WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.640 --> 00:00:04.880 Hi everyone. Welcome to the webinar for Living Shipwrecks 3D 00:00:04.880 --> 00:00:09.600 Exploring North Carolina's World War II Heritage. 00:00:10.480 --> 00:00:13.500 I'm Shannon Ricles the education and outreach coordinator for 00:00:13.500 --> 00:00:17.920 Monitor National Marine Sanctuary, and and I will be your host today. 00:00:17.920 --> 00:00:23.119 This webinar is brought to you by NOAA's Monitor National Marine Sanctuary 00:00:23.119 --> 00:00:27.199 in collaboration with NOAA's National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Lab. 00:00:27.199 --> 00:00:32.480 Monitor is just one of 14 national 00:00:32.480 --> 00:00:35.400 marine sanctuaries and two marine national monuments in the 00:00:35.400 --> 00:00:39.280 National Marine Sanctuary System. The system encompasses more than 00:00:39.280 --> 00:00:42.960 600,000 square miles of marine and Great Lakes waters from Washington 00:00:42.960 --> 00:00:47.440 state to the Florida Keys and from Lake Huron to American Samoa. 00:00:47.440 --> 00:00:51.199 Now during the presentation all attendees will be in listen only mode. 00:00:51.199 --> 00:00:54.719 You are welcome to type questions for the presenters into the question box at 00:00:54.719 --> 00:00:58.480 the bottom of the control panel on the right hand side of your screen. 00:00:58.480 --> 00:01:00.719 This is the same area you can let us know 00:01:00.719 --> 00:01:04.239 about any technical issues you may be having that we can help you with. 00:01:04.239 --> 00:01:07.520 We'll be monitoring all incoming questions and technical issues, and we'll 00:01:07.520 --> 00:01:11.360 respond just as soon as we can. We are recording this session and 00:01:11.360 --> 00:01:14.900 will share the recording with registered participants via the webinar archive page. 00:01:14.900 --> 00:01:18.320 A URL for this web page will be provided 00:01:18.320 --> 00:01:21.759 at the end of the presentation. 00:01:23.200 --> 00:01:26.720 Today, we welcome our three presenters from the NCCOS lab in Beaufort, North Carolina, 00:01:26.720 --> 00:01:32.479 we have research ecologist Dr. Chris Taylor and 00:01:32.479 --> 00:01:35.000 Dr. Avery Paxton, a research associate. 00:01:36.000 --> 00:01:41.000 And joining us from Monitor National Marine Sanctuary is Tane Casserley, the resource protection and permit coordinator. 00:01:41.759 --> 00:01:45.119 Now this presentation will highlight the 00:01:45.119 --> 00:01:48.479 advanced technologies that Monitor and NCCOS utilize, 00:01:48.479 --> 00:01:52.320 including acoustic surveys aboard the NOAA ship Nancy Foster 00:01:52.320 --> 00:01:56.159 to document North Carolina's World War II shipwrecks and to create acoustic 00:01:56.159 --> 00:02:00.000 fish visualizations of the surrounding marine life. Along 00:02:00.000 --> 00:02:03.280 with collecting critical data to interpret this naval battlefield, 00:02:03.280 --> 00:02:06.640 the project also demonstrates the significance of these shipwrecks 00:02:06.640 --> 00:02:09.679 as both ecological and historical wonders. 00:02:09.679 --> 00:02:13.760 This project is an example of NOAA offices collaborating to use their best 00:02:13.760 --> 00:02:16.720 assets to document the incredible marine history 00:02:16.720 --> 00:02:20.640 and marine life off North Carolina's shores. 00:02:20.840 --> 00:02:38.000 Transition of screens. Video begins to play. 00:02:38.640 --> 00:02:42.879 (Music Playing in Background) Robert Weagant Speaking: Just the same as it is to protect Gettysburg, 00:02:42.879 --> 00:02:46.080 Just as it is to protect any of the other battlefields, 00:02:46.080 --> 00:02:50.200 we owe it as a part of history. It should be a sanctuary 00:02:50.200 --> 00:02:56.400 so that we have something to to teach the current generation 00:02:56.400 --> 00:03:00.000 of the sacrifices that were made. 00:03:01.800 --> 00:03:03.800 (Music Playing) 00:03:43.040 --> 00:03:46.400 Earl Pushard Speaking: And we were told that the only way that we get 00:03:46.400 --> 00:03:52.900 a winning group anywhere was through the merchant marine. 00:04:00.000 --> 00:04:04.319 Robert Weagant Speaking: They have some of the worst storms and seas off Cape Hatteras and that's 00:04:04.319 --> 00:04:08.319 where we've lost many ships. William Crozer Speaking: The German torpedo 00:04:08.319 --> 00:04:14.600 boats were laying off the coast there. And there was no protection and the 00:04:14.799 --> 00:04:20.000 silhouette, they were like shooting pigeons in a shooting gallery. (Music Playing) 00:04:28.320 --> 00:04:31.680 Charles Mills Speaking: The closest calls we ever had in the convoy was where 00:04:31.680 --> 00:04:35.760 two ships was torpedoed. You couldn't stop. 00:04:35.760 --> 00:04:38.880 There were guys in the water and you couldn't stop to pick them up. You had to 00:04:38.880 --> 00:04:40.800 keep going. So you never know what happened to any of them 00:04:42.320 --> 00:04:48.800 Robert Weagant Speaking: We lost so many. They need recognition. (Music Playing) 00:05:08.960 --> 00:05:13.200 David Holmes Speaking: The sanctuary would be a giant underwater memorial. 00:05:13.200 --> 00:05:16.800 That would be the fitting for the men that died and are still down there. 00:05:16.800 --> 00:05:21.000 Clarence Newcomer Speaking: I mean they should be honored. Their grave is in the water. 00:05:21.200 --> 00:05:25.360 Earl Pushard Speaking: It's like any other battlefield that we had during the Civil War. 00:05:25.360 --> 00:05:27.624 It should be protected. 00:05:27.624 --> 00:05:29.199 Robert Weagant Speaking: Preserving these 00:05:29.199 --> 00:05:33.199 battlefields I think gives us the means 00:05:33.199 --> 00:05:38.160 of educating and teaching what happened in order to preserve 00:05:38.160 --> 00:05:41.200 our country and its values. 00:05:41.200 --> 00:05:43.200 (Music Playing) 00:06:16.800 --> 00:06:20.319 Tane Casserely Speaking: Hi everyone today, and thank you for joining us. I'd like to 00:06:20.319 --> 00:06:23.680 say hello to the nearly 350 people that are joining us from around the country today. 00:06:23.680 --> 00:06:28.479 Thank you so much. And today is September 2, 2020- V-J Day 00:06:28.479 --> 00:06:31.919 or Victory over Japan Day. Japan signed their ceremonial 00:06:31.919 --> 00:06:35.360 surrender aboard the USS Missouri in 1945. 00:06:35.360 --> 00:06:39.120 It marks the 75th anniversary of the end of World War II today. 00:06:39.120 --> 00:06:43.120 So today we honor all the World War II veterans, and we remember the sacrifice 00:06:43.120 --> 00:06:47.120 of the over 400,000 Americans and the tens of millions around the world 00:06:47.120 --> 00:06:51.199 that died during this conflict. There is no other event in human history 00:06:51.199 --> 00:06:55.039 that had such a profound effect on the geopolitical landscape as World War II. 00:06:55.039 --> 00:06:58.400 And in honor of today, to tell this history, 00:06:58.400 --> 00:07:03.840 we're going to start our story at the end. 00:07:07.120 --> 00:07:11.199 So World War II was truly a global war that for the United States lasted from 00:07:11.199 --> 00:07:16.880 December 7, 1941, through September 2, 1945. 00:07:16.880 --> 00:07:20.720 This map shows the United States' European or Western Front and the 00:07:20.720 --> 00:07:24.720 Pacific Front during World War II. This war was fought with battles 00:07:24.720 --> 00:07:26.560 literally on the other side of the planet. 00:07:26.560 --> 00:07:30.479 It was the most complex event ever undertaken by the United States, 00:07:30.479 --> 00:07:33.680 and the shear logistics to move personnel and material around the world 00:07:33.680 --> 00:07:37.199 is mind-boggling. And to complicate things even more 00:07:37.199 --> 00:07:41.280 with the time zone differences, with Germany six hours ahead of the 00:07:41.280 --> 00:07:45.599 United States Eastern Time Zone, and Japan, which is 13 hours ahead. 00:07:45.599 --> 00:07:48.560 And depending on the time of day, it may be a day ahead of the United States. 00:07:48.560 --> 00:07:52.319 So this could be confusing in terms of our historical narrative. 00:07:52.319 --> 00:07:55.759 So we use the United States National Archives as a standard for all our dates 00:07:55.759 --> 00:07:59.840 and times during this presentation. 00:08:02.160 --> 00:08:06.560 Germany's two surrenders. Germany signed the unconditional surrender of its 00:08:06.560 --> 00:08:09.759 forces on May 7, 1945, at the Supreme Headquarters 00:08:09.759 --> 00:08:12.560 Allied Expeditionary Force in Reims, France, 00:08:12.560 --> 00:08:17.360 to go into effect the next day on May 8th, but the Soviet Union didn't 00:08:17.360 --> 00:08:19.919 like the terms and demanded a second, separate signing 00:08:19.919 --> 00:08:23.440 ceremony in Berlin on May 8th, but the news announced 00:08:23.440 --> 00:08:26.879 to Moscow May 9th. The formal surrendered documents 00:08:26.879 --> 00:08:30.400 signed on May 8th or V-E Day, Victory in Europe Day, were written in 00:08:30.400 --> 00:08:33.360 English, Russian, and German. Besides the addition that Germany 00:08:33.360 --> 00:08:36.479 disarm completely, the formal surrender documents 00:08:36.479 --> 00:08:40.560 signed in Berlin differed very little from those signed in France. Even here, 00:08:40.560 --> 00:08:43.680 in a time of celebration, we can see the friction growing between the United States 00:08:43.680 --> 00:08:46.560 and the Soviets, which evolved into the Cold War just a 00:08:46.560 --> 00:08:49.279 few years later. 00:08:51.600 --> 00:08:55.519 The Allies have now moved from a two-front war to the single front in the Pacific. 