those who 00:12:45.680 --> 00:12:48.000 live in Hawai'i, we know of  Hanauma Bay, but we're not 00:12:48.000 --> 00:12:50.800 sure you do. So we're gonna  - I'm gonna turn it over to 00:12:50.800 --> 00:12:53.200 Claire to ask the next question. 00:12:53.200 --> 00:12:55.600 Yeah so for those that have  joined late we're doing a 00:12:55.600 --> 00:12:58.720 little bit of SLIDO here  slido.com on your smartphone 00:12:58.720 --> 00:13:03.040 entering the code 95220 or  if you're familiar scan the 00:13:03.040 --> 00:13:05.280 QR code and hit the link at the top. 00:13:05.280 --> 00:13:08.720 Let's find out how many of  you have actually been to 00:13:08.720 --> 00:13:10.720 Hanauma Bay on Oahu. 00:13:11.600 --> 00:13:19.840 So go ahead and start registering your votes. 00:13:20.640 --> 00:13:26.080 All right 170 people have  voted, quite a few have been 00:13:26.080 --> 00:13:27.040 to Hanauma Bay. 00:13:28.640 --> 00:13:31.760 Okay I thought there might  be a few not sure right? 00:13:31.760 --> 00:13:34.560 Because people get to the  Hawaiian islands they have 00:13:34.560 --> 00:13:37.040 all these amazing experiences,  a decade goes by and 00:13:37.040 --> 00:13:39.760 they're like I don't remember  where I snorkeled so that 00:13:39.760 --> 00:13:42.640 might be some of the not  sure's. But it looks like in 00:13:42.640 --> 00:13:46.240 general about 60 percent of the audience has been 00:13:46.240 --> 00:13:48.000 to Hanauma Bay. 00:13:48.000 --> 00:13:51.200 So with that we'll go ahead  and let Allen introduce 00:13:52.320 --> 00:13:54.400 our presenter Sarah. 00:13:56.000 --> 00:13:57.680 Okay well, thank you Claire. 00:13:57.680 --> 00:13:59.600 I thought that's interesting  two percent aren't really 00:13:59.600 --> 00:14:02.160 quite sure if they went to Hanauma Bay but if they 00:14:02.160 --> 00:14:03.920 even came to Hawaii at all. 00:14:03.920 --> 00:14:05.120 But just kidding. 00:14:06.160 --> 00:14:09.680 I am so pleased and honored to to introduce our 00:14:09.680 --> 00:14:11.600 speaker - Sarah Severino. 00:14:11.600 --> 00:14:15.680 First of all she responded  with an enthusiastic "yes, 00:14:15.680 --> 00:14:19.360 I will be glad to present  on our ONMS Webinar series" 00:14:19.360 --> 00:14:21.120 and I don't think she really  understood what she was 00:14:21.120 --> 00:14:22.320 getting herself into! 00:14:22.960 --> 00:14:25.680 But I'm pleased that she agreed to do this. 00:14:25.680 --> 00:14:28.720 She is a researcher at the  Hawai'i Institute of Marine 00:14:28.720 --> 00:14:29.840 Biology. 00:14:30.560 --> 00:14:33.600 Sarah holds a Bachelor's from the Hawaii Pacific 00:14:33.600 --> 00:14:37.920 University in Marine Biology  and she holds a Master's 00:14:37.920 --> 00:14:39.600 in Marine Sciences. 00:14:39.600 --> 00:14:44.480 But more than that in her  young life, she has worked 00:14:44.480 --> 00:14:49.120 about, she has worked with  or at just about all the 00:14:49.120 --> 00:14:52.320 agencies and locations here in Hawai'i, that have 00:14:52.320 --> 00:14:56.320 anything to do with reefs,  coral reefs or marine biology. 00:14:56.320 --> 00:15:00.960 She has interned or worked  with the Waikiki Aquarium, 00:15:00.960 --> 00:15:04.000 the State Department of Aquatic Resources, Western 00:15:04.000 --> 00:15:07.200 Pacific Fisheries Management Council, Oceanic 00:15:07.200 --> 00:15:10.000 Institute, she has paid her dues. 00:15:10.000 --> 00:15:13.200 And so she is now, as I said,  a researcher at the Hawai'i 00:15:13.200 --> 00:15:17.040 Institute of Marine Biology  and that is the organization - 00:15:17.040 --> 00:15:20.640 that is the research institute  that is doing this work at 00:15:20.640 --> 00:15:21.760 Hanauma Bay. 00:15:21.760 --> 00:15:24.160 Sort of doing the transects and doing the research 00:15:24.160 --> 00:15:27.440 to find out what's going on  there. So without further 00:15:27.440 --> 00:15:30.800 ado, I would like to introduce Ms. Sarah Severino. 00:15:33.680 --> 00:15:38.000 All right have you received  I have you received the 00:15:38.000 --> 00:15:39.680 panel at the presenter tools? 00:15:39.680 --> 00:15:43.120 Because there's several of  you listed here, so I guess 00:15:43.120 --> 00:15:44.640 I'll keep going until I find you. 00:15:47.840 --> 00:15:51.520 Give me a nod when it - 00:15:51.520 --> 00:15:55.680 okay there we go. 00:15:56.240 --> 00:15:58.320 Okay there you go found the right Sarah, because I 00:15:58.320 --> 00:16:00.640 think some friends and  family might be joining in on 00:16:00.640 --> 00:16:01.280 your link. 00:16:01.280 --> 00:16:07.840 So all right take it away. 00:16:10.080 --> 00:16:11.600 Good Morning everyone. 00:16:11.600 --> 00:16:15.600 Thank you for the introduction  Allen and thanks for 00:16:15.600 --> 00:16:18.480 having me here today to talk  about the caring capacity 00:16:18.480 --> 00:16:22.320 study that the coral reef  ecology lab has been performing 00:16:22.320 --> 00:16:23.520 at Hanauma bay. 00:16:24.480 --> 00:16:28.720 But before we talk about all  of this research and there's 00:16:28.720 --> 00:16:31.360 a lot, I want to talk about something else. 00:16:31.360 --> 00:16:34.080 I want to discuss stress. 00:16:35.200 --> 00:16:41.040 I know I'm not the only one here who's had to has 00:16:41.040 --> 00:16:44.320 experienced stress but also have has had to manage 00:16:44.320 --> 00:16:47.840 and mitigate stress especially  during the pandemic. 00:16:49.040 --> 00:16:54.080 For me this looks like  eating well or getting enough 00:16:54.080 --> 00:16:58.320 rest and on the daily,  stress can reduce our optimal 00:16:58.320 --> 00:17:03.600 functioning but long-term  chronic stress can put us 00:17:03.600 --> 00:17:07.360 at risk of headaches, weight  gain, or things even as 00:17:07.360 --> 00:17:08.640 severe as heart disease. 00:17:09.840 --> 00:17:13.680 Over time all of these little  stressors work together to 00:17:13.680 --> 00:17:17.840 degrade our bodies and they  make it difficult for us to 00:17:17.840 --> 00:17:20.640 even fight off something like a like a cold. 00:17:21.440 --> 00:17:25.200 But like I said before we  can work together with our 00:17:25.200 --> 00:17:29.680 mind and our body to increase  our resiliency to stress 00:17:29.680 --> 00:17:31.840 by making healthy decisions. 00:17:32.720 --> 00:17:35.760 I'm sure you all know this  but humans are not the only 00:17:35.760 --> 00:17:40.720 animal that experience  cumulative chronic stress and 00:17:40.720 --> 00:17:45.920 in this way we can closely  relate to our coral reefs, they 00:17:45.920 --> 00:17:50.640 too are experiencing  day-to-day stress that reduces 00:17:50.640 --> 00:17:54.960 their fitness such as sedimentation,  pollution and breakage. 00:17:56.400 --> 00:17:59.360 And the more we let these little stressors keep 00:17:59.360 --> 00:18:03.520 happening, the less resilient  they'll be to big stressors 00:18:03.520 --> 00:18:07.040 like global climate change  and these really are the 00:18:07.040 --> 00:18:11.280 most prominent stressors in reef degradation. 00:18:12.960 --> 00:18:16.640 Today we'll be talking about  the steps we're taking to 00:18:16.640 --> 00:18:19.600 understand these stressors and determine their 00:18:19.600 --> 00:18:23.840 acceptable levels in an  attempt to increase resiliency 00:18:23.840 --> 00:18:27.840 to the most popular snorkeling reef in Hawai'i, 00:18:28.560 --> 00:18:29.360 Hanauma Bay. 00:18:33.040 --> 00:18:35.920 One of the drivers we're  really familiar with here and 00:18:35.920 --> 00:18:39.440 I'm sure many of you in tropical  regions are also familiar 00:18:39.440 --> 00:18:41.840 with, is tourism. 