WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.240 --> 00:00:02.200 - All right. Welcome, everybody. 00:00:02.680 --> 00:00:09.180 We're so pleased to have you join us for our National Marine Sanctuaries webinar series. 00:00:09.480 --> 00:00:13.880 This series has hosted monthly webinars for several years now, 00:00:13.920 --> 00:00:18.500 hosted by the NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. 00:00:18.500 --> 00:00:24.580 And we find that it's a great way to connect with educators and formal and non-formal educators 00:00:24.580 --> 00:00:30.820 and other interested parties, to provide you with educational and scientific expertise, 00:00:31.160 --> 00:00:36.320 as well as resources and training to support ocean and ocean and climate literacy 00:00:36.320 --> 00:00:38.680 and conservation in your classroom. 00:00:40.180 --> 00:00:41.080 So, 00:00:42.240 --> 00:00:48.180 during the presentation, I wanted to let you all know that all attendees will be in listen only mode. 00:00:48.180 --> 00:00:53.360 If you have any technical issues, you can go ahead and type them into the question box 00:00:53.360 --> 00:00:55.880 in the go to webinar control panel. 00:00:55.880 --> 00:00:58.660 This is the same area that you'll actually type questions. 00:00:58.660 --> 00:01:03.660 So, if something inspires you that you want to get more information about during the presentation, 00:01:03.660 --> 00:01:06.040 go ahead and type it into the question box 00:01:06.940 --> 00:01:11.080 At the end of the presentation, we will give an opportunity for attendees 00:01:11.080 --> 00:01:15.740 to actually raise their hand in the go to webinar control panel 00:01:15.740 --> 00:01:21.600 if they would like to be unmuted and actually ask their questions directly to our three presenters, today. 00:01:22.400 --> 00:01:25.260 Just so you all know, we're recording this session 00:01:25.260 --> 00:01:30.360 and we share the recording with all registered participants via our webinar archive page. 00:01:31.360 --> 00:01:35.440 So, with that, let's just go to our quick introduction, here. 00:01:36.020 --> 00:01:40.320 You're looking here at a map of the National Marine Sanctuary system. 00:01:40.320 --> 00:01:45.220 These are america's underwater treasures, our underwater parks. 00:01:45.220 --> 00:01:49.340 So, NOAA manages a network of underwater parks 00:01:49.340 --> 00:01:55.160 that encompass more than 600 thousand square miles of ocean and Great Lake waters. 00:01:55.160 --> 00:01:59.980 And you can see each of these blue dots on the map represent one of these special ocean areas. 00:02:00.540 --> 00:02:03.960 And they go from the Florida Keys in the southeast, 00:02:03.960 --> 00:02:08.040 all the way up to the Pacific Northwest our Olympic Coast sanctuary. 00:02:08.040 --> 00:02:13.840 We even have now our country's largest site which is an American Samoa in the south pacific. 00:02:14.360 --> 00:02:19.860 So, the network includes a system of 14 National Marine Sanctuaries 00:02:19.860 --> 00:02:25.100 and the Papahanaumokuakea and the Rose Atoll Marine National Monuments. 00:02:26.420 --> 00:02:34.100 This map is relatively new because just a few months ago we added our 15th site to the system, 00:02:34.100 --> 00:02:37.280 our Mallows Bay-Potomac River National Marine Sanctuary. 00:02:37.280 --> 00:02:41.880 So, that was our first one we've gotten to add to the system in nearly 20 years. 00:02:41.880 --> 00:02:43.460 And it's important for you to note 00:02:43.460 --> 00:02:47.560 that National Marine Sanctuaries help protect the ocean and Great Lakes. 00:02:48.800 --> 00:02:53.000 So, like I mentioned, these are areas of national significance for a whole 00:02:53.000 --> 00:02:56.440 they're special and set aside for a wide variety of reasons. 00:02:56.440 --> 00:02:58.400 You can read them, here, on the screen. 00:02:58.400 --> 00:03:03.260 And we, within sanctuaries, as stewards of these special underwater parks, 00:03:03.260 --> 00:03:08.700 we're mandated to conduct research and monitoring, education and outreach, 00:03:08.700 --> 00:03:12.820 and active management that ultimately leads to resource protection. 00:03:13.340 --> 00:03:17.340 And we like to call these National Marine Sanctuaries our living classrooms 00:03:17.340 --> 00:03:23.260 because this is where people can see, touch, and learn about these underwater treasures. 00:03:24.320 --> 00:03:25.780 So, quick introduction. 00:03:25.780 --> 00:03:30.560 That's me. I'm Claire Fackler. I'm based here in Santa Barbara, California. 00:03:30.560 --> 00:03:33.080 And we'll be hosting today's webinar. 00:03:33.080 --> 00:03:37.920 I have my colleague, Hannah MacDonald, who's normally in Silver Spring, Maryland, 00:03:37.920 --> 00:03:42.460 but, today, is presenting or helping out from Miami, Florida. 00:03:42.460 --> 00:03:46.560 So, she'll be doing the back end administration and helping run the poll questions 00:03:46.560 --> 00:03:48.840 and kicking off our Q&A. \ 00:03:48.840 --> 00:03:53.500 So, again, any feedback you have from the webinar to help improve the experience, 00:03:53.500 --> 00:03:55.080 please feel free to share. 00:03:55.080 --> 00:03:59.520 There is a survey that is takes about two to four minutes 00:03:59.520 --> 00:04:02.900 that pops up immediately when you shut down from the go to webinar. 00:04:02.900 --> 00:04:06.940 And we would greatly appreciate you to take a few minutes to answer those questions. 00:04:07.780 --> 00:04:09.680 Well, let's get to today's presentation, here. 00:04:09.680 --> 00:04:16.960 We are very excited because we have three of our current Dr. Nancy Foster scholars 00:04:16.960 --> 00:04:18.440 that are presenting. 00:04:18.440 --> 00:04:24.280 So, first, we have Samara Haver who is a PhD candidate at Oregon State University. 00:04:24.280 --> 00:04:29.420 She uses a network of bottom-mounted passive acoustic hydrophones 00:04:29.420 --> 00:04:36.160 to study soundscape ecology and bioacoustics in marine ecosystems around the United States. 00:04:36.540 --> 00:04:41.180 And, of course, when she's not hard at work in the lab, Samara can be found playing outdoors 00:04:41.180 --> 00:04:44.000 or traveling, and, sometimes, both at the same time. 00:04:44.800 --> 00:04:49.080 Next in the photo, there, I'd like to introduce Angela Szesciorka. 00:04:49.080 --> 00:04:53.640 She's a PhD candidate at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. 00:04:53.640 --> 00:04:59.080 She's been studying humpback, blue and fin whales in our National Marine Sanctuaries 00:04:59.080 --> 00:05:02.160 off the California coast, for the past six years. 00:05:02.700 --> 00:05:08.680 Angela uses a variety of tools, including animal-mounted tags and seafloor hydrophones, 00:05:08.680 --> 00:05:12.040 to study baleen whale migration and dive behavior, 00:05:12.040 --> 00:05:16.460 and of course the threats they face in a human impacted ecosystem. 00:05:16.460 --> 00:05:19.540 And when she's not in the field or analyzing data, 00:05:19.540 --> 00:05:24.220 she is hiking and tide pooling in northern California or going to baseball games. 00:05:24.940 --> 00:05:27.940 And, lastly, I'd like to introduce vanessa ZoBell. 00:05:28.260 --> 00:05:33.360 She is a second year PhD student at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, as well. 00:05:33.360 --> 00:05:36.400 She's in the biological oceanography department. 00:05:36.400 --> 00:05:40.620 She's a student with Dr. John Hildebrand in the whale acoustics lab. 00:05:40.620 --> 00:05:46.240 And Vanessa investigates noise pollution in the Santa Barbara Channel 00:05:46.240 --> 00:05:52.560 and quantifies efforts to reduce ship noise in Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary region. 00:05:52.560 --> 00:05:58.840 And when she's not working and studying, she likes hiking, surfing, and yoga. 00:05:58.840 --> 00:06:04.780 So, with that, I'm gonna go ahead and hand the controls over to our three presenters 00:06:05.240 --> 00:06:08.020 and let them start their presentation. 00:06:12.960 --> 00:06:17.020 And, hey gals, if you can pop on your web camera, too, that would be great. 00:06:22.320 --> 00:06:23.820 Hannah, do you think we've lost them? 00:06:25.100 --> 00:06:30.500 - It says that they're still there -[gals] We're here! 00:06:30.500 --> 00:06:33.080 - All right. Excellent. There you are! 00:06:33.940 --> 00:06:39.020 - Wonderful. okay so you ladies can take it away. Hannah and I will pop off our web cameras 00:06:39.020 --> 00:06:42.680 and put the attention and focus on you so enjoy. 00:06:42.680 --> 00:06:47.560 - Okay, let's get getting ourselves set up, here. One moment. 00:06:54.880 --> 00:06:57.900 So thanks for that introduction, Claire and Hannah. 00:06:57.900 --> 00:07:01.080 I'm Tamara, I'm Angela, I'm Vanessa. 00:07:01.080 --> 00:07:07.140 And we know that we have attendees from all different levels, 00:07:07.580 --> 00:07:10.340 So, today, we're going to be talking about underwater sound. 00:07:10.340 --> 00:07:13.080 And because we have a lot of different backgrounds, 00:07:13.080 --> 00:07:17.780 we thought we'd start by defining what sound is and how we study it. 00:07:17.780 --> 00:07:20.240 So, for example, these are all instruments. 