WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.390 --> 00:00:07.290 Welcome today to the National Marine Sanctuaries webinar series. This 00:00:07.290 --> 00:00:13.139 series is hosted by the NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, and we find 00:00:13.139 --> 00:00:16.859 that it's a great way to connect to formal and informal educators and other 00:00:16.859 --> 00:00:23.160 interested partners and folks that want to learn more about national marine 00:00:23.160 --> 00:00:29.310 sanctuaries and specific science topics. It's a way for us to provide educational 00:00:29.310 --> 00:00:33.930 and scientific expertise to our viewers as well as provide resources and 00:00:33.930 --> 00:00:39.149 training to support ocean and climate literacy and hopefully even conservation 00:00:39.149 --> 00:00:45.570 with your different audiences. So today on the webinar, all attendees 00:00:45.570 --> 00:00:50.910 will be in listen-only mode. If you have any technical difficulties, go ahead and 00:00:50.910 --> 00:00:54.930 type them into the question box in your control panel. This is the same area that 00:00:54.930 --> 00:00:59.219 you can actually type in any questions you might have for myself or the 00:00:59.219 --> 00:01:04.860 speakers. We have recorded this session, and we'll be sharing the recording with 00:01:04.860 --> 00:01:10.170 all registered participants. We have a webinar archive page, so if you're 00:01:10.170 --> 00:01:14.280 new to our series, you can look back over the last four years and see many of the 00:01:14.280 --> 00:01:18.960 great topics that we've covered through these webinars. I wanted to let everyone 00:01:18.960 --> 00:01:23.610 know that we had two hundred and seventy six direct registrants for 00:01:23.610 --> 00:01:27.540 today's webinar. We have a couple of groups that might be participating live 00:01:27.540 --> 00:01:32.070 so I thought I'd give a shout out. We have the Gustav School in Alaska, the 00:01:32.070 --> 00:01:36.810 Channel Islands High School in Oxnard, California, and we even have some Texas 00:01:36.810 --> 00:01:40.549 Master Naturalists that are participating today. 00:01:40.549 --> 00:01:46.200 So as we always do, we'd like to give you a little snapshot about our National 00:01:46.200 --> 00:01:51.540 Marine Sanctuaries system, and it really connects you to these underwater 00:01:51.540 --> 00:01:58.020 treasures that are part of our heritage. This is a network of underwater parks 00:01:58.020 --> 00:02:03.479 that encompass more than 600,000 square miles of marine and Great Lakes waters. 00:02:03.479 --> 00:02:07.789 So each dot each blue dot you're seeing on this map is one of our country's 00:02:07.789 --> 00:02:13.300 underwater treasures, our national marine sanctuaries. We currently have a network 00:02:13.300 --> 00:02:19.840 14 national marine sanctuaries and the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National 00:02:19.840 --> 00:02:24.310 Monument in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands and Rose Atoll Marine National 00:02:24.310 --> 00:02:29.530 Monument which is part of our National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa there 00:02:29.530 --> 00:02:34.930 in the South Pacific on the bottom left. So this is a relatively new map for us 00:02:34.930 --> 00:02:40.690 because late last year we added our first National Marine Sanctuary in 00:02:40.690 --> 00:02:44.260 almost 20 years. It's that dot kind of in the Washington 00:02:44.260 --> 00:02:49.030 DC-Maryland area: it's the Mallows Bay Potomac River National Marine Sanctuary. 00:02:49.030 --> 00:02:53.410 And it's really important for you to note that national marine sanctuaries 00:02:53.410 --> 00:02:59.080 help protect the ocean and the Great Lakes. So why were these areas those dots 00:02:59.080 --> 00:03:03.850 in the map set aside? Well for a variety of reasons. In some cases, Congress helps 00:03:03.850 --> 00:03:08.710 set aside national marine sanctuaries, and where whatever happens 00:03:08.710 --> 00:03:11.369 it's a very stakeholder driven process. 00:03:11.369 --> 00:03:13.960 Hey Claire, I hate to interrupt but we 00:03:13.960 --> 00:03:16.980 are currently just seeing the introduction slide. 00:03:16.980 --> 00:03:18.360 I do now notice that 00:03:18.370 --> 00:03:21.790 I had it paused. So here's that map I was referring to, I'll give you a second to 00:03:21.790 --> 00:03:27.250 take that in the blue dots are our national marine sanctuaries and you will 00:03:27.250 --> 00:03:30.490 see those little boxes. I didn't mention that, but now that we're actually looking 00:03:30.490 --> 00:03:35.440 at the map, those white boxes, Lake Ontario and Wisconsin Lake Michigan, 00:03:35.440 --> 00:03:40.690 those are proposed sites for designations. So this is where an entire 00:03:40.690 --> 00:03:46.630 community, the state and local government, any tribes and native peoples, and a 00:03:46.630 --> 00:03:50.530 whole wide variety of stakeholders have come together and said "Our part of the 00:03:50.530 --> 00:03:54.670 ocean here is very special and we would like it recognized as one of these 00:03:54.670 --> 00:03:59.380 underwater treasures managed by NOAA" So that's what the boxes are, and then the 00:03:59.380 --> 00:04:03.850 blue dots are the ones that are already being recognized as those special areas. 00:04:03.850 --> 00:04:09.209 And they're special for conservation reasons, aesthetics, it could be 00:04:09.209 --> 00:04:15.130 historical and cultural reasons like maritime archaeology, shipwrecks those 00:04:15.130 --> 00:04:18.400 types of things. So there's a whole variety of reasons why Congress and 00:04:18.400 --> 00:04:23.440 different stakeholder groups will nominate areas to become part of our 00:04:23.440 --> 00:04:28.960 National Marine Sanctuary system. We also like to call these places our 00:04:28.960 --> 00:04:35.680 living classrooms; this is where anybody can come and see, touch and learn what 00:04:35.680 --> 00:04:39.940 these special underwater parks are all about. So now I'll go ahead and introduce 00:04:39.940 --> 00:04:46.570 myself: my name is Claire Fackler, and I'm the national education liaison for the 00:04:46.570 --> 00:04:50.710 NOAA office of national marine sanctuaries. And that other voice you 00:04:50.710 --> 00:04:54.670 heard is my colleague Hannah MacDonald, who's one of our education specialists. 