WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en-US 00:00:00.080 --> 00:00:03.940 - [Andy] All right aloha everyone and welcome to the 00:00:03.940 --> 00:00:07.220 Office of National Marine Sanctuary's webinar series. 00:00:07.980 --> 00:00:10.500 We're pleased to have you join us today 00:00:10.520 --> 00:00:12.960 and we have a great presentation for you 00:00:12.960 --> 00:00:16.640 by Doug Perrine who I will introduce later. 00:00:17.040 --> 00:00:19.440 So the presentation is going to start 00:00:19.440 --> 00:00:21.700 exactly on time at 3 pm pacific. 00:00:21.840 --> 00:00:24.460 We are very glad that you're able to join us. 00:00:25.020 --> 00:00:28.640 This is a series in a partnership with 00:00:28.640 --> 00:00:31.840 our Mokupāpapa Discovery Center here in Hilo 00:00:32.560 --> 00:00:35.600 and unfortunately because of the pandemic, 00:00:35.600 --> 00:00:36.836 our facility is closed. 00:00:37.620 --> 00:00:40.460 So we normally have our presentations on Thursdays 00:00:40.460 --> 00:00:42.740 but now we're doing them online 00:00:42.740 --> 00:00:46.719 and we're grateful to have you participate. 00:00:46.719 --> 00:00:48.867 It gives us the opportunity to have 00:00:48.867 --> 00:00:51.080 not just folks in Hilo participate 00:00:51.080 --> 00:00:52.960 but folks from around the world. 00:00:53.080 --> 00:00:54.880 And we have people joining us from 00:00:54.880 --> 00:00:57.840 nearly every state across the country today 00:00:58.260 --> 00:01:02.220 and also several countries: Peru, Great Britain, 00:01:02.540 --> 00:01:04.780 South Africa, Suriname... 00:01:04.780 --> 00:01:07.440 and we have a couple of classes joining us from Florida. 00:01:07.460 --> 00:01:12.320 So welcome everybody and thanks for joining us. 00:01:16.640 --> 00:01:22.940 Here's a short video that introduces you to the series. 00:01:22.940 --> 00:01:43.740 [No sound/audio] 00:01:44.720 --> 00:01:47.780 This webinar series is presented by 00:01:47.800 --> 00:01:50.000 the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, 00:01:50.000 --> 00:01:52.960 and NOAAʻs National Marine Sanctuaries 00:01:52.960 --> 00:01:55.380 protects many areas across the country, 00:01:55.380 --> 00:01:59.759 all the coastal areas of the United States. 00:01:59.759 --> 00:02:03.020 We protect areas in Stellwagen Bank 00:02:03.020 --> 00:02:06.560 in Massachusetts, down to Florida Keys. 00:02:06.560 --> 00:02:09.679 On the west coast of the U.S. we have several sites 00:02:09.679 --> 00:02:12.506 such as Olympic Coast, Monterey Bay... 00:02:12.506 --> 00:02:13.920 Here in the Pacific, 00:02:13.920 --> 00:02:15.920 we have two National Marine Sanctuaries, 00:02:15.920 --> 00:02:17.920 Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale 00:02:17.920 --> 00:02:19.482 National Marine Sanctuary, 00:02:19.482 --> 00:02:22.320 and down in the south Pacific- American Samoa, 00:02:22.380 --> 00:02:24.780 the National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa. 00:02:24.780 --> 00:02:27.600 And both of the presenters on this call, 00:02:27.600 --> 00:02:31.480 Justin...both of the coordinators, Justin and I, both work for 00:02:31.480 --> 00:02:35.580 Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. 00:02:36.020 --> 00:02:38.200 And I forgot a couple housekeeping things... 00:02:38.200 --> 00:02:40.660 So all of you are joining in listen only mode. 00:02:41.040 --> 00:02:43.560 We will have some time at the end of this presentation 00:02:43.640 --> 00:02:49.020 for questions, but please hold your questions till the end. 00:02:49.240 --> 00:02:51.600 You can raise your hand in the control panel 00:02:51.600 --> 00:02:54.640 on the right side to let us know if you have a question 00:02:54.740 --> 00:02:55.820 if you want to answer it, 00:02:55.820 --> 00:02:58.640 or you can type it into the question box, 00:02:59.200 --> 00:03:01.820 and also if you have any technical issues 00:03:01.860 --> 00:03:03.720 you can type those into the question box 00:03:03.720 --> 00:03:06.740 and Justin will do his best to try to help you 00:03:06.880 --> 00:03:10.000 with any audio issues and things like that. 00:03:10.320 --> 00:03:12.460 And this webinar is being recorded 00:03:12.460 --> 00:03:14.100 and at the end we'll show you 00:03:14.100 --> 00:03:16.140 where you can watch it again 00:03:16.140 --> 00:03:19.280 or share it with friends if you if you like. 00:03:19.900 --> 00:03:22.820 So Papahāhanumokuākea Marine National Monument 00:03:22.820 --> 00:03:24.380 here in the Pacific, 00:03:24.480 --> 00:03:27.220 we're the world's largest, fully protected area. 00:03:27.260 --> 00:03:31.020 Weʻre 582,000 square miles of area 00:03:31.200 --> 00:03:32.340 protected in the Pacific. 00:03:32.340 --> 00:03:36.360 And this is where both Justin and I work for this area. 00:03:36.920 --> 00:03:38.460 But National Marine Sanctuaries 00:03:38.460 --> 00:03:40.239 and Marine National Monuments 00:03:40.239 --> 00:03:45.280 are protected to conserve biodiversity across our planet. 00:03:45.280 --> 00:03:48.540 They have special areas for maritime heritage 00:03:48.540 --> 00:03:49.360 [peacock call in background] 00:03:49.360 --> 00:03:51.800 and you can hear I have my own wildlife sanctuary here 00:03:51.800 --> 00:03:53.820 with the peacocks crying outside my window. 00:03:53.820 --> 00:03:56.879 They like to do this as soon as the webinars start. 00:03:56.880 --> 00:03:59.540 So we all have our own challenges 00:03:59.540 --> 00:04:01.300 working from home this pandemic. 00:04:01.600 --> 00:04:04.640 These sites also provide shelter 00:04:04.640 --> 00:04:07.400 such as these green sea turtles 00:04:07.400 --> 00:04:10.600 and Hawaiian Monk Seal in Papahānaumokuākea. 00:04:11.500 --> 00:04:13.520 They're great sites for education 00:04:13.520 --> 00:04:14.853 - they're living laboratories. 00:04:14.860 --> 00:04:17.000 The National Marine Sanctuary System is fortunate 00:04:17.000 --> 00:04:19.480 in that one of our tasks is to educate 00:04:19.480 --> 00:04:21.120 about these special areas. 00:04:21.120 --> 00:04:23.700 So we do a lot of education around the system 00:04:23.700 --> 00:04:25.960 and work with schools and communities 00:04:26.540 --> 00:04:30.780 and do a lot of outreach with our volunteers 00:04:30.860 --> 00:04:32.660 to tell them about what why these places 00:04:32.660 --> 00:04:34.640 are being protected and why they're so unique. 00:04:35.400 --> 00:04:37.020 We conduct research. 00:04:37.180 --> 00:04:39.860 As I said many sites are living laboratories. 00:04:40.320 --> 00:04:41.980 In Papahānaumokuākea 00:04:42.180 --> 00:04:44.300 there's such little human impact 00:04:44.380 --> 00:04:46.620 in that area, it's almost like a time capsule 00:04:46.800 --> 00:04:51.280 looking back in time as to what the oceans were like 00:04:51.280 --> 00:04:54.080 without significant human modification. 00:04:54.700 --> 00:04:58.320 We monitor a lot of these sites for changes over time 00:04:58.440 --> 00:05:00.980 due to climate change and other impacts. 00:05:01.440 --> 00:05:04.111 We also do a lot of resource protection. 00:05:04.120 --> 00:05:07.160 This is a picture from the Florida Keys I believe, 00:05:07.160 --> 00:05:09.300 and they have a really great program down there 00:05:09.300 --> 00:05:11.060 for coral restoration. 00:05:11.920 --> 00:05:13.700 They're unique places. 00:05:13.700 --> 00:05:18.380 I think in this time of challenge that we're in, 00:05:18.500 --> 00:05:21.640 we really appreciate these unique places 00:05:21.640 --> 00:05:23.360 where we can have solitude, 00:05:23.360 --> 00:05:26.100 where we can kind of reflect on our lives 00:05:26.400 --> 00:05:29.640 and the stunning beauty of these places. 00:05:29.860 --> 00:05:32.300 They're great places for recreation: 00:05:32.380 --> 00:05:33.780 kayaking in California, 00:05:33.960 --> 00:05:36.740 diving in a lot of the National Marine Sanctuaries 00:05:36.740 --> 00:05:37.760 around the planet, 00:05:37.760 --> 00:05:40.600 surfing... although I have to say this is Olympic Coast... 00:05:40.600 --> 00:05:42.420 surfing, it's a lot better surfing in Hawaii, 00:05:42.420 --> 00:05:44.800 the waters are quite a bit warmer. 00:05:46.120 --> 00:05:48.820 Wildlife viewing, observing marine mammals... 00:05:49.080 --> 00:05:52.220 and our volunteers - it's a great place to volunteer. 00:05:52.220 --> 00:05:54.320 We really appreciate the volunteers we have 00:05:54.321 --> 00:05:55.360 across the program. 00:05:55.360 --> 00:05:57.437 They help us to manage these sites, 00:05:57.437 --> 00:05:59.039 to educate about them. 00:05:59.039 --> 00:06:00.712 So if you're interested in getting involved 00:06:00.712 --> 00:06:01.840 in any of the communities 00:06:01.840 --> 00:06:03.780 and live near any of these communities, 00:06:03.940 --> 00:06:06.100 please reach out and become a volunteer. 00:06:06.100 --> 00:06:07.660 We love our volunteers 00:06:07.660 --> 00:06:10.460 and they really help us with our programs. 00:06:11.440 --> 00:06:17.200 So our two coordinators, I said myself, Andy Collins, 00:06:17.400 --> 00:06:19.720 and I'm the Education Coordinator 00:06:19.720 --> 00:06:21.540 for Papahānaumokuākea, 00:06:21.960 --> 00:06:26.440 as well as Justin Umholtz, who is also on the line, 00:06:26.440 --> 00:06:30.560 and he'll be helping to answer any of your questions. 00:06:31.800 --> 00:06:33.740 This is our facility in Hilo. 00:06:33.900 --> 00:06:37.640 As I said, if we were having our normal talk, 00:06:37.800 --> 00:06:39.400 this is where we'd be hosting it. 00:06:39.400 --> 00:06:41.460 So if you ever get to Hilo, make sure to visit us 00:06:41.460 --> 00:06:45.040 at our Mokupāpapa Discovery Center in downtown Hilo. 00:06:46.100 --> 00:06:52.120 But, we're here for a great presentation by Doug Perrine. 00:06:52.120 --> 00:06:56.980 He's a, Doug is, he's a very modest guy 00:06:57.140 --> 00:06:58.580 but he does everything. 00:06:58.580 --> 00:07:00.340 I mean, he's a photographer, author... 00:07:00.340 --> 00:07:02.160 he's published many books. 00:07:02.360 --> 00:07:05.820 He's widely regarded as one of the foremost 00:07:05.960 --> 00:07:07.960 marine wildlife photographers. 00:07:08.420 --> 00:07:10.920 His photographs have been featured in 00:07:10.920 --> 00:07:14.480 nearly every major nature magazine as well as 00:07:14.540 --> 00:07:18.720 thousands of books, calendars, greeting cards, posters... 00:07:18.720 --> 00:07:20.977 He has several published books. 00:07:20.980 --> 00:07:24.620 He's appeared in National Geographic , National History, 00:07:24.620 --> 00:07:27.680 National Wildlife, BBC Wildlife and hundreds of more. 00:07:28.320 --> 00:07:29.940 He's won numerous awards. 