WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:03.040 --> 00:00:04.600 - [Justin] Aloha everyone. 00:00:05.100 --> 00:00:11.520 Welcome to NOAA's National Marine Sanctuaries distance learning program, our webinar series. 00:00:11.520 --> 00:00:17.680 Today we are going to be exploring the strange off-ridge seamounts in the expansion area of 00:00:17.680 --> 00:00:24.380 Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. For those of you who are new to our series, 00:00:24.520 --> 00:00:30.140 you are in listen-only mode. If you have any questions, you'll notice a control panel 00:00:30.140 --> 00:00:32.720 located on the right-hand side of your screen 00:00:32.900 --> 00:00:38.040 and there is a question box. You can type anything in there, technical issues or questions 00:00:38.040 --> 00:00:42.380 and we will do our best to respond. There will be a Q&A, a question-and-answer session, 00:00:42.380 --> 00:00:49.340 at the end of this presentation and we will share your questions with Dr. Kelley then. 00:00:49.340 --> 00:00:56.720 Just so you know, this webinar is being recorded and it will be available on our website 00:00:56.720 --> 00:01:02.361 as soon as we are able to edit and caption it, and we will send that link out to you 00:01:02.361 --> 00:01:09.760 also at the, after this webinar is over. I wanted to let you know and also welcome folks from all across the world, 00:01:09.760 --> 00:01:15.280 we have 400 people registered for this webinar and I can see a lot of new attendees joining as I speak 00:01:15.280 --> 00:01:18.240 about a hundred and forty three at this point. 00:01:18.240 --> 00:01:22.380 I just wanted to welcome folks. We have people from Hawaiʻi of course, but also 00:01:22.380 --> 00:01:29.340 Florida and Texas, Alabama, California, Washington State, Washington DC, North Carolina, 00:01:29.340 --> 00:01:33.880 the US Virgin Islands, American Samoa and a lot of other states, 00:01:33.880 --> 00:01:39.760 and then also welcome to our international visitors. Again I don't have enough time to list everyone, 00:01:39.760 --> 00:01:47.680 but we have folks from Venezuela, Nicaragua, Canada, the Bahamas, India, Japan, Indonesia, Nigeria 00:01:47.680 --> 00:01:52.920 the Russian Federation and more, so welcome everyone and thank you for coming. 00:01:52.920 --> 00:02:02.400 All of these webinars are made possible by the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. 00:02:03.080 --> 00:02:06.880 And I am going to try to share a video with you briefly, 00:02:07.360 --> 00:02:09.160 see if it starts for us. 00:02:32.080 --> 00:02:36.480 Great. And I highly encourage you to visit Sanctuaries.NOAA.gov 00:02:37.220 --> 00:02:42.740 The web team just spent a lot of time updating the website and there's some incredible footage. 00:02:42.740 --> 00:02:46.100 You can learn about all of the different National Marine Sanctuary sites 00:02:46.100 --> 00:02:52.380 and see 360 videos, photos, and learn a lot more about each individual place. 00:02:52.380 --> 00:02:57.600 The map you're seeing here rep...shows you all of the different National Marine Sanctuaries 00:02:57.600 --> 00:03:01.540 in the blue circles, as you can see, they're scattered all across the country, 00:03:01.550 --> 00:03:07.740 including the Great Lakes here. And also we have our Marine National Monuments, 00:03:07.740 --> 00:03:11.740 and so those are the triangles that you see here in American Samoa, Rose Atoll, 00:03:11.740 --> 00:03:17.560 and the one that's going to be focused on today, Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, 00:03:17.560 --> 00:03:20.680 which protects the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands right here. 00:03:20.720 --> 00:03:26.140 The National Marine Sanctuaries are protected by Congress through the National Marine Sanctuary Act 00:03:26.140 --> 00:03:31.240 and the Marine National Monuments are protected by different presidents through the Antiquities Act. 00:03:31.240 --> 00:03:36.020 All of this together is protecting more than 600,000 square miles 00:03:38.020 --> 00:03:43.640 Today's hosts, myself Justin Umholtz, I work with the National Marine Sanctuary Foundation 00:03:43.640 --> 00:03:49.980 as an education coordinator with Mokupāpapa Discovery Center located in Hilo, Hawaiʻi. 00:03:49.980 --> 00:03:56.064 And our job at Mokupāpapa Discovery Center is to share about that remote part of Hawai, 00:03:56.064 --> 00:03:58.860 Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. 00:03:58.860 --> 00:04:02.040 And joining us today as well is Malia Evans. 00:04:02.040 --> 00:04:07.660 Malia is the education and Native Hawaiian outreach lead at Mokupāpapa Discovery Center. 00:04:08.320 --> 00:04:13.960 So before we introduce our speaker I want to show you a couple photos about 00:04:13.970 --> 00:04:17.000 why these national marine sanctuaries and monuments are protected. 00:04:17.000 --> 00:04:21.380 They're very important sites of biodiversity, 00:04:21.380 --> 00:04:28.620 they protect a lot of different maritime heritage resources, including shipwrecks, 00:04:28.620 --> 00:04:32.740 and they also... as soon as my slide catches up... 00:04:32.740 --> 00:04:36.720 protect important cultural heritage resources as well. 00:04:36.720 --> 00:04:42.020 The photo you're looking at here is actually part of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. 00:04:42.020 --> 00:04:44.960 This is a very important island, Mokumanamana. 00:04:45.880 --> 00:04:54.020 These areas provide very important habitat for many different species, here again is a Hawaiʻi species, 00:04:54.020 --> 00:04:59.360 in Papahānaumokuākea. This is a green sea turtle and the highly endangered Hawaiian monk seal, 00:04:59.360 --> 00:05:01.320 paling it up at the moment. 00:05:01.320 --> 00:05:07.670 And our mandate is to provide education programs to our communities, like this webinar series, 00:05:07.670 --> 00:05:14.560 and also outreach which we hope to be able to do more of as as things become safer in the future. 00:05:14.560 --> 00:05:18.840 And at each of our sanctuaries and monuments there is incredible research going on, 00:05:18.840 --> 00:05:23.300 which is shared on each of the web sites for individual sites. 00:05:23.300 --> 00:05:28.380 There is ongoing monitoring to ensure that these sites thrive and stay healthy 00:05:28.380 --> 00:05:35.080 and ultimately each site is managed to protect the resources that it was created to protect. 00:05:36.020 --> 00:05:39.280 I'm getting ahead of my slides, sorry for the slight delay... 00:05:39.280 --> 00:05:44.700 All right so I hope that many of you have had a chance to visit a National Marine Sanctuary 00:05:44.700 --> 00:05:48.320 or Marine National Monument near you. I highly encourage you to do that. 00:05:48.320 --> 00:05:56.240 These are areas that offer incredible beauty and great experiences...there's kayaking, 00:05:56.440 --> 00:06:00.820 diving, 00:06:01.400 --> 00:06:02.640 surfing, 00:06:02.640 --> 00:06:05.660 I'm going slow because my internet appears to be a little slow, 00:06:08.400 --> 00:06:12.220 wildlife viewing and boating 00:06:14.700 --> 00:06:20.300 and fishing of course and many other activities but the one I want to also promote 00:06:20.300 --> 00:06:23.590 is volunteering because these are our National Marine Sanctuaries, 00:06:23.590 --> 00:06:28.310 different communities take care of these places and it's the volunteers 00:06:28.310 --> 00:06:34.100 that keep them healthy and keep them thriving and healthy for future generations. 00:06:35.240 --> 00:06:39.380 So with that, I am going to hand it over to Malia to introduce our speaker for today. 00:06:40.420 --> 00:06:45.100 -[Malia] All right, and it is my pleasure to introduce Dr. Christopher Kelly, 00:06:45.100 --> 00:06:49.800 recently retired from the University of Hawaiʻi after 24 years 00:06:49.800 --> 00:06:55.000 where he served as Graduate Research Faculty for the Department of Oceanography, 00:06:55.000 --> 00:06:59.320 Affiliate Faculty for the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology 00:06:59.320 --> 00:07:04.120 and Program Biologist for the Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory. 00:07:04.120 --> 00:07:08.960 He has been on numerous manned submersible dives, a large number of 00:07:08.960 --> 00:07:14.060 which were conducted in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument 00:07:14.140 --> 00:07:23.040 between 2001 and 2009. In 2018 Dr. Kelly was asked to lead an ROV cruise 00:07:23.040 --> 00:07:29.440 off Dr. Robert Ballardʻs ship Nautilus, to explore the geology and biology 00:07:29.440 --> 00:07:33.080 of enigmatic sea mounts located north of Hawaiʻi. 