00:04:54.670 --> 00:04:58.750 And I'm in Santa Barbara, California, Hannah's gonna be helping with the 00:04:58.750 --> 00:05:03.220 webinar and doing the closing remarks from Silver Spring Maryland our NOAA 00:05:03.220 --> 00:05:08.020 headquarters. Now let's get to business here let's find out who we're talking to. 00:05:08.020 --> 00:05:14.710 Today we have the presenter Dr. Zac Cannizzo, and he is a Sea Grant 00:05:14.710 --> 00:05:21.070 John A. Knauss Fellow. Zac recently earned his PhD in marine science at the 00:05:21.070 --> 00:05:25.750 University of South Carolina. His research interests broadly involve 00:05:25.750 --> 00:05:30.660 climate change ecology, and his graduate work actually focused on the factors 00:05:30.660 --> 00:05:36.460 governing the climate mediated range expansion of the mangrove tree crab into 00:05:36.460 --> 00:05:43.270 the novel salt marsh-- salt marsh ecosystem. So like I mentioned, he's 00:05:43.270 --> 00:05:48.400 currently the Sea Grant Knauss marine policy Fellow, he's working in our marine 00:05:48.400 --> 00:05:53.320 protected areas Center which is part of the Office of National Marine Sanctuary, 00:05:53.320 --> 00:05:58.570 and his work broadly concerns helping sanctuaries and other marine-protected 00:05:58.570 --> 00:06:04.660 areas understand the impacts of climate change and strategies for managing MPAs, 00:06:04.660 --> 00:06:09.820 or marine protected areas, in a changing ocean. So Hannah, go ahead and switch it 00:06:09.820 --> 00:06:15.760 over to Zak, and we would love to hear your presentation. There's lots of 00:06:15.760 --> 00:06:20.200 interest in the topic of climate change these days and we look forward to 00:06:20.200 --> 00:06:22.169 hearing what you have to say Zac, so take it away. 00:06:22.169 --> 00:06:28.540 Great thanks Claire, is my screen showing up? Everyone can hear me? Good to go? 00:06:28.540 --> 00:06:34.000 You are good to go. Okay great, thank you. Yes, so as Claire mentioned, I 00:06:34.000 --> 00:06:37.870 am a Sea Grant Knauss Fellow in the office of national marine sanctuaries, 00:06:37.870 --> 00:06:40.169 and I just wanted to give a quick shout out to that 00:06:40.169 --> 00:06:45.749 fellowship. It is a fellowship that gives marine scientists ,graduate students, and 00:06:45.749 --> 00:06:50.370 recent graduate students the ability to come to DC for a year and get their feet 00:06:50.370 --> 00:06:54.659 wet in policy and management. So if you happen to be a graduate student, it might 00:06:54.659 --> 00:06:58.409 be a good thing to check out. It's really given me the opportunity to expand my 00:06:58.409 --> 00:07:02.159 horizons beyond science, because that's what I did before coming here and now 00:07:02.159 --> 00:07:06.830 I'm a little bit more steeped in the policy and management side of things. So 00:07:06.830 --> 00:07:11.189 Claire already covered our system of national marine sanctuaries, but one 00:07:11.189 --> 00:07:16.229 thing that I want to point out is just how diverse they are in terms of 00:07:16.229 --> 00:07:20.370 geography as well as ecology. So these are all 00:07:20.370 --> 00:07:25.110 over the place throughout even the northern hemisphere because we have a 00:07:25.110 --> 00:07:29.580 lot of sanctuaries in the continental US we also have Papahānaumokuākea Hawaiian 00:07:29.580 --> 00:07:34.139 Islands, humpback whales sanctuary, and American Samoan Rose Atoll. So climate 00:07:34.139 --> 00:07:38.520 change is a global issue, but it affects each of these sites differently and one 00:07:38.520 --> 00:07:41.159 of the things that's great about working in the office of national marine 00:07:41.159 --> 00:07:44.399 sanctuaries is that sanctuaries are really on the cutting edge of climate 00:07:44.399 --> 00:07:48.000 adaptation in the marine environment, and have become national and global leaders 00:07:48.000 --> 00:07:52.199 in the marine protected areas climate adaptation and management. So some of the 00:07:52.199 --> 00:07:56.610 things I want to talk to you about today are how sanctuaries go about managing 00:07:56.610 --> 00:08:01.770 and adapting for climate change. And the first step in that is, really just having 00:08:01.770 --> 00:08:05.129 a basic understanding of the different climate drivers and how they're 00:08:05.129 --> 00:08:08.879 impacting sanctuaries. So we're gonna go through those a little bit 00:08:08.879 --> 00:08:12.509 with some case studies from the system. So the first driver I want to talk about 00:08:12.509 --> 00:08:15.719 is ocean acidification, something that you've almost certainly heard of before. 00:08:15.719 --> 00:08:21.270 And what happens is that as humans release carbon dioxide into the air, the 00:08:21.270 --> 00:08:25.080 ocean actually absorbs twenty to forty percent of that carbon dioxide. And 00:08:25.080 --> 00:08:30.569 carbon dioxide is that major greenhouse-- that major greenhouse gas that we're 00:08:30.569 --> 00:08:34.680 often concerned about. So when absorbed, carbon dioxide triggers a chemical 00:08:34.680 --> 00:08:38.880 reaction that makes ocean waters more acidic, and part of this reaction results 00:08:38.880 --> 00:08:43.349 in aragonite becoming dissolved to consume the excess CO2. Now, aragonite is 00:08:43.349 --> 00:08:48.360 this really important mineral that organisms use to build shells and stony 00:08:48.360 --> 00:08:52.260 skeletons. So when waters become more acidic and contain less aragonite, it 00:08:52.260 --> 00:08:57.029 makes it difficult for those animals like clams and shellfish and coral to 00:08:57.029 --> 00:09:00.329 build and maintain their shells and skeletons. So those are some direct 00:09:00.329 --> 00:09:03.990 effects of ocean acidification. But ocean acidification can also have some 00:09:03.990 --> 00:09:07.529 indirect effects on the things that sanctuaries care about and manage. And to 00:09:07.529 --> 00:09:10.829 talk about that, we're gonna go to Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary 00:09:10.829 --> 00:09:15.269 which is up here on the coast of Washington, and it is a really special 00:09:15.269 --> 00:09:19.740 place. One of the things that makes it so special is that it's highly productive, 00:09:19.740 --> 00:09:23.250 and it's highly productive because of this factor called upwelling. So upwelling 00:09:23.250 --> 00:09:26.880 is this oceanographic process where 00:09:26.880 --> 00:09:31.410 water comes up from the deep ocean to the surface and it brings these great 00:09:31.410 --> 00:09:36.839 amount of nutrients that fuels a really diverse and vibrant ecosystem. The 00:09:36.839 --> 00:09:41.970 problem is, that water is also more acidic than the surface ocean. So in the 00:09:41.970 --> 00:09:45.180 Olympic Coast, not only do you have the ocean acidification that's happening 00:09:45.180 --> 00:09:50.250 elsewhere, but as I said, because of its local considerations, it is highly 00:09:50.250 --> 00:09:53.220 susceptible to ocean acidification because you have more acidic water 00:09:53.220 --> 00:09:57.569 coming up from the deep ocean as well. So because of that, on the Olympic Coast the 00:09:57.569 --> 00:10:01.199 waters are actually projected to increase in acidity up to 50 percent by 00:10:01.199 --> 00:10:05.850 2100. This is projected to have some really intense impacts on the site, 00:10:05.850 --> 00:10:09.750 including larval shortages of mussels and oysters because the 00:10:09.750 --> 00:10:13.230 larvae of these species are even more susceptible to ocean acidification than 00:10:13.230 --> 00:10:17.100 the adults, and the regional disappearance of this little creature 00:10:17.100 --> 00:10:20.970 called the pteropod. So there's a picture of a pteropod here. It's a zooplankton 00:10:20.970 --> 00:10:25.560 snail so it's this tiny, almost microscopic animal, but it's incredibly 00:10:25.560 --> 00:10:29.459 important to the ecosystem of the sanctuary because it's crucial prey for 00:10:29.459 --> 00:10:34.920 things like salmon and other high-level predators. So when we talk about the 00:10:34.920 --> 00:10:39.180 effects of ocean acidification and many of these other drivers. The impacts that 00:10:39.180 --> 00:10:42.569 they're going to have on sanctuaries, that sanctuaries need to account for, aren't 00:10:42.569 --> 00:10:47.519 always the ones that we immediately think of. And that also applies to this 00:10:47.519 --> 00:10:50.279 particular driver, the one that you probably think of when you think about 