00:08:55.519 --> 00:09:00.399 And they have two choices to end the war. 00:09:02.160 --> 00:09:07.440 Operation Downfall - As early as 1943, American military planners had seen the 00:09:07.440 --> 00:09:10.240 need to attack the two principal Japanese islands 00:09:10.240 --> 00:09:14.080 in order to end the war. They expected stiff resistance 00:09:14.080 --> 00:09:18.399 and some estimates of American casualties reached as high as one million. 00:09:18.399 --> 00:09:21.920 With full knowledge of the potential costs, the Joint Chiefs of Staff approved 00:09:21.920 --> 00:09:26.560 a directive on May 25, 1945, outlining the overall invasion of Japan. 00:09:26.560 --> 00:09:30.320 The operation, code name "Downfall," would 00:09:30.320 --> 00:09:34.000 consist of two phases. The invasion of Kyushu to the south was 00:09:34.000 --> 00:09:37.519 termed "Olympic," while the assault on Honshu was known as "Coronet." 00:09:37.519 --> 00:09:40.480 Estimates of the Allied force required 00:09:40.480 --> 00:09:45.440 for the entire operation were some five million soldiers, all American, which 00:09:45.440 --> 00:09:48.800 comprised 40 percent of all Americans in uniform at that time, 00:09:48.800 --> 00:09:52.640 except for three British Empire divisions. 00:09:55.200 --> 00:09:59.279 And the other choice is the Manhattan Project, the top secret race to create the first 00:09:59.279 --> 00:10:03.040 atomic weapon. It was created in 1942 and inspired by 00:10:03.040 --> 00:10:06.160 refugee scientists from Europe, including Albert Einstein. 00:10:06.160 --> 00:10:09.200 With Dr. Robert Oppenheimer leading the scientific team, 00:10:09.200 --> 00:10:12.800 the United states engaged in a secret race to produce an atomic weapon before Germany. 00:10:12.800 --> 00:10:15.760 Under the Manhattan Project, the United States 00:10:15.760 --> 00:10:19.200 military operated secret plants in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 00:10:19.200 --> 00:10:22.800 and Hanford, Washington, to produce the uranium and plutonium elements 00:10:22.800 --> 00:10:27.279 necessary for a bomb. In isolated, in remote Los Alamos, New Mexico, 00:10:27.279 --> 00:10:31.120 a team of physicists worked to create a viable detonation system. 00:10:31.120 --> 00:10:34.480 The two billion dollar project employed over 125, 000 00:10:34.480 --> 00:10:39.279 people across America, most of whom had no idea what they were working on, 00:10:39.279 --> 00:10:42.880 and eventually led to the dramatic Trinity Atomic Tests in the New Mexico 00:10:42.880 --> 00:10:47.279 desert in July of 1945, leaving the United States to face the 00:10:47.279 --> 00:10:50.800 question, was the atomic bomb a sufficient enough weapon to bring 00:10:50.800 --> 00:10:54.320 World War II to an end? 00:10:56.079 --> 00:10:59.600 The Allies chose the Manhattan Project. On August 6, 1945, 00:10:59.600 --> 00:11:04.160 the first atomic bomb, known as Little Boy, was dropped by the Boeing 00:11:04.160 --> 00:11:10.000 B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay, six miles above Hiroshima, Japan. 00:11:10.000 --> 00:11:13.100 Forty-three seconds later, it detonates high above the city. 00:11:13.100 --> 00:11:16.480 With a single bomb, 40,000 men, women, and children 00:11:16.480 --> 00:11:20.560 are obliterated in an instant. One hundred thousand more die within 00:11:20.560 --> 00:11:23.760 days of burns and radiation. Another hundred thousand would succumb 00:11:23.760 --> 00:11:26.959 to radiation poisoning over the next five years. 00:11:26.959 --> 00:11:31.040 Despite this initial devastation on August 6, the Japanese still would not 00:11:31.040 --> 00:11:36.720 accept the Allied surrender terms. Two days later on August 8th, the 00:11:36.720 --> 00:11:40.880 Soviet Union declares war on Japan. The islands now face invasion on two fronts. 00:11:40.880 --> 00:11:43.839 00:11:44.720 --> 00:11:47.920 August 9th, second atomic bomb, the Fat Man type, 00:11:47.920 --> 00:11:52.607 drops this time on Nagasaki. Some 40,000 more civilians die instantly. 00:11:52.607 --> 00:11:56.959 In Tokyo, the Japanese Supreme Council for the Direction of the War 00:11:56.959 --> 00:11:59.800 remains split between those still determined to fight on 00:11:59.800 --> 00:12:04.480 and those willing finally to give up. That evening all six 00:12:04.480 --> 00:12:08.800 members of the council call upon the Emperor, who breaks the deadlock. 00:12:08.800 --> 00:12:13.900 August 10th, Japan requests conditional surrender terms, but is denied by the Allies. 00:12:13.900 --> 00:12:15.839 00:12:17.839 --> 00:12:21.520 And finally, after much negotiation, on August 15th, 00:12:21.520 --> 00:12:25.279 Japan accepts the Allies' unconditional surrender terms. 00:12:25.279 --> 00:12:29.200 At the time it was known as V-J Day or Victory over Japan Day. In some areas, it is 00:12:29.200 --> 00:12:33.440 known as Victory in the Pacific Day, ending hostilities in World War II. 00:12:33.440 --> 00:12:35.839 And the news breaks in the United States on August 14th, 00:12:35.839 --> 00:12:39.920 due to the time zone differences. In the image here, a fantastic image of 00:12:39.920 --> 00:12:42.320 hundreds of thousands of people in the public 00:12:42.320 --> 00:12:46.160 crowding into Times Square, New York City in celebration. 00:12:46.160 --> 00:12:48.500 The war is finally done. 00:12:52.500 --> 00:12:54.000 And just over two weeks later on 00:12:54.000 --> 00:12:57.440 August 30th, the Allied occupation of Japan begins. 00:12:57.440 --> 00:13:00.720 This is a fantastic image showing the USS Missouri. 00:13:00.720 --> 00:13:05.519 at the bottom left, the battleship there, and then we have flyovers here by F4Us and F6Fs 00:13:05.519 --> 00:13:10.399 This is all happening on September 2, 1945, 00:13:10.399 --> 00:13:14.000 when the Japanese signed the ceremonial surrender 00:13:14.000 --> 00:13:18.800 aboard the USS Missouri. So this ceremony, which formerly brought an end to the 00:13:18.800 --> 00:13:23.840 bloodiest conflict in human history, lasted a mere 23 minutes. It began at 9:02 am 00:13:23.840 --> 00:13:25.839 with a brief opening speech by 00:13:25.839 --> 00:13:29.800 General Douglas MacArthur, where the General called for justice, tolerance, and 00:13:29.800 --> 00:13:33.200 the rebuilding of Japan. And after the speech, 00:13:33.200 --> 00:13:36.480 Foreign Minister Shigemitsu, representing the Emperor of Japan, signed 00:13:36.480 --> 00:13:39.600 the instrument of surrender. He was followed by the Chief of the Army 00:13:39.600 --> 00:13:43.600 General Staff, General Umezu, who signed for the Japanese Army. After 00:13:43.600 --> 00:13:46.399 this, General MacArthur signed the instrument of surrender as 00:13:46.399 --> 00:13:48.959 the Supreme Allied Commander, and World War II 00:13:48.959 --> 00:13:53.120 was finally over. In this image we can see MacArthur actually standing there 00:13:53.120 --> 00:13:58.639 at the microphone and the Foreign Minister is signing the papers. 00:14:00.560 --> 00:14:04.160 So what does this all mean for North Carolina? Well it brings us now to my 00:14:04.160 --> 00:14:06.880 office, which is the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary 00:14:06.880 --> 00:14:11.440 that protects and honors the Civil War ironclad USS Monitor, that lies 16 miles 00:14:11.440 --> 00:14:14.880 off the coast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. 00:14:14.880 --> 00:14:18.320 When we think of World War II, we think of it happening somewhere else. 00:14:18.320 --> 00:14:22.720 It happened over there. Far from our shores. 00:14:24.320 --> 00:14:27.680 But the shipwrecks of North Carolina tell another story. 00:14:27.680 --> 00:14:31.040 This is where the war came home. So let's go back 00:14:31.040 --> 00:14:37.360 to the start of World War II and see how and why Germany attacked our shores. 00:14:39.360 --> 00:14:42.000 As we all know, it began for the United States 00:14:42.000 --> 00:14:48.100 at 7:55 am on December 7, 1941, when the Imperial Japanese Navy attacks Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. 00:14:48.300 --> 00:14:50.480 The military and civilian casualties 00:14:50.480 --> 00:14:55.360 totaled more than 3,400, including 2,300 killed, with nearly half 00:14:55.360 --> 00:15:00.000 of those, at 1,177, aboard the battleship USS Arizona. 00:15:03.680 --> 00:15:08.800 Four days later on December 11, 1941, the Axis powers declare war on the United States. 00:15:08.800 --> 00:15:11.040 The United States in turn declares war 00:15:11.040 --> 00:15:14.560 against Germany and Italy. Now even though Germany and Japan were 00:15:14.560 --> 00:15:16.959 allies at the time, and they both knew at some point they 00:15:16.959 --> 00:15:21.040 would be at war with the United States, they didn't always communicate. And the 00:15:21.040 --> 00:15:25.200 Germans were actually caught unawares on December 7th, just like the United States was. 00:15:25.200 --> 00:15:29.920 Hence, the four-day lag between the war being declared. 00:15:32.000 --> 00:15:36.320 In a month after Germany declares war on America, the first wave of five U-boats 00:15:36.320 --> 00:15:40.399 arrive off the United States East Coast. Known as Operation Drumbeat, this is the 00:15:40.399 --> 00:15:43.759 first of many operations that continued for months as German 00:15:43.759 --> 00:15:47.440 U-boats hunted merchant ships, which frequently sailed independently 00:15:47.440 --> 00:15:51.519 and at night, easy targets in front of coastal city lights. 00:15:51.519 --> 00:15:54.959 At the start of the war, the United States Navy had too few destroyers and 00:15:54.959 --> 00:15:58.560 sub-chasers to patrol the coast, while also escorting 00:15:58.560 --> 00:16:01.040 merchant troop ship convoys across the Atlantic, 00:16:01.040 --> 00:16:05.000 which had devastating consequences for American coastal shipping. 00:16:08.000 --> 00:16:11.360 And this coastal shipping is what supplied those Atlantic convoys that 00:16:11.360 --> 00:16:15.680 were going to resupply the war in Europe. This coastal shipping was the lifeblood 00:16:15.680 --> 00:16:19.300 for the Allied forces and Germany knew that by cutting that off, 00:16:19.300 --> 00:16:22.480 off, they could strangle the Allies into submission. 