00:07:29.940 --> 00:07:32.639 I had the great fortune to be out with Doug 00:07:32.639 --> 00:07:34.529 on one of these BBC expeditions 00:07:34.529 --> 00:07:36.260 and got to know him a little bit , 00:07:36.360 --> 00:07:38.900 almost several years ago, and that was 00:07:39.120 --> 00:07:43.420 a really great opportunity for me to meet Doug. 00:07:43.420 --> 00:07:45.280 He's originally from Dallas, Texas. 00:07:45.280 --> 00:07:47.983 He was educated at the University of Hawaii 00:07:47.983 --> 00:07:49.680 and the University of Miami, 00:07:49.680 --> 00:07:53.540 and he's here to talk to us today about sharks. 00:07:53.540 --> 00:07:59.840 So we will turn the presentation over to Doug. 00:08:02.560 --> 00:08:05.028 - [Doug] Well hello everybody. 00:08:05.028 --> 00:08:08.320 I'm talking today about Hollywood sharks 00:08:08.320 --> 00:08:10.120 and real sharks. 00:08:10.400 --> 00:08:12.960 And by Hollywood sharks I mean 00:08:13.660 --> 00:08:17.880 the sharks as the as the media portrays them. 00:08:18.320 --> 00:08:21.680 You know Bruce or Jaws, bloodthirsty creatures 00:08:21.680 --> 00:08:25.000 just waiting for the chance to leap out of the water 00:08:25.140 --> 00:08:28.800 and drag you off your boat and swallow you. 00:08:29.300 --> 00:08:33.640 And then I chose Marty here as a representation of... 00:08:33.640 --> 00:08:35.793 I'm saying a real shark. 00:08:35.800 --> 00:08:38.380 He's not any more real than a white shark 00:08:38.380 --> 00:08:42.560 but he's, I think in many ways much more representative 00:08:42.560 --> 00:08:44.760 of the great number of sharks in our ocean. 00:08:45.000 --> 00:08:49.120 I'm not sure who named him Marty the micro shark, 00:08:49.120 --> 00:08:53.200 but it happened shortly after he appeared in our world 00:08:53.200 --> 00:08:55.814 as a result of an unfortunate accident. 00:08:55.820 --> 00:08:58.960 He strayed too near to a deep water intake pipe 00:08:58.960 --> 00:09:01.180 and was sucked up from a thousand meters 00:09:01.240 --> 00:09:03.840 right to the surface and then pretty soon 00:09:03.840 --> 00:09:06.460 landed in an aquarium where he could be studied. 00:09:06.500 --> 00:09:09.280 And it turned out this type of shark 00:09:09.280 --> 00:09:11.328 was not known to exist in Hawaii 00:09:11.328 --> 00:09:12.800 before he came up there. 00:09:12.800 --> 00:09:15.680 They'd certainly been swimming in our waters 00:09:15.680 --> 00:09:17.120 for thousands of years, 00:09:17.120 --> 00:09:20.386 but down in the deep, minding their own business 00:09:20.386 --> 00:09:22.040 and not affecting anybody. 00:09:22.040 --> 00:09:24.340 And that's true of most sharks. 00:09:24.340 --> 00:09:29.300 There's, if you include the pancake sharks or rays, 00:09:29.300 --> 00:09:33.160 there's over a thousand different kinds 00:09:33.360 --> 00:09:37.580 of sharks in the world, and yet on Discovery Channel, 00:09:37.580 --> 00:09:39.600 it seems to be that the two or three 00:09:39.600 --> 00:09:42.420 that occasionally interact with humans, 00:09:42.420 --> 00:09:47.320 so but many of them live in deep water 00:09:47.420 --> 00:09:48.540 where we never see them, 00:09:48.540 --> 00:09:51.800 or other habitats where we're not likely to see them. 00:09:51.800 --> 00:09:55.620 This little cat shark here is 17 centimeters 00:09:55.620 --> 00:09:58.740 or seven inches long, so not even as big 00:09:58.740 --> 00:10:01.580 as most snappers you might see. 00:10:01.980 --> 00:10:04.160 We know next to nothing about him. 00:10:04.160 --> 00:10:05.480 We know... 00:10:05.480 --> 00:10:07.760 - [Andy] Hey Doug, you mind turning on your webcam? 00:10:07.760 --> 00:10:09.540 We don't get to see you. 00:10:09.760 --> 00:10:10.860 -[Doug] Okay 00:10:10.860 --> 00:10:11.700 -[Andy] Thank you. 00:10:11.860 --> 00:10:13.440 -[Doug] Ah, here we go. 00:10:13.440 --> 00:10:16.540 I lost that control for a moment, now it's back. 00:10:17.860 --> 00:10:19.240 Am i here? 00:10:19.460 --> 00:10:21.120 -[Andy] Yeah, you're here. 00:10:21.120 --> 00:10:22.800 You just gotta pop back in the slideshow mode. 00:10:22.800 --> 00:10:25.020 -[Doug] Go back to the slideshow then... 00:10:25.260 --> 00:10:27.840 and okay can everybody see everything now? 00:10:27.980 --> 00:10:29.420 Me and Marty? 00:10:29.560 --> 00:10:30.340 -[Andy] Perfect 00:10:31.760 --> 00:10:34.280 -[Doug] So approximately half of the known 00:10:34.280 --> 00:10:36.200 species of sharks live in water 00:10:36.200 --> 00:10:37.780 deeper than 200 meters 00:10:38.020 --> 00:10:41.100 and of course, probably most of the unknown ones 00:10:41.100 --> 00:10:42.740 live in very deep water also. 00:10:42.740 --> 00:10:45.040 So they live out their lives and 00:10:45.420 --> 00:10:48.079 we don't interact with them they don't interact with us. 00:10:48.079 --> 00:10:50.559 We have nothing to do with each other. 00:10:50.559 --> 00:10:56.160 So the, if you put together about 500 species of sharks 00:10:56.160 --> 00:10:58.900 and 600 or so species of rays, 00:10:58.900 --> 00:11:01.440 which are really just another type of shark, 00:11:01.440 --> 00:11:06.640 there's over a thousand in the class that contains 00:11:06.640 --> 00:11:09.660 sharks, rays and chimaeras 00:11:10.440 --> 00:11:15.260 and that's a vast and very different group of animals 00:11:15.260 --> 00:11:16.860 with a lot of diversity. 00:11:16.860 --> 00:11:22.680 It's class is a very high level of classification for animals 00:11:22.680 --> 00:11:24.740 for example mammalia is a class, 00:11:24.800 --> 00:11:27.360 all mammals belong in one class, 00:11:27.540 --> 00:11:30.620 so if you wanted to make a statement about mammals, 00:11:30.620 --> 00:11:37.160 you'd be trying to say that a rat is similar to a cow, 00:11:37.440 --> 00:11:39.920 does the same thing as a whale, 00:11:39.920 --> 00:11:42.399 which is just like an orangutan. 00:11:42.400 --> 00:11:44.880 That's the same type of statement you'd be making 00:11:44.880 --> 00:11:47.000 if you make a generalization about sharks, 00:11:47.000 --> 00:11:49.600 as many books used to do, 00:11:49.600 --> 00:11:53.380 at least when I was at the university even. 00:11:53.540 --> 00:11:55.600 Pick up any book of sharks it would say, 00:11:55.600 --> 00:11:58.480 "the shark does this, the shark does that." 00:11:58.480 --> 00:12:01.600 Well that's hooey. 00:12:01.600 --> 00:12:03.940 There's many different kinds of sharks. 00:12:04.240 --> 00:12:07.460 The great majority of them are harmless to us. 00:12:07.460 --> 00:12:10.520 The few that aren't, hardly ever do harm us, 00:12:10.520 --> 00:12:13.460 and they're really interesting animals. 00:12:15.260 --> 00:12:18.380 - [Justin] Doug would you like me to launch the first polls? 00:12:18.980 --> 00:12:21.380 - [Doug] Sure go ahead Andy. 00:12:21.640 --> 00:12:24.820 So this is a white spotted bamboo shark 00:12:25.020 --> 00:12:27.200 and he lives in shallow water. 00:12:27.200 --> 00:12:29.320 So you might think you'd be likely 00:12:29.320 --> 00:12:31.980 to have some interactions with this kind of shark, 00:12:31.980 --> 00:12:35.420 but no, this bamboo shark hides in the coral. 00:12:35.420 --> 00:12:39.780 So unless you spend a lot of time 00:12:39.780 --> 00:12:41.839 peeking down deep into coral crevices, 00:12:41.840 --> 00:12:43.480 you wouldn't even see one. 00:12:43.480 --> 00:12:45.260 If you did it would run and hide. 00:12:46.400 --> 00:12:49.440 -[Andy] We're gonna pause for a second for the poll. 00:12:49.440 --> 00:12:50.650 -[Doug[ Okay 00:12:50.650 --> 00:12:51.460 -[Justin] Thanks Andy. 00:12:51.460 --> 00:12:54.160 We're almost there, we have... 00:12:54.560 --> 00:12:57.760 I'm gonna give you... you have 48 percent voted. 00:12:57.760 --> 00:13:02.720 If you can put in your votes in the next five seconds. 00:13:05.700 --> 00:13:08.280 All right, I'm going to go ahead and close 00:13:14.200 --> 00:13:15.860 and share the results. 00:13:16.280 --> 00:13:19.780 So Doug can't see this, so do you consider yourself... 00:13:19.780 --> 00:13:20.620 -[Doug] I can see 00:13:20.820 --> 00:13:23.300 -[Justin] You can? Great so we have 80 percent 00:13:23.300 --> 00:13:25.380 that consider themselves very interested in 00:13:25.380 --> 00:13:27.300 or attracted to sharks and rays, 00:13:27.900 --> 00:13:30.280 and 20 percent not so much. 00:13:33.840 --> 00:13:36.260 -[Doug] That's a lot of elasmophiles out there. 00:13:36.340 --> 00:13:38.620 It's nice to have a friendly audience. 00:13:40.080 --> 00:13:44.140 Okay let me... okay back to my slideshow. 00:13:44.280 --> 00:13:46.980 White spotted bamboo shark, like i said 00:13:46.980 --> 00:13:48.560 if you saw one of these he would probably 00:13:48.560 --> 00:13:51.800 just go deeper into his coral crevice and hide. 00:13:52.080 --> 00:13:54.820 Now this is a close-up of a kite fin shark 00:13:54.820 --> 00:13:57.300 another deep water shark where... 00:13:58.020 --> 00:14:01.360 and my notes are not advancing... 00:14:01.360 --> 00:14:03.672 this is one that would normally 00:14:03.672 --> 00:14:06.240 have very little opportunity to interact with us. 00:14:06.240 --> 00:14:10.760 You would have zero chance of going into the ocean 00:14:10.760 --> 00:14:15.460 of being an unexpected encounter with a kite fin shark. 00:14:15.460 --> 00:14:17.420 But the opposite is not true. 00:14:17.420 --> 00:14:18.984 They have a real chance 00:14:18.984 --> 00:14:20.880 of an unexpected encounter with humans. 00:14:20.880 --> 00:14:23.720 When alien abductions occur and they suddenly 00:14:23.724 --> 00:14:26.960 find themselves dragged up to the surface 00:14:26.960 --> 00:14:28.320 and 00:14:28.320 --> 00:14:32.200 have their skin turned into boots and other products, 00:14:32.200 --> 00:14:35.260 and maybe even be eaten. 00:14:35.960 --> 00:14:39.240 So this is a very asymmetrical relationship 00:14:39.280 --> 00:14:41.400 that humans have with sharks. 00:14:41.403 --> 00:14:45.080 The number of sharks killed by humans annually, 00:14:45.080 --> 00:14:50.720 estimates run between about 50 and 200 million a year. 00:14:50.720 --> 00:14:56.400 The other way around is more like five per year. 00:14:58.440 --> 00:15:00.160 Some of the deep water sharks though, 00:15:00.160 --> 00:15:01.760 don't stay in deep water. 00:15:01.760 --> 00:15:04.959 Some of them migrate vertically with the plankton. 00:15:04.959 --> 00:15:07.499 In the plankton layer where they live, 00:15:07.499 --> 00:15:09.520 which is usually the thickest layer 00:15:09.520 --> 00:15:11.260 with the most food in it. 00:15:11.260 --> 00:15:13.060 This is a pygmy shark... 00:15:13.360 --> 00:15:16.480 so by day it might be in 400 meters of water 00:15:16.480 --> 00:15:19.382 but at night, when all that, what they call 00:15:19.382 --> 00:15:20.920 the deep scattering layer 00:15:20.920 --> 00:15:24.060 that thick layer of plankton rises to the surface 00:15:24.060 --> 00:15:26.520 the pygmy shark comes up to the surface too. 00:15:26.520 --> 00:15:29.519 This one was about six inches long 00:15:29.519 --> 00:15:32.313 but again you have to be really lucky to see one of these 00:15:32.320 --> 00:15:34.620 even if you're swimming out in deep open ocean 00:15:34.620 --> 00:15:37.940 in the middle of the night, which most people don't do. 00:15:39.080 --> 00:15:40.540 And the pygmy shark 00:15:40.540 --> 00:15:42.980 is one of the glow-in-the-dark sharks. 