00:07:33.600 --> 00:07:39.560 The objectives of, and findings from this cruise will be the topic of the talk today, 00:07:39.560 --> 00:07:45.520 so without much ado, well actually so without further ado, 00:07:45.520 --> 00:07:52.460 Mokupāpapa Discovery Center's Third Thursday by the Bay Lecture Series welcomes Dr. Christopher Kelley. 00:07:56.700 --> 00:08:02.580 -[Chris] Thank you so much Malia and Justin, I'm very excited to have an opportunity to talk about the cruise, 00:08:02.600 --> 00:08:07.880 and talk about the Nautilus program in general. So let's dive right in. 00:08:09.740 --> 00:08:15.380 So before we actually talk about the cruise, I just want to familiarize everybody with some of 00:08:15.380 --> 00:08:21.460 the seafloor features in the North Central Pacific, and one of the main ones that many of you might have 00:08:21.460 --> 00:08:27.600 heard of already is the Hawaiian Emperor Ridge, which is a trail of sea mounts and islands and banks 00:08:27.600 --> 00:08:33.680 and so forth that runs all the way from main Hawaiian Islands up to the Aleutian trench. 00:08:33.680 --> 00:08:40.660 And here you can see the ages right now the hot spot - these trails are created by mantle plumes, 00:08:40.660 --> 00:08:44.660 or hot spots if you will. The plume is right now off of the Big Island, 00:08:44.660 --> 00:08:50.780 and then around 43 million years or so ago there was a turn, and it went straight up here, 00:08:50.780 --> 00:08:55.700 and then we don't know what happened further back in 70 or 80 million years 00:08:55.700 --> 00:08:59.520 because that's when the trail gets, its being subducted into the Aleutian trench 00:08:59.920 --> 00:09:04.220 But what I want to point out is there some other features right around the 00:09:04.220 --> 00:09:08.120 Hawaiian Ridge and the upper Ridge, and this includes Hess Rise, which is a big 00:09:08.120 --> 00:09:14.020 volcanic platform or province. We have the Liliuokalani Seamount trail that's right here, 00:09:14.020 --> 00:09:18.520 and the Musician Seamounts over here, and there's also another one called the Wentworth Seamounts. 00:09:18.520 --> 00:09:26.280 So I want to do a poll right now, Malia, and that is maybe you can find out how many people have actually heard of 00:09:26.280 --> 00:09:31.980 some of these lesser known seamounts like the Liliuokalani's or the Musicians? 00:09:40.700 --> 00:09:48.080 - [Malia] So we'll start our first poll question. Have you ever heard of Hess Rise or the Liliuokalani Seamounts? 00:09:48.080 --> 00:09:54.180 Select one of the following: yes or no. And if you're in full screen mode you want to pop out, 00:09:54.180 --> 00:10:00.700 using your control panel to answer this poll. So go ahead and register your vote. 00:10:04.960 --> 00:10:09.700 - [Chris] and I'm just... you want me just to continue on and then you'll get the results or...? 00:10:09.700 --> 00:10:13.820 - [Malia] Here, I'll close the poll. We have a lot of people who responded so far, 00:10:13.900 --> 00:10:21.480 almost 90%, so I'm gonna close the poll up and we'll look and see what the results are. 00:10:22.380 --> 00:10:29.660 So let's see, no, 77% did, never heard of the Hess Rise or the Liliuokalani Seamounts. 00:10:30.000 --> 00:10:32.880 - [Chris] Well that's good, then you are going to learn something new today. 00:10:32.880 --> 00:10:42.140 and I find these features to be really exciting. So let's see here, okay so this 00:10:42.460 --> 00:10:48.080 is kind of a close-up of the Hawaiian Ridge here and here's the Hawaiian Seamounts trail if you will, 00:10:48.080 --> 00:10:50.119 and I just drew an arrow to show you the direction 00:10:50.119 --> 00:10:54.529 of the trail and I've also drawn some arrows showing you the direction of 00:10:54.529 --> 00:10:59.740 these other trails, the Wentworth, Liliuokalani, and the Musicians trail as well. 00:10:59.980 --> 00:11:04.880 And the point I want to make with this particular slide is that they're not all 00:11:04.880 --> 00:11:09.060 going in the same direction, and the reason they're not going in the same direction, 00:11:09.060 --> 00:11:13.579 one of the possible reasons is the fact that these trails are created 00:11:13.580 --> 00:11:18.380 by the motion of the Pacific plate and the Pacific plate may have changed directions, 00:11:18.380 --> 00:11:22.300 and that's why they're lining up a little bit differently. 00:11:22.300 --> 00:11:28.160 And to show you how that could have happened I'm going to show a little cartoon video here. 00:11:28.160 --> 00:11:29.680 and let's see... 00:11:33.100 --> 00:11:38.780 What you're gonna see on this video, you're gonna see the Hess rise depicted as a sort of white blob, 00:11:38.780 --> 00:11:42.240 and then the Liliuokalani Seamounts are this sort of line of seamounts 00:11:42.240 --> 00:11:46.760 that are coming off of the Hess Rise. Here are the Wentworths, and these are all in white, 00:11:46.760 --> 00:11:49.819 and these are believed to be older, have been dated to be older, 00:11:49.820 --> 00:11:54.180 and then you have the Hawaiian Seamounts and the band and going up into the Emperors. 00:11:54.180 --> 00:11:56.800 So that's what you're going to see, and I'm going to go ahead and play 00:11:56.800 --> 00:12:01.500 the video for you right now so you can see how people think this might have occurred. 00:12:08.160 --> 00:12:12.820 So this is actually depicting what they believe is the motion of the plate 00:12:12.820 --> 00:12:18.980 and now you can see the Hawaiian Seamounts starting out, after the Hess Rise and the others... 00:12:26.980 --> 00:12:30.940 and so that's how it works, these seamounts were created sequentially. 00:12:31.240 --> 00:12:35.300 Okay and the reason they cross or intersect is because the plate changed 00:12:35.580 --> 00:12:41.970 direction between when the Hess Rise and the older seamounts were created and 00:12:41.970 --> 00:12:44.180 when the Hawaiian Seamounts were created. 00:12:45.020 --> 00:12:51.680 So that's all well and good and that's sort of where people think things are... 00:12:51.680 --> 00:12:55.020 people think this is what happens in this area the Pacific, 00:12:55.020 --> 00:12:58.410 but now we've got a little problem here because alongside 00:12:58.410 --> 00:13:03.480 these particular trails that I just mentioned there's also a smaller trail 00:13:03.480 --> 00:13:08.579 right along here which I'm referring to as the enigmatic seamount trail and it's 00:13:08.580 --> 00:13:16.240 enigmatic or it's strange because it's parallel to the Hawaiian Ridge trail. 00:13:16.240 --> 00:13:19.900 And I for one had no clue how that could occur 00:13:19.900 --> 00:13:25.420 because this is approximately a hundred, hundred and twenty miles from the center of these volcanoes, 00:13:25.420 --> 00:13:31.780 and that's too far out to actually be sort of Hawaiian hotspot created. 00:13:31.780 --> 00:13:37.600 So what I did, is I contacted Dr. Jasper Konter 00:13:37.600 --> 00:13:42.900 at the University of Hawai'i Geology and Geophysics Department and asked him specifically 00:13:42.900 --> 00:13:48.440 how could this trail even form? How can you get a parallel trail to the Hawaiian Seamounts? 00:13:48.440 --> 00:13:54.880 and his response was, well you notice that that trail is on the Hawaiian Arch. 00:13:54.880 --> 00:14:01.100 And no I didn't. And so I'm going to show you what he was talking about here. 00:14:01.100 --> 00:14:07.618 And in order to kind of illustrate it, I really intensified some of the colors on this ramp 00:14:07.620 --> 00:14:12.640 to show you sort of subtle differences in the depth of the seamounts. 00:14:13.080 --> 00:14:14.900 So what he was talking about it 00:14:14.910 --> 00:14:19.170 is best well-known right here off of the main Hawaiian Islands what's called the 00:14:19.170 --> 00:14:24.959 North Hawaiian Arch, and this is a very large broad area of shallower sea floor 00:14:24.959 --> 00:14:30.029 compared to the rest of the abyssal seafloor here, and it's adjacent again 00:14:30.029 --> 00:14:33.300 about a hundred miles or so from the main Hawaiian Islands, and then there's 00:14:33.300 --> 00:14:39.280 also a deeper area right next to these islands called the Hawaiian Trough. 00:14:39.280 --> 00:14:43.380 And I knew about this already, but I didn't think that it 00:14:43.380 --> 00:14:48.600 applied further up the chain, and what Jasper was saying is that he had noticed 00:14:48.600 --> 00:14:57.060 that the arch is up here as well. Right here and you can actually see a trough as well in this area too. 00:14:57.660 --> 00:15:03.140 So what? So what does that mean? how does that explain how the seamounts formed? 