00:16:22.480 --> 00:16:25.839 And the reason why German U-boats focused so heavily on North Carolina 00:16:25.839 --> 00:16:30.079 was because of the continental shelf's proximity to land off the Outer Banks. 00:16:30.079 --> 00:16:34.399 So if we look at our map here, we can see North Carolina there in 00:16:34.399 --> 00:16:38.639 the middle of the screen. The Outer Banks project out into the Atlantic Ocean. 00:16:38.639 --> 00:16:42.800 And we could see how close that continental shelf comes to land at that point. 00:16:42.800 --> 00:16:45.839 It's a choke point. So what the U-boats could do 00:16:45.839 --> 00:16:49.440 is at night hide, oh excuse me, in daytime 00:16:49.440 --> 00:16:53.279 they would hide in those deeper colder waters and at night they 00:16:53.279 --> 00:16:57.600 would pop up into the shallows and attack the coastal shipping. 00:16:57.600 --> 00:17:00.800 Now these shipping lanes were very well known. 00:17:00.800 --> 00:17:04.000 They've been that way for hundreds of years.They're the same shipping lanes today. 00:17:04.000 --> 00:17:07.679 So internationally, they knew exactly where to go. And what also happens off 00:17:07.679 --> 00:17:10.720 the coast of North Carolina is that the shipping lanes compress. 00:17:10.720 --> 00:17:14.000 So they tighten up because of that projection out into the ocean. So they 00:17:14.000 --> 00:17:18.400 become even narrower. Again, an easy hunting ground for the Germans. 00:17:20.480 --> 00:17:24.480 And when we overlay the known World War II shipwrecks off North Carolina, 00:17:24.480 --> 00:17:31.000 they all fall in the shipping lanes. So the Germans knew exactly where to hit us. 00:17:32.960 --> 00:17:37.039 So during World War II, a total of 90 vessels were lost off North Carolina 00:17:37.039 --> 00:17:39.280 alone, with most of these occurring during 00:17:39.280 --> 00:17:42.720 the first six months of the war. Now, we know where approximately half of 00:17:42.720 --> 00:17:45.600 these are, and the other half are still yet to be found. They could be in deeper 00:17:45.600 --> 00:17:47.919 water. We don't know. So that's part of the 00:17:47.919 --> 00:17:50.559 allure of North Carolina, that these ships are still yet to be found to tell 00:17:50.559 --> 00:17:53.200 their histories. But we know from the historic record 00:17:53.200 --> 00:17:57.840 that there are 78 merchant ships, eight Allied naval ships, and four German 00:17:57.840 --> 00:18:00.000 U-boats. In the image here you can actually see 00:18:00.000 --> 00:18:02.320 the merchant tanker Dixie Arrow, which is burning 00:18:02.320 --> 00:18:07.039 after being torpedoed by the U-71 on March 26 in 1942. 00:18:07.039 --> 00:18:11.120 Eleven brave men died during this event. 00:18:12.480 --> 00:18:16.960 Of the 1,657 total World War II casualties off the coast of North Carolina, 00:18:16.960 --> 00:18:19.440 over 1,200 of these were merchant mariners. 00:18:19.440 --> 00:18:23.919 Historians have called this America's second Pearl Harbor. 00:18:23.919 --> 00:18:27.300 Except the difference here is that the enemy wasn't attacking another naval force. 00:18:27.300 --> 00:18:30.640 The Germans weren't attacking trained warriors and squaring off 00:18:30.640 --> 00:18:34.640 against battleships or aircraft carriers. They were attacking merchant ships with 00:18:34.640 --> 00:18:38.400 civilian volunteer crews. The U.S Merchant Marine provided the 00:18:38.400 --> 00:18:41.360 bulk of these sailors and many of the shipwrecks off North Carolina 00:18:41.360 --> 00:18:44.559 are graves to these brave men. During World War II 00:18:44.559 --> 00:18:48.480 one in 26 merchant mariners died in the line of duty, 00:18:48.480 --> 00:18:51.919 suffering a greater percentage of war-related deaths than any other 00:18:51.919 --> 00:18:54.000 United States uniformed service. 00:18:57.000 --> 00:18:58.300 Now North Carolina may have been where 00:18:58.320 --> 00:19:01.600 the Germans hit us the hardest off the U.S. mainland, but it's also where 00:19:01.600 --> 00:19:04.960 we started pushing back. I think at the start of the war, when 00:19:04.960 --> 00:19:09.440 President Roosevelt said, "History has recorded who fired the first shot. 00:19:09.440 --> 00:19:12.640 In the long run, however, all that will matter is who fired 00:19:12.640 --> 00:19:16.160 the last shot." North Carolina is where that road began 00:19:16.160 --> 00:19:20.640 for the Atlantic war. This is where we had the first victories against the Germans. 00:19:21.000 --> 00:19:22.559 So we have to think of the coastal 00:19:22.559 --> 00:19:26.480 defense of the East Coast like a trident, where all three prongs had their first 00:19:26.480 --> 00:19:28.640 successes against the U-boats off our shores. 00:19:28.640 --> 00:19:31.679 So that would be the United States Navy, the United States Coast Guard, 00:19:31.679 --> 00:19:35.200 and U.S. Army Air Force. The first of these was on 00:19:35.200 --> 00:19:40.320 April 14th in 1942, when the U-85 was sunk by the USS Roper off North Carolina, 00:19:40.320 --> 00:19:43.760 becoming the first U-boat sunk by the U.S. Navy off the American 00:19:43.760 --> 00:19:47.800 East Coast. In this image here, we can see actually the remains of those sailors 00:19:47.900 --> 00:19:53.000 from the U-85 being buried at night in the Hampton National Cemetery in Virginia. 00:19:55.039 --> 00:20:00.160 The second was on May 9th, 1942, when the U-352 was sunk by the Coast Guard 00:20:00.160 --> 00:20:02.559 Cutter Icarus, becoming the first U-boat sunk by the 00:20:02.559 --> 00:20:04.799 U.S. Coast Guard off the American East Coast. 00:20:04.900 --> 00:20:08.080 In the image here, these are the German sailors from the U-352 00:20:08.080 --> 00:20:11.120 being processed by U.S. officials in Charleston, South Carolina, 00:20:11.120 --> 00:20:14.000 after their capture. 00:20:15.360 --> 00:20:20.080 And the third was on July 7th, 1942, when Lieutenant Harry Kane, Jr., who's in the 00:20:20.080 --> 00:20:24.799 image here pointing above, and his A-29 Hudson airplane sank U-701 00:20:24.799 --> 00:20:28.500 off North Carolina, becoming the first U-boat sunk by the U.S. Army Air Force 00:20:28.500 --> 00:20:30.500 off the American East Coast. 00:20:32.880 --> 00:20:37.600 And thankfully, by May of 1943, the U-boats were no longer a major threat to 00:20:37.600 --> 00:20:41.440 Allied convoys. The now escorted coastal convoys, 00:20:41.440 --> 00:20:45.360 updated tactics by the U.S. Navy, coastal blackouts that are finally going into 00:20:45.360 --> 00:20:47.600 effect, and the sheer volume of American 00:20:47.600 --> 00:20:52.320 shipping had now turned the tide against the U-boat threat. 00:20:53.280 --> 00:20:56.480 And I truly believe that these first successes that we had off the coast of 00:20:56.480 --> 00:20:59.520 North Carolina, pushing the U-boats back from our shores 00:20:59.520 --> 00:21:03.360 and all the way across the Atlantic, made D-Day, the Allied invasion of 00:21:03.360 --> 00:21:07.600 Europe, possible on June 6, 1944. If we hadn't had those 00:21:07.600 --> 00:21:11.760 first successes when we did in 1942, we would never have had the freedom to move 00:21:11.760 --> 00:21:15.440 the men and material necessary for one of the largest amphibious assaults in 00:21:15.440 --> 00:21:20.400 history and ending the war nearly a year later. 00:21:21.919 --> 00:21:26.080 So like Gettysburg and Antietam battlefields, we truly have a battlefield 00:21:26.080 --> 00:21:30.080 sitting off the coast of North Carolina. This naval battlefield is where 00:21:30.080 --> 00:21:34.480 World War II came home to America. These shipwrecks are grave sites. 00:21:34.480 --> 00:21:37.760 They're memorials to heroes. They're fragile reminders of our past and 00:21:37.760 --> 00:21:39.520 they're also so much more. 00:21:39.520 --> 00:21:45.840 <Transition to Dr. Chris Taylor> 00:21:50.480 --> 00:21:54.000 Chris Speaking: In the 75 years since these shipwrecks laid to rest on our sea floor, they've 00:21:54.000 --> 00:21:58.240 become habitats, homes, and reefs that serve as 00:21:58.240 --> 00:22:02.480 homes for a diverse array of marine life. Divers from around the world come and 00:22:02.480 --> 00:22:06.400 visit these wrecks to enjoy and recognize the history that 00:22:06.400 --> 00:22:08.960 these shipwrecks represent from our wartime past. 00:22:08.960 --> 00:22:12.640 But also knowing that the ships hold a diverse array of marine life. 00:22:12.640 --> 00:22:16.400 Fishers, both recreational and commercial fishermen, also visit these sites 00:22:16.400 --> 00:22:18.480 regularly, making these shipwrecks very important 00:22:18.480 --> 00:22:23.120 and significant contributors to the maritime and cultural economy 00:22:23.120 --> 00:22:26.080 on and along our coast. These shipwrecks are alive with marine 00:22:26.080 --> 00:22:28.559 life, and it really is quite remarkable when we dive there 00:22:28.559 --> 00:22:32.080 how unique each of these shipwrecks are. The marine life they contain, ranging 00:22:32.080 --> 00:22:34.559 from the bait fish of these shimmering schools 00:22:34.559 --> 00:22:39.280 above the wreck, to the pelagic predators, like jacks, 00:22:39.280 --> 00:22:42.480 groupers, and snappers. And even the sentinels of these reefs, 00:22:42.480 --> 00:22:47.280 the sand tiger sharks with their iconic toothy grin. 00:22:48.080 --> 00:22:51.600 One of our goals in NOAA and the National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science 00:22:51.800 --> 00:22:54.000 is to understand how these shipwrecks form 00:22:54.000 --> 00:22:58.320 habitats and are such prolific reefs. The best tools that we can use are to get 00:22:58.320 --> 00:23:01.840 our eyes underwater. Divers and scuba divers carrying cameras 00:23:01.840 --> 00:23:04.240 can capture some images that are just unbelievable. 