00:07:20.240 --> 00:07:24.400 They're all different instruments and they create different sounds, when they're played. 00:07:24.400 --> 00:07:26.900 And what these instruments have in common 00:07:26.900 --> 00:07:30.820 is that they all do something that causes the air around them to vibrate. 00:07:31.360 --> 00:07:36.240 And those vibrations are pressure waves, which is, essentially, what we hear as sound. 00:07:37.940 --> 00:07:45.700 Sound waves can travel from a source to a listener in the air, in water, or even through solids, like rocks. 00:07:45.700 --> 00:07:49.920 And different animals can hear sound in different ways. 00:07:49.920 --> 00:07:55.160 So, as humans, we have ears that convert those pressure waves to information 00:07:55.160 --> 00:07:58.100 that our brain can use to make sense of it, as a sound. 00:07:58.660 --> 00:08:03.120 So, for example, if you just blow on the palm of your hand, like that, 00:08:03.620 --> 00:08:07.560 you can feel the air is moving and that's creating some pressure. 00:08:10.160 --> 00:08:14.820 Like anything else that we study, the shape of a leaf, the pH of a solution, 00:08:14.820 --> 00:08:17.980 we use very specific measurements to describe sound. 00:08:18.600 --> 00:08:20.160 First is the frequency. 00:08:20.160 --> 00:08:26.400 Frequency is a pitch of a sound and it's determined by the wave period of the sound wave. 00:08:26.400 --> 00:08:29.880 As you can see on the left side of your screen in the diagram, 00:08:29.880 --> 00:08:31.880 the red shows the wave period. 00:08:32.580 --> 00:08:36.360 And a higher frequency wave has a shorter wave period 00:08:36.360 --> 00:08:41.980 and that is higher pitch sound like a soprano singer or a police siren. 00:08:41.980 --> 00:08:47.500 And below the high frequency wave, you can see an example of a low frequency wave, 00:08:47.500 --> 00:08:52.680 which has a longer wave period. And a low frequency wave is lower pitched, 00:08:52.680 --> 00:08:55.100 like a thunder or a bass drum. 00:08:57.200 --> 00:09:01.420 The other way that we measure sound is the intensity of the sound wave. 00:09:01.420 --> 00:09:04.640 And the intensity is measured on the decibel scale. 00:09:05.320 --> 00:09:10.380 And for humans, sounds that are higher intensity we perceive as being louder. 00:09:10.380 --> 00:09:16.760 So, on this scale, you can see at the quietest levels there are whispers or rustling leaves, 00:09:16.760 --> 00:09:21.980 all the way up to really-- sounds we perceive as very loud, like fireworks. 00:09:24.800 --> 00:09:28.680 Depending on the frequency and the intensity of a sound wave, 00:09:28.680 --> 00:09:30.780 it can travel different distances. 00:09:30.780 --> 00:09:36.360 But the environment that a sound travels in can also influence the distance from the source 00:09:36.360 --> 00:09:38.060 that that sound can be heard. 00:09:39.080 --> 00:09:43.580 Sound travels differently under water because particles in water are closer together 00:09:43.580 --> 00:09:45.040 than particles in the air. 00:09:45.840 --> 00:09:50.760 And in the ocean, sound travels slower in cold temperatures and shallower water. 00:09:51.300 --> 00:09:54.680 Scientists have a special name for the air of the ocean 00:09:54.680 --> 00:09:57.520 that is the meeting point of the shallowest step 00:09:57.520 --> 00:10:01.060 where water is also cold enough to slow down sand. 00:10:01.060 --> 00:10:03.620 And this is actually hundreds of meters deep. 00:10:03.620 --> 00:10:10.680 And this special area is called the Sound Fixing and Ranging Channel, or SoFaR for short. 00:10:11.220 --> 00:10:15.180 And in the SoFaR Channel sound can travel furthest in the ocean 00:10:15.180 --> 00:10:20.580 because traveling slower makes it so sound waves don't lose their intensity, as quickly. 00:10:21.860 --> 00:10:24.940 And the SoFaR Channel is also important to us as researchers 00:10:24.940 --> 00:10:29.540 because we listen in the SoFaR Channel, we can potentially hear sounds from further away. 00:10:30.780 --> 00:10:35.200 So, now we're going to go to a quick poll about sound moving underwater 00:10:38.400 --> 00:10:42.340 - [Hannah] All right. So, I am going to launch the poll. 00:10:43.200 --> 00:10:48.280 What happens to sound underwater? Select one of the following: 00:10:48.280 --> 00:10:53.560 moves four times faster, two times slower or stays the same speed? 00:10:58.140 --> 00:11:00.780 All right. About half of you have voted. 00:11:04.560 --> 00:11:08.500 I'll close the poll when we get about three quarters of you. 00:11:11.120 --> 00:11:13.540 Great. I'm going to close the poll, now 00:11:14.660 --> 00:11:21.580 and share the results. It looks like we have 75 percent of our attendees say four times faster. 00:11:22.280 --> 00:11:23.440 Samara, what do you think? 00:11:24.200 --> 00:11:28.980 - That is correct. Good job to most of you 00:11:33.800 --> 00:11:36.420 So, yes, about four times faster. 00:11:36.420 --> 00:11:39.660 So, even when sound is in the SoFaR Channel, 00:11:39.660 --> 00:11:44.980 sound travels over four times faster in water compared to the air. 00:11:44.980 --> 00:11:50.360 So, in this diagram, the green boxes are representative of football fields, 00:11:50.360 --> 00:11:56.220 and you can see, in one second, sound in the water travels about 15 football fields 00:11:56.220 --> 00:12:00.140 and compared to the air it's only-- it's less than four. 00:12:00.860 --> 00:12:05.740 So, because of this, many species and marine animals, and especially marine mammals, 00:12:05.740 --> 00:12:08.800 have evolved to use sound to communicate underwater. 00:12:09.900 --> 00:12:13.600 And it's also important to know that light travels differently underwater. 00:12:13.600 --> 00:12:17.980 And sunlight doesn't travel very deep because it loses energy. 00:12:17.980 --> 00:12:23.740 And this is another reason why marine animals rely on sound to communicate, instead of other senses. 00:12:25.260 --> 00:12:28.680 Okay, so, now that we're kind of all on the same page 00:12:28.680 --> 00:12:31.720 and we have a basic understanding of acoustics. Thank you, Samara. 00:12:31.720 --> 00:12:35.780 I want to talk about kind of why sound is important for animals in the ocean. 00:12:36.420 --> 00:12:40.360 So as Samara is just saying if you go deeper and deeper into the ocean depths, 00:12:40.360 --> 00:12:43.360 you're losing light. It's getting darker and darker, 00:12:43.360 --> 00:12:46.200 until there's actually no light available to some of the animals 00:12:46.200 --> 00:12:48.520 that are living at those really, really, deep depths. 00:12:48.520 --> 00:12:54.920 And without light, animals need another way to orient themselves, find food, find mates, communicate. 00:12:54.920 --> 00:12:58.780 Some other animals have senses like taste and smell, 00:12:58.780 --> 00:13:01.880 but that's kind of a short range, not very long distance. 00:13:01.880 --> 00:13:06.220 And, as we just learned, sound travels much faster in water than it does in air. 00:13:06.220 --> 00:13:11.480 So, in the absence of light, sound is actually the next best way to understand your environment. 00:13:13.840 --> 00:13:18.160 Now, animals can passively listen to their surroundings in order to make decision, 00:13:18.160 --> 00:13:23.120 or they can use active acoustics, which means they actually produce them sounds themselves. 00:13:23.120 --> 00:13:28.600 and so the image on the top left of this slide is showing you a nice example of passive sound. 00:13:29.460 --> 00:13:32.320 Juvenile oysters will start out in the open ocean, 00:13:32.320 --> 00:13:35.780 but, eventually, they need to settle down somewhere permanently to grow. 00:13:35.780 --> 00:13:39.580 And so they will actually listen for and seek out noisier areas 00:13:39.580 --> 00:13:42.080 because, for them, it's a sign of a healthier habitat. 00:13:42.900 --> 00:13:45.540 And in the next slide, you'll recognize a shark, 00:13:45.540 --> 00:13:50.640 although, these sharks, as many of you know, use other senses to find prey. 00:13:50.640 --> 00:13:53.340 They are actually attracted to low frequency sounds, 00:13:53.340 --> 00:13:57.920 and they, actually, associate that sound with injured or weakened animals. 00:13:57.920 --> 00:14:01.380 So, they're using passive sound in order to hunt and forage. 00:14:01.800 --> 00:14:04.480 Then, the bottom left image is an interesting case. 00:14:04.480 --> 00:14:08.660 This is something called a pistol shrimp and this image just showing its claw. 00:14:08.660 --> 00:14:13.860 They can actually form-- they snap their claw, really quickly, forming a bubble 00:14:13.860 --> 00:14:17.160 and so when the bubble pops it creates this very loud sound, 00:14:17.160 --> 00:14:21.020 and it's actually been found to stun prey, and even enemies, alike. 00:14:21.760 --> 00:14:25.900 And then the image on the right the bottom right is actually Weddell seal from Antarctica. 00:14:25.900 --> 00:14:30.200 They use sound to navigate and to find air holes when they're forging under the ice. 00:14:30.640 --> 00:14:34.020 And, so, also the sound is very important for other animals, 00:14:34.020 --> 00:14:38.740 and they use it actively in order to communicate, find each other, and attract a mate. 00:14:40.800 --> 00:14:42.920 There are many ways to produce sound. 