00:15:03.140 --> 00:15:11.620 Okay so this is what they believe, how arch volcanism is believed to to work. 00:15:11.620 --> 00:15:16.892 So whenever you have a really really large volcano right here such as the the Big Island 00:15:16.892 --> 00:15:23.760 or some of the main Hawaiian Islands that's forming, there's so much weight to this volcano that it actually 00:15:23.760 --> 00:15:30.240 deflects and pushes down on the Earth's crust, and the Earth's crust bends and 00:15:30.240 --> 00:15:34.960 what it does immediately after in the actual volcano is it forms a trough 00:15:34.960 --> 00:15:39.660 and then it comes forms an arch which then rebounds and then gets back to the 00:15:39.660 --> 00:15:46.949 normal seamount level. Okay and this is the North Arch Lava Field because this 00:15:46.949 --> 00:15:52.700 is the one place in the world where arch volcanism has been really studied the best, 00:15:52.700 --> 00:15:56.400 and maybe in one place in the world where it's even known to have occurred 00:15:56.400 --> 00:16:03.000 and basically they knew that this rise was here but it wasn't until the 1980's 00:16:03.000 --> 00:16:08.420 and the 1990's when they did the GLORIA side-scan surveys throughout the Pacific, 00:16:08.420 --> 00:16:14.720 that they found this big huge area of sort of a lava flow, it's very flat, 00:16:14.720 --> 00:16:21.720 it didn't show on bathymetry very well at all, but this is an extremely large area of lava 00:16:21.720 --> 00:16:27.240 that some event had occurred here. So they got down there and they dredged and they got some rocks 00:16:27.240 --> 00:16:34.019 and you have to keep in mind that all the seafloor around this area is about a hundred million years old 00:16:34.019 --> 00:16:39.300 and they went and dated these rocks, and lo and behold that they found out that the 00:16:39.300 --> 00:16:43.440 rock from this area is somewhere on the order of 3 to 4 million years old 00:16:43.440 --> 00:16:48.520 and basically it's the same age as these islands here in the main Hawaiian Islands. 00:16:48.520 --> 00:16:54.460 And so the theory then arose that the amount of pressure on the crust 00:16:54.460 --> 00:17:00.670 by these islands here, actually created such a trough and such an arch here that 00:17:00.670 --> 00:17:05.920 had actually split open the seafloor and lava oozed out and formed 00:17:05.920 --> 00:17:09.300 this very large sort of pond of lava if you will. 00:17:09.680 --> 00:17:17.280 Okay and what Jasper was alluding to is that what if the same thing occurred here but then in Gardner, 00:17:17.280 --> 00:17:21.820 in this particular case, this is Gardner Pinnacles, and this is the Saint Rogatien area. 00:17:21.820 --> 00:17:28.360 Gardener, this past year in 2020, it was described as being the largest volcano discovered in the world, 00:17:28.360 --> 00:17:32.860 it was written up by Garcia and his co-authors in a very recent paper. 00:17:32.860 --> 00:17:37.750 This is the big load, right here, that caused this trough 00:17:37.750 --> 00:17:42.520 and caused this arch to form, and what Jasper is saying is that it's possible 00:17:42.520 --> 00:17:49.900 that the deflection, or the - not the deflection - the distortion of the seafloor here 00:17:49.900 --> 00:17:53.050 was so great that you didn't just get lava oozing out, 00:17:53.050 --> 00:17:59.120 you got actual volcanoes forming that erupted and formed seamounts. 00:17:59.120 --> 00:18:05.180 Okay, so how do you how do you know that? I mean, how can you even prove that? 00:18:05.300 --> 00:18:11.320 Well the fact of the matter is nobody had ever been to be these seamounts. These black dots show where 00:18:11.320 --> 00:18:18.260 all of us had been before, myself and others as well, but nobody had been as visited these seamounts. 00:18:18.260 --> 00:18:25.080 And furthermore, nobody had even mapped these seamounts. So this shows you the 00:18:25.080 --> 00:18:30.420 sort of a close-up of satellite altimetry data and I sort of did it at this grade 00:18:30.420 --> 00:18:33.860 so it shows up a little worse than it actually is, 00:18:33.860 --> 00:18:39.620 but the bottom line is that you can't get really good resolution or get a really good look 00:18:39.620 --> 00:18:43.420 at seamounts from satellite data, what you really need to do is map them 00:18:43.420 --> 00:18:47.043 using multi-beam sonar or some other type of sonar system, 00:18:47.043 --> 00:18:52.840 and they hadn't been mapped yet, so we really didn't know what they look like. Furthermore, 00:18:52.840 --> 00:18:57.400 since they've never been mapped and never been visited, only one of these seamounts 00:18:57.400 --> 00:19:01.150 ever had a name and this is from a ship transiting that discovered it and they 00:19:01.150 --> 00:19:06.580 named it after a Captain Naifeh, and so we just decided to give our own 00:19:06.580 --> 00:19:10.810 numbers here so we called him seamount one starting on the right here, all the way up to 00:19:10.810 --> 00:19:17.060 seamount 10 already to the left, and Naifeh is essentially seamount eight. 00:19:17.060 --> 00:19:22.280 And doing this we also decided to call this group of five the Naifeh Cluster. 00:19:22.280 --> 00:19:26.100 And this group down here the Unnamed Cluster One. 00:19:28.100 --> 00:19:36.880 Okay, so we had our hypothesis. We were hypothesizing that the seamounts were the result of arch volcanism. 00:19:36.880 --> 00:19:40.360 So then what did we need to do? Well we had a map. 00:19:40.360 --> 00:19:46.270 Okay so this is sort of a depiction of multi-beam mapping, sonar mapping, and I don't have 00:19:46.270 --> 00:19:50.830 time to go into that, so I'm just calling that priority one - we have to map because 00:19:50.830 --> 00:19:55.680 we can't dive or go down and collect rocks unless you've got good maps to choose our sites. 00:19:55.680 --> 00:20:01.500 Secondly what we needed to do was collect rocks. And that's our primary objective number two. 00:20:01.500 --> 00:20:08.360 So we had to get a vehicle down there to grab some rocks. Now why do we need rocks? What will that do? 00:20:08.360 --> 00:20:14.249 Well, it'll do the same thing as the rocks down here in the North Arch Lava Field did, 00:20:14.249 --> 00:20:22.450 that if we grab some rocks from these seamounts, and as it turns out these rocks get dated to the same 00:20:22.450 --> 00:20:28.240 approximate age as Gardner, then that's very strong evidence that they were created by arch volcanism. 00:20:28.240 --> 00:20:33.220 And Gardner is known to be somewhere between 12 to 14 million years old. 00:20:33.220 --> 00:20:38.060 So that's what we are hoping that we would get, we would get an age on these 00:20:38.060 --> 00:20:42.900 that that would approximate the same age as the adjacent large volcanoes. 00:20:43.960 --> 00:20:49.680 Okay, third primary objective is that the monument isn't protecting rocks, 00:20:49.680 --> 00:20:53.120 the monument is there to protect animal communities 00:20:53.120 --> 00:20:58.120 and unique - both marine as well as terrestrial communities. And the monument, and myself 00:20:58.120 --> 00:21:02.980 as well since I'm a biologist, want to know what animals are on the seamount. 00:21:02.980 --> 00:21:08.860 So our third objective was to survey their biological resources. Of course we didn't know anything. 00:21:08.860 --> 00:21:14.380 We did not, we didn't know what animals lived here, but we did know what animals lived over here 00:21:14.380 --> 00:21:20.420 on the Musician Seamounts, and we also knew some of the animals that lived over here on the Hawaiian Ridge, 00:21:20.420 --> 00:21:25.770 on some of these because there had been previous expeditions by NOAA's Okeanos Explorer 00:21:25.770 --> 00:21:34.967 and the University of Hawaii ship Kai'imikai-O-Kanaloa or KOK, that had found spectacular communities of corals 00:21:34.967 --> 00:21:42.980 and sponges and all types of animals on either side of the sea mounts. So we were obviously hoping to find = 00:21:42.980 --> 00:21:47.880 some of these communities on these sea mounts as well, so that was a major priority. 00:21:48.120 --> 00:21:53.060 So this time we didn't have those two ships, we had their sister ship, the R/V Nautilus 00:21:53.060 --> 00:22:01.173 to do the exploring, and this is operated by the Ocean Exploration Trust or OET, 00:22:01.660 --> 00:22:10.720 and this Cruise was designated NA101 and it took place between September 15th to October 2nd of 2018. 