00:23:04.240 --> 00:23:07.840 And capture forever the way that the reefs are; how fish are associated with 00:23:07.840 --> 00:23:10.320 the different habitat types including these shipwrecks. 00:23:10.320 --> 00:23:13.840 When the shipwrecks are too deep, we use autonomous vehicles and remotely 00:23:13.840 --> 00:23:16.799 operated vehicles. Again carrying cameras and capturing these 00:23:16.799 --> 00:23:21.200 stunning images of how the fish are using these habitats. 00:23:21.200 --> 00:23:24.799 What we're going to talk to you about today are some of the instruments that 00:23:24.799 --> 00:23:27.520 we have mounted on our NOAA ships, such as the ship I'm reporting to you from 00:23:27.520 --> 00:23:30.200 today, the NOAA ship Nancy Foster. 00:23:30.200 --> 00:23:33.840 These instruments use sound that allow us to detect, map, and 00:23:33.840 --> 00:23:36.640 study the way the fish are using the 00:23:36.640 --> 00:23:40.320 shipwrecks. Simultaneously allowing us to characterize the 00:23:40.320 --> 00:23:46.400 archaeological finds of these shipwrecks and the histories they hold on the seafloor. 00:23:48.840 --> 00:23:51.840 <Transition to Dr. Avery Paxton> 00:23:55.760 --> 00:23:58.799 Avery Speaking: One of the things that our collaborative team with 00:23:58.799 --> 00:24:02.080 NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Sciences and 00:24:02.080 --> 00:24:06.000 the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary has done over the past five years 00:24:06.000 --> 00:24:10.880 is use the tools that Chris mentioned- the echo sounders, which use sound 00:24:10.880 --> 00:24:14.400 to remotely sense the seafloor and the marine life. 00:24:14.400 --> 00:24:19.300 And we have used those to get a broad glimpse over large swaths of the seafloor 00:24:19.400 --> 00:24:22.640 including the shipwrecks. And this image 00:24:22.640 --> 00:24:28.480 here is a still image of the U-701. It rests on its side, and you can see in 00:24:28.480 --> 00:24:32.000 the right-hand side of the image a diver conducting a survey. 00:24:32.000 --> 00:24:36.400 You can see another diver off to the left conducting some video work. 00:24:36.400 --> 00:24:40.480 And you can see that these divers in the wreck structure are surrounded by a 00:24:40.480 --> 00:24:44.640 massive school of these large fast-moving predators 00:24:44.640 --> 00:24:50.000 called jacks. And one of the things we wanted to do with this research is to be 00:24:50.000 --> 00:24:54.880 able to understand the unique fusion of the history and ecology that these 00:24:54.880 --> 00:24:58.240 shipwrecks from the World War II time period represent. 00:24:58.240 --> 00:25:01.360 And so as part of this, we wanted to be able to get 00:25:01.360 --> 00:25:05.840 a much more solid picture of what the shipwrecks looked like in their current 00:25:05.840 --> 00:25:09.840 state on the seafloor and how the marine life are using them. 00:25:09.840 --> 00:25:13.679 And so we set out to not only map the shipwrecks in the 00:25:13.679 --> 00:25:18.500 finest detail that we could using sound, but to also map the locations - 00:25:18.500 --> 00:25:22.240 the exact locations - of the fish around these shipwrecks, so that we could 00:25:22.240 --> 00:25:26.400 better understand how they are keeping our marine life and our 00:25:26.400 --> 00:25:30.960 marine ecosystem healthy, and how they are being used by 00:25:30.960 --> 00:25:34.880 recreational fishermen and divers as part of the coastal and 00:25:34.880 --> 00:25:39.120 blue economy. And so what we did is we took our survey 00:25:39.120 --> 00:25:42.880 vessel, like Chris has mentioned, the NOAA ship Nancy Foster, and on the 00:25:42.880 --> 00:25:46.600 hull of the Nancy Foster, we have mounted a suite of instruments called 00:25:46.600 --> 00:25:50.559 echo sounders. And these echo sounders, they emit pulses 00:25:50.559 --> 00:25:54.320 of sound downward into the water column. And when 00:25:54.320 --> 00:25:59.120 these sound pulses reach the seafloor or another hard 00:25:59.120 --> 00:26:02.880 object or an object of different density than the surrounding water, 00:26:02.880 --> 00:26:07.039 they bounce off and reflect back to the instrument on the hull of the ship, 00:26:07.039 --> 00:26:11.279 where that signal is received. And using that signal that 00:26:11.279 --> 00:26:14.159 is sent out and then received by these instruments - 00:26:14.159 --> 00:26:17.919 This is a look at what they actually look like under the hull of the vessel. 00:26:17.919 --> 00:26:22.320 There's one here in black. There's two here in orange and two in red. - 00:26:22.320 --> 00:26:27.039 With that information, we're able to collect data streams that help us map 00:26:27.039 --> 00:26:31.679 the shipwrecks and the fish around them. And there's three flavors of data that 00:26:31.679 --> 00:26:37.440 we're getting out of these echo sounders. The first are really precise and 00:26:37.440 --> 00:26:40.960 accurate maps of the shipwreck structures. You can see 00:26:40.960 --> 00:26:44.799 clearly the bow and stern of this vessel, as well as the boilers. 00:26:44.799 --> 00:26:48.880 And this type of data is what we call multibeam bathymetry, 00:26:48.880 --> 00:26:52.080 and we'll circle back to that in a little bit. The other 00:26:52.080 --> 00:26:56.559 flavor of data that we use is collected by a splitbeam echo sounder. 00:26:56.559 --> 00:27:01.360 And these data allow us to map, and this is incredible, it maps the exact location 00:27:01.360 --> 00:27:04.840 of individual fish in schools of fish relative to the 00:27:04.840 --> 00:27:09.120 shipwreck. And then to push the envelope a little bit more, we actually use the 00:27:09.120 --> 00:27:13.840 same sensor that we use to map the shipwrecks to look at the 00:27:13.840 --> 00:27:17.760 extent of fish schools over much bigger areas 00:27:17.760 --> 00:27:21.039 of the water column. And so with all three of these data 00:27:21.039 --> 00:27:26.240 streams, we're able to start to (cough) excuse me, 00:27:27.200 --> 00:27:30.559 we're able to start to develop these 00:27:30.559 --> 00:27:34.000 high resolution maps. And so I'm now going to walk you 00:27:34.000 --> 00:27:38.320 through each of these three flavors of sound data that I've talked about. 00:27:38.320 --> 00:27:42.559 The first is the multibeam bathymetry. And in this video you see a survey 00:27:42.559 --> 00:27:47.600 vessel and again on the hull of that vessel is this multibeam echo sounder. 00:27:47.600 --> 00:27:51.279 And as it emits pulses of sound into the water column, 00:27:51.279 --> 00:27:56.559 those sound waves insonify or paint a picture of what the seafloor 00:27:56.559 --> 00:27:59.600 looks like. And I want to draw your attention to the 00:27:59.600 --> 00:28:04.640 width of this beam. It is a broad beam of sound that is 00:28:04.640 --> 00:28:08.000 being emitted in pulses. And so one way we can think of this is 00:28:08.000 --> 00:28:12.000 like a big flashlight illuminating with sound the seafloor 00:28:12.000 --> 00:28:16.480 with a really wide beam. You may also want to refer to it as a 00:28:16.480 --> 00:28:20.240 floodlight, which is a good analogy. And so using 00:28:20.240 --> 00:28:25.520 this imagery from the floodlight sensor, from the multibeam echo sounder, 00:28:25.520 --> 00:28:31.039 we are then able to develop these really detailed maps of the shipwrecks 00:28:31.039 --> 00:28:36.240 in their current state on the seafloor. And this project 00:28:36.240 --> 00:28:39.279 included wrecks from World War II, but it also included 00:28:39.279 --> 00:28:42.399 several of the wrecks that Tane has mentioned earlier 00:28:42.399 --> 00:28:45.600 from other time periods. This particular one 00:28:45.600 --> 00:28:49.520 is the USS Monitor, the iconic Civil War ironclad 00:28:49.520 --> 00:28:54.240 that sank in the early 1860s. And the way you interpret this imagery 00:28:54.240 --> 00:28:57.760 is that the warm colors, like the reds and the oranges, 00:28:57.760 --> 00:29:01.039 those are shallow depths, and the cooler colors, 00:29:01.039 --> 00:29:05.600 like the blues, those are deeper depths. And so in this one you can start to see 00:29:05.600 --> 00:29:10.900 the iconic ship shape structure emerging off the screen from this imagery. 00:29:10.900 --> 00:29:14.159 Some of the other vessels that we also 00:29:14.159 --> 00:29:16.320 studied as part of this collaborative effort 00:29:16.320 --> 00:29:19.600 include vessels from the World War I time period, 00:29:19.600 --> 00:29:24.960 like the Proteus. And then, as for today, we're going to be focusing on 00:29:24.960 --> 00:29:29.200 the World War II vessels, which include the Ashkhabad, the Russian 00:29:29.200 --> 00:29:32.799 vessel depicted here, as well as multiple German 00:29:32.799 --> 00:29:39.039 U-boats, like the U-352 that sank in 1942. And there also are several more 00:29:39.039 --> 00:29:44.320 contemporary vessels, like the former USS Tarpon that sank in the late 50s, that 00:29:44.320 --> 00:29:47.919 we examined. And so again to reiterate, we first used 00:29:47.919 --> 00:29:52.000 this multibeam, this broad floodlight that allows us to <audio drops and is inaudible> map the shipwrecks 00:29:52.000 --> 00:29:55.900 giving us colorful and high-resolution depictions of the seafloor and shipwrecks. 