00:14:42.920 --> 00:14:45.100 One way is by vibrating muscles. 00:14:45.100 --> 00:14:51.980 And, so, the top left panel is a fish that has a very specialized muscle that they can vibrate it 00:14:51.980 --> 00:14:56.520 and they will vibrate it against something that's called an air sac and that actually produces sounds, 00:14:56.520 --> 00:14:58.140 which they use to attract a mate. 00:14:58.780 --> 00:15:02.360 And next to that is a lobster and they use something called stridulation 00:15:02.360 --> 00:15:07.020 which is basically them just rubbing their various appendages together, and that produces sound. 00:15:07.580 --> 00:15:13.780 And then we have a fiddler crab and not only does it use its very large claw as a visual cue to attract mates, 00:15:13.780 --> 00:15:17.320 but they're able to drum the claw on the ground, by the burrow, 00:15:17.320 --> 00:15:21.260 and that also helps them produce-- to attract mates 00:15:21.260 --> 00:15:24.800 because it produces sound and the bigger the claw, the louder the sound, 00:15:24.800 --> 00:15:27.080 and the more attractive they will be to the females. 00:15:27.900 --> 00:15:30.520 And then, finally, on the bottom we have whales and dolphins. 00:15:30.520 --> 00:15:35.260 They produce sounds very similar in the way that we do with our vocal cords. 00:15:35.260 --> 00:15:37.320 They have something that's very similar. 00:15:37.320 --> 00:15:41.060 And then, of course, dolphins also echo locate to find prey. 00:15:41.060 --> 00:15:43.700 So, that's kind of what you see in the schematic, on the bottom right. 00:15:43.700 --> 00:15:47.700 So, there are many reasons and ways to produce sound in the ocean. 00:15:49.140 --> 00:15:53.180 A lot of our work, actually, here especially at Scripps, focuses on whales and dolphins. 00:15:53.180 --> 00:15:57.480 And so, I just wanted to point out how many we have along the coast of California. 00:15:57.480 --> 00:16:01.860 There are at least 23 toothed whales, which includes both dolphins and whales. 00:16:01.860 --> 00:16:04.140 And a lot of them might look really familiar to you. 00:16:04.140 --> 00:16:08.100 So, we've got the bottlenose dolphin, we've got killer whales, we've got sperm whales, 00:16:08.100 --> 00:16:11.040 and even beaked whales, which are actually very elusive. 00:16:11.040 --> 00:16:14.280 And I, actually, only know a handful of people that I've ever seen one in the wild. 00:16:16.140 --> 00:16:20.340 We also have commonly have seven species of baleen whale. 00:16:20.340 --> 00:16:23.540 These are the big guys. They don't have any teeth but they actually have baleen. 00:16:23.540 --> 00:16:28.840 So, essentially, they're filtering small animals through the water column to feed on them. 00:16:28.840 --> 00:16:30.600 Things like fish and krill. 00:16:31.260 --> 00:16:35.840 And you'll recognize a lot of these whales. Maybe you have been lucky enough to even see them. 00:16:35.840 --> 00:16:39.880 We have humpback whales, grey whales, and, of course, the largest animal that we know of 00:16:39.880 --> 00:16:41.740 to have ever lived, the blue whale. 00:16:43.700 --> 00:16:48.300 And then, before I go on, we'll just have Hannah do another quick pull for you guys. 00:16:51.400 --> 00:16:54.160 - [Hannah] All right. The next poll question is 00:16:54.160 --> 00:16:58.300 which of these types of whales are known to sing? 00:16:58.300 --> 00:17:02.200 And your options are toothed whales or baleen whales. 00:17:03.720 --> 00:17:06.940 We already have over half of you voting. This is great 00:17:11.280 --> 00:17:13.480 I'll give you five more seconds. 00:17:16.480 --> 00:17:19.460 All right. And closing the poll. 00:17:20.660 --> 00:17:26.700 It looks like we have 88 percent of our attendees saying that baleen whales are known to sing. 00:17:27.680 --> 00:17:28.460 What do we think? 00:17:29.400 --> 00:17:31.920 - Yeah, actually, that's correct. That is a great answer. 00:17:31.920 --> 00:17:35.180 So, I'll just go on to the next slide, here. 00:17:35.560 --> 00:17:36.980 So, it is the baleen whales. 00:17:36.980 --> 00:17:40.300 They produce low frequency, very deep sounds. 00:17:41.020 --> 00:17:45.380 It's produced by males only and it's a-- the songs are used to attract mates. 00:17:45.380 --> 00:17:48.780 And they repeat these sounds, kind of like notes in our own music. 00:17:48.780 --> 00:17:53.060 And you may have heard the very beautiful humpback whale, Paul, 00:17:53.060 --> 00:17:54.840 but I wanted to play it for you, now. 00:17:55.860 --> 00:18:13.660 (Humpback whale sounds) 00:18:14.940 --> 00:18:18.300 So, that's kind of what it sounds like when the male is singing to the female. 00:18:18.300 --> 00:18:22.840 And then, we have the toothed whales and they are actually known not for song, 00:18:23.060 --> 00:18:25.480 but for their echolocation clicks and whistles. 00:18:25.480 --> 00:18:30.400 And they're much higher in frequency. So, I, actually, wanted to play a killer whale sound for you, here. 00:18:30.400 --> 00:18:31.440 (Killer whale sounds) 00:18:34.320 --> 00:18:37.840 And you can really kind of hear the difference between that low frequency deep sound 00:18:37.840 --> 00:18:39.900 and those high frequency whistles and clicks 00:18:39.900 --> 00:18:42.660 to really help you distinguish between the two groups. 00:18:44.720 --> 00:18:49.700 So, dolphins and whales will use sound in very similar whales-- ways that I've already mentioned. 00:18:49.700 --> 00:18:54.300 Dolphins are using sounds, actively, so they'll use so kind of like sonar. 00:18:54.300 --> 00:18:58.040 They're echo locating behind prey. That's that image you see in the top left, there. 00:18:58.040 --> 00:19:02.380 Next to that is an image of a dolphin whistle. This is what we call a signature whistle 00:19:02.380 --> 00:19:04.380 and they use this, kind of like a name. 00:19:04.380 --> 00:19:08.580 So, when a dolphin encounters someone new, they'll actually produce that sound, 00:19:08.580 --> 00:19:11.300 kind of as an introduction to the other dolphin. 00:19:12.060 --> 00:19:16.640 And then, of course, humpback whales. They'll actively produce sound in order to coordinate movements. 00:19:16.640 --> 00:19:20.620 A lot of them will do uh group feeding and by communicating with each other, 00:19:20.620 --> 00:19:24.460 they can actually coordinate who's doing what and helps them maximize their feeding. 00:19:24.960 --> 00:19:29.440 And then, of course, they also play those lovely songs that I that i just typed for you a minute ago. 00:19:29.440 --> 00:19:33.740 Dolphins traveling in larger groups will use acoustics to stay together, 00:19:33.740 --> 00:19:35.660 so they can find each other when they're traveling. 00:19:35.980 --> 00:19:40.120 And then, of course, some studies had suggested that bow head whales use sound to find 00:19:40.120 --> 00:19:44.220 thinner patches of ice, in order to actually break through the ice, so they can breathe. 00:19:44.920 --> 00:19:48.560 And so, now that I've kind of given you an overview of all the biological sounds in the ocean, 00:19:48.560 --> 00:19:52.100 let's look at some of the other ways sound is important in the ocean. 00:19:53.500 --> 00:19:55.100 Cool. Thanks, Angie. 00:19:55.100 --> 00:20:00.660 So, like Angie said, animals make a lot of beautiful sounds in the ocean, 00:20:00.660 --> 00:20:05.100 but there's also other sound sources in the ocean besides animals. 00:20:05.460 --> 00:20:08.620 So, there are abiotic sound sources. 00:20:08.620 --> 00:20:12.960 Abiotic meaning, a-- not, and biotic-- biological. 00:20:12.960 --> 00:20:17.460 So, non-biological sound sources in the ocean too. 00:20:17.460 --> 00:20:19.700 And some examples of that would be 00:20:19.700 --> 00:20:25.060 wind blowing over the ocean that can create a low frequency hum, 00:20:25.060 --> 00:20:30.200 bubbles being injected from the surface or bubbling up from the ocean floor. 00:20:30.200 --> 00:20:34.460 As they pop they can create sound and even earthquakes. 00:20:34.460 --> 00:20:41.840 There's earthquakes under water and that can create a rumble and a loud sound underwater a lot of times. 00:20:41.840 --> 00:20:47.740 So, and then crashing waves on the surface of the ocean can also create sound 00:20:47.740 --> 00:20:53.300 and, sometimes, if there's a big storm and a lot of big waves the ocean can get pretty loud. 00:20:53.300 --> 00:20:56.740 And, oh, I think we have a poll. 00:20:56.740 --> 00:20:59.180 Hannah, let's do the poll. 00:20:59.580 --> 00:21:02.500 - [Hannah]Awesome, the poll question... 00:21:03.120 --> 00:21:08.280 is which of the following generates sound or noise in the ocean? 00:21:08.640 --> 00:21:14.480 Bubbles, wind turbines, ships, waves, or all of the above? 00:21:16.960 --> 00:21:20.620 All right, over half of you voted. I'll give you a few more seconds 00:21:23.680 --> 00:21:26.220 All right. Closing the poll, now. 00:21:29.360 --> 00:21:33.380 And 100 percent of attendees said all of the above. 00:21:33.380 --> 00:21:34.780 Vanessa, what do you think? 00:21:34.780 --> 00:21:37.740 - That is incredible. Good work, folks. 