00:18:43.040 --> 00:18:46.720 Hawaii's economy is strongly dependent on tourism 00:18:46.720 --> 00:18:50.080 with approximately 85 percent of our visitors 00:18:50.080 --> 00:18:54.080 participating in ocean related  activities during their stay. 00:18:55.440 --> 00:19:00.000 This stimulates our economy, it  provides jobs and it also can   00:19:00.000 --> 00:19:03.840 foster marine conservation  in visitors and in locals. 00:19:04.800 --> 00:19:08.240 In recent years some marine businesses in Hawai'i 00:19:08.240 --> 00:19:10.800 have even made strides to become more 00:19:10.800 --> 00:19:13.680 environmentally conscious and develop 00:19:13.680 --> 00:19:16.080 conservation-oriented principles. 00:19:18.400 --> 00:19:22.720 But despite being well-intentioned even tours that 00:19:22.720 --> 00:19:26.800 have an eco-friendly mind frame can have impacts 00:19:26.800 --> 00:19:27.440 on the reef. 00:19:28.400 --> 00:19:31.760 Some of the unintended  impacts of tourism in Hawai'i 00:19:32.960 --> 00:19:37.760 are overuse of an area,  incorrect use of an area and 00:19:37.760 --> 00:19:39.520 stress on our marine life. 00:19:41.360 --> 00:19:45.040 And like I was talking about  before, if we continually 00:19:45.040 --> 00:19:49.200 place this type of stress  on our reefs they have less 00:19:49.200 --> 00:19:53.120 of a chance of recovering  after severe stressors like 00:19:53.120 --> 00:19:56.720 bleaching events, from  increased water temperatures. 00:19:57.840 --> 00:20:01.600 These events are only increasing in frequency and 00:20:01.600 --> 00:20:05.440 severity and we need to take every precaution to 00:20:05.440 --> 00:20:10.160 identify and reduce local stressors, to make them 00:20:10.160 --> 00:20:13.680 more resilient to global climate change which is 00:20:13.680 --> 00:20:14.320 inevitable. 00:20:15.840 --> 00:20:19.680 In many ways the management at Hanauma Bay has 00:20:19.680 --> 00:20:21.280 been working toward this goal. 00:20:24.640 --> 00:20:28.880 Prior to the COVID 19  closure, Hanauma Bay received 00:20:28.880 --> 00:20:33.280 approximately 3 000 people or guests per day. 00:20:33.280 --> 00:20:35.680 That's around a million annually. 00:20:36.480 --> 00:20:40.080 This may seem like a lot but these numbers are 00:20:40.080 --> 00:20:43.200 greatly reduced from prior usage of the Bay. 00:20:45.280 --> 00:20:49.760 Rewind all the way to 1950 and only approximately 00:20:50.400 --> 00:20:52.720 50,000 people annually visited the Bay. 00:20:55.200 --> 00:20:59.280 Bring that up to 1967, when Hanauma Bay was coined 00:20:59.280 --> 00:21:03.840 a Marine Life Conservation  District and around that 00:21:03.840 --> 00:21:07.440 same time is when the  Division of Aquatic Resources 00:21:07.440 --> 00:21:10.880 started monitoring fishes  within the Bay, this is one 00:21:10.880 --> 00:21:14.880 of the longest term fish  data sets in all of the State 00:21:14.880 --> 00:21:15.840 of Hawai'i. 00:21:17.200 --> 00:21:20.960 Also Dr. Alan Friedlander at the Hawai'i - at 00:21:20.960 --> 00:21:24.720 University of Hawai'i has  been working with this data 00:21:24.720 --> 00:21:29.840 on his own, to look at MPA  effectiveness over time. 00:21:35.120 --> 00:21:41.120 By the late 1980s, the Bay  had over 3 million visitors 00:21:41.120 --> 00:21:44.080 annually, around 3.6 million visitors. 00:21:44.080 --> 00:21:46.800 That's 13,000 visitors a day. 00:21:48.800 --> 00:21:50.800 This was a lot of people. 00:21:51.840 --> 00:21:55.120 The crowds were said to stir up sediment, disturb 00:21:55.120 --> 00:21:59.280 and trample coral and algae,  they dropped trash and 00:21:59.280 --> 00:22:00.080 fed the fish. 00:22:00.800 --> 00:22:04.080 It was also said that they  left a slick of suntan lotion 00:22:04.080 --> 00:22:05.360 on the Bay's surface. 00:22:06.720 --> 00:22:10.640 Other visitors remembered crowds of people walking 00:22:10.640 --> 00:22:14.080 out onto the reef flat to  observe and feed fish from a 00:22:14.080 --> 00:22:15.120 standing position. 00:22:16.640 --> 00:22:20.080 City and County, who managed Hanauma Bay, quickly 00:22:20.080 --> 00:22:23.360 realized that this could  not be sustainable and they 00:22:23.360 --> 00:22:25.840 started to take action. 00:22:27.520 --> 00:22:33.040 In the 1990's access to the  park was restricted for both 00:22:33.040 --> 00:22:37.680 visitors and tour companies  and also City and County 00:22:37.680 --> 00:22:40.800 asked University of Hawai'i  Sea Grant and Friends of 00:22:40.800 --> 00:22:44.400 Hanauma Bay to work together and create and 00:22:44.400 --> 00:22:47.920 implement an education program that would help 00:22:47.920 --> 00:22:52.640 visitors understand how to protect and respect our 00:22:52.640 --> 00:22:55.680 reef here at Hanauma Bay and throughout the the 00:22:55.680 --> 00:22:56.400 world really. 00:22:57.920 --> 00:23:01.920 They provide the proper  etiquette for snorkeling and 00:23:01.920 --> 00:23:04.400 this is something everyone gets to watch as they 00:23:04.400 --> 00:23:05.360 come into the Bay. 00:23:07.040 --> 00:23:12.400 In 1998 they affected they  put in place a closure on 00:23:12.400 --> 00:23:16.000 Tuesdays mostly for maintenance purposes but us 00:23:16.000 --> 00:23:19.440 researchers also get to take advantage of this day 00:23:21.280 --> 00:23:25.120 and in 1999 they effectively  enforced a fish feeding 00:23:25.120 --> 00:23:25.920 ban. 00:23:25.920 --> 00:23:28.720 The coral reef assessment and monitoring program 00:23:28.720 --> 00:23:32.080 began which is the longest term coral monitoring 00:23:32.080 --> 00:23:35.440 program in the State, it has sites throughout the 00:23:35.440 --> 00:23:40.160 main Hawaiian Islands and  has been used for several 00:23:40.160 --> 00:23:41.520 long-term data sets. 00:23:43.280 --> 00:23:47.440 In addition to this, City  and County was mandated to 00:23:47.440 --> 00:23:50.560 perform a yearly carrying  capacity study in order to 00:23:50.560 --> 00:23:55.440 keep managing the Bay and  in 1999 is when the first 00:23:55.440 --> 00:23:58.960 and only prior carrying  capacity study was performed. 00:24:01.440 --> 00:24:03.840 But what is a carrying capacity study? 00:24:05.040 --> 00:24:09.760 The recreational carrying  capacity is termed "the level 00:24:09.760 --> 00:24:12.480 of use an area can withstand while providing 00:24:12.480 --> 00:24:15.760 sustained quality recreational experiences". 00:24:16.480 --> 00:24:19.840 This has four components, the first of which we've 00:24:19.840 --> 00:24:22.640 been working on for the past two and a half years. 00:24:23.200 --> 00:24:25.200 The biological carrying capacity. 00:24:25.760 --> 00:24:28.960 Looking at the ability of resources to withstand 00:24:28.960 --> 00:24:32.320 recreational use without unacceptable damage to 00:24:32.320 --> 00:24:36.560 ecological components such as water quality, coral 00:24:36.560 --> 00:24:38.560 cover or fish diversity. 00:24:39.280 --> 00:24:42.480 In future years we will be  documenting the other three 00:24:42.480 --> 00:24:45.680 types of caring capacity  studies: a social carrying 00:24:45.680 --> 00:24:46.320 capacity. 00:24:47.200 --> 00:24:50.480 This tells us the number  and distribution of visitors 00:24:50.480 --> 00:24:53.840 that provides minimally acceptable recreational 00:24:53.840 --> 00:24:54.720 experiences. 00:24:55.840 --> 00:24:58.640 This is difficult because it's very subjective. 