00:29:55.900 --> 00:29:59.800 After we map the shipwrecks, we also use the sound to map the exact location 00:29:59.800 --> 00:30:04.900 of fish around the shipwrecks. To map the fish, we use an instrument called a splitbeam echosounder 00:30:05.000 --> 00:30:09.600 that you can think of like a narrow spotlight. <Audio resumes> And this 00:30:09.600 --> 00:30:13.200 is a similar technology what we use to map the shipwrecks in the sense that it's emitting pulses of sound 00:30:13.200 --> 00:30:16.799 downwards into the water column. You'll see the sound being emitted from 00:30:16.799 --> 00:30:19.760 this orange echo sounder sensor here as a green 00:30:19.760 --> 00:30:27.039 beam, just for visualization purposes. And when that sound pulse hits an object 00:30:27.039 --> 00:30:30.720 like a fish or the sea floor that has a density that differs from the 00:30:30.720 --> 00:30:35.120 surrounding seawater, that sound reflects off or bounces and 00:30:35.120 --> 00:30:37.760 is then received by the instrument again on the ship, so 00:30:37.760 --> 00:30:41.039 that we can turn that into information to map the fish 00:30:41.039 --> 00:30:47.039 by identifying their exact locations and also allows us to estimate their length. 00:30:47.039 --> 00:30:50.720 And so when we are on the ship, as Chris Taylor, who 00:30:50.720 --> 00:30:55.600 spoke just a few minutes ago, is today actually collecting data just like this. 00:30:55.600 --> 00:30:58.960 As we're on the ship, we're able to see the data come in in real time. And I want 00:30:58.960 --> 00:31:01.279 you to get a feel for what this looks like. 00:31:01.279 --> 00:31:06.720 So to orient you, you can see my mouse here, we're looking at the sea floor, 00:31:06.720 --> 00:31:10.480 that is in this red area over here. We're starting to see 00:31:10.480 --> 00:31:13.840 a structure of a part of a shipwreck emerge. 00:31:13.840 --> 00:31:19.840 We're seeing fish signatures, as these orange, green, and blue dots. And we're 00:31:19.840 --> 00:31:23.200 looking at the data as they come in. They're coming in in real time on the far 00:31:23.200 --> 00:31:25.200 right of the screen. So we're marching in 00:31:25.200 --> 00:31:29.360 space and we're marching in time. And so here we are, we're passing the 00:31:29.360 --> 00:31:33.039 shipwreck. You can see massive schools of fish showing up in 00:31:33.039 --> 00:31:36.640 our data stream, some above the shipwreck. And as we pass 00:31:36.640 --> 00:31:41.039 those individual fish, we start to see them show up as 00:31:41.039 --> 00:31:45.519 targets in this box here. And that enables us to 00:31:45.519 --> 00:31:48.799 later figure out the exact location, the exact depth, 00:31:48.799 --> 00:31:53.279 the exact location relative to the shipwreck of the individual fish. 00:31:53.279 --> 00:31:57.440 And it helps us interpret their relative sizes. 00:31:57.440 --> 00:32:00.880 And so when we start to go through the data, 00:32:00.880 --> 00:32:04.880 and after we process them, remove some of the noise, this is what they begin to 00:32:04.880 --> 00:32:08.159 look like. To orient you, we have a sandy seafloor here. 00:32:08.159 --> 00:32:10.799 And then we come into the shipwreck 00:32:10.799 --> 00:32:14.399 structure, which you see underneath this green line. It's 00:32:14.399 --> 00:32:17.679 highlighted in red. So the way you interpret this is that 00:32:17.679 --> 00:32:21.519 the super warm colors like the reds, those are harder objects like the 00:32:21.519 --> 00:32:27.600 shipwreck or the seafloor. Whereas these signatures, 00:32:27.600 --> 00:32:34.320 these represent fish. In individual fish are these banana-shaped squiggles. 00:32:34.320 --> 00:32:39.440 And what we're able to do is then turn this information, this really colorful 00:32:39.440 --> 00:32:44.320 echogram as we call it, of relatively raw data into visualizations 00:32:44.320 --> 00:32:47.120 that really pop from the screen, and allow us 00:32:47.120 --> 00:32:50.480 to start to put everything together. And so 00:32:50.480 --> 00:32:53.919 this is the first one that I'm going to show you. This is one of the shipwrecks 00:32:53.919 --> 00:32:58.000 that we studied as part of this project. You can see the habitat mapping data of 00:32:58.000 --> 00:33:02.960 the shipwreck and the sand around it. And then superimposed on top of it, we 00:33:02.960 --> 00:33:07.519 have placed these light blue dots. And each of these dots corresponds 00:33:07.519 --> 00:33:11.800 to an individual fish detected with the splitbeam echo sounder. 00:33:11.800 --> 00:33:16.320 And the size of the dots corresponds 00:33:16.320 --> 00:33:19.840 to the size of the fish. So the bigger dots 00:33:19.840 --> 00:33:22.880 are bigger fish, and the smaller dots are smaller fish. 00:33:22.880 --> 00:33:26.000 And one of the things that I need to point out for you to fully understand 00:33:26.000 --> 00:33:28.960 this is that unlike the multibeam echo sounder that 00:33:28.960 --> 00:33:34.320 we used to map the shipwreck, which had a really broad beam as like a floodlight. 00:33:34.320 --> 00:33:39.039 One of the differences with the splitbeam echo sounder is that the splitbeam 00:33:39.039 --> 00:33:43.919 has a much narrower beam. So imagine a spotlight or a really narrow flashlight 00:33:43.919 --> 00:33:48.559 beam that's able to detect fish only in its beam area, 00:33:48.559 --> 00:33:52.559 which happens to be directly under the ship, our survey vessel as it 00:33:52.559 --> 00:33:56.080 surveys. And so what happens is we are able to 00:33:56.080 --> 00:33:59.360 detect fish underneath the survey vessel, which is 00:33:59.360 --> 00:34:03.600 why we have a grid-like pattern. So the survey vessel was going in a 00:34:03.600 --> 00:34:09.359 grid-like pattern over top of this shipwreck to sense the fish. As such, we 00:34:09.359 --> 00:34:12.159 have the fish appearing in lines, kind of like a 00:34:12.159 --> 00:34:16.879 tic-tac-toe board. And from the splitbeam echo sounder, we 00:34:16.879 --> 00:34:21.760 are also able to detect schools of fish. This is a massive 00:34:21.760 --> 00:34:26.000 school of fish right here. There's one also in the lower left. And 00:34:26.000 --> 00:34:28.960 these are individual fish that are so tightly 00:34:28.960 --> 00:34:32.720 packed that we can't identify individuals. And so rather we classify 00:34:32.720 --> 00:34:36.399 them as a school. We're able to calculate information on 00:34:36.399 --> 00:34:41.679 where the center of the school is, how long it is, how wide it is, etc. 00:34:41.679 --> 00:34:47.280 And also superimpose it onto this visualization that we're building. 00:34:47.280 --> 00:34:50.399 And so I'm showing you here a static visualization. 00:34:50.399 --> 00:34:54.960 But towards the end of the presentation, we'll show you how we have made this 00:34:54.960 --> 00:34:59.440 into a freely available, easily accessible, and intuitive 00:34:59.440 --> 00:35:02.880 online application, where you can go and explore these data 00:35:02.880 --> 00:35:07.599 in three dimensions. So one of the other things we did 00:35:07.599 --> 00:35:11.760 is we used the multibeam echo sounder, the same instrument that we used to map 00:35:11.760 --> 00:35:16.160 the seafloor, but this time we pushed the envelope so 00:35:16.160 --> 00:35:20.800 that we were able to get information on the broader 00:35:20.800 --> 00:35:24.480 extent of the fish schools. And we were able to do this because, if 00:35:24.480 --> 00:35:27.599 you remember the multibeam echo sounder has a really 00:35:27.599 --> 00:35:33.680 wide beam fan, so it's that floodlight analogy. It's able to survey a 00:35:33.680 --> 00:35:36.640 big area of the seafloor and the water column. 00:35:36.640 --> 00:35:40.240 And so this is what that area looks like. This is some of 00:35:40.240 --> 00:35:45.119 the raw data. I'm going to orient you. Here we see this green line. This is 00:35:45.119 --> 00:35:48.400 the sea floor. We then have the shipwreck and then the 00:35:48.400 --> 00:35:54.000 sea floor extending to the right. And what we're able to do is pick up the 00:35:54.000 --> 00:35:57.520 fish that are located in the water column above 00:35:57.520 --> 00:36:01.040 the shipwreck. And we're able to do so in this really wide 00:36:01.040 --> 00:36:05.599 area. And in comparison, the splitbeam that we looked at earlier with those 00:36:05.599 --> 00:36:09.760 individual fish dots and the yellow schools, it's only able to 00:36:09.760 --> 00:36:13.839 detect a small portion of the water column. So again remember the spotlight 00:36:13.839 --> 00:36:17.119 of the splitbeam versus the floodlight that we're now 00:36:17.119 --> 00:36:21.839 looking at with the multibeam. And these data are absolutely phenomenal 00:36:21.839 --> 00:36:25.900 when they come in. This is what we see when we're on the ship. We see the sea floor. 00:36:25.900 --> 00:36:29.760 We see the shipwreck starting to appear. 00:36:29.760 --> 00:36:33.280 And we see the rest of the sea floor. Just to clarify, 00:36:33.280 --> 00:36:37.280 the sea surface is up here. And so we're starting to see all of these 00:36:37.280 --> 00:36:40.960 dots come in. All of these dots are representing 00:36:40.960 --> 00:36:45.760 fish schools. And so because we're able to see a much bigger area of the water 00:36:45.760 --> 00:36:48.880 column remotely using this sensor, it's able to 00:36:48.880 --> 00:36:52.079 give us a much better understanding of how 00:36:52.079 --> 00:36:55.040 extensive these schools that we picked up with the splitbeam 00:36:55.040 --> 00:36:58.880 echo sounder actually are. And so how do we get 00:36:58.880 --> 00:37:03.680 the information from these raw data into something that's usable and more easily 00:37:03.680 --> 00:37:08.000 understood? Well, we identify the wreck. We 00:37:08.000 --> 00:37:11.599 identify the fish school. Do some image processing 00:37:11.599 --> 00:37:16.640 that allows us to highlight the school. And then focus in specifically on the 00:37:16.640 --> 00:37:20.079 school, so that we're not accidentally detecting bubbles 00:37:20.079 --> 00:37:24.480 close to the surface or detecting the shipwreck itself as a fish. 00:37:24.480 --> 00:37:31.400 And then we apply a formula to take these individual targets, we call them, 00:37:31.400 --> 00:37:36.320 these individual signatures and identify them as fish 00:37:36.320 --> 00:37:40.079 that are part of the school. And I know that still seems a little bit abstract, 00:37:40.079 --> 00:37:43.520 but I think this next slide is really going to allow it to sink in. 00:37:43.520 --> 00:37:47.520 Is that we take all of that information and we're now able to 00:37:47.520 --> 00:37:52.960 look at the broad extent of the school. And so that's shown here with these 00:37:52.960 --> 00:37:57.520 white dots. So each of these white dots is part of this fish school. 