00:15:42.980 --> 00:15:45.680 Like many animals that live in the deep sea, 00:15:45.680 --> 00:15:47.320 it's bioluminescent. 00:15:47.560 --> 00:15:50.200 It can light up these little photophores. 00:15:50.240 --> 00:15:52.240 If you look closely at this picture 00:15:52.240 --> 00:15:55.658 there's a lot of little glowing blue dots there. 00:15:55.658 --> 00:15:57.920 Every one of those dots is a photophore 00:15:57.920 --> 00:16:02.959 or a light emitting organ that these sharks use to 00:16:02.959 --> 00:16:06.621 use for social communication to find mates 00:16:06.621 --> 00:16:09.387 and identify what species they belong to, 00:16:09.387 --> 00:16:11.600 to potential mates for one thing. 00:16:11.600 --> 00:16:14.236 And they're also believed to be able to 00:16:14.240 --> 00:16:15.760 use that for camouflage. 00:16:15.760 --> 00:16:19.220 They can actually make themselves disappear. 00:16:19.325 --> 00:16:23.040 This is a view of the underside of the sharks. 00:16:23.040 --> 00:16:25.320 If you can imagine if you were in the deep ocean 00:16:25.320 --> 00:16:28.849 hunting for fish to eat and you looked up 00:16:28.849 --> 00:16:32.180 you'd see a thin, faint blue glow up at the surface, 00:16:32.180 --> 00:16:37.080 and if this shark lights itself up to exactly match 00:16:37.080 --> 00:16:39.180 that blue glow, it just disappears. 00:16:39.360 --> 00:16:42.920 And we believe that's one of the most important things 00:16:42.920 --> 00:16:45.880 that these light organs are used for. 00:16:47.120 --> 00:16:48.960 Now this shows the work 00:16:48.960 --> 00:16:51.519 of a relative of the pygmy shark 00:16:51.519 --> 00:16:53.820 that also migrates worrisome... 00:16:53.820 --> 00:16:56.480 sorry, migrates vertically. 00:16:56.480 --> 00:16:58.960 But it's a little bit more worrisome 00:16:58.960 --> 00:17:03.260 because it has a tendency to attack larger animals. 00:17:03.260 --> 00:17:04.820 Like this spinner dolphin, 00:17:04.820 --> 00:17:07.780 it has this gouge cut out of it. 00:17:07.880 --> 00:17:09.720 That's from a cookie cutter shark. 00:17:09.900 --> 00:17:13.540 They're usually kind of lie in wait and ambush sharks, 00:17:13.540 --> 00:17:15.660 they wait for their prey to come to them. 00:17:16.160 --> 00:17:19.060 And they attack fish as well as mammals. 00:17:19.060 --> 00:17:23.420 These two holes here on this mahimahi, 00:17:23.420 --> 00:17:25.439 those are from a cookie cutter shark. 00:17:25.440 --> 00:17:27.440 And these elephant seals, 00:17:27.440 --> 00:17:30.000 if you look at all these little scars on them, 00:17:30.560 --> 00:17:32.980 that's from cookie cutter sharks. 00:17:32.980 --> 00:17:36.380 And they get that type of damage because they feed 00:17:36.380 --> 00:17:38.120 in very deep water. 00:17:39.200 --> 00:17:42.300 Now this was not something 00:17:42.320 --> 00:17:44.940 that was ever known to happen to live humans, 00:17:44.940 --> 00:17:48.860 it happened to some bodies of shipwreck victims, 00:17:48.860 --> 00:17:52.040 but until, I think it was about six years ago, 00:17:52.040 --> 00:17:55.100 a guy here in Hawaii, Mike Spalding, 00:17:55.100 --> 00:17:57.300 was swimming across a channel 00:17:57.300 --> 00:17:59.500 between two islands at night, 00:18:00.180 --> 00:18:05.480 and he felt this unpleasant like sting on his leg 00:18:05.480 --> 00:18:07.860 and then another one that was worse on his abdomen, 00:18:07.860 --> 00:18:10.620 and then got out of the water onto his chase boat 00:18:10.960 --> 00:18:13.220 and found out he'd just become 00:18:13.220 --> 00:18:16.140 the first live human being to have been bitten 00:18:16.140 --> 00:18:17.500 by a cookie shutter shark. 00:18:17.760 --> 00:18:19.280 And now there have been three more, 00:18:19.400 --> 00:18:22.480 all of them at night in deep water 00:18:22.480 --> 00:18:24.100 around the Hawaiian Islands. 00:18:24.460 --> 00:18:25.900 Still not a major concern, 00:18:25.900 --> 00:18:28.360 but if you want to have some nightmares about sharks, 00:18:28.360 --> 00:18:32.400 that little, you know, 10 inch long cookie cutter shark 00:18:32.400 --> 00:18:35.600 is the one you should be having your nightmares about. 00:18:36.560 --> 00:18:38.400 This is what does the damage. 00:18:38.407 --> 00:18:41.200 This is the lower jaw of the cookie cutter shark. 00:18:41.200 --> 00:18:44.300 The upper jaw is more spiky like the fork 00:18:44.300 --> 00:18:46.720 and this is the steak knife here. 00:18:46.720 --> 00:18:48.484 So what they do is latch on 00:18:48.484 --> 00:18:50.640 with the teeth in their upper jaw, 00:18:50.640 --> 00:18:53.617 and then bite in with the lower jaw 00:18:53.617 --> 00:18:57.360 and spin around and pull out a plug of flesh. 00:18:57.360 --> 00:18:59.960 Like any good parasite, they leave their victim alive 00:19:00.120 --> 00:19:02.720 so hopefully they'll get another meal later. 00:19:03.300 --> 00:19:06.960 So yes, shark attack is possible, 00:19:07.500 --> 00:19:09.900 but the odds are very much against it 00:19:10.040 --> 00:19:13.520 unless you encourage it by dangerous behavior. 00:19:13.520 --> 00:19:18.240 This is actually a picture of me about 30 years ago 00:19:18.240 --> 00:19:20.180 after my first shark bite. 00:19:20.720 --> 00:19:22.280 I've had three. 00:19:22.820 --> 00:19:25.916 So I again don't want to imply that it's... 00:19:25.920 --> 00:19:29.520 accidents with wildlife don't happen, you know. 00:19:29.520 --> 00:19:31.720 The bigger any animal is 00:19:31.720 --> 00:19:34.540 the greater chance it can hurt you 00:19:34.540 --> 00:19:36.900 if you interact with it, whether you're talking about 00:19:36.900 --> 00:19:38.720 a cow or a whale or a shark. 00:19:38.720 --> 00:19:41.720 But you can really increase the odds of that 00:19:41.720 --> 00:19:45.579 by doing stupid things such as feeding sharks. 00:19:45.580 --> 00:19:48.120 In this case I wasn't feeding the shark, 00:19:48.120 --> 00:19:50.380 but some other people were. I didn't know about it, 00:19:50.380 --> 00:19:53.240 so it was my mistake as well. 00:19:53.240 --> 00:19:55.120 I should have checked things out more carefully 00:19:55.120 --> 00:19:56.981 before I got into the water. 00:19:56.981 --> 00:19:59.440 But keep in mind, you know, 00:19:59.440 --> 00:20:01.432 if you think this makes sharks sound scary, 00:20:01.432 --> 00:20:05.989 I've also been bitten by trigger fish, by sea turtles, 00:20:05.989 --> 00:20:08.600 by bottlenose dolphins. 00:20:08.600 --> 00:20:11.220 I've been bitten by a chambered nautilus. 00:20:11.680 --> 00:20:15.260 I've also been bitten by a coati or coatimundi. 00:20:15.260 --> 00:20:18.320 And I've been bitten by every one of the cats 00:20:18.320 --> 00:20:21.044 that my lady friend has ever owned. 00:20:21.044 --> 00:20:23.364 So that should tell you something. 00:20:23.364 --> 00:20:27.120 It is, we have to face up to it, I'm a pretty obnoxious guy. 00:20:27.120 --> 00:20:30.082 I go around shoving my camera in the faces of animals 00:20:30.082 --> 00:20:32.440 that would rather be left alone, 00:20:32.440 --> 00:20:35.700 and sometimes I pay the price for it. 00:20:35.700 --> 00:20:39.040 But let's put things in perspective now. 00:20:39.040 --> 00:20:42.240 This is a list of wildlife encounters 00:20:42.240 --> 00:20:44.640 in which an American was killed 00:20:44.640 --> 00:20:46.960 over a period of eight years. 00:20:46.960 --> 00:20:50.500 So you can see, that and this, 00:20:50.500 --> 00:20:53.520 again people that were killed directly from 00:20:54.540 --> 00:20:56.400 an interaction with wildlife. 00:20:56.920 --> 00:20:59.660 So as you can see in this scenario, 00:20:59.660 --> 00:21:03.100 stinging insects like bees are the most dangerous, 00:21:03.100 --> 00:21:06.680 dogs number two, snake, spiders and scorpions 00:21:06.680 --> 00:21:09.919 all lumped together, still only number three. 00:21:09.920 --> 00:21:13.540 Wild animals as opposed to dogs, 00:21:13.540 --> 00:21:15.300 which are domesticated animals, 00:21:16.280 --> 00:21:20.560 much fewer - 72 in the whole country over eight years. 00:21:20.560 --> 00:21:22.820 and only two marine animals 00:21:22.820 --> 00:21:25.520 which could be sharks or something else. 00:21:25.520 --> 00:21:27.067 Could have been a fatal sting 00:21:27.067 --> 00:21:28.720 with of a Portuguese man o' war. 00:21:28.720 --> 00:21:31.184 I don't know with this data. 00:21:31.184 --> 00:21:34.880 But if you consider indirect encounters 00:21:34.880 --> 00:21:37.440 then deer become much more dangerous you know, 00:21:37.440 --> 00:21:40.560 having been responsible for 1600 deaths. 00:21:42.660 --> 00:21:44.400 Oh i'm sorry this is a... 00:21:44.400 --> 00:21:47.040 sorry this is considered a direct encounter 00:21:47.040 --> 00:21:50.660 when the car hits the deer, so 1610. 00:21:51.220 --> 00:21:55.820 But compare that with medical errors- 250,000. 00:21:56.500 --> 00:22:00.300 That means you're roughly a hundred thousand times 00:22:00.300 --> 00:22:02.760 more likely, or you should be 00:22:02.760 --> 00:22:06.300 a hundred thousand times more afraid of your doctor 00:22:06.300 --> 00:22:08.920 than of any wild animal that's out there. 00:22:10.560 --> 00:22:18.600 And we're not including all the automobile collisions, 00:22:18.600 --> 00:22:20.340 which were not with deer. 00:22:20.600 --> 00:22:23.360 You know, other cars, guardrails, street lamps, 00:22:23.860 --> 00:22:25.580 that would just dwarf it. 00:22:25.580 --> 00:22:30.760 So in general, wildlife injuries are very low-risk 00:22:30.760 --> 00:22:35.080 and having to do a death having to do with a shark 00:22:35.080 --> 00:22:39.740 is so unlikely, it's not even worth thinking about. 00:22:40.300 --> 00:22:43.440 And yet, the media wants you 00:22:43.440 --> 00:22:44.740 to keep thinking about them. 00:22:44.820 --> 00:22:47.020 The media wants you to be scared. 00:22:47.740 --> 00:22:51.120 You know, there's this old axiom in the news business- 00:22:51.120 --> 00:22:52.760 -if it bleeds, it leads. 00:22:53.440 --> 00:22:55.760 And they often turn to experts 00:22:55.760 --> 00:22:58.260 to tell us what sharks are really like. 00:22:58.260 --> 00:23:00.880 And you often get a bunch of baloney 00:23:00.880 --> 00:23:02.497 from these so-called experts. 00:23:02.497 --> 00:23:04.113 This is one of my pet peeves. 00:23:04.113 --> 00:23:06.657 Here's one that you hear so often. 00:23:06.657 --> 00:23:09.200 I recently heard this on TV 00:23:09.200 --> 00:23:11.200 from a representative of one of the biggest, 00:23:11.200 --> 00:23:14.100 most respected conservation 00:23:14.160 --> 00:23:17.039 and education organizations around. 