00:24:59.280 --> 00:25:03.360 For example on an average day, Hanauma sees 00:25:03.360 --> 00:25:04.800 3000 visitors. 00:25:05.760 --> 00:25:08.800 Let's say on this day a visitor from Montana goes 00:25:08.800 --> 00:25:11.840 down to the beach and they may not be satisfied 00:25:11.840 --> 00:25:14.320 because the beach feels too crowded. 00:25:14.320 --> 00:25:17.440 While on the same day a visitor from New York City 00:25:17.440 --> 00:25:20.080 goes down to the beach and they think the beach- 00:25:20.880 --> 00:25:23.040 the amount of people on the beach is just fine. 00:25:26.480 --> 00:25:29.280 It also has to do with the  level of education though. 00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:33.440 What is the maximum amount  of people that can visit 00:25:33.440 --> 00:25:36.800 Hanauma Bay per day and still receive the same 00:25:36.800 --> 00:25:39.680 amount of education on reef conservation? 00:25:40.800 --> 00:25:44.800 And is this the same for  both mainland tourists and 00:25:44.800 --> 00:25:47.600 tourists from foreign  countries where English is not 00:25:47.600 --> 00:25:48.720 their first language? 00:25:50.880 --> 00:25:53.520 The third type of carrying  capacity is the physical 00:25:53.520 --> 00:25:54.480 carrying capacity. 00:25:55.040 --> 00:25:59.360 This is not likely to be the  limiting factor as it looks 00:25:59.360 --> 00:26:03.120 at the amount of space available for each activity 00:26:03.120 --> 00:26:05.920 for example the number of  people that can physically 00:26:05.920 --> 00:26:08.640 fit on the beach at one time  with their towels spread 00:26:08.640 --> 00:26:08.880 out. 00:26:09.680 --> 00:26:12.960 And then lastly we have a  facilities carrying capacity. 00:26:14.000 --> 00:26:17.360 This documents if the Bay has enough bathrooms, 00:26:17.360 --> 00:26:23.920 showers, trash cans for the  number of people visiting 00:26:23.920 --> 00:26:26.640 the Bay and if they have  enough workers to keep all 00:26:26.640 --> 00:26:28.880 of these in proper working condition. 00:26:34.800 --> 00:26:38.000 The biological carrying capacity study has been 00:26:38.000 --> 00:26:42.080 designed to determine acceptable limits of use or 00:26:42.080 --> 00:26:45.360 disturbance to marine conserve- to the marine 00:26:45.360 --> 00:26:47.280 resources within Hanauma Bay. 00:26:48.480 --> 00:26:51.840 Today we'll be talking  about what we've done in the 00:26:51.840 --> 00:26:54.880 past in the beginning of  the carrying capacity study 00:26:55.440 --> 00:26:59.120 such as documenting human  use, looking at the coral 00:26:59.120 --> 00:27:01.360 and fish and also sedimentation. 00:27:02.560 --> 00:27:05.920 And then we'll go into what  studies we've implemented 00:27:05.920 --> 00:27:07.920 during the COVID-19 closure. 00:27:09.520 --> 00:27:12.960 All of these studies are  performed in an attempt to 00:27:12.960 --> 00:27:17.760 link indicators of stress  with potential causes so that 00:27:17.760 --> 00:27:22.240 action can be initiated before  irreversible declines in 00:27:22.240 --> 00:27:23.680 health of the Bay occur. 00:27:27.920 --> 00:27:30.640 I know many of you said  you've been to Hanauma Bay, 00:27:30.640 --> 00:27:33.520 but for those of you who  haven't, I want to discuss a 00:27:33.520 --> 00:27:36.960 little bit about the Bay and  which areas we are working. 00:27:38.800 --> 00:27:43.520 Here is a picture of the  Bay and we've broken the bay 00:27:43.520 --> 00:27:45.920 up into five quadrants that we're working in. 00:27:46.480 --> 00:27:49.440 You'll notice that the  majority of our work is on the 00:27:49.440 --> 00:27:53.440 inner reef flat of Hanauma  Bay and we'll get to that in 00:27:53.440 --> 00:27:57.520 a bit but mostly we're looking  at this inner reef flat 00:27:57.520 --> 00:28:01.840 because it's shallow enough to have all of these 00:28:01.840 --> 00:28:06.640 effects but it also has all  the majority of snorkelers 00:28:06.640 --> 00:28:10.400 and waders occurring in this area with much fewer 00:28:10.400 --> 00:28:11.440 going offshore. 00:28:12.560 --> 00:28:16.480 So all of our experiments  that I'll go over have been 00:28:16.480 --> 00:28:19.120 within these five quadrants of the Bay. 00:28:19.120 --> 00:28:21.920 Backdoors, Keyhole, Channel, Witches Brew and 00:28:21.920 --> 00:28:22.480 Offshore. 00:28:23.360 --> 00:28:26.560 And each of these have two  permanent transects within 00:28:26.560 --> 00:28:30.960 them that are 5 meters by  15 meters and like I said 00:28:30.960 --> 00:28:35.200 all of the experiments will be within these areas. 00:28:38.720 --> 00:28:40.480 Including our human counts. 00:28:41.600 --> 00:28:45.680 One of our the first things  we looked at, over these 00:28:45.680 --> 00:28:47.440 sectors was human use. 00:28:48.160 --> 00:28:51.360 In order to see if there was  a relationship between our 00:28:51.360 --> 00:28:55.440 natural resources at Hanauma Bay and the just and 00:28:55.440 --> 00:28:59.520 the and human use, we first had to figure out how 00:28:59.520 --> 00:29:02.080 many people were using each sector at the Bay. 00:29:02.800 --> 00:29:05.920 So we were monitoring  spatial and activity patterns 00:29:05.920 --> 00:29:10.400 within Hanauma and identifying high and low use 00:29:10.400 --> 00:29:12.400 areas for snorkelers. 00:29:13.040 --> 00:29:17.280 We did this and other experiments over a period of 00:29:17.280 --> 00:29:20.560 two months in June and October of 2018. 00:29:21.280 --> 00:29:23.840 The human counts were established using two 00:29:23.840 --> 00:29:24.800 different methods. 00:29:25.440 --> 00:29:28.800 Both time lapse hourly photos and visual surveys. 00:29:33.520 --> 00:29:35.200 Where is everyone snorkeling? 00:29:35.760 --> 00:29:41.440 So like I said before the  majority all but three percent 00:29:41.440 --> 00:29:45.120 of snorkeling takes place  in those inner reef flats of 00:29:45.120 --> 00:29:48.640 the inner re-flat of Hanauma which is why we are 00:29:48.640 --> 00:29:52.080 looking so heavily into the  impact of disturbance to the 00:29:52.080 --> 00:29:54.720 inner reef flat and less to the outer reef flat. 00:29:56.000 --> 00:29:59.040 We also see here that Keyhole sector receives 00:29:59.040 --> 00:30:03.200 approximately 50 percent of snorkelers and waders 00:30:03.200 --> 00:30:07.200 in the entire Bay and Channel  isn't far behind that with 00:30:07.200 --> 00:30:08.960 around 40 percent. 00:30:09.520 --> 00:30:15.040 Both Witches Brew and Backdoors have very  little snorkeling and wading that occur in them. 00:30:17.520 --> 00:30:20.400 Now that we have an idea  of how many snorkelers are 00:30:20.400 --> 00:30:24.720 visiting each sector, we can  determine if human use is 00:30:24.720 --> 00:30:28.240 a driving factor in things  like sedimentation and the 00:30:28.240 --> 00:30:31.600 distribution of corals and  fishes throughout Hanauma Bay. 00:30:33.760 --> 00:30:37.680 Because corals utilize light  to produce their energy 00:30:37.680 --> 00:30:43.040 source, if the water is more  turbid or murky the corals 00:30:43.040 --> 00:30:46.880 have less light available to  harvest their energy from. 00:30:48.000 --> 00:30:51.440 This could also mean that  they have to rely on active 00:30:51.440 --> 00:30:54.480 feeding strategies to make up for this deficit. 00:30:55.440 --> 00:30:58.640 If the coral cannot produce enough food or collect 00:30:58.640 --> 00:31:02.560 enough food from the water  column, its overall health 00:31:02.560 --> 00:31:03.840 will decrease. 