00:37:57.520 --> 00:38:01.200 And one of the things that strikes me is that we're now able to get 00:38:01.200 --> 00:38:05.920 this much broader view of where the fish are. We don't have those 00:38:05.920 --> 00:38:10.720 gaps like we did in the splitbeam echo sounder because the multibeam echo 00:38:10.720 --> 00:38:14.480 sounder is able to see so much further underwater. 00:38:14.480 --> 00:38:20.880 And so we are so excited to announce today that we have compiled 00:38:20.880 --> 00:38:24.000 all of these data streams and visualizations 00:38:24.000 --> 00:38:28.320 into a website. It's called Living Shipwrecks 3D. 00:38:28.320 --> 00:38:32.560 We are officially launching the website today. So you all are some of the first 00:38:32.560 --> 00:38:36.400 to get to see it. And the reason I'm so excited about it, 00:38:36.400 --> 00:38:38.640 and the rest of our team is so excited about it, 00:38:38.640 --> 00:38:42.000 is it provides a really visually intuitive way 00:38:42.000 --> 00:38:45.680 to get up close and personal with these data. 00:38:45.680 --> 00:38:50.160 And so when you first go to the site. which Shannon has provided you with the 00:38:50.160 --> 00:38:52.800 link to and she will again after the 00:38:52.800 --> 00:38:56.480 presentation. When you first go to the site, you are 00:38:56.480 --> 00:39:01.200 greeted by Living Shipwrecks 3D, a habitat map of one of the shipwrecks. 00:39:01.200 --> 00:39:04.880 And then a little bit about the site. So the story that we've been telling 00:39:04.880 --> 00:39:08.720 today, that while these shipwrecks represent our nation's rich maritime 00:39:08.720 --> 00:39:12.079 history, they're also reefs for a diversity of 00:39:12.079 --> 00:39:16.400 marine life. We paint that picture, and then 00:39:16.400 --> 00:39:19.520 we get into, I'm going to scroll past some text, 00:39:19.520 --> 00:39:23.839 the meat of the site. And this is the data viewer. 00:39:23.839 --> 00:39:27.680 When you get there, you're looking at the coast of North Carolina. 00:39:27.680 --> 00:39:30.900 So for reference this is where Chris and I are. 00:39:30.900 --> 00:39:34.880 Actually Chris is out here on a ship today, but I'm right here. 00:39:34.880 --> 00:39:38.079 So often times, we take the NOAA ship Nancy Foster 00:39:38.079 --> 00:39:42.240 out of the inlet, and we travel to each of these black flags, 00:39:42.240 --> 00:39:46.720 which represents a shipwreck. There's nearly two dozen shipwrecks that are a 00:39:46.720 --> 00:39:49.359 part of this. And today I'm going to take you on a 00:39:49.359 --> 00:39:54.960 tour of several of them that are World War II shipwrecks. 00:39:54.960 --> 00:39:59.600 So as we zoom in, I'm just using my mouse quite simply like you would on Google Earth. 00:39:59.600 --> 00:40:02.600 I want to first take you to the World War II 00:40:02.600 --> 00:40:07.520 shipwreck the E.M. Clark. And when we arrive at the Clark, 00:40:07.520 --> 00:40:12.600 I'm going to toggle a few things on and off so we can start at the base and work up. 00:40:12.600 --> 00:40:15.680 When we arrive there, I can use my mouse 00:40:15.680 --> 00:40:19.520 to pan around, zoom in, zoom out, 00:40:19.520 --> 00:40:23.680 do whatever I want to do to explore this map of the shipwreck. 00:40:23.680 --> 00:40:27.440 The Clark is a really interesting one because it rests upside down. 00:40:27.440 --> 00:40:31.760 So we're looking here at the hull, and you can see that there's areas of scour 00:40:31.760 --> 00:40:35.200 around it. You can see these beautiful sand ripples. 00:40:35.200 --> 00:40:38.800 Some that are spaced far apart, and some that are much more close 00:40:38.800 --> 00:40:43.599 together. And what we can do is we can then go in 00:40:43.599 --> 00:40:48.480 and layer on the maps of the fish. And so first I'm going to turn on the 00:40:48.480 --> 00:40:51.839 individual fish. These orange dots are the individual 00:40:51.839 --> 00:40:56.400 fish detected with that splitbeam echo sounder, so that spotlight instrument. 00:40:56.400 --> 00:41:00.160 And you can start to see that these fish, while they are in a grid-like pattern 00:41:00.160 --> 00:41:03.200 reflecting our survey design of the survey vessel, 00:41:03.200 --> 00:41:08.720 they are congregating in particular areas. And we can zoom in and see a 00:41:08.720 --> 00:41:11.359 little bit more about how they may be using the bow 00:41:11.359 --> 00:41:17.200 or the stern of the vessel. We can also toggle on schools of fish 00:41:17.200 --> 00:41:20.560 from the splitbeam. And next I want to show you the 00:41:20.560 --> 00:41:23.839 school extent from the multibeam. This one's, 00:41:23.839 --> 00:41:29.440 you're seeing these little white dots. Each of these white dots are 00:41:29.440 --> 00:41:35.200 representative of targets within this broader school. 00:41:35.200 --> 00:41:37.760 And so what it's showing you is that there is a 00:41:37.760 --> 00:41:42.160 massive cloud of fish that is over top of this vessel the 00:41:42.160 --> 00:41:45.440 E.M. Clark. One of the other things that you can do 00:41:45.440 --> 00:41:48.079 on this site is you can explore additional vessels. 00:41:48.079 --> 00:41:52.079 You can zoom in and out to get to the new vessels, 00:41:52.079 --> 00:41:55.200 as you would using Google Map, but we've also 00:41:55.200 --> 00:41:58.640 allowed these hotlink slides at the bottom. 00:41:58.640 --> 00:42:04.640 And so next, I want to take you on a tour of the German U-boat, the U-701. 00:42:04.640 --> 00:42:10.720 And this vessel is an interesting one as it is partially 00:42:10.720 --> 00:42:14.480 covered by sand oftentimes. And so you can see 00:42:14.480 --> 00:42:18.640 the ship structure again. This is the shallower part of the ship 00:42:18.640 --> 00:42:22.400 shown in red in the deeper parts of this map are 00:42:22.400 --> 00:42:25.760 the blue and purples that you're starting to see. 00:42:25.760 --> 00:42:29.040 And as you can see, this is an island of habitat 00:42:29.040 --> 00:42:35.760 in a vast expanse of sand. And because of that, a tremendous number 00:42:35.760 --> 00:42:39.440 of fish tend to congregate around this wreck 00:42:39.440 --> 00:42:44.000 using it as their home. And so just to give you an idea, this is 00:42:44.000 --> 00:42:46.640 a school of fish detected by the 00:42:46.640 --> 00:42:50.400 multibeam echo sounder. What's really interesting is that school 00:42:50.400 --> 00:42:53.920 tends to be located near one of the tallest 00:42:53.920 --> 00:42:57.599 components of this wreck. And that's something that we're starting 00:42:57.599 --> 00:43:01.599 to learn more about through these data, is how the fish are using different 00:43:01.599 --> 00:43:05.599 portions and what affects their ability to use 00:43:05.599 --> 00:43:10.200 these shipwrecks for home, for places where they can eat food, and more. 00:43:10.200 --> 00:43:13.359 And so the other thing that we're really 00:43:13.359 --> 00:43:17.280 excited about is that this site allows us to interact with 00:43:17.280 --> 00:43:24.319 the data in a way that suits your needs. And so let's say that 00:43:24.319 --> 00:43:27.920 somebody is very interested in shipwrecks from World War I. 00:43:27.920 --> 00:43:32.000 They could click to explore World War I era shipwrecks. 00:43:32.000 --> 00:43:36.720 Today though because we are focusing on and commemorating the 75th anniversary 00:43:36.720 --> 00:43:40.160 of the end of World War II, we're gonna quickly explore a few 00:43:40.160 --> 00:43:44.480 more World War II wrecks. It takes us to a page where we can then 00:43:44.480 --> 00:43:47.200 pick which wreck we explore in more detail. 00:43:47.200 --> 00:43:51.920 We can choose amongst the merchant ships, some of the Allied ships that we have 00:43:51.920 --> 00:43:54.880 mapped, as well as some of the German U-boats. 00:43:54.880 --> 00:43:58.319 And I quickly want to highlight the W.E. Hutton. 00:43:58.319 --> 00:44:02.720 The W.E. Hutton is an oil tanker that sank in 1942. 00:44:02.720 --> 00:44:06.880 And when you go look at this particular wreck, you're met with a data viewer that 00:44:06.880 --> 00:44:11.440 is specific to the Hutton. You can again zoom in, 00:44:11.440 --> 00:44:16.000 toggle around, you can look at the big schools 00:44:16.000 --> 00:44:20.240 from the single splitbeam sensor. You can look at the schools from 00:44:20.240 --> 00:44:23.599 the multibeam sensor. And you can look at the individual fish. 00:44:23.599 --> 00:44:26.880 And what strikes me the most when I look at these is how 00:44:26.880 --> 00:44:33.040 alive these wrecks are with marine life that we're able to detect remotely. 00:44:33.040 --> 00:44:36.560 But one of the things that's a little bit hard to wrap our heads around 00:44:36.560 --> 00:44:39.599 is that we're displaying these fish as dots. 00:44:39.599 --> 00:44:44.160 And unfortunately, the remote sensing systems that we use, so using 00:44:44.160 --> 00:44:48.160 sound to detect the fish, does not yet allow us to identify 00:44:48.160 --> 00:44:52.560 which types of fish were seen. And so to help paint that picture, 00:44:52.560 --> 00:44:58.400 we have coupled the data streams, the remote sensing data streams, 00:44:58.400 --> 00:45:02.160 with videos and other still images. 00:45:02.160 --> 00:45:07.040 So this, for example, is a video from this particular shipwreck 00:45:07.040 --> 00:45:10.960 that our team took using a remotely operated vehicle on a different survey. 