00:23:17.039 --> 00:23:19.129 And I've heard this so many times - 00:23:19.129 --> 00:23:21.039 sharks are the perfect predators; 00:23:21.040 --> 00:23:23.440 they remain in the ocean unchanged 00:23:23.440 --> 00:23:26.100 for 400 million years. 00:23:28.400 --> 00:23:32.376 Really? Really everything else in nature 00:23:32.380 --> 00:23:36.040 is evolving constantly, but sharks alone 00:23:36.040 --> 00:23:38.560 have stayed exactly the same 00:23:38.560 --> 00:23:40.900 for half a billion years almost? 00:23:41.620 --> 00:23:44.240 And we're talking about just not one type of animal. 00:23:44.380 --> 00:23:46.380 Remember, we're talking about over a thousand 00:23:46.580 --> 00:23:48.260 very different animals. 00:23:48.720 --> 00:23:49.940 And they've all been, 00:23:49.940 --> 00:23:51.420 they were created by God 00:23:51.580 --> 00:23:53.760 500 million, 400 million years ago, 00:23:53.760 --> 00:23:55.070 and haven't changed? 00:23:56.000 --> 00:23:58.320 I'm a little skeptical of that one. 00:23:58.340 --> 00:24:00.900 What would Darwin have to say about that? 00:24:01.600 --> 00:24:04.280 Well, Charles Darwin predicted that 00:24:04.280 --> 00:24:06.360 when the environment changes 00:24:07.060 --> 00:24:09.600 that organisms will have to change 00:24:09.740 --> 00:24:12.040 in order to adapt to the new environment. 00:24:12.560 --> 00:24:14.320 Because the ones that don't change 00:24:14.320 --> 00:24:16.600 will be less successful and they'll die. 00:24:17.100 --> 00:24:20.100 Animals that do change will be successful 00:24:20.100 --> 00:24:22.060 and will replace the ones that couldn't change. 00:24:22.560 --> 00:24:24.811 So animals always change according to 00:24:24.820 --> 00:24:27.500 the theory of evolution by natural selection 00:24:27.840 --> 00:24:29.780 when the environment changes. 00:24:29.780 --> 00:24:31.380 So the only question then is, 00:24:31.380 --> 00:24:34.240 has the environment in this planet 00:24:34.240 --> 00:24:37.200 changed over the last 400 million years? 00:24:37.200 --> 00:24:40.880 We'll ask the dinosaurs. 00:24:40.880 --> 00:24:43.100 You know, they had quite a surprise when 00:24:43.100 --> 00:24:46.960 a big asteroid hit the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico 00:24:46.960 --> 00:24:50.360 about 65 to 66 million years ago. 00:24:50.360 --> 00:24:54.360 And they weren't around for very long after that. 00:24:54.640 --> 00:24:59.120 That was only one of four major mass extinctions 00:25:00.720 --> 00:25:05.680 in which as you can see 75 to nearly 100 00:25:05.680 --> 00:25:07.760 of all species on earth 00:25:07.760 --> 00:25:12.780 were lost in the Permian extinction 250 million years ago. 00:25:13.640 --> 00:25:14.980 Only about three quarters 00:25:14.980 --> 00:25:17.180 of all species on earth were lost 00:25:17.380 --> 00:25:19.540 in the 166 million years ago 00:25:19.760 --> 00:25:21.960 when the dinosaurs went out, and yet 00:25:21.960 --> 00:25:23.300 we're supposed to believe 00:25:23.300 --> 00:25:25.700 that sharks not only survived it, 00:25:25.860 --> 00:25:28.480 but didn't evolve to adapt 00:25:28.480 --> 00:25:30.640 to the new circumstances on earth. 00:25:31.580 --> 00:25:34.140 And let's not forget that there's a mass extinction 00:25:34.140 --> 00:25:37.080 going on right now caused by humans 00:25:37.100 --> 00:25:41.860 with the rate of extinction up to 100 times higher 00:25:41.860 --> 00:25:43.680 than it was in any of these earlier ones 00:25:43.680 --> 00:25:46.440 which took place over extended periods. 00:25:46.520 --> 00:25:48.940 Blink of the eye in geological time, 00:25:48.940 --> 00:25:52.040 but it may have taken a million years actually, 00:25:52.040 --> 00:25:54.780 or two million years for one of these extinctions 00:25:54.940 --> 00:25:56.580 to complete its course. 00:25:56.583 --> 00:25:59.520 -[Andy] I think we have a poll question on that one Doug. 00:25:59.520 --> 00:26:01.043 -[Doug] Okay, let's go ahead. 00:26:01.043 --> 00:26:02.880 -[Justin] Alright, so if you'll hold on, 00:26:02.880 --> 00:26:04.200 let me launch that one. 00:26:08.560 --> 00:26:10.280 Okay, "How concerned are you 00:26:10.280 --> 00:26:12.120 about the current level of extinctions?" 00:26:18.880 --> 00:26:21.340 We have 20 percent that voted. 00:26:23.440 --> 00:26:25.580 I'll give you another 20 seconds here. 00:26:32.400 --> 00:26:35.340 All right, last five seconds to get in your vote. 00:26:39.600 --> 00:26:42.660 Okay, we have about 65 percent that voted. 00:26:42.660 --> 00:26:45.580 I'm going to go ahead and close it and share the results. 00:26:47.280 --> 00:26:48.820 And Doug, you said you could see this? 00:26:49.380 --> 00:26:50.880 -[Doug] I can see that. 00:26:50.880 --> 00:26:54.042 I'm very pleased to see that at least three quarters 00:26:54.042 --> 00:26:58.540 of your respondents are concerned about the extinction 00:26:58.540 --> 00:27:00.680 that's occurring on our planet right now. 00:27:00.680 --> 00:27:01.940 Extinction event I should say. 00:27:02.880 --> 00:27:05.720 -[Justin] Gotta hide that and go back to your... 00:27:10.720 --> 00:27:16.380 -[Doug] Okay looks like I have lost my place in the slideshow. 00:27:16.720 --> 00:27:18.520 Let me see if i can get back there. 00:27:18.520 --> 00:27:20.040 Oh no, here we are again. 00:27:20.560 --> 00:27:24.160 Okay, so if we're going to make any determination 00:27:24.160 --> 00:27:29.380 about whether sharks just don't evolve kind of magically 00:27:29.380 --> 00:27:32.720 or if they have evolved over the last 400 million years 00:27:32.720 --> 00:27:34.960 we have to consider what type of evidence 00:27:34.960 --> 00:27:37.281 we're going to use, and of course 00:27:37.281 --> 00:27:39.800 the only evidence we have for 00:27:39.920 --> 00:27:41.820 before written history started 00:27:41.820 --> 00:27:46.520 just a couple thousand years ago at most - is fossils, 00:27:46.520 --> 00:27:49.479 which we usually think of 00:27:49.479 --> 00:27:51.760 as bones that we're looking for. 00:27:51.760 --> 00:27:55.700 But that's the defining characteristic of the class 00:27:55.700 --> 00:27:58.559 that sharks rays and chimeras belong to. 00:27:58.559 --> 00:28:00.170 They don't have bones. 00:28:00.170 --> 00:28:02.880 Their skeletons are made of cartilage, 00:28:02.880 --> 00:28:04.700 which does not preserve except 00:28:04.700 --> 00:28:07.320 in extraordinary circumstances. 00:28:07.960 --> 00:28:13.440 So all we have really to tell us about prehistoric sharks 00:28:13.440 --> 00:28:17.937 is the teeth, such as these fossilized teeth 00:28:17.937 --> 00:28:20.799 of a very early salmon shark. 00:28:20.799 --> 00:28:23.840 These are from about 40 million years ago, 00:28:23.840 --> 00:28:27.040 and a lot of our fossil history of sharks, even teeth 00:28:27.040 --> 00:28:28.840 doesn't go back that far. 00:28:30.280 --> 00:28:33.140 But sharks actually have two types of teeth. 00:28:33.140 --> 00:28:35.120 They have the teeth in their mouths 00:28:35.120 --> 00:28:37.031 and they have teeth on their skin, 00:28:37.031 --> 00:28:39.279 which are also known as dermal denticles. 00:28:39.280 --> 00:28:40.960 And here you see a section of skin 00:28:40.960 --> 00:28:44.060 from a Greenland shark with the dermal tentacles on it, 00:28:44.060 --> 00:28:46.000 though the white thing sticking out of it, 00:28:46.000 --> 00:28:48.750 this is what makes a shark tooth rough 00:28:48.750 --> 00:28:51.920 and it's usually rough, rubbing your hand in one direction 00:28:51.920 --> 00:28:53.900 you can actually take your skin off. 00:28:53.900 --> 00:28:55.420 And rubbing the other direction, 00:28:55.420 --> 00:28:57.220 it feels more or less smooth. 00:28:57.560 --> 00:29:01.000 And the skin teeth or dermal denticals 00:29:01.100 --> 00:29:05.000 are just as indicative of the species of a shark 00:29:05.000 --> 00:29:07.160 as the mouth teeth are. 00:29:07.160 --> 00:29:09.440 So those are the two types of fossil evidence 00:29:09.440 --> 00:29:10.875 that we have from sharks. 00:29:11.720 --> 00:29:14.080 So these are another type of skin teeth. 00:29:14.080 --> 00:29:19.200 These are from nurse sharks and this 00:29:19.200 --> 00:29:21.493 also illustrates one of the times i got bit 00:29:21.500 --> 00:29:24.400 taking this picture, because this picture is, 00:29:24.400 --> 00:29:27.480 it's actually a picture of a shark that was alive, 00:29:27.580 --> 00:29:30.340 unrestrained and wild. 00:29:30.340 --> 00:29:36.300 So you can imagine that the shark wasn't too happy 00:29:36.300 --> 00:29:39.158 about me repeatedly trying to get my camera 00:29:39.160 --> 00:29:42.320 within one inch of its skin to take the picture. 00:29:42.320 --> 00:29:45.080 So that was just a little nip, no damage done. 00:29:45.080 --> 00:29:47.200 But this picture and the next picture 00:29:47.200 --> 00:29:51.160 illustrate one of our problems with learning about 00:29:51.160 --> 00:29:53.140 ancient sharks through the fossils 00:29:53.140 --> 00:29:55.000 is that these skin teeth can be different 00:29:55.000 --> 00:29:57.760 not only between one species and another 00:29:58.240 --> 00:30:00.720 but between different parts of the same shark. 00:30:01.240 --> 00:30:03.880 So this is also the skin of a nurse shark 00:30:03.880 --> 00:30:06.600 from a different portion of the shark's body 00:30:06.960 --> 00:30:08.120 as this picture. 00:30:08.120 --> 00:30:09.960 And I believe these were both from 00:30:09.960 --> 00:30:12.720 the exact same individual shark. 00:30:12.720 --> 00:30:15.569 So since you don't it with prehistoric sharks 00:30:15.569 --> 00:30:18.755 since you don't have a live specimen to compare to 00:30:18.755 --> 00:30:20.702 it's a lot of guesswork. 00:30:20.702 --> 00:30:22.840 And there's usually no DNA available 00:30:23.340 --> 00:30:24.660 so it's a lot of guesswork 00:30:24.660 --> 00:30:27.300 as to whether you're two different kinds of skin teeth 00:30:27.560 --> 00:30:30.714 or two different kinds of sharks or just one shark 00:30:30.720 --> 00:30:34.240 that left different parts of its skin in different places. 00:30:36.220 --> 00:30:41.440 Now this is a rarity , entire body fossil of a shark. 00:30:41.440 --> 00:30:44.760 We occasionally get those preserved 00:30:44.760 --> 00:30:47.540 in very unusual circumstances 00:30:47.860 --> 00:30:51.500 where a shark is killed or any other animal is killed 00:30:51.580 --> 00:30:53.980 and falls immediately into a thick sediment, 00:30:53.980 --> 00:30:55.820 which then hardens around it. 00:30:55.820 --> 00:30:59.320 And you can actually see skin details. 00:30:59.320 --> 00:31:04.980 So this is the original nearly 400 million year old shark. 00:31:05.060 --> 00:31:07.580 This one's called Cloud of Solachae. 