00:22:10.720 --> 00:22:16.400 The ship has got the mapping system, it's got the wonderful ROV the Hercules, the Hercules ROV, 00:22:16.400 --> 00:22:23.200 and pilots, and it also is a telepresence-enabled ship where anyone in the world can watch the expedition 00:22:23.200 --> 00:22:25.480 live over the internet. 00:22:26.760 --> 00:22:32.460 So here is the Cliff Notes version of a cruise summary in one particular image. 00:22:32.460 --> 00:22:37.920 This shows sort of a compilation that was put together by OET's Nicole Raineault, 00:22:37.920 --> 00:22:43.080 and basically it shows that we were able to get up to all ten of these seamounts 00:22:43.080 --> 00:22:47.380 and map around all of them and then these right here are the dive numbers. 00:22:47.380 --> 00:22:50.540 So we were able to dive on these seamounts as well. 00:22:50.820 --> 00:22:53.800 And I'm going to start getting a little more into the weeds here 00:22:53.800 --> 00:22:58.020 and talk about the Primary Objective Number One, which was the mapping. 00:22:58.020 --> 00:23:04.080 So we did complete all ten seamounts and completely mapped all ten of them as well. 00:23:04.080 --> 00:23:08.980 And I just put this picture up, I'm supposed to put a credit but I have no idea where I got this, 00:23:08.980 --> 00:23:12.040 probably decades ago, probably from are they from Kongsberg Simrad 00:23:12.040 --> 00:23:13.620 who operates the multi-beam systems. 00:23:13.800 --> 00:23:20.240 In any case, what we found out is that three of these seamounts in the Naifeh Cluster 00:23:20.240 --> 00:23:25.220 the further northwest cluster, are guyots, are flat top seamounts, 00:23:25.220 --> 00:23:28.620 which means that they actually reached the surface. 00:23:28.620 --> 00:23:34.980 And none of the ones in the unnamed cluster where guyots so they had not reached the surface. 00:23:35.780 --> 00:23:40.520 And this shows you how valuable multi beam mapping is. So that picture 00:23:40.520 --> 00:23:45.920 I showed you earlier was of Naifeh. That's what we knew about it before we got up there, 00:23:45.920 --> 00:23:50.280 and this was what we knew about it after the Nautilus had mapped it. 00:23:50.840 --> 00:23:55.700 And then this shows you another example of one of the unnamed clustered seamounts, Number Three, 00:23:55.700 --> 00:24:01.580 and that's what we knew it looked like before, that's what we know what it looks like now. 00:24:01.580 --> 00:24:10.240 So it's an extraordinarily important tool. Total mapping was over 16,000 square kilometers on this cruise, 00:24:10.240 --> 00:24:14.840 which was only a little over two weeks long. And we now know, as I mentioned, three of the five seamounts 00:24:15.020 --> 00:24:20.640 were revealed to be guyots, so they had reached the ocean surface. 00:24:20.640 --> 00:24:30.220 Okay, so we have our mapping and we also did 11 ROV dives. So he did one dive on each of the ten seamounts, 00:24:30.220 --> 00:24:33.260 and then we did two dives on sea mount number six. 00:24:33.720 --> 00:24:43.700 All of the dives were conducted between 1200 to 2800 meters, and part of the reason for this is that 00:24:43.700 --> 00:24:50.160 this is a depth where we expected to get good rocks, but also we were hoping to get good biology as well. 00:24:51.700 --> 00:25:00.600 Okay, so let's take a look at Primary Objective 2 and how we did here. So we got a total of 56 rocks collected from 00:25:00.600 --> 00:25:08.160 all 10 sea mounts and Andrea Balbas was on the cruise with us just taking a look at them. 00:25:08.160 --> 00:25:14.300 She basically eyeballed and sort of said that she thought that 8 of the 10 seamounts, 00:25:14.300 --> 00:25:17.580 the rocks in 8 of the 10 seamounts appears dateable. 00:25:17.580 --> 00:25:21.032 So a rock is not a rock is not a rock. Not every rock can be dated, 00:25:21.040 --> 00:25:25.080 but she thought a very large number the ones that we got could be dated. 00:25:25.360 --> 00:25:32.340 Also, all of the rocks were split for distribution to four different labs. So one of them was going to 00:25:32.340 --> 00:25:37.860 Oregon State University for the argon-argon dating, and another one is 00:25:37.860 --> 00:25:43.480 going to the Geological Repository at Rhode Island, University of Rhode Island. 00:25:43.480 --> 00:25:49.260 Another one was going with Dr. Dorsey Wanless at Boise State University, 00:25:49.260 --> 00:25:52.740 and the fourth one was going to Jasper Konter at the University of Hawaii. 00:25:52.740 --> 00:25:57.720 And each of these were going to do different things. The dating was going to be at Oregon State, 00:25:57.720 --> 00:26:01.860 and then these are going to be chemical analyses by Jasper and Dorsey. 00:26:02.800 --> 00:26:11.020 Okay. Primary Objective Three. Survey of biological resources. So yes indeed we found 00:26:11.340 --> 00:26:14.780 beautiful wonderful communities on these seamounts. 00:26:14.780 --> 00:26:19.700 We found five high density coral and sponge communities 00:26:19.700 --> 00:26:23.340 on seamounts four, five, six, Naifeh and nine. 00:26:23.340 --> 00:26:25.100 A what we're calling high density 00:26:25.110 --> 00:26:30.029 is anything that's over three thousand animals for linear kilometer along the 00:26:30.029 --> 00:26:35.880 track we consider at high density. So we were seeing seamounts between 3,000 to 00:26:35.880 --> 00:26:41.300 8,000 per kilometer and I'll explain later how we got those counts on those animals. 00:26:41.300 --> 00:26:45.720 But anyway, you can see they're different, they're unique and they're wonderful. 00:26:47.000 --> 00:26:51.680 Okay, in part of our biological resource survey we also wanted to find out 00:26:51.690 --> 00:26:56.880 how many of these animals could be new species. We got in our permit the 00:26:56.880 --> 00:27:02.789 ability to collect the specific samples, and so we were sampling some corals, 00:27:02.789 --> 00:27:06.929 sponges and some other animals, associates as well and we were able to 00:27:06.929 --> 00:27:12.870 get 46 biological samples, and currently we believe that several of these are 00:27:12.870 --> 00:27:18.570 potential new species of corals, at least one made as glass sponge species, 00:27:18.570 --> 00:27:25.900 possibly two species of arthropods that are new, six potential new species of sea cucumbers, 00:27:25.900 --> 00:27:32.220 a new tunicate, possibly two new species of mollusks, and three new species of sea stars. 00:27:32.220 --> 00:27:37.820 So again this was really great . We were very very selective in our sampling by the way 00:27:37.820 --> 00:27:44.480 since it is a monument, and we were not just collecting helter-skelter. We're specifically targeting very unusual animals 00:27:44.480 --> 00:27:49.960 that we think could be new, as well as other reasons for the various studies. 00:27:50.440 --> 00:27:58.920 Aside from the collections, we got 117 hours of high definition video from the Hercules ROV, 00:27:58.920 --> 00:28:05.560 which then, we were able to get thousands of image captures from that video. And this is just the sampling 00:28:05.560 --> 00:28:12.180 showing you the documentation of all types of different animals: fishes, crabs sponges, sea cucumbers, urchins 00:28:12.180 --> 00:28:14.620 anemones, you name it. 00:28:14.620 --> 00:28:20.750 And I want to show you some of the video was really really fascinating so that the Nautilus group 00:28:20.750 --> 00:28:26.390 actually posted it on the internet and I want to show you one in particular that 00:28:26.390 --> 00:28:29.000 supposedly got millions of hits 00:28:29.000 --> 00:28:35.660 and it's the first time anyone has seen a gulper eel in situ. And take a look at this. 00:28:36.300 --> 00:28:43.360 - [Video unidentified voices from the Nautilus]. Look at that, what is that? Oh wow. Looks like a Muppet [laughter]. 00:28:43.480 --> 00:28:47.620 What are you? 00:28:54.880 --> 00:29:07.560 It's in the water column. Is it a fish? [unintellible]. Is it engorged? or is it... is it mad? 00:29:07.560 --> 00:29:13.140 Whoa! Wow! Oh my goodness! [multiple people's reactions]. 00:29:13.140 --> 00:29:20.900 [laughter] He's got like poofy eyes. Wow! 00:29:20.900 --> 00:29:30.160 We really ticked him off. Uh oh! What the? Is that like the gill arch or the gill? 00:29:30.160 --> 00:29:40.180 Some kind of... whoa! It just got so big. [laughter and exclamations of surprise]. That's its defense. 00:29:40.180 --> 00:29:49.640 Show them how big I am. He's doing the shake [more exclamations of surprise]. 