00:45:10.960 --> 00:45:15.600 And you're seeing hundreds of sand tiger sharks aggregating around this wreck structure. 00:45:15.600 --> 00:45:19.680 We have another video that displays 00:45:19.680 --> 00:45:23.920 incredible schooling fish behavior, some predation, 00:45:23.920 --> 00:45:28.319 and some other remarkable behavior of fish actually rubbing against the sea 00:45:28.319 --> 00:45:31.600 floor and kind of running into it that you'll see here in a second. 00:45:31.600 --> 00:45:35.839 And so what I want you all to take home 00:45:35.839 --> 00:45:40.400 from this today is that first of all, we invite you to 00:45:40.400 --> 00:45:43.359 explore this website that our team has built, 00:45:43.359 --> 00:45:48.160 that really helps bring these wrecks to life in their current 00:45:48.160 --> 00:45:52.480 state on the sea floor. And the last thing 00:45:52.480 --> 00:45:58.160 that I want to emphasize is that each of these shipwrecks is a unique 00:45:58.160 --> 00:46:03.520 habitat. It's forming a really prolific reef. And each of these 00:46:03.520 --> 00:46:07.920 reefs, we're starting to learn, have ecological functions. And so what 00:46:07.920 --> 00:46:11.520 our team is using these data that we've shared with you today 00:46:11.520 --> 00:46:15.280 for is to understand more about how these shipwrecks 00:46:15.280 --> 00:46:19.440 are actually functioning as reefs. How they're supporting the fish 00:46:19.440 --> 00:46:23.760 that the recreational divers come from all over the world to see, 00:46:23.760 --> 00:46:27.359 mixed with this fusion of history on the shipwrecks. 00:46:27.359 --> 00:46:31.680 And each time we sense these wrecks with sound or sonar, 00:46:31.680 --> 00:46:36.319 we are discovering something new that keeps their legacy alive 00:46:36.319 --> 00:46:42.000 ecologically after the great tragedy and rich maritime history 00:46:42.000 --> 00:46:44.000 that they have had. 00:46:58.240 --> 00:47:02.400 Tane Speaking: Outstanding. Thank you so much Avery. So as you just saw with these incredible 00:47:02.400 --> 00:47:05.440 images, these shipwrecks are living habitat and 00:47:05.440 --> 00:47:08.079 they're also incredible historic resources. 00:47:08.079 --> 00:47:11.440 And it's a story, as an archaeologist, we can use this advanced sonar imagery to 00:47:11.440 --> 00:47:13.839 document the shipwrecks better than ever before. 00:47:13.839 --> 00:47:16.720 And we hope to better educate the public and honor these shipwrecks and 00:47:16.720 --> 00:47:20.559 the battlefield that surrounds them. So NOAA's goal is to work with our 00:47:20.559 --> 00:47:24.480 partners like NCCOS, like North Carolina's Office of State Archaeology, 00:47:24.480 --> 00:47:28.160 to help protect these fragile historic resources for future generations. 00:47:28.160 --> 00:47:31.500 And to preserve the memory of the brave Allied servicemen and the 00:47:31.500 --> 00:47:36.720 U.S. Merchant Mariners who fought to rid the world of tyranny. 00:47:37.440 --> 00:47:40.480 And we have to remember today is about celebration. 00:47:40.480 --> 00:47:43.920 So it's the celebration of the end of the war and our troops finally coming home. 00:47:43.920 --> 00:47:48.000 And this is a fantastic image of the the British liner the Queen Mary, 00:47:48.000 --> 00:47:51.599 manned by merchant mariners by the way, bringing our troops home 00:47:51.599 --> 00:47:56.880 from Europe, on June 20, 1945. So this is just one example of how this 00:47:56.880 --> 00:47:59.440 full story is coming back home again with the Merchant Marine, 00:47:59.440 --> 00:48:04.500 our troops, everybody bringing those men and material back home again. 00:48:06.160 --> 00:48:09.920 And today, we celebrate the greatest generation that made America a military 00:48:09.920 --> 00:48:12.960 and industrial leader and the world's most powerful economy. 00:48:12.960 --> 00:48:16.240 Our troops came home, they got jobs, they started families, 00:48:16.240 --> 00:48:20.079 and created the baby boom generation. These veterans helped create a time of 00:48:20.079 --> 00:48:24.800 prosperity never seen before in history. 00:48:25.440 --> 00:48:29.200 And at the close, we will never forget all those that gave the greatest sacrifice, 00:48:29.200 --> 00:48:32.000 so we could have our tomorrows. We honor 00:48:32.000 --> 00:48:35.440 their service, and we honor their legacy. And here at 00:48:35.440 --> 00:48:38.480 the close, we invite everybody here listening, if 00:48:38.480 --> 00:48:42.240 you'd like to learn more what NOAA is doing to help honor 00:48:42.240 --> 00:48:46.160 this history, these shipwrecks in this battlefield, please visit our website 00:48:46.160 --> 00:48:49.839 at https://monitor.noaa.gov. 00:49:10.480 --> 00:49:14.640 Shannon Speaking: All right, well it is time for questions, and we have quite a few of them. 00:49:14.640 --> 00:49:19.839 The first question that came in - Is echo sensor the same as echo location that 00:49:19.839 --> 00:49:23.520 dolphins use to find their prey? 00:49:26.480 --> 00:49:31.839 Avery Speaking: Chris would you like to answer that one or you want me to? Chris Speaking: Go ahead. 00:49:32.640 --> 00:49:36.559 Avery Speaking: That's a really great question. So the question was are the echo sounders that 00:49:36.559 --> 00:49:39.680 we use, using a similar technology to, well 00:49:39.680 --> 00:49:41.440 I guess technology isn't really 00:49:41.440 --> 00:49:44.720 the correct word, but a similar principle to what dolphins use 00:49:44.720 --> 00:49:50.480 with echolocation, and the answer is yes. So the sound pulses that are emitted by 00:49:50.480 --> 00:49:55.280 our sensor are able to bounce off of objects like fish 00:49:55.280 --> 00:49:57.359 and the seafloor to give us those 00:49:57.359 --> 00:50:00.240 beautiful visualizations that we've shared 00:50:00.240 --> 00:50:04.480 with you today. And it's a very similar principle to what dolphins do with 00:50:04.480 --> 00:50:07.520 echolocation, as well as bats actually, where they're 00:50:07.520 --> 00:50:11.599 able to emit those pulses of sound to help, in some cases, 00:50:11.599 --> 00:50:16.319 identify prey and other things that they need for part of their life history. So 00:50:16.319 --> 00:50:21.119 that's a really great question. Similar principle for both in air 00:50:21.119 --> 00:50:27.200 and in water. Shannon Speaking: Okay thank you. Next question may be for Tane, it says 00:50:27.300 --> 00:50:31.119 - Are any of the ships discharging contaminants, such as oil, 00:50:31.119 --> 00:50:35.100 fuel, or other chemicals today? And if so, how are the discharges monitored? 00:50:35.200 --> 00:50:38.319 Tane Speaking: Well, it's a good question. You know 00:50:38.319 --> 00:50:41.599 these were modern vessels. You know at the time they're only 75 years old and 00:50:41.599 --> 00:50:44.559 technology doesn't change that much. So they're running on 00:50:44.559 --> 00:50:49.200 diesel fuel. They were carrying oil. So they were at the time, you know we have 00:50:49.200 --> 00:50:54.640 to remember that a lot of these ships burned ferociously with their crews 00:50:54.640 --> 00:50:58.240 sacrificing themselves to save their other crew mates and they burned 00:50:58.240 --> 00:51:02.000 really hard. So a lot of that has been burned off, but you know, there may be 00:51:02.000 --> 00:51:05.359 a little tiny bit of that sort of the oil or 00:51:05.359 --> 00:51:09.359 that material left. But so far. we haven't really seen any 00:51:09.359 --> 00:51:13.440 major leakages at all, and a lot of that really truly has burned up. 00:51:13.440 --> 00:51:16.800 But there are active programs with the United States Coast Guard 00:51:16.800 --> 00:51:20.640 that monitors all these type of vessels, modern and historic, 00:51:20.640 --> 00:51:25.440 for these type of leaks. And NOAA has programs as well, 00:51:25.440 --> 00:51:29.359 like the Office of Response and Restoration. 00:51:29.359 --> 00:51:31.520 Well, they deal directly with the Coast Guard, 00:51:31.520 --> 00:51:35.599 and they actually act as the scientific advisors for them. 00:51:35.599 --> 00:51:40.559 Shannon Speaking: Okay thank you Tane. Another question is - other than shipboard echo sounding what 00:51:40.559 --> 00:51:43.920 other technologies are being used to map and observe the shipwrecks and 00:51:43.920 --> 00:51:47.040 surrounding environments? 00:51:48.000 --> 00:51:51.359 Chris Speaking: Yeah, I'll take that one since I'm on the ship right now. Some of the other 00:51:51.359 --> 00:51:54.480 tools that we're using on this mission that we're conducting is 00:51:54.480 --> 00:51:57.040 similar. We're using the echo sounders to map the seabed, 00:51:57.040 --> 00:52:00.240 and we're using the echo sounders to detect fish. But like Avery 00:52:00.240 --> 00:52:03.280 said, we don't always know what type of habitat we're encountering with the 00:52:03.280 --> 00:52:06.240 echo sounders, and we don't know what type of species there are. 00:52:06.240 --> 00:52:10.079 And so we're using, simply put, drop cameras. 00:52:10.079 --> 00:52:14.559 We're attaching GoPros and cameras on long wires and lowering them to the seabed to 00:52:14.559 --> 00:52:17.359 get our eyes in the water again to provide that detail 00:52:17.359 --> 00:52:21.040 and that interpretation of what the seabed holds and the fish 00:52:21.040 --> 00:52:24.960 that are using that habitat. We typically deploy those small cameras from 00:52:24.960 --> 00:52:28.720 one of the launches that are on board here, a 24 foot boat, it's 00:52:28.720 --> 00:52:32.079 a center console that carries about three people at a time. And they actually 00:52:32.079 --> 00:52:34.559 just returned from one of those expeditions just before we 00:52:34.559 --> 00:52:37.599 started giving the seminar. 