00:31:07.720 --> 00:31:10.480 There's only a very few fossils of it. 00:31:10.480 --> 00:31:13.120 This one is about 370 million years ago, 00:31:13.120 --> 00:31:15.980 so that's very close to the time 00:31:15.980 --> 00:31:20.200 when sharks first diverged from bony fishes, 00:31:20.600 --> 00:31:23.520 the other major group of fishes in the ocean 00:31:23.520 --> 00:31:29.700 but unchanged for 400 million years? 00:31:29.700 --> 00:31:32.740 To me that doesn't look anything like any shark I've seen 00:31:32.740 --> 00:31:36.720 that's alive today. It's body is vaguely shark shaped, 00:31:36.800 --> 00:31:40.240 but it doesn't really closely resemble any extant shark 00:31:40.240 --> 00:31:43.060 and we don't know anything about the physiology 00:31:43.060 --> 00:31:45.280 or behavior of this shark. 00:31:46.640 --> 00:31:50.799 This is another fossil. This is showing a tooth whorl, 00:31:50.799 --> 00:31:53.677 that's unlike the dental structure 00:31:53.677 --> 00:31:56.640 of any animal living on earth today. 00:31:56.640 --> 00:31:58.920 And this comes from 00:31:58.920 --> 00:32:01.820 an animal called a coral tooth shark 00:32:01.820 --> 00:32:04.040 or some people call them buzz tooth sharks now, 00:32:04.060 --> 00:32:06.960 or buzz saw sharks. 00:32:06.960 --> 00:32:09.824 It's called his true name is Helicoprion, 00:32:09.824 --> 00:32:12.400 and this one lived between 245 00:32:12.400 --> 00:32:14.840 and 290 million years ago. 00:32:16.300 --> 00:32:19.220 So with this being the only evidence 00:32:19.220 --> 00:32:21.220 that we have of this type of shark, 00:32:21.220 --> 00:32:24.880 how do you figure out what the shark looked like at all? 00:32:25.840 --> 00:32:28.940 For that we depend on reconstructive artists. 00:32:29.640 --> 00:32:32.780 So they need, of course, a lot of creativity, 00:32:33.440 --> 00:32:36.180 but the best paleontological artists 00:32:36.180 --> 00:32:38.160 also visit the fossil sites themselves 00:32:38.160 --> 00:32:40.440 spend a lot of time looking at the fossils, 00:32:40.640 --> 00:32:43.220 and a lot of time talking to paleontologists, 00:32:43.280 --> 00:32:45.180 and doing library research 00:32:45.180 --> 00:32:47.380 and then when they make their first sketches 00:32:47.520 --> 00:32:50.160 they show those to the paleontologists 00:32:50.200 --> 00:32:52.520 and get answers as to why or why not 00:32:52.820 --> 00:32:54.593 the animal that had these teeth 00:32:54.593 --> 00:32:56.880 might or might not have looked like that, 00:32:56.880 --> 00:33:01.120 and they come up with this kind of stuff. 00:33:01.120 --> 00:33:04.639 This is one of the the best 00:33:04.640 --> 00:33:09.300 most active paleontological artists that, 00:33:09.300 --> 00:33:12.799 or I should say marine paleontological artists 00:33:12.799 --> 00:33:15.439 who's painted a lot of the early sharks. 00:33:15.439 --> 00:33:18.125 And again, we don't know exactly what they look like 00:33:18.125 --> 00:33:19.520 and he doesn't, 00:33:19.600 --> 00:33:21.400 but he takes some pretty good guesses 00:33:21.400 --> 00:33:23.820 that the animals that had those teeth 00:33:25.040 --> 00:33:28.080 in the lower jaw, had them oriented like this. 00:33:28.080 --> 00:33:30.240 And then, now we know that they had 00:33:30.240 --> 00:33:32.000 a notch in their upper jaw 00:33:32.000 --> 00:33:34.617 and when they closed that lower jaw 00:33:34.617 --> 00:33:39.758 these teeth rotated backwards as the mouth was closing. 00:33:39.760 --> 00:33:43.180 So it actually did work a little bit like a buzz saw 00:33:43.180 --> 00:33:47.360 to cut its prey in half or cut big pieces off 00:33:47.360 --> 00:33:50.960 just like a big circular saw. 00:33:51.039 --> 00:33:55.802 But now they were able to do a CT scan 00:33:55.802 --> 00:34:00.920 of one of these fossil shark oral tooth patterns 00:34:00.920 --> 00:34:04.220 and actually see the cartilage in the CT 00:34:04.240 --> 00:34:07.400 that, where they could see how these teeth 00:34:07.400 --> 00:34:09.707 were arranged on the cartilage structure 00:34:09.707 --> 00:34:12.240 And that cartilage structure then enabled them 00:34:12.240 --> 00:34:16.490 to reclassify these as not even really sharks. 00:34:16.980 --> 00:34:19.600 These are on the branch of the family tree 00:34:19.740 --> 00:34:22.440 that led to the ghost sharks or chimaeras, 00:34:22.440 --> 00:34:24.340 also known as ratfish. 00:34:24.340 --> 00:34:27.520 So now instead of calling this a buzzsaw shark, 00:34:27.520 --> 00:34:30.860 you should really call it a buzzsaw ratfish. 00:34:30.860 --> 00:34:34.700 And here's a few of the, another type of extinct shark, 00:34:34.700 --> 00:34:36.480 the scissor tooth sharks, 00:34:36.480 --> 00:34:37.780 also very scary 00:34:37.780 --> 00:34:40.560 if you think about being one of their prey creatures. 00:34:40.560 --> 00:34:41.391 But of course, 00:34:41.391 --> 00:34:44.240 they lived long before humans were on the planet. 00:34:44.240 --> 00:34:48.399 And there were Iniopterygians- flying sharks. 00:34:48.399 --> 00:34:52.189 And they flew pretty much like, or rather glided in the air, 00:34:52.189 --> 00:34:54.260 pretty much like flying fish. 00:34:54.260 --> 00:34:57.600 So if sharks don't evolve, 00:34:57.600 --> 00:35:01.359 we'd still have flying sharks in the ocean today. 00:35:01.359 --> 00:35:04.720 But this is part of a line that a dead end, 00:35:04.720 --> 00:35:08.320 an evolution an evolutionary line that went extinct. 00:35:08.320 --> 00:35:11.120 As did the Petalodont sharks, 00:35:11.120 --> 00:35:12.740 which were pretty much 00:35:12.740 --> 00:35:15.240 the shark equivalent of a frog fish. 00:35:17.320 --> 00:35:19.660 And here's the shark family tree. 00:35:20.800 --> 00:35:23.498 And let's spend a little bit of time looking at this. 00:35:23.498 --> 00:35:24.720 That, remember that shark 00:35:24.720 --> 00:35:28.320 that was actually almost 400 million years ago? 00:35:28.320 --> 00:35:30.900 That first fossil that was where 00:35:30.900 --> 00:35:32.740 you could kind of see the whole body? 00:35:32.740 --> 00:35:33.940 That's over here 00:35:33.940 --> 00:35:36.140 on one of the lowest branches of the tree. 00:35:36.240 --> 00:35:40.000 So very soon, we're starting with the common ancestor 00:35:40.000 --> 00:35:42.880 of bony fish and sharks down here... 00:35:42.880 --> 00:35:45.140 very soon after that branched off of there 00:35:45.140 --> 00:35:46.880 that line went extinct. 00:35:46.880 --> 00:35:49.600 So these didn't lead to anything that's alive now 00:35:49.600 --> 00:35:50.520 in the present day. 00:35:50.520 --> 00:35:52.500 That was an evolutionary dead end, 00:35:53.220 --> 00:35:56.300 as were these Stethacantid sharks, 00:35:56.560 --> 00:36:00.360 which had this weird thing on top of their head, 00:36:00.880 --> 00:36:04.880 sort of a clasper like a rat fish does. 00:36:05.920 --> 00:36:08.800 Over here, what branched off very early, 00:36:08.800 --> 00:36:11.460 are the actual bony fishes 00:36:11.460 --> 00:36:13.900 that continued evolving till today. 00:36:15.000 --> 00:36:17.980 These were the whorl tooth or the buzz saw sharks 00:36:17.980 --> 00:36:20.480 which went extinct. 00:36:21.620 --> 00:36:25.780 Over here we have the lobefin fishes 00:36:25.860 --> 00:36:29.460 and those actually eventually came on the land 00:36:29.460 --> 00:36:34.480 and led to amphibians and to reptiles 00:36:34.480 --> 00:36:36.280 and then eventually to mammals. 00:36:36.280 --> 00:36:38.600 So that's our family line over here. 00:36:39.620 --> 00:36:43.540 Here we've got all these other extinct sharks. 00:36:43.760 --> 00:36:46.660 And this, this branch continued 00:36:46.660 --> 00:36:48.480 up to the present day sharks. 00:36:48.920 --> 00:36:50.700 and the present-day race, 00:36:50.700 --> 00:36:53.480 which you can see right here at the top of the tree along, 00:36:53.480 --> 00:36:57.080 they're just really one of these shark orders 00:36:58.680 --> 00:37:01.300 and the ratfish are on a very different line 00:37:01.300 --> 00:37:03.760 again the whorl tooth sharks branched off of that, 00:37:03.840 --> 00:37:05.280 but it continued on, 00:37:05.280 --> 00:37:08.320 and then we got the Pateledons which went extinct. 00:37:08.320 --> 00:37:11.080 You know, the frog fish sharks, another extinct group 00:37:11.080 --> 00:37:13.787 and the flying sharks extinct, 00:37:13.787 --> 00:37:15.980 but this line is still surviving 00:37:15.980 --> 00:37:19.940 as our chimaeras or ratfish or ghost sharks. 00:37:22.240 --> 00:37:25.360 Now this is another way of looking at a, 00:37:25.360 --> 00:37:27.240 a family tree of sharks... 00:37:27.400 --> 00:37:30.300 So we're starting back in the... 00:37:30.420 --> 00:37:33.320 after the extinction occurred 00:37:33.320 --> 00:37:38.320 around the late Jurassic, was 200 million years ago 00:37:39.360 --> 00:37:41.180 or middle Jurassic. 00:37:41.940 --> 00:37:43.940 And continuing up from there, 00:37:43.940 --> 00:37:46.600 then we have the first appearance. 00:37:46.800 --> 00:37:48.360 Again, we're going only by teeth. 00:37:48.420 --> 00:37:50.800 That's the only evidence we have of these sharks. 00:37:50.800 --> 00:37:52.066 But here you can see, 00:37:52.066 --> 00:37:55.200 here's the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs. 00:37:55.200 --> 00:37:57.520 And the first sand tiger sharks, 00:37:57.520 --> 00:38:00.620 one of the groups that's alive today 00:38:00.620 --> 00:38:02.720 that has the oldest lineage we can find, 00:38:02.720 --> 00:38:04.900 appeared about that time about the time 00:38:04.900 --> 00:38:08.140 the dinosaurs went extinct. 00:38:08.500 --> 00:38:12.280 And then you have other branches continuing 00:38:12.280 --> 00:38:13.660 up to Lamna, 00:38:13.840 --> 00:38:16.760 these are the poor beagle and salmon sharks, 00:38:16.760 --> 00:38:21.180 and these are the white sharks here. 00:38:21.180 --> 00:38:25.260 So they started maybe 80 million years ago. 00:38:25.820 --> 00:38:27.780 First tiger sharks, 50 million years ago, 00:38:27.840 --> 00:38:31.880 and so on up to you see new types of sharks appearing 00:38:31.880 --> 00:38:36.900 all the way through evolution up to five million years ago 00:38:36.900 --> 00:38:39.840 just before bipedal hominids, 00:38:39.840 --> 00:38:42.080 in other words modern humans, 00:38:42.160 --> 00:38:43.900 appeared four million years ago 00:38:44.280 --> 00:38:46.920 So I just wanted to start running you now 00:38:46.920 --> 00:38:51.680 through a pictorial of this history of shark evolution. 00:38:51.680 --> 00:38:53.504 Now here's something that, well, 00:38:53.504 --> 00:38:56.240 we can't say it it hasn't evolved, but this is an animal 00:38:56.240 --> 00:39:01.359 that has a form in the present day that's very similar 00:39:01.360 --> 00:39:04.580 to an ancestor from a long time ago. 00:39:04.800 --> 00:39:07.700 Because the first jawless fishes appeared on earth 00:39:07.700 --> 00:39:11.040 about 525 million years ago. 00:39:11.040 --> 00:39:13.961 So that's even before the first sharks 00:39:13.961 --> 00:39:18.580 and the first modern fishes that have jaws. 00:39:19.340 --> 00:39:22.040 And so these were the very earliest fishes 00:39:22.040 --> 00:39:24.320 and we have representatives of this group. 