00:29:49.640 --> 00:30:01.100 Is that a gulper eel? Yeah, I think so, yeah. That is crazy! that was awesome! Way to end the dive. Bye! 00:30:02.200 --> 00:30:06.480 - [Chris] So that is why a lot of us are in the deep-sea area 00:30:06.480 --> 00:30:10.679 because you never know what you're gonna see down there and that just caught 00:30:10.680 --> 00:30:16.160 everybody by surprise. That was absolutely a wonderful find. 00:30:16.540 --> 00:30:21.020 Okay, in addition to the primary objectives I mentioned, we also had a number of 00:30:21.029 --> 00:30:25.770 secondary objectives that were piggy- backed onto the cruise, and one of these was to 00:30:25.770 --> 00:30:32.039 test a new gripper during the dives that was developed by Spencer Backus at the 00:30:32.039 --> 00:30:38.070 Jet Propulsion Laboratories here, and this gripper is a prototype that was 00:30:38.070 --> 00:30:43.020 invented by Spencer to try to figure out a way at which you could do horizontal 00:30:43.020 --> 00:30:48.059 drilling in the deep sea which has never been done before. And so we were testing 00:30:48.059 --> 00:30:55.020 just the gripping mechanism. Secondly we were collecting environmental DNA water 00:30:55.020 --> 00:31:01.890 samples or eDNA samples for Dr. Meredith Everett as well with NOAA, and that's a 00:31:01.890 --> 00:31:06.600 brand-new emerging field of research and I'll talk a little bit briefly about it 00:31:06.600 --> 00:31:11.440 a little bit later on, and then the third thing we were doing was testing a new 3D camera 00:31:11.440 --> 00:31:16.840 developed by Dr. Allan Adams at MIT, and you can recognize Justin is 00:31:16.840 --> 00:31:22.740 helping Allan get this thing ready to go on a dive. So these are all secondary add-ons 00:31:22.740 --> 00:31:26.860 that we were accommodating during our main mission here. 00:31:26.860 --> 00:31:31.770 So now I want to talk about post-cruise, so what have we done since? And I apologized 00:31:31.770 --> 00:31:37.900 for this picture it was a blatant attempt to promote the NOAA Office of Exploration and Research, 00:31:37.900 --> 00:31:39.920 which because I'm wearing their shirt and they 00:31:39.929 --> 00:31:44.880 support the OET program as well as deep water research all over the world. 00:31:44.880 --> 00:31:48.640 But anyway, just showing you some of the things that have come out. 00:31:48.640 --> 00:31:53.020 The first thing that came out was just a very brief description of the cruise 00:31:53.020 --> 00:31:59.300 letting people know that this had happened in the Journal of Oceanography, 00:31:59.309 --> 00:32:05.640 and then let's talk about the mapping Primary Objective One, the mapping. So that all of 00:32:05.640 --> 00:32:09.630 the data and the mapping data has already been processed, it has been 00:32:09.630 --> 00:32:13.620 submitted to the National Center of Environmental Information that is 00:32:13.620 --> 00:32:17.600 operated by NOAA, you can see here, all these are cruise tracks. 00:32:17.600 --> 00:32:27.920 This is submitted by Renato Kane of OET as well as Nicole Raineault who are the big mapping experts 00:32:27.920 --> 00:32:31.660 on this cruise among other things that they can do. And Renny actually presented this 00:32:31.660 --> 00:32:37.680 talk at the Ocean Observations 2009 conference as well for the mapping. 00:32:37.680 --> 00:32:42.940 So this is wonderful. The data is now available to for any of you to get 00:32:42.950 --> 00:32:45.520 just by going onto this website. 00:32:45.520 --> 00:32:49.280 Now let's talk about the geology, this main thing here. 00:32:49.280 --> 00:32:54.620 So our rock samples have not been dated yet, the argon-argon testing 00:32:54.620 --> 00:32:59.990 takes quite a while, but they are in queue, and they are going to get dated but it just 00:32:59.990 --> 00:33:06.080 takes a while, the whole process takes a while. In the meantime Dr. Jasper Konter 00:33:06.080 --> 00:33:11.200 and also some of the co-authors, Dorsey and Andrea and Jasper's student Molly Cunningham, 00:33:11.200 --> 00:33:20.100 presented their findings about lead isotope analysis at the AGU 2019 conference. 00:33:20.100 --> 00:33:27.020 And I'm not going to go into this because you can't see it very well anyway I don't think. 00:33:27.020 --> 00:33:30.440 But their findings make these seamounts even more enigmatic 00:33:30.440 --> 00:33:34.960 and more mysterious than we thought originally because the lead 00:33:34.970 --> 00:33:39.799 findings are not a great match for arch volcanism, nor are they a good match for 00:33:39.800 --> 00:33:45.320 any of the other known mechanisms. So basically we're going to wait for the dating. 00:33:45.320 --> 00:33:49.880 We don't know what's going on but this could be still arch volcanism but 00:33:49.880 --> 00:33:56.060 then it's going to have differences to the one known known area of arch volcanism, 00:33:56.060 --> 00:34:00.890 the main Hawaiian Islands as well. So to me this is very exciting that 00:34:00.890 --> 00:34:05.150 it's not so quickly answered, you know, there's still some work to be done to 00:34:05.150 --> 00:34:07.963 figure out what's going on. 00:34:07.963 --> 00:34:14.225 So this is the biology objective so Dr. Tom Hourigan, who's the Program Director of 00:34:14.225 --> 00:34:18.540 NOAA's Deep-sea Coral Research and Technology Program. 00:34:18.540 --> 00:34:22.100 He presented this poster at ocean sciences 2020, 00:34:22.220 --> 00:34:26.200 and sorry Tom, I'm showing your backside but apparently that's the only photo of you 00:34:26.210 --> 00:34:31.760 that I have from the cruise, and I wanted to let everybody know that even Program Directors 00:34:31.760 --> 00:34:35.320 occasionally get to sneak out and get out on the water sometimes. 00:34:35.320 --> 00:34:42.620 So Tom was on this cruise with us and he presented just an overview of the biology findings here, 00:34:42.620 --> 00:34:47.250 but also Tom's group supports the 00:34:47.250 --> 00:34:52.200 annotation of all the video and imagery that's collected on these cruises, 00:34:52.200 --> 00:34:58.200 and that annotation was done at the University of Hawai'i by the Deep-Sea Animal Research Center 00:34:58.200 --> 00:35:02.340 or DARC, and that's these three young women here 00:35:02.340 --> 00:35:07.840 that are doing fantastic work in providing the deep-sea coral program with a lot of records. 00:35:07.840 --> 00:35:11.800 For this particular cruise all of the video has been annotated by them 00:35:11.800 --> 00:35:18.980 and they have already submitted the 15,905 records to Tom's program 00:35:18.980 --> 00:35:25.540 that are documenting over 45,000 corals and sponges along with over 4,000 associated animals, 00:35:25.540 --> 00:35:32.220 and the data is now all available here. This is the Deep-Sea Coral Database Map Portal, 00:35:32.220 --> 00:35:38.320 and you can see all these dots right on here, this is the enigmatic seamounts, so the data is all available. 00:35:38.780 --> 00:35:44.340 This also shows you how dedicated this group is. This is Meagan Putts and she came into work even 00:35:44.340 --> 00:35:50.060 though she was having a very clear isotope problem, excuse me isopod problem. 00:35:50.060 --> 00:35:59.520 God I blew the joke. Sorry. Okay so talking a little bit more about biology 00:35:59.520 --> 00:36:05.800 there were, as I mentioned, there were thousands of images and the DARC lab actually formatted over 5000 00:36:05.800 --> 00:36:11.540 of these images for incorporation into the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research's 00:36:11.540 --> 00:36:19.460 online animal guide. And this is the formatting where they put the site, depth indicators, headers, logos... 00:36:19.460 --> 00:36:24.570 everything else the source. And these photographs, they're going to be 00:36:24.570 --> 00:36:29.910 incorporated in the next version of that guide. We need to go through and pick the 00:36:29.910 --> 00:36:33.750 best of the best of all of these images, we're not going to get them 5,000 more 00:36:33.750 --> 00:36:38.520 because it's already 5,000 pictures in this online guide. We're going to pick 00:36:38.520 --> 00:36:44.280 the best of the best and then submit them so they're all gonna wind up available for you to look at as well. 00:36:45.280 --> 00:36:50.760 Okay let's look at secondary objectives. So this gripper, the tests were 00:36:50.760 --> 00:36:54.560 successful. Spencer learned an awful lot from doing 00:36:54.560 --> 00:37:00.020 these tests and he wrote a very very long detailed article describing this testing, 00:37:00.020 --> 00:37:03.300 which he submitted to the Journal of Field Robotics. 