00:21:38.860 --> 00:21:43.780 Amazing. So, yeah, we have those three abiotic sound sources, 00:21:43.780 --> 00:21:50.860 but we also-- we also have humid made noises in the ocean, too. 00:21:50.860 --> 00:21:54.960 And i switched from the word sound to noise here because 00:21:54.960 --> 00:21:59.360 we often consider human made noise in the ocean of disturbance. 00:21:59.360 --> 00:22:07.620 So, humans use the ocean as a resource, just as animals do, for traveling, exploring, energy, 00:22:07.620 --> 00:22:11.480 and some of these activities make noise in the ocean. 00:22:11.480 --> 00:22:13.440 So, on the top left we have a ship. 00:22:13.440 --> 00:22:19.160 Not only large cargo ships, like this, but also small fishing boats can create noise 00:22:19.160 --> 00:22:24.800 as the propeller cavitation from the ships generate that low frequency noise. 00:22:24.800 --> 00:22:29.940 And then, we have offshore drilling and for extracting fossil fuels and natural gas. 00:22:29.940 --> 00:22:32.620 That can also create some noise. 00:22:32.620 --> 00:22:38.400 And then, wind turbines you might think "Hey, that's on the that's in the air. That's not in the ocean", 00:22:38.400 --> 00:22:45.680 but they actually vibrate. And those vibrations, as Samara told us, can create pressure waves 00:22:45.680 --> 00:22:47.000 and that is sound. 00:22:47.000 --> 00:22:50.620 So, wind turbines can create noise in the ocean, too. 00:22:50.620 --> 00:22:55.080 And then, military operations, like the submarine shown, here, 00:22:55.080 --> 00:22:57.780 can also generate noise, as well. 00:22:57.780 --> 00:23:04.740 So, many different sound sources in the ocean from animals, abiotic sources, like waves and bubbles, 00:23:04.740 --> 00:23:10.500 and human-made sources, like ships and energy extraction. 00:23:10.500 --> 00:23:15.880 These all create a big cacophony of sounds of the ocean, that we study. 00:23:21.840 --> 00:23:29.080 All right. So, as Angie explained, animals can use sound passively and actively. 00:23:29.080 --> 00:23:34.480 As researchers, we can also use sound passively and actively to get information 00:23:34.480 --> 00:23:35.860 about marine environments. 00:23:35.860 --> 00:23:40.060 So, in the research that the three of us do, we only use passive monitoring. 00:23:40.060 --> 00:23:44.480 And that means we're only listening and we're not creating any sounds of our own. 00:23:45.800 --> 00:23:49.460 There are some pros and cons to passive acoustic monitoring. 00:23:49.460 --> 00:23:55.700 For example, a pro is we can detect animals and sounds at night or in bad weather 00:23:55.700 --> 00:23:58.940 when we wouldn't otherwise be able to see them. 00:23:58.940 --> 00:24:05.080 And this equipment, the tools we use can work for us and go places that humans cannot go. 00:24:05.080 --> 00:24:10.860 For example, very deep in the ocean or staying under water for days, even years. 00:24:10.860 --> 00:24:17.100 And some of the cons are that we can't tell the difference between an animal that isn't calling 00:24:17.100 --> 00:24:18.800 and one that isn't there at all. 00:24:18.800 --> 00:24:23.620 And it's difficult to get a true count of how many animals we're hearing. 00:24:23.620 --> 00:24:27.300 And, also, we don't know what all animals sound like, yet. 00:24:27.300 --> 00:24:32.540 So, it can be hard or impossible to determine the sound source. 00:24:33.840 --> 00:24:40.360 So, shown here, in this graphic are a lot of tools that researchers like us use to listen to underwater sound. 00:24:40.360 --> 00:24:45.720 We have bottom-mounted hydrophones tags we put onto animals 00:24:45.720 --> 00:24:48.580 that will record sounds from the animals. They swim around. 00:24:48.580 --> 00:24:54.000 Also in their environment, autonomous gliders that travel on their own. 00:24:54.000 --> 00:25:00.760 We can also put hydrophones in the water from ships or drag them behind ships to listen. 00:25:00.760 --> 00:25:06.920 And then also, some equipment is, actually, connected to the shore or via satellite 00:25:06.920 --> 00:25:10.360 so that we can receive acoustic data in real time. 00:25:13.680 --> 00:25:16.840 It's important to study sound in national marine sanctuaries 00:25:16.840 --> 00:25:22.320 because information about when and how animals are using national marine sanctuaries 00:25:22.320 --> 00:25:28.160 as their habitats, and also when and how other sources might be adding sound is important 00:25:28.160 --> 00:25:33.040 to managers that are working on strategies to conserve these important marine areas. 00:25:33.680 --> 00:25:39.840 So, for example, one priority is to figure out how to balance how humans and marine animals 00:25:39.840 --> 00:25:45.720 can use sound in National Marine Sanctuaries so that animals can have sustainable communication 00:25:45.720 --> 00:25:52.220 and foraging opportunities, and the anthropogenic noise sources, like ships, can travel to ports 00:25:52.220 --> 00:25:54.080 and contribute to our economy. 00:25:54.080 --> 00:25:56.880 So, all three of us are working on research-- 00:26:06.160 --> 00:26:07.440 -[Claire] Samara? 00:26:09.040 --> 00:26:11.680 And did it freeze for you, as well? 00:26:13.120 --> 00:26:18.280 - Yeah, it did. - Is it not... okay yeah your audio you kind of froze for a minute in audio, 00:26:18.280 --> 00:26:21.020 so you might want to backtrack a little bit on what you were just talking about. 00:26:22.440 --> 00:26:25.040 - Should I go back to the previous slide? 00:26:26.900 --> 00:26:33.100 - [Claire] I think so, yeah. You were probably midway through that slide when the audio cut out. 00:26:34.340 --> 00:26:40.360 - Okay, sure. So, I was saying one of the priorities in sanctuaries is to figure out how to balance 00:26:40.360 --> 00:26:45.150 how humans and animals are using sound within National Marine Sanctuaries, 00:26:45.150 --> 00:26:52.160 and find ways for animals to have sustainable communication and foraging and balance 00:26:52.160 --> 00:26:57.140 that with anthropogenic noise sources, like ships, so that they could continue to travel to ports and-- 00:27:00.800 --> 00:27:05.100 and the three of us are all working on research projects that are related to this question. 00:27:05.660 --> 00:27:11.740 And, broadly, our topics are looking at soundscapes, at whales, and also at ships. 00:27:11.740 --> 00:27:15.380 So, I'm just going to briefly talk about my research, first. 00:27:16.400 --> 00:27:20.060 The questions I'm asking are what is making sound 00:27:20.060 --> 00:27:28.740 and how are the sources of sounding sound compare across different areas-- different sanctuaries. 00:27:30.500 --> 00:27:34.720 So, I mean, I use bottom mounted recorders and in california i'm listening in 00:27:34.720 --> 00:27:39.560 Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary and, also, in the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. 00:27:39.560 --> 00:27:45.040 And these recorders are identical, so the sound data that i'm collecting is comparable 00:27:45.040 --> 00:27:46.980 across these two sites. 00:27:46.980 --> 00:27:52.020 And the results from this research help us to understand how these environments are different, 00:27:52.020 --> 00:27:56.800 which is important for protecting resources-- like whales, 00:27:56.800 --> 00:28:02.100 because we can provide infor-- about how different places may need to have different regulations, 00:28:02.100 --> 00:28:05.740 depending on how humans and animals are using them. 00:28:08.320 --> 00:28:14.360 A soundscape is defined as all of the sound in an environment in a particular location and time. 00:28:14.360 --> 00:28:21.060 So, in addition to the animal and human sound sources that are circled on this diagram, 00:28:21.060 --> 00:28:23.300 I also consider how nat-- 00:28:25.440 --> 00:28:29.300 like wind and earthquakes, can change acoustic environments. 00:28:30.220 --> 00:28:36.940 My research on soundscapes takes place in California, but it also includes 10 other areas around the U.S. 00:28:36.940 --> 00:28:43.260 Having comparable data allows me to investigate if and how human activities influence 00:28:43.260 --> 00:28:48.060 the acoustic habitats of marine animals differently, over space and time. 00:28:48.840 --> 00:28:54.360 And this is really important that we're understanding how much and where specifically 00:28:54.360 --> 00:29:00.540 noise pollution is changing acoustic habitats, so that regulatory agencies, like NOAA, 00:29:00.540 --> 00:29:04.280 can better protect the oceans and the marine animals that live within them. 00:29:07.600 --> 00:29:11.279 Okay. So, now, we're going to go from soundscape to a little more focus. 00:29:11.279 --> 00:29:14.100 So I specifically study large baleen whales, 00:29:14.100 --> 00:29:19.420 and a lot of my questions look at things like migration timing, specific whale behaviors, 00:29:19.420 --> 00:29:21.000 and then anthrogenic threats. 00:29:21.000 --> 00:29:24.520 But more specifically, interactions with ships in the shipping lanes. 00:29:25.800 --> 00:29:30.300 So, I'll talk about one of my topics of interest, which is migration timing, 00:29:30.300 --> 00:29:33.620 And I specifically study blue whales off the coast of California. 