00:10:50.279 --> 00:10:54.329 climate change, which is rising ocean temperatures. This is the global warming 00:10:54.329 --> 00:10:58.050 in global climate change. So as global temperatures rise, the ocean 00:10:58.050 --> 00:11:01.860 has actually taken up more than 90 percent of the excess heat in the global 00:11:01.860 --> 00:11:05.500 climate system. These increasing temperatures have 00:11:05.500 --> 00:11:09.940 numerous direct impacts that are of direct relevance to sanctuaries, such as 00:11:09.940 --> 00:11:13.630 things that you might have heard about like coral bleaching and increasing in sea 00:11:13.630 --> 00:11:17.680 star wasting disease, but it's also the main driver of some of the other climate 00:11:17.680 --> 00:11:21.880 impacts we're going to touch on, and it may have some impacts in areas that you 00:11:21.880 --> 00:11:25.930 might not necessarily think about. So we often think about coral bleaching, that 00:11:25.930 --> 00:11:29.290 thing that a lot of you have heard about where, when temperatures rise, corals get 00:11:29.290 --> 00:11:33.100 stressed. They expel the algae that helps them get food and they turn white. 00:11:33.100 --> 00:11:38.139 This can cause them to die, but some of the less-- some of the less publicized 00:11:38.139 --> 00:11:42.220 effects of ocean-- of ocean warming are like what's happening in 00:11:42.220 --> 00:11:46.990 Stellwagen bank sanctuary up on the coast of Massachusetts. So the ocean 00:11:46.990 --> 00:11:51.610 temperatures in this region are actually rising faster than 99% of the ocean. So 00:11:51.610 --> 00:11:55.120 you can see on this little graph here, there's the Gulf of Maine which is where 00:11:55.120 --> 00:11:59.170 Stellwagen bank sanctuary sits. And part of the reason why temperatures are 00:11:59.170 --> 00:12:02.680 rising so fast there is because there's been a northward shift in the Gulf 00:12:02.680 --> 00:12:06.100 Stream. So climate change is also changing the flow of currents. This is 00:12:06.100 --> 00:12:10.149 bringing warm water into the area which is really increasing the temperature 00:12:10.149 --> 00:12:13.930 even faster than most areas of the ocean. Again, hitting on the fact that even 00:12:13.930 --> 00:12:17.680 though these are global impacts each sanctuary is affected differently. So it's 00:12:17.680 --> 00:12:21.250 really important to understand how climate change is affecting each 00:12:21.250 --> 00:12:25.600 sanctuary. So this massive change in temperature has some huge potential 00:12:25.600 --> 00:12:29.500 impacts for the sanctuary, including shifting fish species. In fact, Atlantic 00:12:29.500 --> 00:12:33.459 cod may shift out of the sanctuary altogether. Increases in Lobster disease, 00:12:33.459 --> 00:12:38.380 and this one that most people don't think about, which is zooplankton. So 00:12:38.380 --> 00:12:40.839 again, we're getting back to these tiny little creatures that are really 00:12:40.839 --> 00:12:44.709 important. In particular, one zooplankton which is a copepod, which is called 00:12:44.709 --> 00:12:48.160 "calanus finmarchicus," (I'm sorry for the scientific name, that's the last time 00:12:48.160 --> 00:12:51.490 I'll use one today. This is also the last time I'll show you a graph, I swear) 00:12:51.490 --> 00:12:56.769 And this copepod is the primary prey for endangered North Atlantic right 00:12:56.769 --> 00:13:01.959 whales. But this copepod doesn't like warm water, so as waters warm, it's 00:13:01.959 --> 00:13:05.889 projected to shift northward, potentially out of the sanctuary, and it's possible 00:13:05.889 --> 00:13:09.459 that right whales will follow it. In fact, we're already seeing this. Right whales 00:13:09.459 --> 00:13:13.389 are showing up in Canada in waters that they've never been before, and we think 00:13:13.389 --> 00:13:16.959 it's because they are following these copepods. The reason why that's of 00:13:16.959 --> 00:13:19.960 concern to say to the sanctuary is, it's causing these 00:13:19.960 --> 00:13:23.860 whales which, where their historic feeding ground was in or near the sanctuary, to 00:13:23.860 --> 00:13:27.910 shift out of the sanctuary and no longer gain the protections that the sanctuary 00:13:27.910 --> 00:13:33.399 may provide. So when we talk about increasing ocean temperatures being 00:13:33.399 --> 00:13:36.850 the climate driver that's driving some of these other climate drivers, one of 00:13:36.850 --> 00:13:39.790 the things we're talking about is sea level rise. So as global temperatures 00:13:39.790 --> 00:13:43.360 rise, glaciers and land ice are melting, which is contributing more water to the 00:13:43.360 --> 00:13:46.510 ocean. When there's more water in the ocean, the ocean goes up. It's just like 00:13:46.510 --> 00:13:50.380 in a bathtub: if you add more water, the water level is going to go up. But in 00:13:50.380 --> 00:13:54.040 addition, as the water warms, it also expands, so it gets larger. 00:13:54.040 --> 00:13:57.910 In fact, this thermal expansion of sea water is actually responsible for about 00:13:57.910 --> 00:14:03.580 a third of the sea level rise that we have observed up to this point. And due 00:14:03.580 --> 00:14:06.760 to differences in currents in the Earth's gravitational field, sea levels 00:14:06.760 --> 00:14:10.240 actually rise at different rates in different parts of the ocean. In fact, 00:14:10.240 --> 00:14:14.410 while absolute sea level is rising, worldwide relative sea level is actually 00:14:14.410 --> 00:14:18.820 falling in some locations due to changes in land height, caused by tectonic 00:14:18.820 --> 00:14:22.300 processes. So the earth is constantly moving, and some of this movement 00:14:22.300 --> 00:14:26.529 actually causes the land to rise. A good example is of this is in the northern 00:14:26.529 --> 00:14:29.860 portion of Olympic Coast, that sanctuary we just talked about in terms of ocean 00:14:29.860 --> 00:14:33.940 acidification, the northern portion of that sanctuary: relative sea level is 00:14:33.940 --> 00:14:39.610 actually falling compared to compared to land level. So once again we really need 00:14:39.610 --> 00:14:42.520 to gain an understanding of how these climate impacts are affecting each 00:14:42.520 --> 00:14:46.650 individual sanctuary. When we talk about sea level rise and we're gonna focus on 00:14:46.650 --> 00:14:51.700 Papahānaumokuākea, which is this huge, amazing marine National Monument out in 00:14:51.700 --> 00:14:56.709 the Pacific Ocean. And sea level rise in this region is expected to be higher 00:14:56.709 --> 00:15:00.610 than the global average, again due to differences in the Earth's gravitational 00:15:00.610 --> 00:15:05.079 field. The problem is that the monument has many really small islands that are 00:15:05.079 --> 00:15:09.160 made up mostly of sand, and at the highest, most of these are only about 00:15:09.160 --> 00:15:13.240 six-and-a-half feet above sea level. But these are really really ecologically 00:15:13.240 --> 00:15:17.950 important islands. They're an important place for nesting of endangered seabirds 00:15:17.950 --> 00:15:22.779 and endangered sea turtles, and important pupping habitats for Hawaiian monk 00:15:22.779 --> 00:15:26.890 seals, where they go and have babies and raise their pups. But based on our 00:15:26.890 --> 00:15:31.089 projections of sea level rise in this area, many of these islands could become 00:15:31.089 --> 00:15:35.319 completely submerged and lost in the next 50 to 100 years with huge impacts 00:15:35.319 --> 00:15:41.199 for these populations of important and iconic species. Now an impact that we 00:15:41.199 --> 00:15:45.309 often hear a lot about in the media and in the news is changing storm patterns. 