00:37:03.300 --> 00:37:09.920 So if you're interested in seeing what he did out here you can access this particular article. 00:37:10.780 --> 00:37:17.700 Regarding the eDNA samples, so Meredith Everett at NOAA she presented 00:37:17.700 --> 00:37:22.620 some of her preliminary findings at the 7th International Symposium on Deep-Sea Corals 00:37:22.620 --> 00:37:28.820 down in Bogotá, Colombia and we don't have time to actually go into this, 00:37:28.820 --> 00:37:31.950 and I don't have the knowledge to go into it, but I will sort of point out 00:37:31.950 --> 00:37:37.290 that she was able, she was focusing primarily on corals and she was able to 00:37:37.290 --> 00:37:45.690 actually identify a number of species or groups of corals from the water samples 00:37:45.690 --> 00:37:50.040 that were collected over these particular seamounts, so the process was 00:37:50.040 --> 00:37:54.930 that we would collect the water sample in an area where in particular we had a 00:37:54.930 --> 00:37:59.970 high density of corals and then we would try to also sample a few of these corals 00:37:59.970 --> 00:38:04.500 as well so that she would have a match to see how all they they went up 00:38:04.500 --> 00:38:08.370 against what she was seeing in the water. And there are some things that she's got 00:38:08.370 --> 00:38:13.920 to find out, there's a couple groups of corals that we know were present in 00:38:13.920 --> 00:38:18.090 fairly large numbers in the family Primnoidae which did not show up in the 00:38:18.090 --> 00:38:22.590 water samples but again that's interesting and she's working on that as 00:38:22.590 --> 00:38:27.120 well and trying to improve on this. And this is a brand new field and it's going 00:38:27.120 --> 00:38:30.480 to be really cool when they continue to develop this. 00:38:30.900 --> 00:38:38.760 And then we've got this 3D camera by Dr. Adams as well from MIT and we got this down on two dives, 00:38:38.760 --> 00:38:45.980 and it all worked and it was beautiful. He did a preliminary little 3D view you gotta 00:38:45.980 --> 00:38:51.100 have those glasses on so I can't show you, where you get immersed in a whole deep-sea environment 00:38:51.100 --> 00:38:54.160 but he's got that he's working on it and 00:38:54.160 --> 00:38:59.170 hopefully at some point then that's going to be made available to... for people 00:38:59.170 --> 00:39:05.300 to actually see and actually walk around on the seamounts via his video. 00:39:05.780 --> 00:39:12.960 So that's all I've got for this particular cruise but that's not all there is I want to tell you about 00:39:12.960 --> 00:39:19.505 because the Nautilus, we just found out a few months ago, the Nautilus has got the support 00:39:19.505 --> 00:39:27.820 to head back up into the monument in 2021 to map and dive on on even more unexplored seamounts. 00:39:27.820 --> 00:39:32.680 And in this particular, this next cruise that we're already planning out, we're going 00:39:32.680 --> 00:39:38.040 to try to hit some of these lower Liliuokalani Seamount features right here 00:39:38.040 --> 00:39:42.200 that are inside the monument, as well as some of these that we think are 00:39:42.200 --> 00:39:46.040 the southern end of the Wentworth Seamount trail but we're not sure, 00:39:46.040 --> 00:39:49.570 we'd like to confirm that and also we want to try to figure out what's 00:39:49.570 --> 00:39:53.200 going on with this trail and this bifurcation where you have two forks 00:39:53.200 --> 00:39:57.670 going down here so we're going to go and grab rocks again and we're also going to 00:39:57.670 --> 00:40:02.620 go and do some biology because nobody's been on any of these seamounts again. 00:40:02.620 --> 00:40:07.500 So stay tuned in the end you will be able to see this live if you're interested by 00:40:07.500 --> 00:40:12.360 going on to NautilusLive and watching the expedition when we do it. 00:40:12.360 --> 00:40:17.680 And then finally there are thousands of sea mounts in the Pacific and we hope that 00:40:17.680 --> 00:40:21.880 these cruises will help clarify their complex origins and the remarkable 00:40:21.880 --> 00:40:28.030 communities they have living on them. And I also wanna just thank, there's so 00:40:28.030 --> 00:40:32.780 many people to thank here. I just want to thank everybody in the monument, in OET, 00:40:32.780 --> 00:40:37.600 University of Hawai'i, Office of Ocean Exploration, Deep-sea Coral Program, 00:40:37.600 --> 00:40:44.000 as well as all of the crew of the Nautilus and all of the co-scientists and communication experts. 00:40:44.000 --> 00:40:47.460 This shows maybe about a third of the people that were on the cruise, 00:40:47.460 --> 00:40:49.800 so it took a lot of people to make this happen. 00:40:49.800 --> 00:40:56.960 So with that I think we're done and hopefully we have some time for some questions, Justin and Malia? 00:40:57.920 --> 00:41:01.580 - [Justin] Chris, you did great! You actually have plenty of time for questions, 00:41:01.580 --> 00:41:05.020 so I'm gonna leave it to Malia to start us off if you're ready? 00:41:06.200 --> 00:41:07.280 - [Chris] I'm ready 00:41:09.320 --> 00:41:10.460 - [Justin] Malia are you on? 00:41:12.340 --> 00:41:16.400 Oh, she might have lost connection, oh there we go. 00:41:16.400 --> 00:41:20.750 - [Malia] Ok, first question: Are the grooves in the the seafloor, for lack of a better word, 00:41:20.750 --> 00:41:27.320 that extends from the Naifeh Cluster eastward, related to volcanic activity? 00:41:27.800 --> 00:41:32.380 - [Chris] That's what's called a fracture zone, and I'm not a geologist so I'm not going to 00:41:32.390 --> 00:41:36.410 go into it, but basically if my understanding is correct, that's when 00:41:36.410 --> 00:41:41.480 you've got a couple plates colliding further to the east and the way they're 00:41:41.480 --> 00:41:46.900 moving against each other creates these stress areas that are manifested in 00:41:46.900 --> 00:41:55.400 these huge elongate fractures that extend for hundreds if not thousands of miles. 00:41:55.580 --> 00:42:00.440 And there's a set of these, and there's just one of them that came right to where the 00:42:00.440 --> 00:42:05.059 Naifeh Seamounts are. So we don't know if there was a connection between 00:42:05.059 --> 00:42:10.400 those fracture zones and the origin of those seamount, but some people have 00:42:10.400 --> 00:42:14.540 actually thought that maybe those fracture zones actually weakened the seafloor 00:42:14.540 --> 00:42:19.040 and allowed for a greater volcanic activity at that site. 00:42:21.260 --> 00:42:25.160 - [Justin] All right, so here is another geology question so... 00:42:26.020 --> 00:42:26.780 - [Chris] Oh dear. 00:42:27.300 --> 00:42:28.320 - [Justin] We'll see what you can do here. 00:42:28.320 --> 00:42:33.660 Is there an analogous arch volcanism to the southeast of the main Hawaiian Islands? 00:42:34.280 --> 00:42:40.920 - [Chris] There is. It's a little less obvious because there are some other seamounts there 00:42:40.920 --> 00:42:45.380 there that date back to the Cretaceous as well, and I don't know, 00:42:45.380 --> 00:42:48.220 Are you still showing my screen or not? 00:42:48.220 --> 00:42:49.540 - [Justin] Yes. 00:42:49.540 --> 00:42:56.420 - [Chris] Okay I don't know if I can try to roar through here here and see if I can get back to a slide to show this. 00:42:57.400 --> 00:43:06.860 Okay. Right here you've got what appears to be the South Arch, the southern part of the... 00:43:06.860 --> 00:43:12.380 and then this North Arch, this is South Arch... and here it is not very much going on here South here, 00:43:12.380 --> 00:43:14.640 it's more dramatic on the north side. 00:43:17.300 --> 00:43:20.240 - [Justin] Great. Thank You. Go for it Malia. 00:43:20.520 --> 00:43:27.540 - [Malia] Alright, our next question says, Hi Chris! Did you observe ferro manganese crusts on the seamounts? 00:43:27.540 --> 00:43:34.660 - [Chris] We sure did. In fact once you get down about a thousand meters below the sea surface, 00:43:34.660 --> 00:43:40.420 you pretty much find crust about everywhere except in the very youngest seamounts. 00:43:40.420 --> 00:43:46.840 So what they're talking about is they're talking about a precipitate that comes out of the seawater 00:43:46.840 --> 00:43:56.589 very very slowly over time. It's a mineral precipitate and it tends to adhere to clear rocky surfaces and it 00:43:56.589 --> 00:44:03.700 is called crust as a result. And it usually forms at about two to three millimeters per million years 00:44:03.920 --> 00:44:06.620 and so the older the seamount the thicker the crust. 