00:39:24.320 --> 00:39:27.088 Now they are called lampreys and hagfish, 00:39:27.088 --> 00:39:29.440 and these are pacific hagfish here. 00:39:29.440 --> 00:39:31.820 They're probably biochemically very different 00:39:31.940 --> 00:39:35.800 from their ancestors, but their basic body form 00:39:35.800 --> 00:39:39.000 and habit of living are very similar 00:39:39.160 --> 00:39:42.700 to the ones from 525 million years ago. 00:39:43.920 --> 00:39:46.940 Then the first sardines. 00:39:46.940 --> 00:39:49.171 These small guys appeared 00:39:49.171 --> 00:39:51.760 nearly 200 million years ago. 00:39:51.760 --> 00:39:54.867 But the requiem sharks are ground sharks, 00:39:54.867 --> 00:39:56.636 it's a family of sharks, 00:39:56.636 --> 00:40:01.440 weren't here until another 140 million years after that. 00:40:01.440 --> 00:40:06.400 So sardines are more like these very very ancient animals 00:40:06.400 --> 00:40:08.620 than are these sharks that prey on them. 00:40:08.940 --> 00:40:11.080 See these ground sharks have only been around 00:40:11.080 --> 00:40:12.319 for about 50 million years. 00:40:12.320 --> 00:40:15.900 First lizard fishes appeared 130 million years ago. 00:40:15.900 --> 00:40:18.740 First tarpon 120 million years ago. 00:40:18.920 --> 00:40:20.200 It's a very ancient line. 00:40:20.460 --> 00:40:22.540 First sand tiger sharks 00:40:22.540 --> 00:40:25.340 again only about 80 million years ago. 00:40:25.340 --> 00:40:28.980 For seahorses, 65 million years ago. 00:40:29.120 --> 00:40:32.960 And the first primates, that's the group that we belong to 00:40:32.960 --> 00:40:36.032 also about 65 million years ago. 00:40:36.040 --> 00:40:40.360 First thresher sharks about 60 million years ago. 00:40:40.360 --> 00:40:44.600 So they have not even been around as long as primates. 00:40:44.860 --> 00:40:47.780 First gobies, also about 60 million years ago. 00:40:48.700 --> 00:40:50.840 So are we going to say gobies 00:40:50.840 --> 00:40:53.500 unchanged for 60 million years? 00:40:53.580 --> 00:40:54.620 I don't think so. 00:40:54.960 --> 00:40:58.040 First tiger sharks about 50 million years ago. 00:40:58.040 --> 00:41:01.520 For salmon sharks 40 million years. 00:41:01.520 --> 00:41:03.380 Long time, but it's starting to seem 00:41:03.380 --> 00:41:06.380 less like a short period compared to 400 million. 00:41:06.380 --> 00:41:09.359 Salmon and trout about 40 million years ago. 00:41:09.359 --> 00:41:11.400 I don't think it's a coincidence 00:41:11.400 --> 00:41:14.080 that salmon sharks appeared about the same time 00:41:14.080 --> 00:41:16.720 that salmon appeared in the fossil record, 00:41:16.720 --> 00:41:19.700 and they've been co-evolving ever since, 00:41:20.880 --> 00:41:24.800 driving each other to perfect their 00:41:25.140 --> 00:41:28.660 methods of eating and not being eaten. 00:41:28.700 --> 00:41:32.840 First mako shark about 35 million years ago. 00:41:33.600 --> 00:41:35.860 Porbeagle shark close relative 00:41:35.860 --> 00:41:37.880 about 30 million years ago. 00:41:38.620 --> 00:41:44.220 In reef sharks, again also known as requiem sharks, 00:41:44.220 --> 00:41:47.520 about 30 million years ago. 00:41:47.520 --> 00:41:50.477 So this is a big group that includes 00:41:50.480 --> 00:41:53.660 gray reef sharks, Caribbean reef sharks, 00:41:53.660 --> 00:41:55.360 black reef sharks Galapagos sharks, 00:41:55.360 --> 00:41:56.600 silver tip sharks, dusky sharks, 00:41:56.600 --> 00:41:59.580 oceanic white tip sharks, etc.. 00:42:00.340 --> 00:42:03.440 There's about 35 species in the genus Carcharinus, 00:42:03.440 --> 00:42:07.085 that's what I'm referring to as reef sharks 00:42:07.085 --> 00:42:09.119 is the genus Carcharinus 00:42:09.119 --> 00:42:12.640 So this is a group, the family Carcharhinidae 00:42:12.640 --> 00:42:17.560 is a group that had an explosive evolutionary radiation 00:42:18.480 --> 00:42:22.680 or adaptive radiation, where it's branched off 00:42:22.680 --> 00:42:26.460 into all kinds of different species that exist now, 00:42:26.463 --> 00:42:29.200 whereas none of those existed 00:42:29.200 --> 00:42:31.680 more than 30 million years ago. 00:42:31.680 --> 00:42:35.540 So here we go we've got a gray reef shark, 00:42:35.540 --> 00:42:37.839 here Caribbean reef shark, 00:42:37.840 --> 00:42:39.140 silky shark, 00:42:40.360 --> 00:42:42.900 oceanic whitetip shark, 00:42:42.900 --> 00:42:46.480 black tip, oceanic black tip shark, 00:42:46.480 --> 00:42:50.240 black tip reef shark or black fin reef shark, 00:42:50.240 --> 00:42:52.440 a Galapagos shark, 00:42:52.440 --> 00:42:54.120 bull shark, 00:42:55.100 --> 00:42:58.760 silver tip shark sandbar shark, 00:42:58.760 --> 00:43:01.400 bronze whaler sharks, 00:43:01.400 --> 00:43:04.620 again eating on, feeding on these sardines 00:43:04.620 --> 00:43:07.620 that have a much more ancient lineage. 00:43:09.100 --> 00:43:14.620 So all of these different, very different appearing sharks 00:43:14.620 --> 00:43:15.980 in this genus Carcharhinus, 00:43:15.980 --> 00:43:17.120 were not created together. 00:43:17.120 --> 00:43:21.359 They didn't all spring into being 30 million years ago. 00:43:21.360 --> 00:43:24.040 They all evolved separately over time 00:43:24.040 --> 00:43:26.560 as as one branch split into different branches 00:43:26.560 --> 00:43:28.740 and that branch split again, 00:43:28.740 --> 00:43:33.280 So we don't have timelines on each of these species, 00:43:33.280 --> 00:43:34.660 but we can presume that some of them 00:43:34.820 --> 00:43:36.720 evolve quite recently. 00:43:37.020 --> 00:43:41.640 This is another favorite of the the shock media, 00:43:42.320 --> 00:43:44.600 you know, shark week on Discovery Channel, 00:43:44.600 --> 00:43:45.900 and so forth. 00:43:45.900 --> 00:43:48.160 Megalodon, our big tooth shark, 00:43:48.340 --> 00:43:51.100 which evolved about 30 million years ago 00:43:51.100 --> 00:43:53.740 and was here on the planet 00:43:53.740 --> 00:43:55.960 until about four million years ago. 00:43:56.180 --> 00:43:59.460 So roughly the time that bipedal hominids, 00:43:59.720 --> 00:44:02.540 or humans, came onto the scene. 00:44:02.680 --> 00:44:04.480 They disappeared regardless of 00:44:04.480 --> 00:44:05.980 what you might have seen on television. 00:44:05.980 --> 00:44:07.900 No, they're not still around. 00:44:08.860 --> 00:44:12.340 So they looked like a over-sized version of a white shark 00:44:12.340 --> 00:44:15.599 and they, of course, the media plays on that, 00:44:15.599 --> 00:44:17.721 trying to make them seem really scary, 00:44:17.721 --> 00:44:20.320 especially if they were really still here. 00:44:20.320 --> 00:44:22.440 But they're actually on a different branch 00:44:22.540 --> 00:44:25.599 of the evolutionary tree from white sharks. 00:44:25.599 --> 00:44:28.360 White sharks, that lineage appeared 00:44:28.360 --> 00:44:29.926 about the same time, 00:44:29.926 --> 00:44:32.479 about 30 million years ago. 00:44:32.480 --> 00:44:36.080 And again, the neither of these 00:44:36.080 --> 00:44:37.520 was ancestral to the other. 00:44:37.520 --> 00:44:39.120 They were competitors, 00:44:39.400 --> 00:44:43.040 and the earth did not stay the same. 00:44:43.660 --> 00:44:45.660 The environmental conditions changed, 00:44:45.780 --> 00:44:48.080 and when that happens you always have 00:44:48.080 --> 00:44:49.640 winners and losers. 00:44:49.920 --> 00:44:53.320 And evolution proceeds according to natural selection, 00:44:53.320 --> 00:44:58.060 in this case there was climate change around that time, 00:44:58.060 --> 00:44:59.600 and that caused a change 00:44:59.600 --> 00:45:03.040 in the circulation of the ocean currents, 00:45:03.040 --> 00:45:05.141 and the more productive ocean regions 00:45:05.141 --> 00:45:08.320 shifted towards the poles and away from the equator, 00:45:09.060 --> 00:45:11.320 and marine mammals upon which these 00:45:11.320 --> 00:45:13.780 big tooth sharks depended moved up 00:45:13.780 --> 00:45:16.860 to the areas where there was more food, 00:45:16.860 --> 00:45:19.760 which was in colder waters now. 00:45:19.760 --> 00:45:21.900 Marine mammals could survive there 00:45:22.020 --> 00:45:23.920 because they were warm blooded blooded, 00:45:23.920 --> 00:45:26.240 but the big tooth sharks could not. 00:45:26.860 --> 00:45:29.220 However, white sharks could because 00:45:29.220 --> 00:45:31.520 white sharks are partially warm blooded 00:45:31.520 --> 00:45:34.720 so they were able to out-compete big tooth sharks, 00:45:34.720 --> 00:45:36.240 and they won. 00:45:36.760 --> 00:45:38.920 And that's why contrary again 00:45:38.920 --> 00:45:40.380 to what you see on television, 00:45:40.500 --> 00:45:41.840 big tooth sharks are not around. 00:45:42.160 --> 00:45:46.060 White sharks are because they continued to evolve. 00:45:47.200 --> 00:45:49.792 So here we are, great white sharks appeared 00:45:49.792 --> 00:45:51.359 about 25 million years ago. 00:45:51.359 --> 00:45:54.480 So five million years after big tooth sharks, 00:45:54.480 --> 00:45:57.680 but they did not evolve from big tooth sharks, 00:45:57.680 --> 00:46:00.720 they evolved from a different common ancestor, 00:46:00.720 --> 00:46:04.560 and survive until the present, but still evolving. 00:46:05.920 --> 00:46:08.420 And I have a blank slide here, 00:46:08.420 --> 00:46:12.740 oh not sure what happened...there. 00:46:12.740 --> 00:46:15.060 But then we have the bonnet head shark, 00:46:15.360 --> 00:46:17.097 and this is one of the ones that have 00:46:17.097 --> 00:46:18.880 the shortest evolutionary history 00:46:18.880 --> 00:46:20.693 that we've been able to find. 00:46:20.693 --> 00:46:22.880 They only evolved about 500 million years, 00:46:22.880 --> 00:46:28.340 sorry, 5 million years ago. So about the same time 00:46:28.340 --> 00:46:31.940 as humans came out of trees, 00:46:31.940 --> 00:46:34.240 our human ancestors came out of trees. 00:46:34.360 --> 00:46:38.079 And the rays or pancake sharks 00:46:38.079 --> 00:46:41.280 as some people like to call them, including myself, 00:46:41.280 --> 00:46:46.560 diverged from other sharks about 275 million years ago. 00:46:46.560 --> 00:46:49.638 But modern mantas or sorry manta rays 00:46:50.680 --> 00:46:52.780 evolved about 20 million years ago, 00:46:52.780 --> 00:46:57.380 but modern mantas are only about 5 million years old. 00:46:57.680 --> 00:47:00.900 So again, they're descended from rays 00:47:00.900 --> 00:47:04.320 that split off from sharks 275 million years ago, 00:47:04.320 --> 00:47:08.000 but nothing remains unchanged over evolutionary time. 00:47:08.000 --> 00:47:10.209 So they have continued to evolve, 00:47:10.209 --> 00:47:12.419 and they've got, they've evolved 00:47:12.419 --> 00:47:15.953 some very interesting adaptations. 