00:15:45.309 --> 00:15:48.759 So it is true that climate change is projected to change weather in tropical 00:15:48.759 --> 00:15:54.279 storms, but these impacts are going to differ from location to location. I hope 00:15:54.279 --> 00:15:58.360 you're seeing a theme here. While the general trend worldwide is that tropical 00:15:58.360 --> 00:16:02.079 storms and hurricanes will become stronger and intensify more rapidly as 00:16:02.079 --> 00:16:05.829 increased temperature provides more heat energy to these storms, one of the things 00:16:05.829 --> 00:16:10.569 that's interesting is that changes to Oceanic and Atmospheric circulation are 00:16:10.569 --> 00:16:15.209 predicted to change the tracks of these storms. So some locations like 00:16:15.209 --> 00:16:19.569 Papahānaumokuākea are actually expected to experience more storms, while other 00:16:19.569 --> 00:16:23.769 locations such as American Samoa are expected to experience less storms, 00:16:23.769 --> 00:16:27.910 albeit storms that are more intense. So then it might not be a surprise when 00:16:27.910 --> 00:16:30.059 we're talking about changing storms, we're going to go back to 00:16:30.059 --> 00:16:35.589 Papahānaumokuākea, and we're gonna talk about those islands again. So again the 00:16:35.589 --> 00:16:40.569 projection is that Papahānaumokuākea is going to experience more, stronger storms, 00:16:40.569 --> 00:16:44.470 and we're already seeing the effect of what these storms may do in the future. 00:16:44.470 --> 00:16:47.800 While no individual storm can be attributed to climate change, taking a 00:16:47.800 --> 00:16:51.699 look at how these storms have and are affecting the sanctuary may give us an 00:16:51.699 --> 00:16:57.600 idea of how more storms in the future may impact it. I'm sorry 00:16:59.579 --> 00:17:05.289 Hey Zac, while you're paused, too - we've had a couple comments of like "There's so 00:17:05.289 --> 00:17:09.010 much great content and you're speeding through it" so I don't know if you're 00:17:09.010 --> 00:17:10.520 able to slow down just a tad 00:17:10.520 --> 00:17:14.620 I apologize for that, I do have a tendency to talk fast, it's the 00:17:14.620 --> 00:17:19.720 Midwesterner in me. I hear that we talk fast, so I will slow down, I apologize for 00:17:19.720 --> 00:17:26.860 that. In 2018, there was a hurricane called hurricane Walaka that went right 00:17:26.860 --> 00:17:31.659 through the sanctuary, it was in October. This caused extensive damage to an 00:17:31.659 --> 00:17:34.990 incredibly diverse reef in the French Frigate Shoals, this coral reef was 00:17:34.990 --> 00:17:39.090 almost completely lost from the hurricane running right over it. 00:17:39.090 --> 00:17:43.500 Additionally, and something that got a lot of press coverage at the time, this 00:17:43.500 --> 00:17:47.760 important island east islet, lost over 95% of its land 00:17:47.760 --> 00:17:51.570 overnight as you can see in this picture here. This is one of those islands that I 00:17:51.570 --> 00:17:55.020 talked about before that it's mostly sand, and it's incredibly important for-- 00:17:55.020 --> 00:17:59.100 and it was an incredibly important nesting habitat for sea turtles and it was 00:17:59.100 --> 00:18:02.160 almost completely lost. Now this isn't entirely attributable to 00:18:02.160 --> 00:18:05.730 the storm, sea level rise likely also played a bit of a role, but the 00:18:05.730 --> 00:18:09.930 combination of these two factors can have these really massive effects on 00:18:09.930 --> 00:18:15.210 these important islands in the monument. So the last climate driver that I want 00:18:15.210 --> 00:18:19.650 to talk about is not itself a climate driver, but it's a huge impact of climate 00:18:19.650 --> 00:18:23.340 change that's really affecting our sanctuaries and a huge management 00:18:23.340 --> 00:18:27.200 challenge for our sanctuaries, and that's changing ecological communities. 00:18:27.200 --> 00:18:31.320 essentially changes in ocean temperatures, chemistry, circulation, all 00:18:31.320 --> 00:18:34.470 this stuff we've already talked about are resulting in alterations to the 00:18:34.470 --> 00:18:38.160 ecological communities that we find in sanctuaries. Some of these are the 00:18:38.160 --> 00:18:42.030 obvious ones that you might think about, like shifting species. So as temperatures 00:18:42.030 --> 00:18:47.280 warm species move to fit go into the temperatures that they like. So this 00:18:47.280 --> 00:18:51.000 might cause some species to move out of sanctuaries, while other species that 00:18:51.000 --> 00:18:54.390 have-- might move into the sanctuary that have never been there before. And this 00:18:54.390 --> 00:19:00.330 can create changes to the functioning of the ecosystem in unexpected ways. But the 00:19:00.330 --> 00:19:03.840 case study that we're going to talk about is a little bit of a different 00:19:03.840 --> 00:19:07.470 situation where these changing ecological communities aren't exactly as 00:19:07.470 --> 00:19:11.610 obvious, and this is occurring in greater Farallones sanctuary but also in 00:19:11.610 --> 00:19:15.780 Monterey Bay, so along the coast of California. What's happening here is that 00:19:15.780 --> 00:19:20.520 high temp-- sustained high temperatures between 2012 and 2016 triggered a 00:19:20.520 --> 00:19:25.410 cascade of events that led to the loss of about 90% of the area's kelp canopy 00:19:25.410 --> 00:19:29.520 cover and resulted in a shift from kelp forests to urchin barren, a very 00:19:29.520 --> 00:19:33.330 different kind of ecosystem that has very different ecosystem functions. Now 00:19:33.330 --> 00:19:36.900 while these temperatures weren't the only factor that resulted in this shift, 00:19:36.900 --> 00:19:40.800 we believe that they may have been the factor that really started and kicked 00:19:40.800 --> 00:19:44.760 off this cascade of effects that led to this change. So this is a great example 00:19:44.760 --> 00:19:50.430 of how climate change can lead to these unexpected cascading effects that create 00:19:50.430 --> 00:19:54.600 these completely unexpected changes in ecosystem function and ecological 00:19:54.600 --> 00:19:59.940 communities. So given all of these huge impacts a 00:19:59.940 --> 00:20:03.480 climate change is and is projected to have on our sanctuaries, how can we 00:20:03.480 --> 00:20:09.409 possibly address climate change within the National Marine Sanctuary system? 