00:44:06.920 --> 00:44:14.680 And so we did see substantial crusting, particularly on this group ridge right here, 00:44:14.680 --> 00:44:19.509 which looked actually a bit older than the Naifeh, but we still saw some crusting 00:44:19.509 --> 00:44:26.740 going on the Naifeh Seamounts as well. So given its 12 to 14 million years if this is true, 00:44:26.740 --> 00:44:33.500 it's arch volcanism. That's long enough to actually have some crust form on all the rock surfaces. 00:44:35.700 --> 00:44:39.260 - [Justin] And what is the significance of that crust? 00:44:39.980 --> 00:44:46.580 - [Chris] Well, that crust is, along with sort of nodules that occur on sort of sedimented 00:44:46.580 --> 00:44:54.420 surfaces or substrates, they're of intense interest to the deep-sea mining community 00:44:54.420 --> 00:45:00.020 because they are extreme, they have some extremely valuable minerals in there. 00:45:00.020 --> 00:45:07.220 They've got copper, cobalt, rare earth elements, they've got... 00:45:07.220 --> 00:45:11.760 I can't even think of them. There are so many types of minerals there, and so there is a very 00:45:11.769 --> 00:45:19.780 active movement going on right now to develop a deep-sea mining industry 00:45:19.780 --> 00:45:23.890 throughout the Pacific. And in international waters that's handled by 00:45:23.890 --> 00:45:28.510 the International Seabed Authority as well, and they are already leasing out 00:45:28.510 --> 00:45:36.160 research blocks of seafloor, particularly in the East, excuse me, the West Pacific, Northwest Pacific, 00:45:36.160 --> 00:45:42.820 for crust mining and in the southeast Pacific for nodule mining activity. 00:45:42.820 --> 00:45:46.870 So they're very very significant and we biologists 00:45:46.870 --> 00:45:51.220 are doing our best to catalogue what animals live on manganese crust 00:45:51.220 --> 00:45:56.540 environments because those animals are going to be at risk from mining activities 00:45:56.540 --> 00:46:00.160 if and when it takes off commercially. 00:46:05.120 --> 00:46:07.120 - [Justin] Should I go Malia or...? 00:46:08.300 --> 00:46:12.000 - [Malia] Okay we have another question regarding, 00:46:12.000 --> 00:46:16.880 How much natural light was there at the depths that you visited? 00:46:17.240 --> 00:46:22.600 - [Chris] At those depths there's no natural downwelling or ambient light coming from the surface. 00:46:22.600 --> 00:46:25.680 It's completely black. Its extinguished at those depths. 00:46:25.680 --> 00:46:34.060 However in the deep sea there's a lot of bioluminescent animals, and so if you were to turn off all of your lights 00:46:34.400 --> 00:46:41.350 you can see a fair number of plankton's that are doing flashes and so forth, but all of the colors and 00:46:41.350 --> 00:46:48.760 everything you see on the video and the images, those are a result of our artificial lights that the ROV has. 00:46:50.280 --> 00:46:54.400 - [Justin] Alright, well while we're talking about depth there's two questions I'm going to combine: 00:46:54.400 --> 00:46:58.000 What was the least depth of the guyots? 00:46:58.000 --> 00:47:01.240 So I imagine, what was the highest guyot or the shallowest from the surface? 00:47:01.240 --> 00:47:05.900 And then what is the ocean depth of the highest Naifeh guyot? 00:47:05.900 --> 00:47:13.340 - [Chris] Okay, well the highest point on the Naifeh guyot which was the shallowest seamount of all 10, 00:47:13.340 --> 00:47:22.260 was 723 meters. And then the seafloor around there was, let's see, I should have looked at that... 00:47:22.260 --> 00:47:26.580 it's going to be somewhere around 4,000 meters plus or minus... 00:47:26.580 --> 00:47:33.460 the arch area here is usually about a hundred to two meters higher than the normal sea floor right here, 00:47:33.460 --> 00:47:38.160 but I think as a ballpark, I should have looked at this, I apologize, 00:47:38.160 --> 00:47:43.120 but a ballpark could be around 4000 meters, possibly a little deeper. 00:47:44.820 --> 00:47:47.840 - [Malia] Okay, we have some more questions about depth. 00:47:47.840 --> 00:47:53.360 How deep can the Nautilus go and what is the average depth of its dives? 00:47:54.360 --> 00:48:01.450 - [Chris] Well the Nautilus does anything from 200 meters to look at fisheries and deep coral reefs 00:48:01.450 --> 00:48:06.746 all the way down to about 3000 meters. And I think that's their range right now. 00:48:06.746 --> 00:48:13.840 The vehicle could go deeper, but it's more of a cable issue and how much cable that you've got, 00:48:13.840 --> 00:48:20.080 and I think they may be attempting to get a longer cable for 2021 00:48:20.080 --> 00:48:25.700 that would allow them to go down to potentially 5,000 meters but right I believe it's around 3000. 00:48:28.740 --> 00:48:33.780 - [Justin] There is an eDNA question. I'm not sure, you said that's not necessarily your specialty, 00:48:33.780 --> 00:48:39.100 but they're wondering if corals need to be spawning in order to gather a DNA or how... 00:48:39.100 --> 00:48:41.730 maybe you could give up another brief explanation of how that works. 00:48:42.980 --> 00:48:49.320 - [Chris] No, the answer is no, they do not need to be spawning to collect their DNA 00:48:49.320 --> 00:48:54.460 because corals as well as other animals just shed DNA naturally. 00:48:54.460 --> 00:48:58.940 I'll give you a perfect example that Meredith told me about. 00:48:58.940 --> 00:49:04.700 There're bamboo corals down there in the family Isididae, and they call them bamboos because they tend 00:49:04.700 --> 00:49:08.680 to have these white and black sort of intervals along their stock, 00:49:08.680 --> 00:49:15.940 and anyway, we call these corals pretty snotty because they release a lot of mucus, 00:49:15.940 --> 00:49:22.220 and that mucus gets into the water column and that's got a ton of DNA and the problem for Meredith 00:49:22.220 --> 00:49:28.290 is that sometimes these bamboo corals, which can be quite numerous down at these depths, they can 00:49:28.290 --> 00:49:33.540 kind of drown out all the other corals present because they released so much mucus. 00:49:33.540 --> 00:49:41.900 So nope, don't need to have eggs, you can just grab a sample of water and you'll find DNA in it. 00:49:43.980 --> 00:49:45.940 - [Malia] Aright, since we're talking about organisms, 00:49:45.940 --> 00:49:48.620 Has a research team specialist 00:49:48.620 --> 00:49:54.400 identified the sponge and coral specimens in the videos and photographs from the dives? 00:49:55.220 --> 00:50:01.640 - [Chris] Yeah so we have tentative identifications of the animals from the photographs, 00:50:01.640 --> 00:50:04.900 but of course that's an imperfect science 00:50:04.900 --> 00:50:10.960 because it can be very challenging to identify animals strictly from photographs 00:50:10.960 --> 00:50:14.760 and you can't sample every single animal that you see obviously, 00:50:14.760 --> 00:50:22.320 nobody wants to do that. So we have based on our experience and based on the great 00:50:22.320 --> 00:50:25.840 experience of the DARC lab at the University of Hawai'i. 00:50:25.840 --> 00:50:33.750 We have some pretty solid IDs. Also the DARC lab sends the photographs out to taxonomic specialists 00:50:33.750 --> 00:50:39.060 so all of the coral photographs will go to coral experts, the sponges will go to 00:50:39.060 --> 00:50:45.570 sponge experts, the arthropods, crabs, will go to arthropod experts as well. And they have 00:50:45.570 --> 00:50:53.580 been extremely helpful in giving us their opinions as to what the animal identifications are. 00:50:53.580 --> 00:50:59.940 Now with regard to the specimens, I didn't really follow up on that, but the specimens are all in the Museum 00:50:59.940 --> 00:51:05.760 of Comparative Zoology at Harvard and a number at pieces have been accessed already 00:51:05.780 --> 00:51:11.660 And the polychaete worms have been accessed, some of the corals have been accessed, 00:51:11.660 --> 00:51:17.060 one of the urchins that I thought was going to be a brand new genus, believe it or not, 00:51:17.060 --> 00:51:23.600 turns out it was a known species collected in 1902 by an expedition here in Hawai'i. 00:51:23.600 --> 00:51:29.220 So some of them are known, some of these squat lobsters or crabs have 00:51:29.220 --> 00:51:33.360 been examined but then a bunch of the other ones had not yet examined. 00:51:33.360 --> 00:51:37.480 Dr. Scott France, from the University of Louisiana Lafayette, 00:51:37.480 --> 00:51:43.580 I believe he's got four of the coral specimens that he's examining right now. 00:51:44.320 --> 00:51:51.420 - [Justin] While we're on the topic of the ocean exploration and research guide, there's a question 00:51:51.420 --> 00:51:57.540 that says, are there plans to include snippets of video data in addition to the photo imagery? 