00:31:04.800 --> 00:31:08.240 We tested the particulates  in the water column or the 00:31:08.240 --> 00:31:12.240 visual water clarity using  what's called a Secci disc 00:31:12.240 --> 00:31:12.560 method. 00:31:13.120 --> 00:31:16.240 If you're familiar with the  Secci disk you'll know that 00:31:16.240 --> 00:31:18.640 they're typically used  vertically throughout the water 00:31:18.640 --> 00:31:19.040 column. 00:31:19.600 --> 00:31:22.720 But because our inner reef  flat of Hanauma Bay is so 00:31:22.720 --> 00:31:26.240 shallow, we performed  horizontal Secci disk readings. 00:31:26.880 --> 00:31:32.720 We did this over every  inshore transect and we also 00:31:32.720 --> 00:31:36.720 recorded things like the time  of day, cloud cover, wave 00:31:36.720 --> 00:31:40.320 height and other influential  environmental conditions. 00:31:42.560 --> 00:31:47.600 Here's a graph where on the  Y-axis here we have visual 00:31:47.600 --> 00:31:52.480 Secci distance and on the  X-axis we have our different 00:31:52.480 --> 00:31:53.920 sectors of the Bay. 00:31:53.920 --> 00:31:56.480 We also have two different colors here. 00:31:57.040 --> 00:32:01.440 We have dark colors which  are days open to the public 00:32:01.440 --> 00:32:05.840 and these lighter colors  here that are days closed to 00:32:05.840 --> 00:32:07.920 the public or those Tuesdays. 00:32:08.960 --> 00:32:14.160 We surveyed in both June and October and what we 00:32:14.160 --> 00:32:18.880 found here is that visual Secci  disc distance or the visual 00:32:18.880 --> 00:32:24.560 water clarity increases in  every single sector when 00:32:24.560 --> 00:32:27.840 you're comparing open days to closed days. 00:32:28.960 --> 00:32:34.320 And in fact it increases  approximately 30 percent on 00:32:34.320 --> 00:32:38.720 days that are closed to the public, however other 00:32:38.720 --> 00:32:42.880 factors were contributing to  this visibility such as tidal 00:32:42.880 --> 00:32:48.160 flux, wind speed and direction  wave height and cloud cover. 00:32:50.560 --> 00:32:53.280 We first looked at the  amount of sediment suspension 00:32:55.200 --> 00:32:57.760 in the water column with the Secci disk method. 00:32:58.480 --> 00:33:01.520 But what about the sediment and sand that deposits 00:33:01.520 --> 00:33:03.600 onto this substrate or the reef flat. 00:33:04.480 --> 00:33:07.680 Sedimentation is a threat  to coral reefs for two main 00:33:07.680 --> 00:33:08.160 reasons. 00:33:08.960 --> 00:33:12.320 Sediment falling onto live  coral tissue causes them 00:33:12.320 --> 00:33:16.960 to expend energy to produce mucus and slough that 00:33:16.960 --> 00:33:18.640 sediment off their tissues. 00:33:20.480 --> 00:33:25.280 The second reason is that  large particles of sand that 00:33:25.280 --> 00:33:28.960 have been kicked up by  snorkelers, can fall onto the 00:33:28.960 --> 00:33:32.560 live coral tissue and in  washing back and forth and the 00:33:32.560 --> 00:33:36.000 waves can act as a sandpaper scraping their 00:33:36.000 --> 00:33:37.280 delicate tissues. 00:33:37.840 --> 00:33:40.800 This process is referred to as "sand scour". 00:33:41.760 --> 00:33:44.800 Not only does this decrease  the overall health of the 00:33:44.800 --> 00:33:49.440 coral but it can also leave them susceptible to 00:33:49.440 --> 00:33:51.920 infection or disease. 00:33:51.920 --> 00:33:55.120 To quantify the amount of  sediment falling onto the 00:33:55.120 --> 00:33:58.720 reef flat, we placed out sediment traps into each 00:33:59.280 --> 00:34:01.040 transect of the Bay. 00:34:04.240 --> 00:34:08.240 In these two graphs that we  have here the sectors are 00:34:08.240 --> 00:34:12.640 outlined in colors referring to the proportions of 00:34:12.640 --> 00:34:15.200 swimmers and waders in each area. 00:34:15.200 --> 00:34:17.840 So green being very little swimming and wading. 00:34:18.640 --> 00:34:21.120 Red being the highest swimming and wading. 00:34:21.120 --> 00:34:24.080 The other thing that you'll  notice are these dots here. 00:34:24.720 --> 00:34:30.400 These dots become larger  and darker in color as the 00:34:30.400 --> 00:34:33.840 sediment accumulation increases. 00:34:35.280 --> 00:34:38.720 A similar pattern was found for sediment 00:34:38.720 --> 00:34:42.560 accumulation as was Secci disc water clarity. 00:34:43.920 --> 00:34:48.000 Correlations found that as  the proportion of visitors 00:34:48.000 --> 00:34:51.440 and waders swimming over the transect increase, 00:34:51.440 --> 00:34:55.440 the sediment accumulation also increased. 00:34:56.560 --> 00:35:02.240 This could happen due to  human activity, wave energy 00:35:02.240 --> 00:35:06.080 or biomass of animals that degrade substrate, such 00:35:06.080 --> 00:35:10.880 as parrotfish who bite at the  substrate and excrete sand. 00:35:12.560 --> 00:35:15.840 Mean sediment accumulation in October was 00:35:15.840 --> 00:35:18.560 significantly higher than mean sediment 00:35:18.560 --> 00:35:19.920 accumulation in June. 00:35:20.640 --> 00:35:23.360 And this could be the result of higher wave action 00:35:23.360 --> 00:35:27.600 and more resuspension of sediment or bringing that 00:35:27.600 --> 00:35:29.840 near the traps in October. 00:35:31.040 --> 00:35:34.480 Overall there was a  significant correlation between 00:35:34.480 --> 00:35:37.680 the proportion of visitors  in each area and the amount 00:35:37.680 --> 00:35:40.880 of sediment accumulation within traps. 00:35:43.280 --> 00:35:46.960 Over the same time period as human use counts we 00:35:46.960 --> 00:35:50.480 also looked at coral trampling  and the way we did this 00:35:50.480 --> 00:35:55.120 is that we placed out 70  total coral skeletons along 00:35:55.120 --> 00:35:56.640 each of the transects. 00:35:57.680 --> 00:36:01.360 We put  / we swam along them to document 00:36:01.360 --> 00:36:06.000 presence/absence and we also took weekly top-down 00:36:06.000 --> 00:36:09.120 photographs to calculate  percent loss of the skeleton. 00:36:09.920 --> 00:36:11.200 Here is one example. 00:36:11.760 --> 00:36:15.840 On the top here you see  Keyhole, which is our busiest 00:36:15.840 --> 00:36:16.800 sector. 00:36:16.800 --> 00:36:19.520 The majority of swimming and  waiting fifty percent takes 00:36:19.520 --> 00:36:22.000 place in Keyhole and on the bottom here we have an 00:36:22.000 --> 00:36:25.120 example coral skeleton from Witches' Brew which 00:36:25.120 --> 00:36:28.480 has around two percent swimming and wading. 00:36:29.280 --> 00:36:31.200 So this is week one. 00:36:31.200 --> 00:36:35.520 We take our photographs  and we outline these corals 00:36:35.520 --> 00:36:37.920 to look at their top down surface area. 00:36:38.560 --> 00:36:41.760 Let's see what they look  like after one week of being 00:36:41.760 --> 00:36:42.480 in the field. 00:36:43.440 --> 00:36:48.720 We see nearly a fifty percent  reduction in coral area in 00:36:48.720 --> 00:36:52.400 Keyhole, while in Witches Brew, we have the same 00:36:52.400 --> 00:36:53.840 amount of area. 00:36:54.640 --> 00:36:58.320 This trend continues into week  three with a fifty percent 00:36:58.320 --> 00:37:04.320 reduction in surface area  within the Keyhole corals and 00:37:04.320 --> 00:37:07.840 then after that it seems to level off. 00:37:09.440 --> 00:37:13.440 On these graphs here we have  average percent skeletal 00:37:13.440 --> 00:37:17.520 loss per day on the Y-axis  and average swim percent 00:37:17.520 --> 00:37:20.000 swimmers and waders on the X-axis. 00:37:21.680 --> 00:37:26.240 What we can see here is that  in both June and October 00:37:27.760 --> 00:37:31.840 as swimming and wading increases we also see an 00:37:31.840 --> 00:37:35.840 increase in coral trampling. 