00:29:33.620 --> 00:29:35.220 And I have a map, on the left. 00:29:35.220 --> 00:29:40.840 This is satellite just here because I want to show you that whales are migrating thousands of miles 00:29:40.840 --> 00:29:45.340 between their Costa Rica breeding grounds, which you can see in the bottom right picture on the map, 00:29:45.340 --> 00:29:48.540 all the way up to California, Oregon and Washington, 00:29:48.540 --> 00:29:52.480 where they're feeding on very, very small krill, but large amounts of them. 00:29:52.480 --> 00:29:58.280 And so, one of my research questions has been how does migration timing change from year to year. 00:29:58.280 --> 00:30:02.840 And we have had underwater microphones at five different sites in southern California 00:30:02.840 --> 00:30:04.100 for about 10 years. 00:30:04.100 --> 00:30:09.080 And you can see the location of the-- in the top right corner, there's a little map there, 00:30:09.080 --> 00:30:10.880 and it is recording everything. 00:30:10.880 --> 00:30:16.380 So, every possible sound, but we go through and we extract all the blue whale calls. 00:30:16.380 --> 00:30:19.680 And then, I can create a figure, which you can see in the bottom right. 00:30:19.680 --> 00:30:25.140 This is how many the number of calls we counted each day, over an entire year. 00:30:25.140 --> 00:30:29.460 And so, we can take that information and you can actually even see on this map, 00:30:29.460 --> 00:30:32.280 you can tell where they're starting to call and then when they stop. 00:30:32.280 --> 00:30:35.780 And that's something we can kind of use as a proxy for migration timing. 00:30:35.780 --> 00:30:40.060 So, now I know when is this group of animals arriving each year and when are they departing. 00:30:40.060 --> 00:30:45.820 And I can, actually, use that information to look year after year to see if arrival and departure are changing 00:30:45.820 --> 00:30:49.880 across years, and then, if so, try to figure out what's driving that change. 00:30:55.440 --> 00:30:59.780 Those calls, and I can, actually, determine what type of calls they are, 00:30:59.780 --> 00:31:04.360 so, blue whales actually do produce a number of different types of calls. 00:31:04.360 --> 00:31:09.580 But, in this graph on the left, I've just pulled out of two specific call types that we look at. 00:31:09.580 --> 00:31:14.560 The calls in green, that you see early on, are called D calls, 00:31:14.560 --> 00:31:19.500 and these are kind of multi-purpose calls. They're produced by both males and females. 00:31:19.500 --> 00:31:24.500 And, typically, it's during foraging and social related events. 00:31:24.500 --> 00:31:33.080 And those you see-- but, then later they'll actually start calling and this is part of the song. This is a B call. 00:31:33.080 --> 00:31:34.520 The color you see there in blue. 00:31:34.520 --> 00:31:39.320 And these are usually associated with reproduction, courtship, and mating. 00:31:39.320 --> 00:31:42.080 And so, it's really nice because when we look at the calls like this, 00:31:42.080 --> 00:31:47.320 we can see kind of what their overal,l at least, calling behavior is throughout the year. 00:31:47.320 --> 00:31:49.640 And then, if we combine that with tagging, 00:31:49.640 --> 00:31:52.920 so, in the middle two pictures you see some examples 00:31:52.920 --> 00:31:58.280 of us putting or attempting to put a tag on blue whale. So, the top photo is just from a drone, 00:31:58.280 --> 00:32:01.220 and there's our small boat that we'll approach the whale with. 00:32:01.220 --> 00:32:05.300 And we have a very long pole and we just kind of slap on a suction cup tag. 00:32:05.300 --> 00:32:09.700 And then, actually, in the image on the bottom, you can see the tag on the whale, there. 00:32:09.700 --> 00:32:15.060 And these tags are really a lot like iphones. They have gps, they've got accelerometry, 00:32:15.060 --> 00:32:19.820 they've got a whole bunch of stuff. And but one of the things we can pull out from that is dive data. 00:32:19.820 --> 00:32:27.580 And so, the image on the far right, this is a-- just the animal at the surface and then diving down 00:32:27.580 --> 00:32:30.520 and then coming back up and you can see there's three different dives there. 00:32:30.520 --> 00:32:34.980 But at the bottom, you see these up and down motions and that's the animal feeding. 00:32:34.980 --> 00:32:39.580 So, these are forging lunges and so we can take that information we get from the tag data 00:32:39.580 --> 00:32:41.980 and we can take the information we get from the acoustics, 00:32:41.980 --> 00:32:44.680 a lot of the time the tag will also have a hydrophone. 00:32:44.680 --> 00:32:46.640 So, we can listen to an individual animal. 00:32:46.640 --> 00:32:51.960 And then, all of that allows us to understand the animal's behavior both over short time periods. 00:32:51.960 --> 00:32:55.920 So, from dive to dive, which could be days ,we could even get weeks of information. 00:32:55.920 --> 00:32:59.720 And then, of course, from the underground hydrophones, we can also get years of information. 00:33:00.580 --> 00:33:05.960 And then, finally, I am also interested in using these underwater microphones 00:33:05.960 --> 00:33:08.420 to study encounters with ships. 00:33:08.420 --> 00:33:14.400 And so, in addition to entanglements and fishing gear, ship strikes are actually the leading cause of death, 00:33:14.400 --> 00:33:17.820 human cause of death, at least for blue whales, off California. 00:33:21.520 --> 00:33:25.680 --blue whales when they migrate north for migrating to where the food is, 00:33:25.680 --> 00:33:31.100 but that just so happens to oftentimes be in the path of ships, and in and around the shipping lanes. 00:33:31.100 --> 00:33:35.520 And so, a lot of my research is trying to understand how and why that happens. 00:33:35.520 --> 00:33:41.040 And so, you can see here, there's a there's a picture of a ship coming right at a blue whale. 00:33:41.040 --> 00:33:45.040 This was a couple of years ago, but we were able to kind of watch that interaction. 00:33:45.040 --> 00:33:48.820 And then, from the tag data, the image on the right is what we call a spectrogram. 00:33:48.820 --> 00:33:52.580 So, it's a visual representation of the sound we recorded on the tags. 00:33:53.340 --> 00:33:58.380 And it's a little hard to tell, there's, actually, two ships recorded in that image. 00:33:58.380 --> 00:34:01.360 And so, it's kind of it looks like this U bathtub shapes, 00:34:01.360 --> 00:34:05.300 so it's really easy for us to find them in the tag and acoustic data when we're looking, 00:34:05.300 --> 00:34:11.740 but from this particular time period, there were actually two ships recorded passing that tagged whale. 00:34:12.260 --> 00:34:16.500 And so, our hope is to try to really understand how often are whales encountering ships, 00:34:16.500 --> 00:34:22.240 how at risk are they being struck by ships, and kind of, you know, different things like looking at their behavior, 00:34:22.240 --> 00:34:24.300 and how do they respond when a ship gets too close, 00:34:24.300 --> 00:34:27.220 and what allows them to not get struck by a ship. 00:34:27.220 --> 00:34:32.200 And our hope is that we can try to come up with a nice solution that reduces ship strike related deaths 00:34:32.200 --> 00:34:34.440 in and around the shipping lines and protect whales. 00:34:36.720 --> 00:34:38.240 So more on ships. 00:34:39.160 --> 00:34:43.860 I am looking at ship noise in the Santa Barbara Channel. 00:34:43.860 --> 00:34:48.380 This region is heavily trafficked with commercial shipping 00:34:48.380 --> 00:34:54.480 with the Port of Los Angeles being one of the top 10 busiest shipping ports in the U.S. 00:34:54.480 --> 00:35:01.020 And, just like Angie said, a lot of marine mammals in that area rely on sound 00:35:01.020 --> 00:35:03.060 as a form of communication. 00:35:03.060 --> 00:35:08.080 And a lot of fish and invertebrates are also affected by noise pollution in that region, 00:35:08.080 --> 00:35:11.880 So the-- oh, I'll just move on to the next slide-- but, 00:35:11.880 --> 00:35:17.980 the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary has been working for many years 00:35:17.980 --> 00:35:25.120 on trying to reduce the noise pollution generated by commercial shipping in this region. 00:35:25.120 --> 00:35:29.920 And you see in purple, that's one of the speed reduction zones. 00:35:29.920 --> 00:35:38.140 As they as we've seen that a reduction in speed can also in turn lead to a reduction in ship strikes 00:35:38.140 --> 00:35:40.660 and a reduction in noise pollution. 00:35:40.660 --> 00:35:48.800 So, I'm quantifying that speed reduction program to see if it's effectively reducing noise pollution in this area, 00:35:48.800 --> 00:35:54.120 so that we can protect the animals that rely on and are affected by sound, in that region. 00:35:54.120 --> 00:36:00.440 And so, hopefully, we can come up with the most effective and efficient way to reduce noise pollution 00:36:00.440 --> 00:36:06.020 in that region, and protect all the lovely animals that we went over today, 00:36:06.020 --> 00:36:08.060 that use sound in that area. 00:36:08.820 --> 00:36:14.940 So, all in all, what we learned today was 00:36:14.940 --> 00:36:18.780 we learned what sound is, in the first place. Thank you, Samara. 00:36:18.780 --> 00:36:26.340 we also learned what makes sound in the ocean: from animals, from abiotic sources, 00:36:26.340 --> 00:36:28.340 and human-made sources. 