00:51:57.540 --> 00:52:04.720 I'm thinking AI computer vision library and potential automated video USB surveys on this question. 00:52:05.740 --> 00:52:12.720 - [Chris] The DARC lab doesn't really do the video highlights, we sort of leave that up to the the OET, 00:52:12.720 --> 00:52:18.600 the Ocean Exploration Trust to post or do whatever they want to do with their highlight video 00:52:18.600 --> 00:52:25.920 and it's been sort of the same thing with the Okeanos Explorer video as well, but they will post on their website 00:52:25.920 --> 00:52:33.880 the video clips of what they think are really wonderful clips of animals and interactions with animals, 00:52:33.980 --> 00:52:40.940 but no, we don't to my knowledge we don't have any plans to include video clips on the animal guide 00:52:40.940 --> 00:52:44.080 but somebody could suggest this to OER 00:52:44.080 --> 00:52:50.340 and see if they want to have a actually a separate video clip library from these cruises. 00:52:51.240 --> 00:52:56.220 - [Justin And OER is linked in that handout that I posted in your control panel there, 00:52:56.220 --> 00:53:00.510 you'll notice there's a little grey tab called handouts so you can download that 00:53:00.510 --> 00:53:04.590 and I will be sure to send that same handout out to everyone after the 00:53:04.590 --> 00:53:09.000 webinar as well so if you have ideas, their link is there. 00:53:11.740 --> 00:53:16.300 I think we have time for one more question. Malia, do you want to take this one? 00:53:16.300 --> 00:53:18.960 - [Malia} Okay so our last question for the day, 00:53:18.960 --> 00:53:25.500 Are the ecosystems and these great depths linked in any way to ecosystems in the photic zone? 00:53:26.840 --> 00:53:34.740 - [Chris] That's a very good question, and yes we do think they're linked primarily via food resources 00:53:34.740 --> 00:53:40.140 that are making their way down from the surface all the way into the deep ocean. 00:53:40.140 --> 00:53:50.120 So this can be in the form of particulate organic matter and then that particular matter is fed on 00:53:50.120 --> 00:53:54.480 by other smaller animals that are fed on by larger animals, etc., etc., 00:53:54.480 --> 00:53:59.160 so that's definitely one of the ways in which we think they're linked. 00:54:02.540 --> 00:54:11.360 - [Justin] Great. I'm just pulling up my view. Can everyone see my screen? It may take a second. 00:54:13.160 --> 00:54:17.120 Yes, you should be seeing a National Marine Sanctuary webinar series slide. 00:54:17.460 --> 00:54:21.720 So on this slide you are gonna see a link to our webinar archive, 00:54:21.720 --> 00:54:28.540 so all of the different webinars that have been hosted here are available there and that also is in your handout. 00:54:28.540 --> 00:54:34.980 And any questions can go to our lead Claire Fackler here at sanctuary.education@NOAA.gov. 00:54:34.980 --> 00:54:42.460 Chris referenced a lot of different organizations, so those are available in the handout, 00:54:42.460 --> 00:54:49.380 and the Nautilus is a major partner as, but there is also the NOAA Okeanos Research Vessel 00:54:49.380 --> 00:54:54.280 and the Schmidt Ocean Institute the Falkor is another one. 00:54:54.280 --> 00:54:59.180 So there are quite a number of organizations doing great work out all across the Pacific and Atlantic 00:54:59.180 --> 00:55:03.260 but especially for us here in Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. 00:55:03.260 --> 00:55:11.800 - [Chris] Justin, donʻt forget the University of Hawaiʻi has got the Kilo Moana with the Luʻukai ROV as well. 00:55:11.800 --> 00:55:15.220 In fact theyʻre actually going out on a cruise shortly 00:55:15.220 --> 00:55:19.280 and Meagan Putts with the DARC Lab going to be the data editor on that cruise. 00:55:19.280 --> 00:55:26.600 So they are also available. They have yet to do a telepresence but I think they're moving in that direction. 00:55:26.920 --> 00:55:31.920 - [Justin] Great that is wonderful to hear. I'm always learning about how big this family is. 00:55:31.920 --> 00:55:39.010 So we apologize if we didn't get to your question but we will be downloading all of these questions and sending 00:55:39.010 --> 00:55:44.800 anything unanswered to Dr. Kelley, and I'll be sending that out along with the handouts. 00:55:44.800 --> 00:55:48.120 Let me forward our slide here... 00:55:50.500 --> 00:55:57.540 All of you will be receiving a certificate of attendance. I know this is handy for those of you who are educators, 00:55:57.540 --> 00:56:00.900 and it counts for one hour of contact...professional development. 00:56:00.900 --> 00:56:06.940 And at the end of this webinar when you close out a small survey will pop up. 00:56:06.940 --> 00:56:10.230 So it's a huge help if you could take the time to do that, 00:56:10.230 --> 00:56:14.610 it really only takes you a couple minutes, but it's what keeps the justification to 00:56:14.610 --> 00:56:20.620 our bosses to let them know that this is a useful tool for our community and for our all of you. 00:56:20.620 --> 00:56:23.980 For those of you who are educators either formal or informal, 00:56:23.980 --> 00:56:29.220 we also have a slightly longer survey that we really appreciate your feedback on 00:56:29.220 --> 00:56:34.980 as we develop new online and multimedia and distance learning resources. 00:56:34.980 --> 00:56:37.980 So please, we very much appreciate you taking the time to do that. 00:56:37.980 --> 00:56:41.100 And that link is also going to show up in your survey. 00:56:42.340 --> 00:56:49.540 And finally, normally we would advertise upcoming webinars, but it's very soon going to be 00:56:49.620 --> 00:56:54.540 Get into your Sanctuary Day! And this year it is going to be virtual. 00:56:55.080 --> 00:57:02.320 So from July 31st to August 2nd if you go to the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries Facebook page 00:57:02.320 --> 00:57:06.350 we will be running a series of both pre-recorded and live 00:57:06.350 --> 00:57:13.620 Facebook experiences that cover all of the National Marine Sanctuaries and Marine National Monuments. 00:57:13.620 --> 00:57:21.020 That is the last thing I had to share. Dr. Kelley, thank you so much for taking the time to 00:57:21.020 --> 00:57:27.000 come share the work with us. It's exciting after two years to hear kind of where things are at. 00:57:27.000 --> 00:57:31.200 And Malia, thank you for co-hosting. Did either of you have anything you want to add? 00:57:31.800 --> 00:57:36.240 - [Chris] One last thing for me. The Nautilus is going to be working on the West Coast 00:57:36.240 --> 00:57:42.660 hopefully starting in August of this year, and itʻs all Covid independent unfortunately, 00:57:42.660 --> 00:57:50.070 but those of you who really want to tag along and see things in real time when 00:57:50.070 --> 00:57:54.300 the scientists are are seeing them as well, you just got to go on on to NautilusLive 00:57:54.300 --> 00:57:58.300 and see what's going on. And if they've got a cruise going they'll be broadcasting it 00:57:58.300 --> 00:58:02.000 and you can watch right along with the the people on the ship. 00:58:02.000 --> 00:58:05.280 - [Justin] Yep, and actually that reminds me, 00:58:05.280 --> 00:58:10.080 for those of you who are doing home learning or also classroom learning, 00:58:10.080 --> 00:58:15.360 you can arrange a ship-to-shore communication, at least with the Nautilus 00:58:15.360 --> 00:58:19.380 and I believe the Okeanos has that capability, to actually have your 00:58:19.380 --> 00:58:23.310 class talk with people while they're out on the ship, finding out what they're 00:58:23.310 --> 00:58:27.000 learning and what their experience is like. So that also would be available on the 00:58:27.000 --> 00:58:31.170 web pages that we're sharing. And they have a lot of archived highlight footage 00:58:31.170 --> 00:58:33.680 which I would highly recommend you checking out. 00:58:34.680 --> 00:58:36.860 Any last comments Malia or Chris? 00:58:39.140 --> 00:58:46.100 Great! Well thank you everyone so much for visiting us and staying with us for this webinar, 00:58:46.100 --> 00:58:52.880 and there are plenty more to come so please be sure to check out our sanctuaries.NOAA.gov/education page 00:58:52.880 --> 00:58:56.780 and you can find out more about what is coming up. Take care, aloha. 00:58:56.780 --> 00:58:58.780 - [Malia] Aloha!