00:20:09.409 --> 00:20:14.309 Well essentially, we try to be climate smart. So this is both a fun buzzword, 00:20:14.309 --> 00:20:17.580 we're smart about climate change right? But it also means something very 00:20:17.580 --> 00:20:22.289 specific. S.M.A.R.T. is an acronym which is, specific, measurable, achievable, results- 00:20:22.289 --> 00:20:27.389 oriented, and time fixed. And as we set our management objectives and goals, we 00:20:27.389 --> 00:20:32.789 try to make them all of these things ( specific measurable achievable results 00:20:32.789 --> 00:20:37.860 oriented and time fixed) and cognizant of climate change. By doing this, we can 00:20:37.860 --> 00:20:42.240 really set goals and objectives that can help us to manage our sanctuaries and 00:20:42.240 --> 00:20:47.730 address climate change at the same time. And what I want to spend most of the 00:20:47.730 --> 00:20:52.110 rest of this presentation doing, is going over how we do that. And a great tool for 00:20:52.110 --> 00:20:56.970 explaining how we do that is this climate-smart planning cycle. You see 00:20:56.970 --> 00:21:01.019 this in a number of different iterations, in a number of different places, but the 00:21:01.019 --> 00:21:05.220 one that sanctuary uses roughly follows this particular design. There are 00:21:05.220 --> 00:21:09.389 iterations on it, it is a bit more complex when you really dig into it, but 00:21:09.389 --> 00:21:13.740 these are the major steps that we take in order to manage our sanctuaries in a 00:21:13.740 --> 00:21:20.760 climate-smart way. So that first step is to understand climate change; this sounds 00:21:20.760 --> 00:21:24.899 really simple, and on its face it is, but understanding climate change, especially 00:21:24.899 --> 00:21:31.830 at a particular site, can be difficult. So this is gathering and synthesizing 00:21:31.830 --> 00:21:37.409 relevant climate data for the study region or the or the site itself. So a 00:21:37.409 --> 00:21:40.409 good example of this is greater Farallones National marine sanctuaries 00:21:40.409 --> 00:21:44.159 climate change impacts reports. So what they did in this report is they took a 00:21:44.159 --> 00:21:48.779 look at the different impacts of climate change and compiled them into a report. So 00:21:48.779 --> 00:21:53.880 what this does is, it provides a baseline moving forward to create management 00:21:53.880 --> 00:21:58.740 actions off of the information that we have about how climate change is going 00:21:58.740 --> 00:22:03.360 to affect the sanctuary. So one of the things I want to do throughout this 00:22:03.360 --> 00:22:08.200 presentation is highlight some of the tools that we use in sanctuaries to 00:22:08.200 --> 00:22:11.799 help us do each one of these steps. These aren't all of the tools, but they're a 00:22:11.799 --> 00:22:16.090 good subset of some of the tools that we use. And I've provided links to these 00:22:16.090 --> 00:22:19.389 tools: you can either click directly on the picture sometimes or hit the 00:22:19.389 --> 00:22:23.139 hyperlinks, to allow you to take a look at what each of these tools do, because 00:22:23.139 --> 00:22:27.100 even though they're useful to us, they're also used for a number of other aspects. 00:22:27.100 --> 00:22:31.899 This climate Explorer toolkit is really really cool; I find it really useful for 00:22:31.899 --> 00:22:37.269 when I'm talking with students and other other interested parties, because you can 00:22:37.269 --> 00:22:41.200 select a location based off of your town or your zip code, and it will tell you 00:22:41.200 --> 00:22:44.679 how climate change is likely to affect your particular location, and that's 00:22:44.679 --> 00:22:50.289 really important for engaging people in climate adaptation and management. So 00:22:50.289 --> 00:22:54.100 you'll notice these tools will be popping up as we go along. The next step 00:22:54.100 --> 00:22:58.899 is planning. Again something that sounds very simple on its face, and it is on its 00:22:58.899 --> 00:23:03.549 face but it gets complex. So we need to develop a plan for accomplishing our 00:23:03.549 --> 00:23:07.539 goals, and this is the point where we start to develop our goals. And our goals 00:23:07.539 --> 00:23:12.070 and objectives need to be climate-smart. So these strong guidance documents 00:23:12.070 --> 00:23:17.139 sanctuaries develop lead to robust adaptation plans for climate change. So 00:23:17.139 --> 00:23:20.740 this is an incredibly important step. This is the step where we really start 00:23:20.740 --> 00:23:24.309 to lay down the groundwork for how we're going to adapt to climate change. And a 00:23:24.309 --> 00:23:27.549 great example of this, again leaning on greater Farallones National Marine 00:23:27.549 --> 00:23:31.360 Sanctuary because they are kind of our leader among leaders in climate change, 00:23:31.360 --> 00:23:36.070 is their 2016 climate adaptation plan, which did a great job of laying out 00:23:36.070 --> 00:23:39.909 different adaptation actions that the sanctuary can take to address climate 00:23:39.909 --> 00:23:43.149 change. Once again, I've given you some tools to 00:23:43.149 --> 00:23:48.880 take a look at that we have found to be incredibly useful. Alright, I kind of 00:23:48.880 --> 00:23:51.909 buzzed through understanding and planning, but I'm going to spend a little 00:23:51.909 --> 00:23:56.500 bit more time on assess. So assess is really where the rubber starts to meet 00:23:56.500 --> 00:24:01.630 the road when we come-- when it comes to climate adaptation. So when we talk about 00:24:01.630 --> 00:24:05.260 assessing, what we're really talking about is assessing the vulnerability of 00:24:05.260 --> 00:24:11.529 our resources to climate change. So to do this, we go through a process that 00:24:11.529 --> 00:24:15.669 involves this flowchart that we have here. So the vulnerability of a resource 00:24:15.669 --> 00:24:19.659 to any particular climate driver is determined by the potential impact of 00:24:19.659 --> 00:24:24.189 that climate driver on that resource, and the ability of that resource to adapt to 00:24:24.189 --> 00:24:27.909 that climate driver which we call adaptive capacity. And then the potential 00:24:27.909 --> 00:24:32.139 impact of a climate driver on the resource is developed from the exposure 00:24:32.139 --> 00:24:36.789 of that resource to that impact to that driver and the sensitivity of that 00:24:36.789 --> 00:24:40.029 resource to that driver. So the way we assess vulnerability is 00:24:40.029 --> 00:24:44.289 to select a resource, answer questions about that resource regarding 00:24:44.289 --> 00:24:47.529 climate vulnerability, and then compare the relative vulnerabilities of 00:24:47.529 --> 00:24:51.549 resources at our sanctuary to determine which resources are most vulnerable, 00:24:51.549 --> 00:24:56.649 which can then help the sanctuaries focus their limited time, resource, and 00:24:56.649 --> 00:25:00.459 capacity on particular resources that are most vulnerable to climate change. 00:25:00.459 --> 00:25:05.499 And this process is called a climate vulnerability assessment. So these can 00:25:05.499 --> 00:25:10.209 and should inform planning, and vice versa. Planning is going to inform these 00:25:10.209 --> 00:25:13.689 climate vulnerability assessments. So you see that this cycle that I keep showing 00:25:13.689 --> 00:25:18.639 you actually feeds back on itself over and over and over again. So these climate 00:25:18.639 --> 00:25:22.269 vulnerability assessments are often one of the biggest steps towards successful 00:25:22.269 --> 00:25:25.719 climate adaptation and management, because this is really where sanctuaries 00:25:25.719 --> 00:25:29.469 get introspective and look in on themselves, bring in experts to determine 00:25:29.469 --> 00:25:34.449 how are the resources we care about and we manage vulnerable to climate change, 00:25:34.449 --> 00:25:39.159 and start thinking about how we can create management actions to make them 00:25:39.159 --> 00:25:43.119 less vulnerable. So these climate vulnerability assessments are not 00:25:43.119 --> 00:25:46.779 one-size-fits-all. There's many