00:37:38.560 --> 00:37:41.840 We wanted to see how these sedimentation and 00:37:41.840 --> 00:37:45.760 trampling results relate to  the distribution in coral 00:37:45.760 --> 00:37:47.440 colonies within transects. 00:37:48.240 --> 00:37:51.440 Do these results explain what we're seeing in the 00:37:51.440 --> 00:37:53.920 distribution of corals at Hanauma Bay? 00:37:54.720 --> 00:37:58.720 And in order to find this  out we conducted coral colony 00:37:58.720 --> 00:38:02.160 surveys along each of these transects documenting 00:38:02.160 --> 00:38:07.280 things like size, coverage,  species, growth orientation 00:38:07.280 --> 00:38:11.440 partial mortality, new breakage, disease, feeding 00:38:11.440 --> 00:38:13.120 scars and rigosity. 00:38:16.480 --> 00:38:21.440 On this graph here of average  number of corals on the 00:38:21.440 --> 00:38:25.920 Y-axis and our sectors on the X, we also have the 00:38:25.920 --> 00:38:30.480 average number of corals  over time from 2015 all the 00:38:30.480 --> 00:38:32.720 way up to 2020. 00:38:33.760 --> 00:38:37.280 What we can see here is  that the number of colonies 00:38:37.280 --> 00:38:41.680 within each of these sectors  either remains the same 00:38:41.680 --> 00:38:46.960 or increases in some of the  sectors and typically this 00:38:46.960 --> 00:38:50.240 would be a good sign maybe this could mean that 00:38:50.240 --> 00:38:54.560 there was recruitment of new corals or baby corals 00:38:54.560 --> 00:38:55.520 coming to the Bay. 00:38:56.320 --> 00:38:59.600 But pairing that with our  next graph looking at mean 00:38:59.600 --> 00:39:04.480 diameter of coral colony on  the Y-axis and again sector 00:39:04.480 --> 00:39:07.840 on the X-axis with our dates up here. 00:39:08.480 --> 00:39:11.920 We see that mean diameter  of the colony or the average 00:39:11.920 --> 00:39:18.080 size of corals, decreases  in almost every sector after 00:39:18.080 --> 00:39:22.080 2017 and continues to decrease. 00:39:24.880 --> 00:39:28.240 On this graph we're seeing  the same information but it's 00:39:28.240 --> 00:39:30.160 presented in a different way. 00:39:30.160 --> 00:39:35.600 We have mean colony size on  the Y or the average size 00:39:35.600 --> 00:39:39.840 of the coral and then the  number of colonies on the 00:39:39.840 --> 00:39:40.560 X here. 00:39:41.680 --> 00:39:47.120 If we look at 2015, the trend has a positive slope 00:39:47.120 --> 00:39:50.240 showing the number of larger corals was high. 00:39:51.280 --> 00:39:57.680 After 2015, all years did  have a negative slope and 00:39:57.680 --> 00:40:02.160 decreased in mean colony  size from year to year, with 00:40:02.160 --> 00:40:08.160 2020 experiencing the lowest average colony size. 00:40:09.680 --> 00:40:14.480 Over the years in Hanauma the corals have shifted 00:40:14.480 --> 00:40:19.840 from being a few very large  corals to many small corals 00:40:19.840 --> 00:40:23.840 as seen in this photograph here. 00:40:24.720 --> 00:40:29.120 From many large corals or  a few large corals in 2014 00:40:29.120 --> 00:40:33.280 to many smaller corals or broken corals in 2018. 00:40:34.400 --> 00:40:38.240 This is the result of partial  mortality and this could be 00:40:39.280 --> 00:40:43.360 from things like sedimentation and also because we 00:40:43.360 --> 00:40:48.160 did experience a major  bleaching event in 2015, which 00:40:48.160 --> 00:40:50.960 could be responsible for  some of the mortality we're 00:40:50.960 --> 00:40:52.720 seeing of those larger corals. 00:40:53.840 --> 00:40:58.000 After the bleaching event in 2015 we found that 00:40:58.000 --> 00:41:01.680 approximately 10 percent of our corals in Hanauma 00:41:01.680 --> 00:41:05.600 Bay had suffered mortality but when you compare 00:41:05.600 --> 00:41:11.040 that to the rest of the State  where many sites suffered 00:41:11.040 --> 00:41:16.480 over 50 percent mortality,  Hanauma actually got out 00:41:16.480 --> 00:41:19.840 pretty well. 00:41:20.880 --> 00:41:24.720 The other thing we did here  is we looked at observing 00:41:24.720 --> 00:41:27.360 the coral form and orientation. 00:41:28.560 --> 00:41:32.880 The longer you spend in  Hanauma, the more you notice 00:41:32.880 --> 00:41:35.920 that the species of coral  found on the reef flat are 00:41:35.920 --> 00:41:38.800 mounding or encrusting in skeletal form. 00:41:39.440 --> 00:41:42.080 You're not seeing any of our more delicate coral 00:41:42.080 --> 00:41:45.360 species that are found here  in the Hawaiian islands 00:41:45.360 --> 00:41:48.160 like the lace coral. 00:41:48.160 --> 00:41:52.000 There were no species that exhibit these delicate 00:41:52.000 --> 00:41:53.440 skeletal frameworks. 00:41:54.480 --> 00:41:58.480 And also the spatial  distribution we also see that the 00:41:58.480 --> 00:42:02.960 orientation of these corals  that are found on vertical 00:42:03.920 --> 00:42:09.440 substrate like in this  photograph here or in a crevice 00:42:09.440 --> 00:42:15.920 that maybe can get by not getting stepped on. 00:42:15.920 --> 00:42:20.640 The spatial and distribution,  the spatial distribution 00:42:20.640 --> 00:42:24.640 and abundance of corals in  the shallow reef flat reflect 00:42:24.640 --> 00:42:29.120 a historical chronic impact  from human use and this 00:42:29.120 --> 00:42:33.120 was first noted even back in 2000 during the first 00:42:33.120 --> 00:42:36.720 carrying capacity study performed by Dr. Brock and 00:42:36.720 --> 00:42:37.440 Alan Kam. 00:42:39.200 --> 00:42:44.000 They said that such high  visitor use probably dating 00:42:44.000 --> 00:42:51.040 back to the 80s, was the  result or was this is what 00:42:51.040 --> 00:42:53.440 resulted from all that high visitor use. 00:42:54.240 --> 00:42:58.240 Next we'll briefly discuss how fish have changed 00:42:58.240 --> 00:43:00.240 throughout the years at Hanauma Bay. 00:43:02.560 --> 00:43:06.640 In year two we examined the  historical fish abundance 00:43:06.640 --> 00:43:12.640 in biomass to look at both  temporal chain - to examine 00:43:12.640 --> 00:43:16.320 temporal changes in fish communities over time. 00:43:17.840 --> 00:43:21.680 How that related to things  like fish feeding and different 00:43:21.680 --> 00:43:23.120 management status. 00:43:24.720 --> 00:43:28.240 The comparative analysis was designed to answer 00:43:28.240 --> 00:43:29.920 the following questions. 00:43:30.960 --> 00:43:34.160 How influential has visitor presence been on the 00:43:34.160 --> 00:43:39.840 abundance of fishes over time? And has the abundance or biomass of fishes changed 00:43:39.840 --> 00:43:41.440 with the banning of fish feeding. 