00:47:15.960 --> 00:47:18.920 They evolved from ancestors 00:47:18.920 --> 00:47:21.760 that lay flat on the ocean floor like stingrays. 00:47:21.880 --> 00:47:24.560 That's what developed that flat body shape, 00:47:24.560 --> 00:47:27.740 was when sharks discovered a food source 00:47:28.140 --> 00:47:29.940 on the ocean bottom 00:47:29.940 --> 00:47:32.500 and could save energy by lying on it. 00:47:32.500 --> 00:47:35.640 But the manta's, the ancestors of mantas 00:47:35.640 --> 00:47:37.860 started swimming in the water column again, 00:47:37.860 --> 00:47:41.040 so then you had a flat shark or pancake shark 00:47:41.040 --> 00:47:44.373 that was swimming flapping its wings like a bird, 00:47:45.120 --> 00:47:47.100 it's pectoral fins rather, 00:47:47.100 --> 00:47:48.509 which are shaped like wings, 00:47:48.509 --> 00:47:52.200 and you have a sort of a reversal of evolution there 00:47:52.200 --> 00:47:56.160 to create the modern animal. Very interesting fish. 00:47:56.160 --> 00:48:00.080 They have a very large brain to body weight ratio, 00:48:00.080 --> 00:48:03.700 and they have counter current heat exchangers 00:48:03.700 --> 00:48:06.560 that actually heat their brains 00:48:06.560 --> 00:48:10.200 so they can make very deep dives very quickly 00:48:10.220 --> 00:48:12.580 without going into shock from, 00:48:13.020 --> 00:48:17.620 they call that the icy sledge brain freeze. 00:48:19.820 --> 00:48:22.300 And they exhibit a lot of indications 00:48:22.380 --> 00:48:26.000 of a very high level intelligence, including the ability 00:48:26.000 --> 00:48:28.120 to recognize themselves in a mirror, 00:48:28.120 --> 00:48:29.860 which is something we think, 00:48:30.440 --> 00:48:31.640 an ability that we used to think 00:48:31.640 --> 00:48:33.120 was reserved only for humans, 00:48:33.300 --> 00:48:35.860 and then we found out that chimpanzees could do that, 00:48:35.860 --> 00:48:36.900 and then we found out 00:48:36.900 --> 00:48:39.080 that bottlenose dolphins could do that 00:48:39.080 --> 00:48:41.620 and now different kinds of birds 00:48:41.700 --> 00:48:43.260 and another number of organisms 00:48:43.400 --> 00:48:45.900 have been found to be able to recognize themselves 00:48:45.980 --> 00:48:47.120 in a mirror. 00:48:47.120 --> 00:48:50.660 But it's considered to indicate a very high level 00:48:50.660 --> 00:48:52.640 of evolutionary sophistication. 00:48:52.640 --> 00:48:55.280 Well, mantas are up there right with us. 00:48:56.320 --> 00:48:57.520 Now this is a very ancient group. 00:48:57.520 --> 00:49:01.520 Chimaeras diverged from the other sharks 00:49:01.520 --> 00:49:03.600 including the pancake shark lineage, 00:49:03.600 --> 00:49:06.100 about 425 million years ago. 00:49:06.400 --> 00:49:11.440 So they took...if you remember that early family tree 00:49:11.440 --> 00:49:13.720 I showed you, they branched off right at the bottom 00:49:13.720 --> 00:49:17.440 and then evolved off to the right on that diagram 00:49:18.140 --> 00:49:19.660 but they continued to evolve, 00:49:19.660 --> 00:49:22.480 they didn't stay the same after they branched off. 00:49:22.480 --> 00:49:25.680 So this genus that this particular ghost shark 00:49:25.680 --> 00:49:27.660 or elephant fish belongs to 00:49:27.900 --> 00:49:31.119 is only about two to three million years old, 00:49:31.120 --> 00:49:34.940 and the species is surely younger than that. 00:49:35.700 --> 00:49:37.900 Most of these live in deep water, some of them 00:49:38.120 --> 00:49:40.200 like this one, come up into shallow water 00:49:40.300 --> 00:49:41.660 for reproductive purposes, 00:49:41.660 --> 00:49:43.600 and that's how I was able to get this picture. 00:49:43.640 --> 00:49:47.080 That's another group that we know very very little about. 00:49:48.200 --> 00:49:50.560 And again, genus Homo's been around about 00:49:50.560 --> 00:49:52.580 two to three million years, 00:49:52.640 --> 00:49:57.760 so about the same as Callorhinchus, elephant fish have. 00:50:00.240 --> 00:50:02.960 Hammerheads, when you ask people 00:50:03.120 --> 00:50:05.160 who don't really know sharks about them, 00:50:05.160 --> 00:50:08.100 they almost always describe them as being 00:50:08.100 --> 00:50:11.280 primitive looking or prehistoric, 00:50:12.320 --> 00:50:14.160 which is supposed to make them very scary. 00:50:14.160 --> 00:50:18.760 The truth is that this hammerhead shape, 00:50:18.760 --> 00:50:23.220 this head structure they have, we call it a cephalofoil, 00:50:23.220 --> 00:50:28.280 cephalo meaning head and foil meaning wing. 00:50:28.280 --> 00:50:32.040 It's a head wing. It's a very highly evolved structure. 00:50:32.040 --> 00:50:35.200 They came into being only very late 00:50:35.200 --> 00:50:38.300 in the evolutionary game for sharks. 00:50:38.700 --> 00:50:41.400 Remember the bonnethead is the type of hammerhead 00:50:41.400 --> 00:50:43.300 they were only only evolved, 00:50:43.300 --> 00:50:48.880 was it two to three, four, five million years ago? 00:50:49.020 --> 00:50:50.400 Forgotten already. 00:50:50.400 --> 00:50:53.166 But this is a very recent adaptation 00:50:53.166 --> 00:50:55.700 and it actually gives the shark lift. 00:50:55.700 --> 00:50:57.540 They have very heavy bodies, 00:50:57.540 --> 00:50:59.720 they don't have an air bladder - no sharks do. 00:50:59.720 --> 00:51:02.080 Air bladders are what bony fish use 00:51:02.080 --> 00:51:03.791 to keep themselves afloat. 00:51:04.260 --> 00:51:06.620 Many sharks, if they don't lie on the bottom, 00:51:06.620 --> 00:51:10.400 have to keep swimming constantly to keep from sinking. 00:51:10.400 --> 00:51:12.267 And sharks have this spoil, 00:51:12.267 --> 00:51:15.600 that works like an airplane wing to keep them floating, 00:51:15.600 --> 00:51:19.260 keeps pushing their head up as they swim. 00:51:19.700 --> 00:51:22.020 It also gives them very significant 00:51:22.020 --> 00:51:24.079 evolutionary advantages 00:51:24.079 --> 00:51:26.151 in terms of their sensory organs. 00:51:26.151 --> 00:51:28.160 This is looking at the underside of 00:51:28.160 --> 00:51:29.694 one of those cephalofoils 00:51:29.700 --> 00:51:33.000 and if you can see all these little dark dots in here, 00:51:33.080 --> 00:51:35.600 these are called ampullae of lorenzini, 00:51:35.600 --> 00:51:39.100 and these are electromagnetic sensory organs. 00:51:39.220 --> 00:51:40.940 They can sense electric fields 00:51:41.020 --> 00:51:42.559 and then when the animal is swimming 00:51:42.560 --> 00:51:45.440 they can sense magnetic fields. 00:51:46.320 --> 00:51:48.240 Great hammerheads for example. 00:51:48.240 --> 00:51:50.880 specialize in feeding on stingrays, 00:51:50.880 --> 00:51:53.840 which tend to bury themselves in the sand 00:51:54.040 --> 00:51:55.080 and hide that way. 00:51:56.080 --> 00:51:58.240 When the great hammerhead is hunting, 00:51:58.240 --> 00:52:00.060 it'll swing its head back and forth 00:52:00.160 --> 00:52:02.680 like a person using a metal detector over the sand, 00:52:02.680 --> 00:52:05.200 and they'll pick up the electric signals 00:52:05.200 --> 00:52:07.140 from the metabolism of the stingrays 00:52:07.140 --> 00:52:09.900 and then they can dig them out of the sand 00:52:09.900 --> 00:52:11.359 and feed on them. 00:52:11.359 --> 00:52:14.048 These golden hammerheads are more likely to feed on, 00:52:14.048 --> 00:52:15.780 probably wrasses or other fish 00:52:15.780 --> 00:52:17.720 that bury themselves in the sand, 00:52:17.720 --> 00:52:21.240 but same purpose for those organs. 00:52:23.680 --> 00:52:26.100 People used to think that the hammer 00:52:26.100 --> 00:52:29.560 must have been a real impediment to vision 00:52:29.720 --> 00:52:33.180 because these eyes are so far apart out there 00:52:33.180 --> 00:52:35.980 that they wouldn't have been able to see very well. 00:52:36.400 --> 00:52:40.120 But when they actually tested their visual abilities, 00:52:40.120 --> 00:52:44.160 they found out that these eyes have a 360 degree 00:52:44.160 --> 00:52:47.920 radius of vision on a vertical plane 00:52:48.640 --> 00:52:52.079 and there's a significant overlap in front so they have 00:52:52.080 --> 00:52:54.560 very good binocular vision, which gives them 00:52:54.560 --> 00:52:56.100 depth perception in front. 00:52:56.400 --> 00:52:58.280 And then they swim, 00:52:58.280 --> 00:53:00.880 by swinging their heads back and forwards, 00:53:01.180 --> 00:53:03.660 which gives them an additional range of vision. 00:53:03.840 --> 00:53:05.880 So while the head is swinging, 00:53:05.880 --> 00:53:07.920 they can see directly behind them 00:53:07.920 --> 00:53:10.800 as well as directly in front of them. 00:53:10.800 --> 00:53:13.760 And because they have the 360 degree 00:53:13.760 --> 00:53:15.280 field of vision vertically, 00:53:15.380 --> 00:53:18.060 they can also see below them and above them. 00:53:18.060 --> 00:53:22.580 So it's quite a extraordinary capability 00:53:22.580 --> 00:53:23.740 that they've evolved. 00:53:23.740 --> 00:53:25.620 And again, they've evolved it quite recently 00:53:25.620 --> 00:53:26.920 in evolutionary history. 00:53:27.560 --> 00:53:31.020 Gives them a much larger area of stereoscopic vision 00:53:31.020 --> 00:53:32.800 than most other sharks, 00:53:32.800 --> 00:53:36.720 and certainly than most bony fish or humans either. 00:53:36.880 --> 00:53:41.060 And this is another unique characteristic of sharks, 00:53:41.060 --> 00:53:43.240 and I think some people 00:53:43.240 --> 00:53:44.460 would consider this 00:53:44.460 --> 00:53:47.080 a very advanced evolutionary characteristic. 00:53:47.080 --> 00:53:48.760 They've got two claspers. 00:53:48.960 --> 00:53:52.420 Clasper is the male sex organ. 00:53:52.580 --> 00:53:55.040 It's used for internal fertilization, 00:53:56.400 --> 00:53:59.400 and internal fertilization itself 00:53:59.400 --> 00:54:03.640 is something that most people and even most biologists 00:54:03.640 --> 00:54:06.860 consider a very advanced evolutionary feature. 00:54:06.960 --> 00:54:09.300 We do it, most bony fishes do not. 00:54:09.460 --> 00:54:11.040 Most bony fishes spawn, 00:54:11.040 --> 00:54:14.260 that means they broadcast their eggs and their sperm 00:54:14.260 --> 00:54:15.420 into the water column 00:54:15.420 --> 00:54:17.240 and hope they just find each other. 00:54:17.600 --> 00:54:21.100 But sharks not only fertilize the egg 00:54:21.100 --> 00:54:23.940 within the female's body by using these claspers, 00:54:23.940 --> 00:54:27.820 unlike, again here's bony fish spawning externally, 00:54:27.820 --> 00:54:31.920 just hoping the currents will treat them kindly, 00:54:31.920 --> 00:54:36.480 but many sharks also have live birth, 00:54:37.180 --> 00:54:38.940 like humans, like other mammals. 