different ways to do this and many different 00:25:46.779 --> 00:25:50.499 sanctuaries that have done that. I have a list of some of them here, but the 00:25:50.499 --> 00:25:55.599 general takeaway is that they bring in experts, and we often also bring in local 00:25:55.599 --> 00:26:02.009 leaders, stakeholders, tribal leaders, community leaders, as many different 00:26:02.009 --> 00:26:06.339 viewpoints as we possibly can to try and determine how the sanctuary and the 00:26:06.339 --> 00:26:10.509 resources that everyone who's invested in the sanctuary care about how they're 00:26:10.509 --> 00:26:14.739 going to be impacted by climate change. These can be incredibly intense, they can 00:26:14.739 --> 00:26:19.139 take years with multiple workshops like occurred in 00:26:19.139 --> 00:26:22.839 Papahānaumokuākea, or they can be more rapid vulnerability assessments like 00:26:22.839 --> 00:26:26.499 occurred in Gray's reef. It really depends on the needs of the sanctuary 00:26:26.499 --> 00:26:30.669 and their capacity to conduct these climate vulnerability assessment. But in 00:26:30.669 --> 00:26:34.149 any event, these vulnerability assessments are incredibly important and 00:26:34.149 --> 00:26:38.780 have really helped sanctuaries start that planning cycle of 00:26:38.780 --> 00:26:43.010 how to address climate change in their sanctuary. And as you've probably noticed, 00:26:43.010 --> 00:26:46.850 I keep talking about assessing and how that informs planning, but I talked 00:26:46.850 --> 00:26:51.080 about planning first. And that's because, again, this is a loop. Oftentimes we will 00:26:51.080 --> 00:26:56.180 plan and then assess, and then that assessment feeds back on planning which 00:26:56.180 --> 00:27:01.100 moves back through assessment again on towards adaptation. So I apologize for 00:27:01.100 --> 00:27:05.030 the loops within the loops of this loop, but it is really the process that we 00:27:05.030 --> 00:27:09.050 undergo. So we have some tools for assessing climate vulnerability in 00:27:09.050 --> 00:27:12.770 addition to the rapid vulnerability assessment tool: we also have this fourth 00:27:12.770 --> 00:27:16.250 National Climate Assessment, which was released by the government, it does a 00:27:16.250 --> 00:27:21.740 great, great job of summarizing the best most up-to-date science on how climate 00:27:21.740 --> 00:27:25.460 change is impacting all the regions of the United States. So you don't need to 00:27:25.460 --> 00:27:30.470 be on the ocean for this fourth National Climate Assessment to be useful to you, 00:27:30.470 --> 00:27:34.970 and it's very readable. It's written for the general public, so I definitely would 00:27:34.970 --> 00:27:38.570 encourage you to take a look at this assessment. It will-- it will really 00:27:38.570 --> 00:27:42.170 help you to understand how climate change is affecting the area that you 00:27:42.170 --> 00:27:47.380 live in. So after we've assessed and we've determined what the 00:27:47.380 --> 00:27:52.310 vulnerabilities of climate change are to our sanctuary resources, we move on to 00:27:52.310 --> 00:27:55.700 adapting, and this is really where we take action. This is where we're 00:27:55.700 --> 00:27:59.780 developing and implementing management actions to reduce the climate 00:27:59.780 --> 00:28:04.160 vulnerabilities of our resources and of our sanctuaries. A good example of this 00:28:04.160 --> 00:28:07.250 is greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, which develops management 00:28:07.250 --> 00:28:11.450 actions as a result of that climate adaptation plan. So we can see how these 00:28:11.450 --> 00:28:14.750 are all starting to fill in to each other. Another great example is in 00:28:14.750 --> 00:28:18.140 Florida Keys, which we have a picture of here. They recently released this mission, 00:28:18.140 --> 00:28:21.920 "iconic reefs," where they're planning on restoring seven iconic reefs throughout 00:28:21.920 --> 00:28:25.610 the Florida Keys. What's interesting about this is that this includes 00:28:25.610 --> 00:28:29.120 establishing climate-resilient corals and picking sites that are more 00:28:29.120 --> 00:28:34.760 resilient to climate change. So this vulnerability of corals to 00:28:34.760 --> 00:28:38.330 climate change is informing the management actions that Florida Keys 00:28:38.330 --> 00:28:44.560 is taking to restore these important habitats within the sanctuary. 00:28:44.560 --> 00:28:48.070 So how do we identify these strategies and actions? 00:28:48.070 --> 00:28:50.859 Well. one of the great ways to do it is to go back to that vulnerability 00:28:50.859 --> 00:28:54.940 framework. So we already know that these are the different things that affect the 00:28:54.940 --> 00:28:59.350 vulnerability of a resource, so if we can do things to lower the exposure or the 00:28:59.350 --> 00:29:03.399 sensitivity or increase the adaptive capacity, these are great potential 00:29:03.399 --> 00:29:08.619 options for climate adaptation actions. So an example of lowering exposure, from 00:29:08.619 --> 00:29:11.739 greater Farallones that came out of their management plan, would be to 00:29:11.739 --> 00:29:16.059 potentially enhance algal cover on rocky intertidal areas to reduce heat stress. 00:29:16.059 --> 00:29:18.909 This isn't something that they're doing yet but it's something that came out of 00:29:18.909 --> 00:29:23.019 their planning process, and this would directly lower the exposure of these 00:29:23.019 --> 00:29:26.919 intertidal communities to heat stress, so it's a good way to inc to decrease their 00:29:26.919 --> 00:29:32.080 vulnerability. We could also try lowering sensitivity, so again from greater 00:29:32.080 --> 00:29:36.220 Farallones management plan, one of the things that kelp forests have problems 00:29:36.220 --> 00:29:41.799 with is again rising ocean temperatures so it's potential to restore these kelp 00:29:41.799 --> 00:29:46.869 habitats using species that are better adapted to warming temperatures, maybe 00:29:46.869 --> 00:29:50.470 species more from the south or species that have genetic variations that are 00:29:50.470 --> 00:29:54.129 better adapted to these warmer waters. This is also what's being done during 00:29:54.129 --> 00:29:58.989 the iconic reef project, where we we are trying to find corals that are resilient 00:29:58.989 --> 00:30:02.710 in typically-- to bleaching so resilient to these increasing 00:30:02.710 --> 00:30:08.349 temperatures, and use those corals to restore our iconic reefs. We can also 00:30:08.349 --> 00:30:12.070 increase the adaptive capacity of a resource, so the ability of that resource 00:30:12.070 --> 00:30:16.029 to respond to climate change. And a good example of this might be to remove 00:30:16.029 --> 00:30:20.409 coastal armoring, so sea walls. A lot of habitats like our beaches, our mangroves, 00:30:20.409 --> 00:30:24.820 our salt marshes that are on the coast, they naturally can respond to rising sea 00:30:24.820 --> 00:30:28.299 levels. The problem is, we've put things in the way to prevent them from adapting 00:30:28.299 --> 00:30:33.309 to those rising sea levels. So if we can work with local municipalities to remove 00:30:33.309 --> 00:30:40.179 some of these barriers when possible, it may help us to allow these resources 00:30:40.179 --> 00:30:47.619 to adapt to these climate impacts and reduce their vulnerability. But there's 00:30:47.619 --> 00:30:52.779 