00:43:43.600 --> 00:43:47.200 To look at how the level of visitors at the Bay 00:43:47.920 --> 00:43:52.400 was / has impacted the fishes, we performed a 00:43:52.400 --> 00:43:56.320 segmented regression using collated data from the 00:43:56.320 --> 00:44:00.080 Division of Aquatic Resources  long-term fish studies 00:44:00.080 --> 00:44:03.840 and Dr. Friedlander with the  University of Hawai'i and 00:44:03.840 --> 00:44:08.160 the coral reef ecology labs  fish abundance surveys of 00:44:08.160 --> 00:44:09.360 the inner reef flat. 00:44:10.480 --> 00:44:13.280 If you're looking at this  segmented regression I have 00:44:13.280 --> 00:44:17.200 here you'll see that abundance of fishes is on our 00:44:17.200 --> 00:44:20.400 Y-axis with the year on our X-axis. 00:44:21.760 --> 00:44:26.640 Our first segment of this  regression goes from 1967 00:44:26.640 --> 00:44:30.640 to 1990 with an increasing  abundance of fishes within 00:44:30.640 --> 00:44:31.120 the Bay. 00:44:31.760 --> 00:44:35.600 This is likely the result  of a fishing ban that was in 00:44:35.600 --> 00:44:38.480 place when Hanauma became an MLCD. 00:44:39.920 --> 00:44:42.880 The second portion of the  segmented regression goes 00:44:42.880 --> 00:44:47.680 from 1990 all the way to 2006, with a decreasing 00:44:47.680 --> 00:44:49.840 abundance. 00:44:51.520 --> 00:44:55.360 This decrease could be the  result of lessening visitor 00:44:55.360 --> 00:44:58.800 presence and less fish  feeding during this time when 00:44:58.800 --> 00:45:01.040 more restrictions were placed on the Bay. 00:45:02.560 --> 00:45:06.080 Back to that first carrying  capacity study performed 00:45:06.080 --> 00:45:07.760 in 1999. 00:45:08.480 --> 00:45:11.680 Dr. Brock and Alan Kam  found that the standing crop 00:45:11.680 --> 00:45:16.160 of fishes was significantly  greater on days open to the 00:45:16.160 --> 00:45:19.520 public than on days closed to the public and they 00:45:19.520 --> 00:45:23.680 attributed these changes in fish biomass to fish 00:45:23.680 --> 00:45:26.800 associating food with humans after being fed for 00:45:26.800 --> 00:45:27.680 30 years. 00:45:28.320 --> 00:45:31.600 So with the lessening amount  of people coming to the 00:45:31.600 --> 00:45:35.840 Bay likely the fish were  being fed less even though the 00:45:36.880 --> 00:45:41.600 ban on fish feeding did not  take place until 1999 but 00:45:41.600 --> 00:45:44.080 that could be responsible for a decrease here. 00:45:44.960 --> 00:45:47.760 Lastly we have an increase in abundance of fishes 00:45:48.320 --> 00:45:51.040 from 2006 to 2018. 00:45:52.160 --> 00:45:56.960 This increase is unknown  because there isn't any new 00:45:56.960 --> 00:46:02.000 management that's been in  place since 2006 but this 00:46:02.000 --> 00:46:06.960 could be a result in changing  fish survey methods, since 00:46:06.960 --> 00:46:10.960 survey methods were changed in 2007 represented by 00:46:10.960 --> 00:46:14.720 this blue dot here but  hopefully the fish are still 00:46:14.720 --> 00:46:15.920 increasing in abundance. 00:46:17.280 --> 00:46:20.800 Right now we are continuing to take fish abundance 00:46:20.800 --> 00:46:24.240 biomass and diversity surveys throughout the Bay. 00:46:26.800 --> 00:46:31.360 And now what you're all waiting for: Our COVID 19 00:46:31.360 --> 00:46:32.720 closure surveys. 00:46:33.920 --> 00:46:37.520 Of the many unforeseen circumstances presented by 00:46:37.520 --> 00:46:41.760 the COVID19 pandemic, the reduced human presence 00:46:41.760 --> 00:46:46.000 at Hanauma Bay has presented  us a unique opportunity 00:46:46.000 --> 00:46:48.880 to better understand our impacts on the natural 00:46:48.880 --> 00:46:49.840 environment there. 00:46:50.880 --> 00:46:53.920 We've continued many of our surveys through the 00:46:53.920 --> 00:46:58.160 pandemic and we've also  added in several new surveys 00:46:58.720 --> 00:47:03.200 such as fish behavior surveys,  sedimentation surveys, 00:47:03.840 --> 00:47:09.840 coral surveys and abundance of megafauna. 00:47:11.600 --> 00:47:14.400 Here we'll talk a little  bit about the types of fish 00:47:14.400 --> 00:47:16.960 behavior surveys that we've implemented during the 00:47:16.960 --> 00:47:20.400 closure that will continue after the closure once 00:47:20.400 --> 00:47:23.840 people are invited back to Hanauma Bay. 00:47:24.960 --> 00:47:28.240 But why are we worried about fish behavior? 00:47:28.240 --> 00:47:29.440 What can this tell us? 00:47:30.400 --> 00:47:34.960 Well, fish that experience chronic stress may have 00:47:34.960 --> 00:47:38.320 reduced fitness due to decreases in their foraging 00:47:38.320 --> 00:47:42.320 rates or not allowing them  to eat enough or reach that 00:47:42.320 --> 00:47:46.800 high valued food source prior  to fleeing from what they 00:47:46.800 --> 00:47:50.480 think is a predator, if they  think humans are predators. 00:47:51.760 --> 00:47:56.400 If the fish shows a decrease  in herbivory rates or eating 00:47:56.400 --> 00:48:00.800 the algae, when humans  return to the Bay this would 00:48:00.800 --> 00:48:04.640 suggest that human presence  indirectly restricts the 00:48:04.640 --> 00:48:08.720 ability of plant-eating  fishes to perform one of their 00:48:08.720 --> 00:48:12.320 key ecological functions  like keeping the reef's algae 00:48:12.320 --> 00:48:16.560 in check and providing space  on the reef for new coral 00:48:16.560 --> 00:48:17.280 recruits. 00:48:18.080 --> 00:48:22.160 We're testing this in two  ways: by looking at flight 00:48:22.160 --> 00:48:25.840 initiation distance, so we're swimming a camera 00:48:25.840 --> 00:48:29.840 toward the fish and looking  at how far we are from the 00:48:29.840 --> 00:48:31.760 fish when it flees. 00:48:31.760 --> 00:48:36.080 We'll continue this after the  Bay opens up to snorkelers 00:48:36.080 --> 00:48:40.160 again to see if the fish flee  quicker when more snorkelers 00:48:40.160 --> 00:48:43.920 are present, if you increase  the amount of predators if 00:48:43.920 --> 00:48:47.040 they're thinking of us as predators present. 00:48:47.600 --> 00:48:50.480 Do they flee quicker meaning  they don't have enough 00:48:50.480 --> 00:48:51.680 time to forage. 00:48:52.320 --> 00:48:55.120 And to pair with that we've been working with 00:48:56.000 --> 00:48:59.680 Dr. Elizabeth Madin at the  Hawaii' Institute of Marine 00:48:59.680 --> 00:49:03.760 Biology to conduct camera traps for fish foraging 00:49:03.760 --> 00:49:07.440 where we place out coral  or we place out Go-pros and 00:49:07.440 --> 00:49:10.920 we leave them out and they  observe the fish when no 00:49:10.920 --> 00:49:14.560 one is present and we're  counting the foraging rate. 00:49:15.120 --> 00:49:18.640 So are these foraging rates  less when more snorkelers 00:49:18.640 --> 00:49:24.720 are present? We've also implemented two new coral surveys. 00:49:24.720 --> 00:49:29.840 The first is adult coral  growth surveys: looking at the 00:49:30.400 --> 00:49:34.160 corals that remain on the reef  flat, how quickly are they 00:49:34.160 --> 00:49:36.640 growing and does this growth rate change once we 00:49:36.640 --> 00:49:38.080 have visitors back at the Bay? 00:49:38.960 --> 00:49:40.720 And also coral recruitment. 00:49:42.240 --> 00:49:44.640 Is Hanauma recruitment limited? 00:49:44.640 --> 00:49:48.320 Meaning that we're not getting  coral larvae or the coral 00:49:48.320 --> 00:49:52.400 larvae is not able to settle  and recruit to the reef flat? 00:49:53.280 --> 00:49:55.920 Or could it be survival limited. 00:49:57.040 --> 00:50:00.720 Are the corals recruiting to  the reef flat but not able to 00:50:00.720 --> 00:50:02.560 grow to be an adult size. 00:50:06.960 --> 00:50:10.480 We also have continued our  water clarity surveys and 00:50:10.480 --> 00:50:13.520 here's a little sneak peek of  what's to come in the future 00:50:13.520 --> 00:50:14.480 with our results. 