00:36:29.080 --> 00:36:33.120 And then we also learn how we record sound 00:36:37.360 --> 00:36:38.620 many different methods. 00:36:38.620 --> 00:36:44.620 And then, we also learned what the National Marine Sanctuary system is working on, 00:36:44.620 --> 00:36:52.560 what projects are going on that have to do with soundscapes-- whales, ships, human made noises-- 00:36:52.560 --> 00:37:01.160 Lots of projects going on. We're working really hard and we love studying sound in the ocean. It's fascinating, 00:37:01.160 --> 00:37:08.860 it's a really cool job and if you guys ever want to learn more about that, feel free to send in a question. 00:37:08.860 --> 00:37:12.040 And we really just want to say thank you guys so much for listening. 00:37:12.040 --> 00:37:20.060 And we'll take any questions about studying sound, being a graduate student, the sanctuaries. 00:37:20.060 --> 00:37:23.900 So, yeah. With that, thank you. Yeah. 00:37:25.440 --> 00:37:26.780 - [Claire] Great, ladies. 00:37:27.340 --> 00:37:30.220 Thank you so much for your presentation. 00:37:30.820 --> 00:37:34.080 Let's kick it off, Hannah, what kind of questions do we have coming in? 00:37:34.080 --> 00:37:38.180 - Yeah, so we have a question coming from Jenny 00:37:40.500 --> 00:37:46.600 and the question is what is the range of how far away the listening stations can pick up sounds from? 00:37:49.200 --> 00:37:52.140 So, let anybody answer that-- 00:37:55.760 --> 00:37:59.960 So, the answer in acoustics is always "it depends". 00:38:00.440 --> 00:38:06.140 So, it depends on the environment, it depends on where the sound source is, 00:38:06.140 --> 00:38:08.360 it depends where the receiver is. 00:38:08.360 --> 00:38:15.500 For my recorder in Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary, for example, 00:38:15.500 --> 00:38:20.500 given the ambient conditions from all the sound sources that we went over today, 00:38:20.500 --> 00:38:27.500 maybe a blue whale, for example, you might hear it um 10 kilometers away, 00:38:27.500 --> 00:38:32.920 you might hear it 60 kilometers away, depending on the conditions. 00:38:32.920 --> 00:38:36.060 there isn't one number that we could give you. 00:38:44.000 --> 00:38:47.040 - Someone had brought up a comment that maybe you guys can address. 00:38:47.040 --> 00:38:54.120 When we asked the poll question about which is it toothed or baleen whales that sing, 00:38:54.120 --> 00:39:00.760 the person wrote back, you know, isn't the answer both? Because belugas are the canaries of the sea. 00:39:00.760 --> 00:39:04.100 So can you guys address that and maybe provide a little more insight? 00:39:04.100 --> 00:39:08.700 i'm talking about that too i mean it was meant to be more of a general, 00:39:08.700 --> 00:39:12.060 you know, humpback whales are known for their elaborate and beautiful song. 00:39:12.060 --> 00:39:15.620 But, yes, both animals do produce a number of vocalizations 00:39:15.620 --> 00:39:19.400 that as researchers try to interpret to understand the function. 00:39:19.400 --> 00:39:24.500 and so a lot of times we try to group, you know, okay, this one is specifically just communication 00:39:24.500 --> 00:39:28.660 and what is its function. Is it, you know, looking for food or echolocation, clicks and whistles 00:39:28.660 --> 00:39:32.320 and things like that so typically, you know, that's more of a broad answer. 00:39:32.320 --> 00:39:40.620 I think for toothed whales most people call them whistles, instead of songs, 00:39:40.620 --> 00:39:44.960 but whistles are songs, too, in a way. 00:39:48.400 --> 00:39:51.360 We have another question coming from Ricky. 00:39:51.360 --> 00:39:56.760 And the question is have you seen a reduction in whale strikes with the reduction of speed 00:39:56.760 --> 00:39:57.900 in the Channel Islands? 00:39:58.940 --> 00:40:03.320 That's a tricky one. It's tricky. 00:40:04.320 --> 00:40:08.640 I don't know how many animals are getting struck by ships. 00:40:08.640 --> 00:40:15.200 A lot of times we only know because a ship will come into the harbor with a whale in the front of it 00:40:15.200 --> 00:40:16.480 because it's been struck. 00:40:16.480 --> 00:40:19.440 Or, a lot of times, an animal will wash up on shore. 00:40:19.440 --> 00:40:22.700 But even then when you do a necropsy to try to figure out the cause of death 00:40:22.700 --> 00:40:25.480 it can be really difficult to know how it died. 00:40:25.480 --> 00:40:29.460 So, we are still trying to you know kind of understand 00:40:33.040 --> 00:40:38.900 that shown that reducing uh ship speeds does reduce the lethality of a ship strike. 00:40:38.900 --> 00:40:44.640 so if the animals get struck, it has a greater chance of living and healing if the ship is going slower. 00:40:48.000 --> 00:40:49.240 - Great, thank you for that. 00:40:49.240 --> 00:40:51.280 All right. So, we're going to do a little experiment. 00:40:51.280 --> 00:40:52.480 We try this periodically. 00:40:52.480 --> 00:40:59.680 It looks like there are several of our attendees with their hands raised in the go to meeting control panel. 00:40:59.680 --> 00:41:07.200 So, let's see. Amanda, if you are comfortable with that, I'm going to unmute you 00:41:07.200 --> 00:41:08.860 and you can ask your question. 00:41:08.860 --> 00:41:12.460 If we hear a lot of background noise-- oh, Amanda lowered her hand. 00:41:12.460 --> 00:41:16.620 Hey Sherry, we're familiar with you because you're a former Dr. Nancy Foster scholar. 00:41:16.620 --> 00:41:22.300 I'm going to go ahead and unmute you, Sherry, and get you to ask your question. 00:41:23.560 --> 00:41:24.440 Go ahead, Sherry. 00:41:28.320 --> 00:41:29.220 - [Sherry] Oh gosh. 00:41:30.980 --> 00:41:32.520 - Oh, we can hear you, I think. 00:41:32.520 --> 00:41:36.000 - [Sherry] Oh, you can? - Yeah. 00:41:38.400 --> 00:41:42.200 So can you talk about animal communication, a little bit? 00:41:42.200 --> 00:41:45.800 like how the species communicate with each other 00:41:45.800 --> 00:41:49.020 and whether or not there's interspecies sound communication? 00:41:50.880 --> 00:41:54.079 -Yeah, yeah. We're gonna do it. I'm-- do you wanna take this? 00:41:54.079 --> 00:42:00.460 -Okay, wow I mean it really depends on the different type of animal. 00:42:00.460 --> 00:42:06.900 They all communicate and can hear, you know, like baleen whales all are all low frequency communicators 00:42:06.900 --> 00:42:09.840 and they can all hear within that range. 00:42:14.320 --> 00:42:17.840 They can't hear the vocalizations of other species. 00:42:19.040 --> 00:42:25.300 So, I think it's more-- when I think about that, I think more about um the toothed whales 00:42:25.300 --> 00:42:30.400 because a lot of them will travel together in kind of mixed species packs, feeding together. 00:42:30.400 --> 00:42:35.060 And so there's no doubt that they're communicating and, even if it's not the way we think of it, 00:42:35.060 --> 00:42:38.380 like they they may have you know it's not only one 00:42:39.120 --> 00:42:44.140 the same to the other issues, but we think that they kind of, you know what the other ones are intending, 00:42:44.140 --> 00:42:47.860 and that they they are able in some way to communicate with one another. 00:42:47.860 --> 00:42:52.780 But, I don't know that we understand it, you know, exactly how it's happening. 00:42:53.820 --> 00:43:02.040 - Yeah, I mean, yeah, there definitely are different species that are seen next to each other, interacting. 00:43:02.040 --> 00:43:11.033 Whether they use sound to communicate or some hard to untangle interactions that they're doing 00:43:11.033 --> 00:43:16.420 in that situation. But yeah, sound is what they use a lot of the time to communicate. 00:43:16.420 --> 00:43:21.080 So it is possible that they're communicating with sound between species. 00:43:22.320 --> 00:43:28.420 - Thank you, awesome. Thank you, Sherry for speaking up. 00:43:28.420 --> 00:43:33.740 There's another hand raised for jenny. I'm gonna unmute you. 00:43:34.580 --> 00:43:35.960 See if this works. 00:43:41.120 --> 00:43:43.000 All right, you should be unmuted. 00:43:43.500 --> 00:43:46.022 - [Jenny] Can you hear me? 00:43:46.022 --> 00:43:47.420 - Yes, we can. 00:43:47.420 --> 00:43:51.900 - [Jenny] Okay, maybe I have a very stupid question, I don't know. 00:43:53.440 --> 00:44:01.860 I'm french, I'm a scientist and there was a film called the Gold Ear, (French), 00:44:01.860 --> 00:44:09.180 and it's about militaries specialized, who have a perfect ear, 00:44:09.180 --> 00:44:14.200 and they're specialized in recognizing what they call the signatures. 00:44:14.200 --> 00:44:20.460 And they know also about all the fish communities. They can say what sort of fish, 00:44:20.460 --> 00:44:25.240 what sort of mammal, marine mammal, how many, at what depth, and all that. 00:44:25.240 --> 00:44:29.660 Are you using all those data? Because I thought it was pretty fascinating 00:44:29.660 --> 00:44:36.940 to know that they had such a database. Are you using that to work as scientists with the militaries? 00:44:41.480 --> 00:44:48.200 - I don't think that any of us are using data collected by the military. 