also other strategies that we can use to increase the-- to reduce the vulnerability 00:30:52.779 --> 00:30:56.710 of resources to climate change that don't necessarily involve directly 00:30:56.710 --> 00:31:00.250 addressing climate change itself. We can reduce non climate stresses, 00:31:00.250 --> 00:31:04.510 which is something that sanctuaries is very good at doing. So we recognize that 00:31:04.510 --> 00:31:08.500 these resources are being impacted by things other than climate change, and if 00:31:08.500 --> 00:31:13.510 we can reduce these other stressors, sometimes it can help them be better 00:31:13.510 --> 00:31:17.679 prepared to deal with the stresses of climate change. A good example of this 00:31:17.679 --> 00:31:21.940 from the coast of California is that many of the seabirds on the coast of 00:31:21.940 --> 00:31:25.299 California from Channel Islands to Monterey Bay all the way up the greater 00:31:25.299 --> 00:31:28.419 Farallones in Cordell banks (although less so in Cordell 00:31:28.419 --> 00:31:33.669 banks because they're an offshore-- they're an offshore sanctuary) there's 00:31:33.669 --> 00:31:37.539 these nesting habitats for seabirds and climate change can impact their food 00:31:37.539 --> 00:31:41.350 causing nesting failures. We can't really do anything about the increasing 00:31:41.350 --> 00:31:44.679 temperatures, but another thing that causes nesting failures of these birds 00:31:44.679 --> 00:31:49.539 is disturbance via aircraft and boats. So if we can use management to reduce these 00:31:49.539 --> 00:31:54.909 disturbance via aircraft and boats, that reduces a stressor that can cause the 00:31:54.909 --> 00:31:59.679 same effect as the climate change-- as the climate change impact potentially making 00:31:59.679 --> 00:32:03.789 these birds more likely to be able to deal with that climate change impact. We 00:32:03.789 --> 00:32:08.380 can also do things like enhance connectivity by using MPAs like we see 00:32:08.380 --> 00:32:13.059 on this map over on the right side of the screen. So as temperature changes, 00:32:13.059 --> 00:32:17.320 species are shifted. If we establish MPAs or create better connectivity 00:32:17.320 --> 00:32:21.700 between our MPAs, our-- sorry, marine protected areas, I apologize for the 00:32:21.700 --> 00:32:26.620 acronym, that can allow these species as they shift to remain in protected areas 00:32:26.620 --> 00:32:30.640 We can also protect refugia, which are these special places where, for whatever 00:32:30.640 --> 00:32:35.230 reason, are not feeling the impacts of climate change: they just seem to be 00:32:35.230 --> 00:32:38.559 resistant to it. So by protecting these special places that are resistant to 00:32:38.559 --> 00:32:42.190 climate change, we can help these resources that are there adapt to 00:32:42.190 --> 00:32:46.900 climate change and potentially use these resources that are there to inform how 00:32:46.900 --> 00:32:50.230 they're able to adapt to climate change for future management actions in other 00:32:50.230 --> 00:32:54.669 areas. Additionally, promoting education and outreach is incredibly important and 00:32:54.669 --> 00:32:59.140 this is something that sanctuaries is very very good at. We're really good at 00:32:59.140 --> 00:33:04.120 going out to our partners and helping work with-- and working with them to help 00:33:04.120 --> 00:33:09.520 them help us in these in these management actions. Informing our 00:33:09.520 --> 00:33:13.780 partners and the public on how climate change is impacting these resources that 00:33:13.780 --> 00:33:16.720 they about is a huge first step in helping us 00:33:16.720 --> 00:33:20.200 adapt to climate change. Finally, the option that we don't often 00:33:20.200 --> 00:33:25.000 like to talk about but is a viable option, is to not take any intervention 00:33:25.000 --> 00:33:30.400 and just kind of let things go at times. We have to realize that we have limited 00:33:30.400 --> 00:33:35.440 resources and limited capacity to adapt to climate change and sometimes some 00:33:35.440 --> 00:33:40.090 things might fall lower on our scale of being worth saving a good example of 00:33:40.090 --> 00:33:43.660 this is that along the coast of California, there are numerous little 00:33:43.660 --> 00:33:47.770 pocket beaches that bump right up to sea cliffs. We know that these are 00:33:47.770 --> 00:33:51.460 threatened by sea level rise, but it might not be worth the time and effort 00:33:51.460 --> 00:33:56.050 to save all of them because there's the huge amount of effort that would go into 00:33:56.050 --> 00:33:59.950 trying to prevent these beaches from being washed away by sea level rise when 00:33:59.950 --> 00:34:03.850 they can't migrate inland because their cliffs might not be worth our time and 00:34:03.850 --> 00:34:07.420 effort which might be better spent elsewhere protecting things that we can 00:34:07.420 --> 00:34:13.149 protect and adapt the climate change. So these strategies that we implement in 00:34:13.149 --> 00:34:17.110 the National marine sanctuaries fall under this no-regret strategy: strategies 00:34:17.110 --> 00:34:21.190 that are going to benefit the resources regardless of what the ultimate climate 00:34:21.190 --> 00:34:26.260 impacts are. This falls under the idea of "we do something is better than doing 00:34:26.260 --> 00:34:29.919 nothing" but we have to do something that's informed. So a good example of 00:34:29.919 --> 00:34:32.919 this might be if we know that there's going to be sea level rise at a site 00:34:32.919 --> 00:34:36.730 between six inches in two feet and we know there's a resource that's affected 00:34:36.730 --> 00:34:40.060 by sea level rise, we want to take a management action that's going to be 00:34:40.060 --> 00:34:43.690 beneficial to that resource whether or not sea level rise is six inches or two 00:34:43.690 --> 00:34:46.750 feet. And then we can go back later when we have a little bit more information 00:34:46.750 --> 00:34:50.380 and the models have gotten better we're getting a better idea of what sea level 00:34:50.380 --> 00:34:53.890 rise is going to do and adapt our management action. So this is how that 00:34:53.890 --> 00:35:00.430 cycle feeds back on itself. So again there's multiple tools for adapting to 00:35:00.430 --> 00:35:03.280 climate change and these two tools in particular, the climate adaptation 00:35:03.280 --> 00:35:08.680 toolkit and panorama, are great for anyone, not just managers. They do a great 00:35:08.680 --> 00:35:12.400 job of highlighting case studies, of how people around the world are adapting to 00:35:12.400 --> 00:35:15.250 climate change, so I would certainly recommend you check these out, they're 00:35:15.250 --> 00:35:20.230 absolutely fantastic. All right a lot of time spent on 00:35:20.230 --> 00:35:23.260 assessing and adapting, and that's because they're really important and 00:35:23.260 --> 00:35:26.290 they're kind of fun to talk about, but we're gonna move on to monitoring now, 00:35:26.290 --> 00:35:28.970 that next step. So once we've taken our adaptation 00:35:28.970 --> 00:35:33.140 actions, we need to make sure they're working, we need to monitor and track 00:35:33.140 --> 00:35:36.560 these efficacy of these management actions and the responses to our 00:35:36.560 --> 00:35:40.400 resources. So this is something that sanctuaries constantly do. We don't just 00:35:40.400 --> 00:35:43.520 take a management action and then just leave it to do what it's going to do, 00:35:43.520 --> 00:35:47.119 we're always watching to make sure they're doing the things that we think 00:35:47.119 --> 00:35:51.290 they're going to do. And a good example of this is that the Olympic Coast National 00:35:51.290 --> 00:35:55.280 Marine Sanctuary has recently been named an ocean acidification Sentinel site. So 00:35:55.280 --> 00:35:59.589 it is actively working and spending a large amount of time and capacity 00:35:59.589 --> 00:36:03.829 monitoring the impacts of ocean acidification, communicating ocean 00:36:03.829 --> 00:36:08.500 acidification, and just generally being a global leader in ocean acidification. 