00:54:38.940 --> 00:54:44.960 This is a sponge. Again very very primitive organism. 00:54:44.960 --> 00:54:48.560 It's way way earlier than fish, 00:54:48.960 --> 00:54:52.880 one of the first animals back to live on the planet. 00:54:52.880 --> 00:54:56.680 They spawn rather than mate, 00:54:56.680 --> 00:55:00.600 so they have external fertilization in most cases. 00:55:00.600 --> 00:55:02.580 Coral also in most cases, 00:55:02.580 --> 00:55:04.620 although there are some corals 00:55:04.620 --> 00:55:09.060 that hold the eggs inside the body of the female coral 00:55:09.060 --> 00:55:11.120 and wait for the currents to bring 00:55:11.120 --> 00:55:15.040 the male spawn to them and then it's fertilized internally. 00:55:15.040 --> 00:55:19.200 But again, most invertebrates have the so-called 00:55:19.200 --> 00:55:22.319 primitive method of external fertilization, 00:55:22.320 --> 00:55:25.300 whereas sharks have this more advanced 00:55:25.300 --> 00:55:28.720 internal fertilization like mammals. 00:55:29.440 --> 00:55:32.800 And sharks even learn to take advantage 00:55:32.800 --> 00:55:39.640 of the evolution of the reproductive strategy of their prey 00:55:39.640 --> 00:55:43.000 because reproductive success requires fish 00:55:43.000 --> 00:55:45.420 then to gather in large numbers where 00:55:45.420 --> 00:55:48.120 their reproductive products will 00:55:48.120 --> 00:55:50.354 have a better chance of finding each other. 00:55:50.360 --> 00:55:52.540 They put them all out in the same area 00:55:52.540 --> 00:55:55.960 instead of doing like sponges do and just pumping it out 00:55:55.960 --> 00:55:58.260 into the current hoping it drifts down current 00:55:58.260 --> 00:56:01.200 to a receptive member of the opposite sex 00:56:01.520 --> 00:56:05.120 or to where they've ejected their eggs or spawned. 00:56:06.160 --> 00:56:10.200 So these are Cubera snappers that have gathered 00:56:10.200 --> 00:56:12.040 for a spawning aggregation, 00:56:12.040 --> 00:56:16.480 and this shark and here's another one, and there's a, 00:56:17.200 --> 00:56:19.638 I think a couple more bull sharks in here. 00:56:19.640 --> 00:56:23.920 These are bull sharks that have gathered to feed 00:56:23.920 --> 00:56:25.220 on these snappers, 00:56:25.360 --> 00:56:28.300 and it's a very successful strategy for them. 00:56:28.300 --> 00:56:30.319 Right here if you can see it on your screen, 00:56:30.319 --> 00:56:33.520 is evidence of sharks' reproductive strategy. 00:56:33.520 --> 00:56:37.220 They have to mate to have internal fertilization 00:56:37.220 --> 00:56:38.200 like humans, 00:56:38.200 --> 00:56:40.340 but they don't have hands to hold each other with, 00:56:40.480 --> 00:56:41.360 so they use their teeth. 00:56:41.720 --> 00:56:43.740 We know this is a female shark 00:56:43.740 --> 00:56:46.000 because here she has a mating scar 00:56:46.000 --> 00:56:48.618 created by the upper jaw of a male shark 00:56:48.620 --> 00:56:51.600 that was holding on to her while they made it. 00:56:53.840 --> 00:56:56.297 And here you see these fish have spawned 00:56:56.300 --> 00:56:57.820 and now these bull sharks 00:56:57.820 --> 00:57:01.600 are really going into overdrive to catch them. 00:57:03.360 --> 00:57:08.040 And here we have a lemon shark giving live birth. 00:57:08.960 --> 00:57:11.080 The shark's head is down at this end. 00:57:11.080 --> 00:57:13.640 This is a remora that's hanging on to the shark. 00:57:13.640 --> 00:57:15.236 This is another remora here. 00:57:15.240 --> 00:57:16.940 Here's the shark's tail, 00:57:16.940 --> 00:57:19.600 here's one of the baby sharks coming out. 00:57:19.760 --> 00:57:21.960 They typically have a litter of about a dozen. 00:57:21.960 --> 00:57:26.420 They come out wrapped in this amniotic sac, 00:57:26.420 --> 00:57:30.160 it's more or less like the birth sack of a human, 00:57:30.160 --> 00:57:31.980 like the placenta. 00:57:32.760 --> 00:57:36.860 And the remoras have even evolved to take advantage 00:57:36.860 --> 00:57:38.500 of this reproductive strategy. 00:57:38.500 --> 00:57:41.740 They'll come in and feed on the after birth, 00:57:41.740 --> 00:57:44.480 and in many cases they'll actually come in 00:57:44.480 --> 00:57:46.800 and bite through the umbilical cord 00:57:46.800 --> 00:57:48.506 and assist with the birth. 00:57:48.506 --> 00:57:50.780 And then they get to eat the umbilical cord 00:57:50.780 --> 00:57:51.940 as their reward 00:57:52.960 --> 00:57:54.920 So it's quite an advanced 00:57:54.920 --> 00:57:57.580 reproductive strategy for sharks. 00:57:57.680 --> 00:58:00.319 But they've also co-evolved with other fish 00:58:00.320 --> 00:58:02.420 so that everybody can come out ahead. 00:58:02.420 --> 00:58:04.831 And here you see the baby shark 00:58:04.840 --> 00:58:07.260 swimming off with the umbilical cord 00:58:07.260 --> 00:58:10.160 that has not yet been bitten by a remora, 00:58:10.160 --> 00:58:11.910 and the pseudo placenta, 00:58:11.910 --> 00:58:14.230 it works like a placenta in mammals 00:58:14.230 --> 00:58:17.120 but it's different evolutionarily. 00:58:17.540 --> 00:58:22.400 So there's only a few freshwater stingrays where 00:58:22.400 --> 00:58:26.600 the baby Elasmobranch bank does not swim away 00:58:26.600 --> 00:58:29.500 after birth, but these particular stingrays, 00:58:29.500 --> 00:58:32.880 they actually exhibit paternal care which is considered 00:58:32.880 --> 00:58:36.020 a very, or rather, maternal care parental care, 00:58:36.400 --> 00:58:37.910 which is considered a very 00:58:37.910 --> 00:58:40.000 advanced evolutionary characteristic. 00:58:40.000 --> 00:58:45.660 Like us, we spend sometimes 15, 20 years or more 00:58:46.300 --> 00:58:47.840 taking care of our offspring 00:58:47.840 --> 00:58:50.060 before they're ready to live on their own. 00:58:50.780 --> 00:58:55.880 -[Andy] Hey Doug, this is amazing. We're running out of time though. 00:58:55.880 --> 00:58:59.560 Do you think you can wrap it up in a second? 00:59:00.480 --> 00:59:02.820 -[Doug] Yeah I think uh we can probably 00:59:02.824 --> 00:59:04.640 wrap it up with this slide here. 00:59:04.640 --> 00:59:08.202 So I just wanted to use this one of a Greenland shark 00:59:08.202 --> 00:59:11.840 to illustrate the fact that sharks share a lot 00:59:11.980 --> 00:59:14.660 of the evolutionary strategies with humans, 00:59:14.660 --> 00:59:18.180 and that they have a long life span, 00:59:18.760 --> 00:59:21.460 delayed reproductive maturity, 00:59:21.460 --> 00:59:24.220 and very limited numbers of offspring. 00:59:24.220 --> 00:59:29.980 Whereas a tuna might spawn millions of eggs every year, 00:59:30.200 --> 00:59:33.480 many sharks have a dozen or fewer, 00:59:33.480 --> 00:59:35.820 some, and especially in the rays, 00:59:35.880 --> 00:59:38.800 they may only have one every two years, 00:59:38.800 --> 00:59:42.500 and especially sharks that live in colder water 00:59:42.500 --> 00:59:45.180 like these Greenland sharks, live a long time. 00:59:45.180 --> 00:59:47.440 Greenland sharks are believed to be 00:59:47.440 --> 00:59:50.300 the longest lived vertebrate on the planet. 00:59:50.300 --> 00:59:53.480 So they can live 400 years or longer 00:59:53.560 --> 00:59:56.460 if our investigative techniques are correct, 00:59:56.460 --> 00:59:59.280 and they may not even reach reproductive maturity 00:59:59.280 --> 01:00:02.211 until they're over 150 years old 01:00:02.860 --> 01:00:05.760 and produce 10 pups after a gestation period 01:00:05.760 --> 01:00:08.060 that might last for years. 01:00:09.000 --> 01:00:14.200 So they are much more vulnerable to excess mortality 01:00:14.360 --> 01:00:16.360 such as that caused by humans, 01:00:16.360 --> 01:00:18.940 than fish like tuna fish are. 01:00:18.940 --> 01:00:20.913 And just a final bit of explanation, 01:00:20.913 --> 01:00:22.586 this is a real interesting story here 01:00:22.586 --> 01:00:24.169 that I don't have time to get into, 01:00:24.169 --> 01:00:26.922 but this is a copepod parasite that typically attaches 01:00:26.922 --> 01:00:28.800 to the cornea of a Greenland shark. 01:00:28.800 --> 01:00:32.300 So yeah we can go ahead and take questions if you like Andy. 01:00:32.300 --> 01:00:35.300 -[Andy] Okay, thanks, thanks Doug. 01:00:35.300 --> 01:00:37.760 I don't think we have time for questions 01:00:37.900 --> 01:00:39.920 but we do have a few questions 01:00:39.920 --> 01:00:41.560 and we will forward these to Doug 01:00:41.560 --> 01:00:44.340 and he will answer those and we'll get that 01:00:44.520 --> 01:00:45.580 back out to the group. 01:00:45.860 --> 01:00:49.980 Thanks for sticking around for a couple more minutes 01:00:49.980 --> 01:00:51.920 and such a fascinating presentation. 01:00:51.920 --> 01:00:53.220 I'm sure we could, 01:00:53.220 --> 01:00:56.740 I know I could listen for for quite a bit longer. 01:00:56.740 --> 01:01:01.280 So thank you so much. I wanted to just quickly say, 01:01:01.280 --> 01:01:06.940 so there are, our webinars, are archived online 01:01:06.940 --> 01:01:10.020 so you can go and re-watch this webinar again 01:01:10.020 --> 01:01:11.020 if you'd like to. 01:01:11.500 --> 01:01:13.940 You will also get a certificate of attendance 01:01:14.060 --> 01:01:16.240 from for this webinar from us. 01:01:16.940 --> 01:01:19.500 We have a great presentation tomorrow on 01:01:19.560 --> 01:01:23.040 "Minutes Matter: Nature's Warning Signs for Tsunamis," 01:01:23.040 --> 01:01:25.520 so you can go to the Seagrant website 01:01:25.526 --> 01:01:28.160 at the bottom there to sign up for that. 01:01:28.160 --> 01:01:31.280 We also have a Learning by the Seat of your Pants 01:01:31.280 --> 01:01:32.977 exploration of Cordell Bank and 01:01:32.977 --> 01:01:35.440 Greater Farallons National Marine Sanctuaries 01:01:35.440 --> 01:01:38.820 next week on Wednesday, so please sign up for that. 01:01:38.820 --> 01:01:41.160 Those are really fun live interactions 01:01:41.160 --> 01:01:45.600 and we all want you to be engaged and involved, 01:01:45.600 --> 01:01:49.320 so follow us online and conduct the survey 01:01:49.320 --> 01:01:51.140 after the end of this presentation. 01:01:51.280 --> 01:01:53.520 And thank you so very much for joining us, 01:01:53.520 --> 01:01:56.640 and thank you so much Doug for having us, 01:01:56.640 --> 01:02:00.140 we really appreciate your time and your talk. 01:02:00.140 --> 01:02:02.615 It was absolutely fascinating. 01:02:03.260 --> 01:02:04.440 -[Doug] Thank you Andy. 01:02:06.000 --> 01:02:07.040 -[Andy] So we'll close. 01:02:07.040 --> 01:02:12.320 Please answer the poll, the questions at the end, 01:02:12.320 --> 01:02:15.000 and again if you do have question, questions 01:02:15.000 --> 01:02:18.200 we'll get those back to you sometime next week. 01:02:18.200 --> 01:02:27.120 And have a great weekend everybody, mahalo.