00:44:49.620 --> 00:44:54.400 - [Jenny] You know in France, either. Maybe not. It was just when I saw that film, 00:44:54.400 --> 00:45:01.500 I'm working in deep sea, I thought, wow, that would be really nice to merge databases 00:45:01.500 --> 00:45:03.420 and to have all the info. 00:45:03.420 --> 00:45:12.640 - Other scientists are, that we're aware of. But our specific research in sanctuaries doesn't at this time 00:45:13.680 --> 00:45:17.120 - [Sherry] because, well, I'm not good i'm going to be short. 00:45:17.120 --> 00:45:22.920 I wrote the management plan for the marine mammal sanctuary in the meds 00:45:22.920 --> 00:45:26.560 which is covering 80,000 square kilometers. 00:45:26.560 --> 00:45:34.160 And we had some data from the militaries and we knew that, for example, it was very harmful 00:45:34.160 --> 00:45:41.040 to have the sonars at 800 meters because it would kill all the grandpas. 00:45:41.040 --> 00:45:47.840 So, you see, that sort of information is really important for scientists and for parks. 00:45:50.480 --> 00:45:56.680 - Yeah. Well we definitely yeah yeah yeah. 00:45:56.680 --> 00:46:02.260 Well we help the navy figure out the best times to do any tests. 00:46:02.260 --> 00:46:08.260 So, if like, Angie studies the whale migrations, the times when they're not there, 00:46:08.260 --> 00:46:11.940 we can give information to different people about that. 00:46:11.940 --> 00:46:13.580 So, we do communicate a little bit. 00:46:13.580 --> 00:46:18.100 - Yeah, there are actually a number of people that work at Scripps that study all, you know, 00:46:18.100 --> 00:46:22.360 I focus more on baleen whales, but there are a lot of people that study some of the dolphin species, 00:46:22.360 --> 00:46:27.180 and actually go through those harps to pull out all the information on what animals are there, 00:46:27.180 --> 00:46:30.860 when are they there, who's, you know, kind of who's calling, when and the seasonality 00:46:30.860 --> 00:46:32.360 and that's the kind of information. 00:46:32.360 --> 00:46:37.220 -[Jenny] Yeah, but there's lots of things we still don't know. There's a publication 00:46:37.220 --> 00:46:48.460 I doubt, but saying that whales may be causing like holes, burrows, I mean around 4 000 meters 00:46:48.460 --> 00:46:54.900 where we're working on guidelines for potential mining of deep sea resources. 00:46:54.900 --> 00:47:01.240 So, if they go that far they would be also impacted, of course, by always going to happen. 00:47:01.240 --> 00:47:05.029 so it would be interesting to merge in all databases. That's all. 00:47:05.029 --> 00:47:06.720 - Yeah and I think-- 00:47:06.720 --> 00:47:09.080 - Yeah, Thank you for your comments, Virginny. 00:47:09.160 --> 00:47:13.220 and we there are higher level individuals working within NOAA, 00:47:13.220 --> 00:47:17.740 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that kind of work on these realm of things. 00:47:17.740 --> 00:47:22.100 So, we're going to zoom back into some of the work and research that these gals do. 00:47:22.100 --> 00:47:26.640 But, thank you, it's fun hearing a voice from France. We appreciate your participation. 00:47:26.780 --> 00:47:27.320 - [Jenny] Thanks. 00:47:28.140 --> 00:47:30.920 - So this is a question for Samara. 00:47:30.920 --> 00:47:36.720 So, Timothy's asking, well, he makes a comment first, acoustic habitat has been defined in the literature, 00:47:36.720 --> 00:47:39.820 but is focused mostly on terrestrial environments. 00:47:39.820 --> 00:47:44.840 So, can Samara, can you define what a marine acoustic habitat is, please? 00:47:46.880 --> 00:47:55.420 Sure, so when we talk about a habitat a habitat is an environment where an animal lives. 00:47:55.420 --> 00:48:00.220 So, where it's using that acoustic space to live out its life history. 00:48:00.220 --> 00:48:01.800 So, when I talk about an acoustic habitat, 00:48:01.800 --> 00:48:07.940 I just mean any environment where an animal is is producing sound and listening to sound. 00:48:11.040 --> 00:48:12.360 - Great, thank you. 00:48:12.360 --> 00:48:17.040 And I'm noticing a number of questions, hopefully from some of the educators in the audience 00:48:17.040 --> 00:48:22.880 looking for databases on acoustic whale noises or fish noises, to share with their classrooms. 00:48:22.880 --> 00:48:28.420 I'm wondering if any of you have any resources available or directions you can point them 00:48:28.420 --> 00:48:30.040 to find these type of databases. 00:48:32.120 --> 00:48:36.160 - There's a website called voices in the sea. 00:48:36.160 --> 00:48:39.780 s-e-a sea-- voices in the sea-- 00:48:39.780 --> 00:48:43.840 and you can click on a lot of different species, 00:48:43.840 --> 00:48:49.160 maybe not all of them, but most baleen whales, toothed whales, 00:48:50.920 --> 00:48:52.860 sea lions and walruses. 00:48:52.860 --> 00:48:58.600 An example of this sound produced by each of these species. 00:48:58.600 --> 00:49:04.400 And you can even do matching games where they'll play a sound and you guess which one 00:49:04.400 --> 00:49:10.180 is producing it. It's really cool. Voices in the sea. I recommend it. It's awesome. 00:49:10.180 --> 00:49:15.860 There's also another great resource called discovery-- discovering sound of the sea. 00:49:15.860 --> 00:49:19.920 DOSITS is abbreviation and there's also a lot of sound clips, 00:49:19.920 --> 00:49:23.600 but also information like what I shared at the beginning of this webinar 00:49:23.600 --> 00:49:26.780 about sound and sound underwater. 00:49:26.780 --> 00:49:29.120 We, actually, borrowed some of the graphics from DOSITS. 00:49:29.120 --> 00:49:32.160 So, that's another resource I'd recommend checking out. 00:49:33.160 --> 00:49:39.940 - Yeah, I'll also share that we did have a webinar by Dr. Lindsey P.V. Reeves back in April of last year 00:49:39.940 --> 00:49:48.780 about soundscape monitoring. And I'm going to go ahead.We do have a pdf that shares-- 00:49:48.900 --> 00:49:50.480 Let's get to that, here. 00:49:50.480 --> 00:49:56.660 A list of the resources so I'll make sure this is available to all of you for today's webinar archive, as well. 00:49:58.620 --> 00:50:01.120 It is having a hard time pulling itself up 00:50:03.840 --> 00:50:05.660 Okay, but okay, here we go. 00:50:05.660 --> 00:50:10.140 So, sound this is specifically soundscape monitoring educational resources, 00:50:10.140 --> 00:50:14.600 but, like you just discussed, discovery of sounds in the sea, etc. 00:50:15.420 --> 00:50:22.320 And then, actually, there's been a few questions about scholarship opportunities 00:50:22.320 --> 00:50:28.040 and other types of things. So, I thought it might be a nice opportunity to share a little bit about 00:50:28.040 --> 00:50:33.320 I mentioned that these three young ladies that presented today are all PhD candidates 00:50:33.320 --> 00:50:34.980 at their different universities, 00:50:34.980 --> 00:50:38.580 but they're also Dr. Nancy Foster scholars. 00:50:38.580 --> 00:50:44.200 So, i'll give you a snapshot of that program and, maybe, we'll let them take a couple of minutes 00:50:44.200 --> 00:50:48.080 to talk a little bit about what the scholarship has-- means to them. 00:50:48.080 --> 00:50:52.200 But, basically, NOAA and the National Marine Sanctuaries provides the scholarship 00:50:52.200 --> 00:50:54.620 for masters and doctoral students. 00:50:54.620 --> 00:51:01.080 People that are studying in oceanography, marine biology, maritime archaeology, and other science 00:51:01.080 --> 00:51:05.000 engineering, social science, and resource management disciplines 00:51:05.000 --> 00:51:07.320 that involve the ocean and coastal areas. 00:51:07.320 --> 00:51:11.300 We do try to target women and members of minority groups. 00:51:11.300 --> 00:51:17.120 This is a huge scholarship. If you get it as a PhD student, it's up to two hundred thousand dollars 00:51:17.120 --> 00:51:22.280 for your four years. And it covers tuition and a living stipend, 00:51:22.280 --> 00:51:27.120 travel funds that support a program collaboration at one of our NOAA offices 00:51:27.120 --> 00:51:31.280 at another National Marine Sanctuary field site or elsewhere within NOAA. 00:51:31.280 --> 00:51:34.860 And then, we also do an annual orientation training and retreat 00:51:34.860 --> 00:51:38.340 where we focus in on science communication and stewardship and 00:51:38.340 --> 00:51:42.160 and making sure that our scholars, that we're investing funds in, 00:51:42.160 --> 00:51:45.640 know how to become National Marine Sanctuary ambassadors, as well. 00:51:46.160 --> 00:51:50.080 So, if any of you ladies want to share a little bit about your scholarship, 00:51:50.080 --> 00:51:54.820 there were a couple of questions that came in about, you know, how do you if you're pursuing a PhD 00:51:54.820 --> 00:51:57.420 how do you learn more about these types of opportunities. 00:52:07.520 --> 00:52:13.240 - So, I mean, getting the Dr. Nancy Foster Scholarship was an amazing opportunity for me 00:52:13.240 --> 00:52:18.160 because I didn't have, you know, I had applied to grad school and didn't have funding, otherwise. 00:52:18.160 --> 00:52:22.840 So, I honestly think it's the only way I was able to even pursue my PhD. 00:52:22.840 --> 00:52:28.900 So, that alone was a lifesaver but honestly having it, I've met so many amazing people in my field. 