00:50:15.200 --> 00:50:18.880 But looking here if the  visual water clarity distance 00:50:18.880 --> 00:50:23.040 changes in the absence of  visitors and from preliminary 00:50:23.040 --> 00:50:28.640 observations during the  closure we see that the water 00:50:28.640 --> 00:50:34.800 clarity between open days  to the public and the COVID 00:50:34.800 --> 00:50:40.640 closure it's actually increased  64 percent, on days where 00:50:40.640 --> 00:50:44.480 we're open to the public  compared to COVID closure. 00:50:44.480 --> 00:50:47.600 Here again we have visual  water clarity distance on the 00:50:47.600 --> 00:50:52.400 Y-axis are open to the public  in the dark. In the gray 00:50:53.120 --> 00:50:57.040 closed Tuesdays and the COVID closure in this 00:50:57.040 --> 00:50:57.760 light gray. 00:50:59.760 --> 00:51:03.520 From these preliminary  observations we see not only 00:51:03.520 --> 00:51:07.120 an increase on days open to the public to closed 00:51:07.120 --> 00:51:12.000 Tuesdays but we also see an  increase in water clarity 00:51:12.000 --> 00:51:16.240 between closed Tuesdays in 2018 and the COVID 00:51:16.240 --> 00:51:20.160 closure now and we're  continuing to take more data on 00:51:20.160 --> 00:51:21.840 this to make it more robust. 00:51:24.320 --> 00:51:27.840 We've also continued our sediment accumulation 00:51:27.840 --> 00:51:30.800 surveys looking at whether or not the rates of 00:51:30.800 --> 00:51:34.640 sedimentation or sediment deposition change in the 00:51:34.640 --> 00:51:35.840 absence of visitors. 00:51:38.240 --> 00:51:42.160 And on top of all of that,  we've also been documenting 00:51:42.160 --> 00:51:46.400 whether we're seeing monk  seals or green turtles at the 00:51:46.400 --> 00:51:51.120 Bay during our surveys and  from preliminary data we're 00:51:51.120 --> 00:51:54.560 seeing an increase in activity  of monk seals at the Bay 00:51:54.560 --> 00:51:58.080 during the COVID closure  but it's not statistically 00:51:58.080 --> 00:52:00.640 significant due to low sampling numbers. 00:52:03.360 --> 00:52:08.320 In summary the water visibility  increased an average of 00:52:08.320 --> 00:52:12.080 30 percent when Hanauma Bay was closed to the 00:52:12.080 --> 00:52:15.600 public and 64 percent while closed during the 00:52:15.600 --> 00:52:18.240 COVID19 closure. 00:52:18.240 --> 00:52:21.840 The greater the level of  snorkelers, the higher the rates 00:52:21.840 --> 00:52:25.680 of sedimentation, the higher  the rates of breakage and 00:52:25.680 --> 00:52:27.520 the lower the coral cover. 00:52:28.240 --> 00:52:31.920 Of this coral cover, we're  seeing the corals grow in 00:52:31.920 --> 00:52:35.440 cracks and crevices and on  vertical substrate that's 00:52:35.440 --> 00:52:37.280 inaccessible to trampling. 00:52:37.920 --> 00:52:42.080 And our coral morphologies  or our shapes, our types of 00:52:42.080 --> 00:52:46.800 coral within the Bay are  conducive to high impact, we 00:52:46.800 --> 00:52:50.800 don't have our more delicate  skeletal frameworks within 00:52:50.800 --> 00:52:51.680 Hanauma Bay. 00:52:53.600 --> 00:52:56.880 Looking at our current and  historical fish abundance, 00:52:56.880 --> 00:53:01.440 biomass and diversity, we  did not see any correlation 00:53:01.440 --> 00:53:05.040 with the changes in numbers  of visitors at this time. 00:53:07.280 --> 00:53:11.280 At the end of each year we provide a report on our 00:53:11.280 --> 00:53:14.080 findings to City and County. 00:53:14.080 --> 00:53:17.360 City and County manage Hanauma Bay and we provide 00:53:17.360 --> 00:53:20.880 recommendations to City and County, they are 00:53:21.440 --> 00:53:24.640 responsible for implementing recommendations. 00:53:25.600 --> 00:53:28.880 Some of the recommendations we've provided are 00:53:28.880 --> 00:53:32.400 things like an increase in a  park fee to ten dollars per 00:53:32.400 --> 00:53:33.360 non-resident. 00:53:33.920 --> 00:53:37.120 They're actually going to  be increasing this to twelve 00:53:37.120 --> 00:53:39.600 dollars per non-resident in the next year. 00:53:40.640 --> 00:53:44.560 We've also asked them to  disperse users among other 00:53:44.560 --> 00:53:49.680 activities to/ like nature  hikes, children's programs or 00:53:49.680 --> 00:53:54.320 ocean films and to charge a  fee for the entire time the 00:53:54.320 --> 00:53:55.840 Bay is open to the public. 00:53:56.560 --> 00:54:00.800 In this photograph here that  I took at 6:15 in the morning, 00:54:00.800 --> 00:54:05.680 we already see around 50  people down at the Bay and 00:54:06.640 --> 00:54:11.360 the Bay opens at 6:00 but  the educational video does 00:54:11.360 --> 00:54:14.800 not start showing until 7  which is also when they start 00:54:14.800 --> 00:54:15.680 charging a fee. 00:54:16.480 --> 00:54:21.120 So many tour operators will  try to drop people off prior 00:54:21.120 --> 00:54:26.320 to 7, so a large family or a  large group does not have to 00:54:26.320 --> 00:54:29.040 pay the fee or watch the educational video. 00:54:30.080 --> 00:54:33.040 So we're asking that everyone who enters the Bay 00:54:33.920 --> 00:54:38.240 watch this this educational  video that goes over reef 00:54:38.240 --> 00:54:38.720 etiquette. 00:54:40.480 --> 00:54:42.960 Some other educational recommendations we've 00:54:42.960 --> 00:54:47.520 made: are placing signage along sidewalks and the 00:54:47.520 --> 00:54:51.680 beach informing snorkelers  of etiquette and safe places 00:54:51.680 --> 00:54:52.880 to enter the beach. 00:54:54.480 --> 00:54:58.400 So this is saying things  like only stand where there's 00:54:58.400 --> 00:55:02.000 sand, although it may look  like a rock to many people, 00:55:02.800 --> 00:55:08.240 all of the rocks in Hanauma  Bay do contain living beings 00:55:08.240 --> 00:55:11.360 on their surface so standing  anywhere where there isn't 00:55:11.360 --> 00:55:13.520 sand could be detrimental. 00:55:14.880 --> 00:55:18.400 Also informational signs  about ongoing research within 00:55:18.400 --> 00:55:23.840 the Bay and TV''s in the  educational video room with 00:55:23.840 --> 00:55:27.920 subtitles in common visiting  languages, so everyone 00:55:27.920 --> 00:55:34.080 has access to the educational information. 00:55:34.080 --> 00:55:37.280 This study could not have  been possible without the 00:55:37.280 --> 00:55:41.280 funding and help from City  and County of Honolulu, all 00:55:41.280 --> 00:55:45.600 of the volunteers, Sea Grant  Education Program, Friends 00:55:45.600 --> 00:55:51.280 of Hanauma Bay and the  Division of Aquatic Resources, 00:55:51.280 --> 00:55:54.160 as well as the rest of our coral reef ecology lab 00:55:54.160 --> 00:55:56.720 members who were instrumental in the collection of 00:55:56.720 --> 00:55:57.760 this data set. 00:56:01.200 --> 00:56:02.480 Do we have any questions? 00:56:07.760 --> 00:56:09.120 Great thank you Sarah. 00:56:09.680 --> 00:56:12.960 I think Amy and Cindy will jump on and they have a 00:56:12.960 --> 00:56:15.120 few, we've got lots of  questions we probably won't get 00:56:15.120 --> 00:56:18.560 to all of them but Amy is going to ask a few key 00:56:18.560 --> 00:56:19.200 questions here. 00:56:20.720 --> 00:56:24.560 Okay yes so please keep  sending any of your questions 00:56:24.560 --> 00:56:25.600 into the chat box. 00:56:26.240 --> 00:56:28.560 There are two here that are  similar, so I'm going to try 00:56:28.560 --> 00:56:32.000 to combine them but the question was regarding 00:56:32.000 --> 00:56:36.080 "How you were identifying the  how the coral was damaged. 