00:52:38.000 --> 00:52:42.640 Shannon Speaking: Okay, thank you Chris. Another question is - when NOAA surveys a given wreck 00:52:42.640 --> 00:52:46.559 how does it interact with the fishing and diving vessels that may also want to 00:52:46.559 --> 00:52:49.280 be on the site? 00:52:50.960 --> 00:52:55.839 Chris Speaking: And I'll take that one too. Yeah, we attempt to communicate with 00:52:55.839 --> 00:52:59.280 with fishers using our channels to the Coast Guard and our 00:52:59.280 --> 00:53:04.240 friends at the dive shops as soon as possible or when we're around the site. 00:53:04.240 --> 00:53:09.359 We always give way to any of the fishing vessels or charter dive vessels 00:53:09.359 --> 00:53:12.240 that are approaching these sites and communicate with them regularly to make 00:53:12.240 --> 00:53:14.640 sure that we're all sharing what appears to be a 00:53:14.640 --> 00:53:17.280 very large ocean, but can be a very small space when you're all trying to 00:53:17.280 --> 00:53:20.600 encounter one of the tiny shipwrecks. 00:53:20.600 --> 00:53:23.760 We're learning a great deal about these wrecks and sites from our friends in the dive 00:53:23.760 --> 00:53:26.880 community, the fishing community. We're learning about new areas to conduct our 00:53:26.880 --> 00:53:30.240 research. And we feel that that network we've built between the dive and 00:53:30.240 --> 00:53:32.880 fishing communities is critical to how we are conducting our 00:53:32.880 --> 00:53:38.480 future research. Shannon Speaking: Okay, and another question is 00:53:38.480 --> 00:53:44.319 - any signs of marine mammals utilizing the shipwrecks? 00:53:48.000 --> 00:53:51.599 Chris Speaking: Not as often do we see marine mammals around the shipwrecks. We haven't. 00:53:51.599 --> 00:53:55.040 We do see marine mammals while we're out here conducting our missions. 00:53:55.040 --> 00:53:58.240 More often though we encounter sea turtles and it's 00:53:58.240 --> 00:54:02.800 very interesting when as a diver encountering a sea turtle on a shipwreck 00:54:02.800 --> 00:54:06.640 because the sea turtles appear to both feed on the encrusting organisms, 00:54:06.640 --> 00:54:09.200 but then wedge themselves underneath the shipwrecks, 00:54:09.200 --> 00:54:12.559 as a resting spot. And so oftentimes you'll see, 00:54:12.559 --> 00:54:16.079 encounter a sea turtle, either on the shipwreck or maybe surfacing above it, 00:54:16.079 --> 00:54:19.119 And a surfacing sea turtle sometimes indicates an important and interesting 00:54:19.119 --> 00:54:24.160 habitat down below. Shannon Speaking: Okay, great. So another question that came 00:54:24.160 --> 00:54:27.280 in, it says, - if we lose coral reefs and kelp 00:54:27.280 --> 00:54:29.760 reefs due to climate change, pollution, and 00:54:29.760 --> 00:54:33.440 other issues, is intentionally sinking old ships a 00:54:33.440 --> 00:54:38.559 viable option to maintain reefs artificially? Avery Speaking: That's a really good 00:54:38.559 --> 00:54:41.200 question as well. You guys are on point with these questions. 00:54:41.200 --> 00:54:45.040 So that's something that quite frankly we don't yet know the answer to. 00:54:45.040 --> 00:54:49.040 Our team has conducted a lot of research on shipwrecks as well as 00:54:49.040 --> 00:54:53.920 intentionally deployed artificial reefs that sometimes take the form of ships or 00:54:53.920 --> 00:54:57.440 concrete structures. And one of the things that we've learned 00:54:57.440 --> 00:55:01.920 is that these artificial structures can host really high numbers of tropical 00:55:01.920 --> 00:55:06.160 fish, as well as predators. And so 00:55:06.160 --> 00:55:10.880 we don't yet know if it could be advantageous or beneficial to 00:55:10.880 --> 00:55:14.480 strategically deploy some of these structures as stepping stones for some 00:55:14.480 --> 00:55:18.640 of these animals that may need additional habitat. But it's 00:55:18.640 --> 00:55:21.680 something that we're actively working to figure out. 00:55:21.680 --> 00:55:25.359 So I think my best answer on that one is really interesting thought, 00:55:25.359 --> 00:55:29.440 and we'll have to get you to stay tuned for that answer. 00:55:29.440 --> 00:55:33.520 Shannon Speaking: Okay and last question because we're almost out of time. 00:55:33.520 --> 00:55:38.160 This one would probably be for Tane. Could you clarify the historical data 00:55:38.160 --> 00:55:43.760 that distinguishes the Hutton, Papoose, and Ario? 00:55:43.760 --> 00:55:47.440 Tane Speaking: (laughs) I don't have the data actually in front of me, 00:55:47.440 --> 00:55:52.720 but you know, we have to look at the historic record sometimes, 00:55:52.720 --> 00:55:57.839 and we find through the 'fog of war' that you have to look at a last known 00:55:57.839 --> 00:56:01.200 location where a vessel was reported. And sometimes 00:56:01.200 --> 00:56:04.240 if some of the men are able to escape the vessel when it goes down, 00:56:04.240 --> 00:56:08.000 they don't bring the log book, so it can be spotty. So you have to do a bit of 00:56:08.000 --> 00:56:12.400 detective work to figure it out. So I can't tell you right off the bat 00:56:12.400 --> 00:56:16.000 exactly what happened right now, just because we've been doing so many 00:56:16.000 --> 00:56:20.240 things. But it is on our website. But a lot of it can be pointed to the 00:56:20.240 --> 00:56:23.119 'fog of war' and oftentimes if you know you're 00:56:23.119 --> 00:56:26.960 looking for a shipwreck site, and say you wanted it to be a tanker and it had 00:56:26.960 --> 00:56:30.160 a particular kind of engine, you're like 'oh, well look it's 00:56:30.160 --> 00:56:34.400 this size, it's got that, well maybe it is.' But then we discover, we 00:56:34.400 --> 00:56:37.599 spend a little more time looking at the shipwreck itself, and 00:56:37.599 --> 00:56:41.200 really looking at the historic record, and then you try to mate the two. So then 00:56:41.200 --> 00:56:44.880 you start looking at little details you know, 'is it the same deck 00:56:44.880 --> 00:56:47.440 layout, is it the same position of the cranes?' 00:56:47.440 --> 00:56:51.040 Sometimes we find a vessel is misidentified 00:56:51.040 --> 00:56:54.160 because it has the wrong number of gudgeons on it, which is the 00:56:54.160 --> 00:56:58.720 sort of the pivot point that a rudder attaches to the hull. So sometimes by 00:56:58.720 --> 00:57:00.720 counting those, if that's different from what was in the 00:57:00.720 --> 00:57:03.839 ship plan, she's like "ah" This raises a question, 00:57:03.839 --> 00:57:07.200 maybe this is something else. And through the detective work, 00:57:07.200 --> 00:57:11.200 you find other things that say, "Hey, we thought this was vessel X at the start, 00:57:11.200 --> 00:57:14.559 it turns out it's actually vessel B." And that's okay. 00:57:14.559 --> 00:57:18.079 You know that's part of the ongoing research, the ongoing 00:57:18.079 --> 00:57:21.520 attraction that is North Carolina. There's so many stories to tell. 00:57:21.520 --> 00:57:24.240 Even though you think you might know everything about a shipwreck, there's 00:57:24.240 --> 00:57:29.359 more stories to tell there too. Shannon Speaking: Okay. Well I'm sure we didn't get to 00:57:29.359 --> 00:57:33.119 everybody's questions today, because there's a lot more that came in. 00:57:33.119 --> 00:57:37.200 But if you do have additional questions that you want to ask, or if we 00:57:37.200 --> 00:57:42.160 did not get to your question, you can actually email them to the presenters. 00:57:42.160 --> 00:57:45.680 Their email addresses are listed here 00:57:45.680 --> 00:57:50.000 on the screen. Also be sure to visit the data viewer website 00:57:50.000 --> 00:57:54.079 to explore all the shipwrecks. And for more information on the Monitor or the 00:57:54.079 --> 00:57:58.720 Monitor National Marine Sanctuary, you can visit our website. 00:57:58.880 --> 00:58:02.960 And once captioned, a video recording of this presentation will be available on 00:58:02.960 --> 00:58:07.440 the webinar archives page that's found at the URL that is listed here. And you 00:58:07.440 --> 00:58:11.839 will also receive a link to the recording in a follow-up email. 00:58:11.839 --> 00:58:15.000 Now if you enjoyed this webinar be sure to check out others in the 00:58:15.000 --> 00:58:19.920 National Marine Sanctuaries Webinar Series. Tomorrow, September 3rd, Tirrea Billings 00:58:19.920 --> 00:58:22.960 will present "Using Film to Drive Social Change." 00:58:22.960 --> 00:58:26.880 Hear how Tirrea brings her passion for storytelling to ensure 00:58:26.880 --> 00:58:31.520 that marginalized communities have a space to share their life experiences. 00:58:31.520 --> 00:58:35.760 And on September 10th, hear tales of undersea exploration including ongoing 00:58:35.760 --> 00:58:38.559 projects in Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, 00:58:38.559 --> 00:58:44.500 as Dr. James Lindholm presents "Into the Deep: Literally, Virtually, and Fictionally." 00:58:44.500 --> 00:58:47.359 Lastly. as you exit the webinar, there is 00:58:47.359 --> 00:58:51.119 a short five-question survey for formal and informal educators. 00:58:51.119 --> 00:58:54.640 So if you are an educator, NOAA would really appreciate it if you would take a 00:58:54.640 --> 00:58:58.319 minute or two to complete the survey. Your answers will help NOAA develop 00:58:58.319 --> 00:59:02.880 future webinars to meet your needs. And your participation is voluntary and 00:59:02.880 --> 00:59:05.920 your answers will be completely anonymous. 00:59:05.920 --> 00:59:09.440 Now once again we want to thank Tane, Chris, and Avery for a really great 00:59:09.440 --> 00:59:12.960 presentation. And thank you for taking the time to join us today. 00:59:12.960 --> 00:59:17.200 Have a wonderful day and this concludes the presentation. 00:59:17.200 --> 00:59:19.839 Bye everyone.