00:52:28.900 --> 00:52:34.620 The retreats have allowed me to learn so much about outreach and 00:52:38.200 --> 00:52:42.380 policymakers and pretty much every avenue of applied science, 00:52:42.380 --> 00:52:43.900 which is kind of my passion. 00:52:43.900 --> 00:52:49.060 And it's kind of put me on a path for figuring out how I want to take my research and, 00:52:49.060 --> 00:52:54.260 you know, share it with the public and also use it to maybe make some change for the better 00:52:54.260 --> 00:52:56.840 with either my species or, you know, how we approach our research. 00:52:56.840 --> 00:53:00.300 So, it's really just been a wonderful opportunity, all around, 00:53:00.300 --> 00:53:04.580 like I have nothing but wonderful things to say about the whole scholarship and everyone that's involved 00:53:04.580 --> 00:53:07.560 with it. So that's kind of yeah. 00:53:08.080 --> 00:53:15.540 Same as Angie. It was the difference of me going to get a PhD or not going to get a PhD. 00:53:15.540 --> 00:53:24.240 And it allowed me to go to grad school, and without it, I wouldn't have done that. 00:53:25.599 --> 00:53:31.800 Support that we get from the sanctuaries during our retreats, throughout the whole year, it's incredible. 00:53:31.800 --> 00:53:39.200 We learn so much. We are empowered by the whole sanctuary system and by each other. 00:53:39.200 --> 00:53:44.200 These girls we and guys we meet and it's just incredible. 00:53:44.200 --> 00:53:50.920 Apply. We can help you apply, if you need. But, yeah, definitely it's amazing. 00:53:51.540 --> 00:53:55.300 - Yeah and another thing I'll say specific to the foster scholarship 00:53:55.300 --> 00:53:59.440 that's different from a lot of other fellowships for graduate study 00:53:59.440 --> 00:54:05.700 is that we are specifically awarded these scholarships to do research in sanctuaries 00:54:05.700 --> 00:54:11.920 and that's relevant to sanctuaries. And because of that, we're given access to people and tools, 00:54:13.620 --> 00:54:18.440 people and tools that support us in carrying out those research projects. 00:54:18.440 --> 00:54:23.320 So, it's something on top of just-- it's not just tuition money. 00:54:23.320 --> 00:54:28.500 it's we're really supported in our research and answering these questions, so. 00:54:28.500 --> 00:54:34.040 It's absolutely been a great experience and I think there's a lot of ways to find out 00:54:34.040 --> 00:54:38.020 about different fellowships online, either through uni-- 00:54:46.480 --> 00:54:48.720 - I think the audio has cut out. 00:54:48.720 --> 00:54:52.900 So, sorry, I think it's cutting in and out for you guys, right now. 00:54:52.900 --> 00:54:55.660 We have a whole slew of additional questions, 00:54:55.660 --> 00:54:59.960 which at this point, and Hannah, maybe we can squeeze one more short one in. 00:54:59.960 --> 00:55:04.620 And then we'll have to send the rest via email to get responded and we'll send them out to attendees. 00:55:04.620 --> 00:55:10.660 And then, we can do-- - We might have lost them as they're frozen in my on my video, too. 00:55:10.660 --> 00:55:14.400 - Yeah, well, that's true. They are frozen. 00:55:14.400 --> 00:55:21.340 But, if I can't make a point that the Dr. Nancy Foster Scholarship is available for graduate studies. 00:55:21.340 --> 00:55:26.340 NOAA also has multiple opportunities for funding for undergraduate studies. 00:55:26.340 --> 00:55:31.740 So, if you have students that are pursuing undergrad, currently, or in the near future, 00:55:31.740 --> 00:55:35.880 there's the Hauling Scholarship and the EE Scholarship, as well, 00:55:35.880 --> 00:55:41.520 that both provide similar opportunities within NOAA just at the undergraduate level, so 00:55:41.520 --> 00:55:43.440 I plug those scholarships, as well. 00:55:44.380 --> 00:55:48.020 - Absolutely. And to get a little snapshot of all of these opportunities 00:55:48.020 --> 00:55:54.720 noaa.gov/students and it'll take you to the longer url that highlights all these fellowships, 00:55:54.720 --> 00:55:57.920 undergrad, graduate, etc. that NOAA offers. 00:55:57.920 --> 00:55:59.200 So, thank you for that. 00:55:59.200 --> 00:56:04.480 Well, I think with that I'll go ahead and I'll take control back of the screen, here, 00:56:05.300 --> 00:56:07.560 and do our few wrap-up slides. 00:56:07.560 --> 00:56:10.000 So, ladies, we do have a number of follow-up questions, 00:56:10.000 --> 00:56:12.760 if you didn't catch it the first time around, that we'll send your way. 00:56:13.260 --> 00:56:16.860 But, in the meantime, we greatly appreciate all of you that attended. 00:56:16.860 --> 00:56:24.160 There were 305 direct registrants for today's webinar, representing over 350 participants. 00:56:24.700 --> 00:56:26.660 So, thank you for your time. 00:56:26.660 --> 00:56:33.660 We will make the archive of the webinar available, probably in the next four or five days, on our website. 00:56:33.700 --> 00:56:39.420 Not to worry. No need to jot that down. You'll be getting that over email, following up, 00:56:39.420 --> 00:56:43.040 especially when I send you this certificate of attendance. 00:56:43.040 --> 00:56:47.260 So, based on previous feedback, when we kicked off this webinar series, 00:56:47.260 --> 00:56:53.240 an attendee said it would be great to get some kind of contact hour for professional development 00:56:53.240 --> 00:56:55.120 for continuing education units. 00:56:55.120 --> 00:57:00.640 And so, we now do this. So, all of you that attended today will receive the certificate of attendance. 00:57:02.400 --> 00:57:08.720 We do have two exciting webinars scheduled for the month of March 2020. 00:57:08.720 --> 00:57:16.480 Hannah will be hosting the webinar titled Empowering Young Water Scientists with EarthEcho Water Challenge. 00:57:16.480 --> 00:57:22.720 So, this will be on March 4th back at our regularly scheduled time at 3 p.m Pacific 6 pm Eastern. 00:57:22.720 --> 00:57:27.580 And so, it's a great opportunity for students to learn about ways to protect and improve the health 00:57:27.580 --> 00:57:30.900 of our watersheds, through their water challenge. 00:57:30.900 --> 00:57:36.040 And then we'll have another one at the end of the month on March 26, also at 3 pm Pacific. 00:57:36.040 --> 00:57:41.360 Ocean Guardian Schools so this is a great program that k-12 schools can get involved with, 00:57:41.360 --> 00:57:48.180 where NOAA can provide some mini grant funding up to four thousand dollars for schools to do 00:57:48.180 --> 00:57:51.900 community-based or school-based conservation projects. 00:57:51.900 --> 00:57:56.340 So learn more about that program because applications will be opening up 00:57:56.340 --> 00:57:58.840 on April 1st and closing on May 1st. 00:57:59.960 --> 00:58:08.700 Now, with that, I wanted to let you know that we have OMB approval to do this new noaa multimedia 00:58:08.700 --> 00:58:10.300 and distance learning survey. 00:58:10.300 --> 00:58:15.820 And so our NOAA education community recognizes that today's educators and students 00:58:15.820 --> 00:58:21.140 are using live and on-demand multimedia content to learn about the ocean and atmosphere, 00:58:21.140 --> 00:58:24.220 climate sciences and other related stem topics. 00:58:24.220 --> 00:58:30.620 and so we wanted to get a better sense from you, our participants, from our webinar series, 00:58:30.620 --> 00:58:34.700 on how we can meet your needs, what kind of resources do you need, 00:58:34.700 --> 00:58:39.140 do you prefer, you know, videos or webinars or other materials. 00:58:39.140 --> 00:58:42.640 And so, this survey will take you less than five minutes. 00:58:42.640 --> 00:58:48.200 And I've already mentioned our survey which is literally the two to three, maybe four, minutes . 00:58:48.200 --> 00:58:49.560 It's five questions. 00:58:49.560 --> 00:58:56.620 When this webinar shuts down, our survey pops up. At the very end of our survey is the link 00:58:56.620 --> 00:58:59.440 for this multimedia and distance learning survey. 00:58:59.440 --> 00:59:03.040 So, it's really information really important information for us to get, 00:59:03.040 --> 00:59:06.620 and again it doesn't take that much time for you to provide your feedback. 00:59:06.620 --> 00:59:11.060 So, please take those few minutes to do that when you close out. 00:59:11.060 --> 00:59:18.140 And with that, I just wanted to say a a really warm thank you to samara and angie and vanessa, 00:59:18.140 --> 00:59:22.320 our current Dr. Nancy Foster Scholars for your great presentation. 00:59:22.320 --> 00:59:25.460 We've got a lot of positive feedback from our attendees. 00:59:25.460 --> 00:59:31.100 And there's a lot of interest in the type of work you're doing with passive acoustic monitoring. 00:59:31.100 --> 00:59:34.240 So, we'll make sure to share the educational resources 00:59:34.240 --> 00:59:40.880 related to soundscapes and monitoring, acoustically, and provide that on the webinar archive. 00:59:40.880 --> 00:59:44.520 So, with that, and thanks, Hannah, for helping out with questions 00:59:44.520 --> 00:59:46.820 and running the the poll questions, as well. 00:59:47.140 --> 00:59:49.300 With that, it concludes today's webinar. 00:59:49.680 --> 00:59:50.340 Thanks, everyone.