00:56:36.080 --> 00:56:40.400 So how do you know whether  it was by a snorkeler or if 00:56:40.400 --> 00:56:46.240 it was caused by wave energy  or another species might 00:56:46.240 --> 00:56:51.120 have broken it up and can  you also tell whether or not 00:56:53.280 --> 00:56:58.240 let's see that the skeletons  were attached with an epoxy 00:56:58.240 --> 00:56:59.280 before surveys?" 00:57:00.880 --> 00:57:02.480 Those are great questions. 00:57:02.480 --> 00:57:04.000 Thank you for asking that. 00:57:04.000 --> 00:57:06.400 I didn't have time to go  over all of the methodology 00:57:06.960 --> 00:57:11.040 but these skeletons were  actually attached using a zip 00:57:11.040 --> 00:57:14.320 tie through a little hole or  "puka" in the reef and then 00:57:14.320 --> 00:57:17.040 typically there was epoxy right under them so they 00:57:17.040 --> 00:57:21.520 were really stable and the way that we tried to 00:57:21.520 --> 00:57:26.240 differentiate between whether the destruction was 00:57:26.240 --> 00:57:30.880 from human trampling or fish  bites or anything like that. 00:57:30.880 --> 00:57:35.280 Is that we also placed these  coral skeletons out on the 00:57:35.280 --> 00:57:39.840 outer reef flat so that's too  deep for humans to trample 00:57:40.560 --> 00:57:46.480 and there we saw very little,  to no breakage and also in 00:57:46.480 --> 00:57:48.960 Witches' Brew where we're seeing very little to no 00:57:48.960 --> 00:57:52.160 breakage, we don't have as  much human influence but 00:57:52.160 --> 00:57:55.440 we still have the same types of fishes that may go 00:57:55.440 --> 00:58:07.840 around biting these or the  same types of wave action. 00:58:09.520 --> 00:58:10.800 Your muted Amy. 00:58:10.800 --> 00:58:13.520 Sorry probably one more  question and then we'll wrap up. 00:58:14.320 --> 00:58:15.120 Great thank you. 00:58:16.080 --> 00:58:20.640 One more question here is that they understand the 00:58:20.640 --> 00:58:23.360 importance of other measurements of coral colonies 00:58:23.360 --> 00:58:26.800 but what does growth orientation tell us about the 00:58:26.800 --> 00:58:28.320 health of coral colonies? 00:58:30.160 --> 00:58:34.240 It has less to do with the  health of coral colonies and 00:58:34.240 --> 00:58:39.680 more to do about where corals  are able to thrive within 00:58:39.680 --> 00:58:40.080 the Bay. 00:58:40.640 --> 00:58:44.400 We're not seeing any of these large healthy coral 00:58:44.400 --> 00:58:47.680 colonies on the horizontal substrate which is when 00:58:47.680 --> 00:58:50.240 you're snorkeling around  typically where you're seeing 00:58:50.240 --> 00:58:54.160 these large coral colonies that are healthy, so in 00:58:54.160 --> 00:58:57.760 Hanauma, our healthy coral  colonies are found on that 00:58:57.760 --> 00:59:01.680 vertical substrate where it's  a lot harder for someone to 00:59:01.680 --> 00:59:06.800 kick or step so the fact that  all of our larger colonies are 00:59:06.800 --> 00:59:11.120 thriving on vertical substrate  where hardly any can grow 00:59:11.120 --> 00:59:14.960 on the horizontal substrate,  is saying that trampling 00:59:14.960 --> 00:59:17.840 might be an issue. 00:59:20.720 --> 00:59:22.400 Yeah that's a that's a good point. 00:59:23.520 --> 00:59:26.640 So as Amy suggested there are many more questions 00:59:26.640 --> 00:59:29.680 that have come in through  the Go-to-webinar control 00:59:29.680 --> 00:59:32.560 panel and we apologize that  we won't be able to get to 00:59:32.560 --> 00:59:33.600 all of them. 00:59:33.600 --> 00:59:37.040 We do want to take the last  four minutes here to kind 00:59:37.040 --> 00:59:42.480 of wrap up the presentation and go make sure you 00:59:42.480 --> 00:59:45.920 know about some of the upcoming events and we did 00:59:45.920 --> 00:59:49.280 record today's webinar so  it will be made available on 00:59:49.280 --> 00:59:52.480 our archive page that's a long government URL. 00:59:52.480 --> 00:59:56.160 Don't worry in a follow-up email  today you will get that link. 00:59:57.120 --> 00:59:59.200 If you have any follow-up questions there's this 00:59:59.200 --> 01:00:02.960 sanctuary.education@noaa.gov, email address. 01:00:04.320 --> 01:00:07.840 We are promoting this park  passport app. that is free 01:00:07.840 --> 01:00:11.840 to download from a smartphone because you've just 01:00:11.840 --> 01:00:15.760 learned about a specific  area in our Hawaiian Islands 01:00:15.760 --> 01:00:18.320 Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary. 01:00:18.320 --> 01:00:21.840 You've earned one virtual  visitor badge, so you can go 01:00:21.840 --> 01:00:24.000 and download that app. and claim that badge. 01:00:25.200 --> 01:00:28.320 I also let you know that  as an attendee for today's 01:00:28.320 --> 01:00:31.760 webinar presentation, you  will receive a certificate of 01:00:31.760 --> 01:00:34.880 attendance that looks similar  to this, that will count for 01:00:34.880 --> 01:00:37.840 one hour of professional development. 01:00:39.520 --> 01:00:44.160 At the very end when you  close out of the Go-to-webinar 01:00:44.160 --> 01:00:47.440 there is a short survey with  four questions that would 01:00:47.440 --> 01:00:50.000 take you about less than a minute to respond to. 01:00:50.560 --> 01:00:53.280 We actually really appreciate  getting that information 01:00:53.280 --> 01:00:57.840 from you to help evaluate  our webinar series program 01:00:57.840 --> 01:01:01.040 and then if you are a formal educator or informal 01:01:01.040 --> 01:01:03.120 educator and you haven't already done the NOAA 01:01:03.120 --> 01:01:06.000 multimedia and distance  learning survey, that one might 01:01:06.000 --> 01:01:11.200 take 10 to 15 minutes but  the link is in the evaluation 01:01:11.200 --> 01:01:12.720 following today's presentation. 01:01:14.800 --> 01:01:17.840 And then Allen, I'm not sure  if you want to promo the 01:01:17.840 --> 01:01:18.960 upcoming events? 01:01:20.480 --> 01:01:21.200 Sure. 01:01:21.200 --> 01:01:22.000 Okay go for it. 01:01:22.000 --> 01:01:24.880 I love talking about myself  and my program, but I do 01:01:24.880 --> 01:01:27.760 want to thank Sarah again  for this great talk and I 01:01:27.760 --> 01:01:30.080 know that they're working  on a report to finalize sort 01:01:30.080 --> 01:01:32.560 of what they're seeing at the  Bay, it will be out available 01:01:32.560 --> 01:01:36.240 to the public probably in  another few more months my 01:01:36.240 --> 01:01:37.040 understanding. 01:01:37.040 --> 01:01:40.160 So there you there will be  much more as this progresses 01:01:40.160 --> 01:01:42.400 so this year what you're  getting is really a snapshot of 01:01:42.400 --> 01:01:47.680 what's going on at the Bay and so we do have more 01:01:47.680 --> 01:01:48.640 talks coming up. 01:01:48.640 --> 01:01:51.200 This Friday if you've ever wondered about why do 01:01:51.200 --> 01:01:53.840 humpback whales come back  to Hawai'i or what do they 01:01:53.840 --> 01:01:55.040 do while they're here? 01:01:55.040 --> 01:01:58.160 Well you're going to have  to tune in on Friday at noon 01:01:58.160 --> 01:02:01.120 Hawai'i time to hear our  research coordinator, Dr. Marc 01:02:01.120 --> 01:02:04.640 Lammers talk about the research  that's going on here in 01:02:04.640 --> 01:02:06.000 the Hawaiian islands. 01:02:06.000 --> 01:02:10.480 Also next slide please, we  have a great talk at the end 01:02:10.480 --> 01:02:13.680 of the month by our Sanctuary Advisory Council 01:02:13.680 --> 01:02:15.920 chairperson Sol Kahoohalahala, who's going to talk 01:02:15.920 --> 01:02:18.413 about the cultural significance of humpback whales 01:02:18.413 --> 01:02:18.949 in Hawaii.