00:36:08.500 --> 00:36:12.890 Once again numerous tools for helping to monitor some of these are very cool and 00:36:12.890 --> 00:36:17.810 fun to look through definitely recommend taking a look. And this last step in our 00:36:17.810 --> 00:36:22.310 cycle is evaluate so once we've started monitoring our actions we need to 00:36:22.310 --> 00:36:26.390 evaluate whether or not they're working. It's important to make sure that our 00:36:26.390 --> 00:36:31.040 actions are doing what we want them to do. And if they're not, we can adapt our 00:36:31.040 --> 00:36:34.819 management actions as necessary to improve the resilience of our resources. 00:36:34.819 --> 00:36:39.980 So the work here is never done. This is a cycle, it's constantly going around and 00:36:39.980 --> 00:36:43.250 around and around because climate change is constantly changing, and it's likely 00:36:43.250 --> 00:36:47.000 to continue to change, so we need to be vigilant. Just because we've taken an 00:36:47.000 --> 00:36:51.890 action, doesn't mean that our work is done. We may need to adopt that action in 00:36:51.890 --> 00:36:55.970 the future, so we need to constantly be monitoring and evaluating our resources 00:36:55.970 --> 00:37:01.930 as climate change progresses. One good tool for how to evaluate right here 00:37:01.930 --> 00:37:05.569 that you can definitely take a look at comes out of the European climate 00:37:05.569 --> 00:37:10.700 adaptation Center. Now finally that last piece which you may have noticed is 00:37:10.700 --> 00:37:13.730 sitting in the middle and it's communicate. And the reason why 00:37:13.730 --> 00:37:17.990 communicate is sitting in the middle is because it touches every aspect of this 00:37:17.990 --> 00:37:22.000 cycle, and should be a part of every step of this cycle. 00:37:22.000 --> 00:37:26.030 Communication is incredibly important, and sanctuaries integrate climate 00:37:26.030 --> 00:37:31.040 messaging across their programs and in everything we do. Sanctuaries are really 00:37:31.040 --> 00:37:34.369 really good at communication. We work with partners to communicate the local 00:37:34.369 --> 00:37:39.960 effects of climate change and actions that we take. One great example of house 00:37:39.960 --> 00:37:43.800 sure is doing this is the greater Farallones ocean climate program story, 00:37:43.800 --> 00:37:46.740 which when we send the slides out, you can click right on that picture there 00:37:46.740 --> 00:37:53.700 and go right to it. It does an absolutely fantastic job of laying out how greater 00:37:53.700 --> 00:37:58.890 Farallones National Marine Sanctuary has taken actions to address climate change 00:37:58.890 --> 00:38:03.180 and what you can do to help. And this is just one example of how 00:38:03.180 --> 00:38:06.630 sanctuaries are communicating the effects of climate change and the 00:38:06.630 --> 00:38:12.690 actions that we take with regards to it. Another great example is this Dungeness 00:38:12.690 --> 00:38:17.099 crab case study, or ocean acidification toolkit, that was developed by the West 00:38:17.099 --> 00:38:21.450 Coast region. So, Dungeness crab is an ecologically culturally and economically 00:38:21.450 --> 00:38:25.710 important species up the entire west coast of the United States. All of our 00:38:25.710 --> 00:38:30.270 sanctuaries that are evolved that are in the West Coast have Dungeness crab and 00:38:30.270 --> 00:38:33.720 it's important to the people in these sanctuaries and the people that use and 00:38:33.720 --> 00:38:37.890 love these sanctuaries. So what the West Coast region did is they developed a 00:38:37.890 --> 00:38:43.380 toolkit that would help educators teach about the impacts of ocean acidification 00:38:43.380 --> 00:38:47.730 and the impacts of ocean acidification on Dungeness crab. They went out to 00:38:47.730 --> 00:38:51.780 partners, they got feedback from over 60 educators during the design of this 00:38:51.780 --> 00:38:57.030 toolkit, and they worked with a number of partners to design the toolkit. It also 00:38:57.030 --> 00:39:01.460 includes information on what individuals can do to reduce their climate impacts. 00:39:01.460 --> 00:39:05.280 So I just wanted to acknowledge the number of partners and development of 00:39:05.280 --> 00:39:09.619 this toolkit and provide the link to this toolkit through the picture there. 00:39:09.619 --> 00:39:14.910 Absolutely recommend you taking a look at this, it's a fantastic tool kit. I have 00:39:14.910 --> 00:39:18.869 given it to a number of family members personally who teach on the west coast 00:39:18.869 --> 00:39:23.190 to use in their classrooms, and they have said that it has been fantastic. This 00:39:23.190 --> 00:39:27.210 toolkit is great and a great example of how sanctuaries can leverage our 00:39:27.210 --> 00:39:32.820 experience in climate adaptation and management to help others teach about 00:39:32.820 --> 00:39:37.800 the effects of climate change. We also have these things called sanctuary 00:39:37.800 --> 00:39:41.430 advisory councils, which you may or may not be aware of. Essentially, each 00:39:41.430 --> 00:39:48.900 sanctuary has a Council of local experts, stakeholders, and agency partners that 00:39:48.900 --> 00:39:53.100 help to advise the sanctuary on the management of the sanctuary. 00:39:53.100 --> 00:39:57.630 And these advisory councils are also critical to our climate change 00:39:57.630 --> 00:40:01.710 work. They give us feedback on the work that that they feel needs to be done and 00:40:01.710 --> 00:40:07.770 they provide a diverse area of expertise. We have to admit, it within sanctuaries 00:40:07.770 --> 00:40:10.860 we mostly come from a science or management background, 00:40:10.860 --> 00:40:16.770 so these sanctuary advisory councils are a fantastic and invaluable resource for 00:40:16.770 --> 00:40:21.900 gaining other areas of expertise and other viewpoints when we're trying to 00:40:21.900 --> 00:40:26.370 create management actions for our sanctuaries and for climate change. 00:40:26.370 --> 00:40:30.150 They've also, at times, been a driving force behind incorporating climate 00:40:30.150 --> 00:40:34.890 climate adaptation actions in our management of sanctuaries. And this leads 00:40:34.890 --> 00:40:38.490 into this idea of partnerships. Sanctuaries are always interested in 00:40:38.490 --> 00:40:42.360 climate change partnerships, and we're always working to address climate 00:40:42.360 --> 00:40:46.200 impacts to sanctuaries and other marine protected areas at all scales, from 00:40:46.200 --> 00:40:49.860 site-based management to advancing global partnerships that recognize the 00:40:49.860 --> 00:40:53.550 role of oceans and marine protected areas as nature-based solutions to 00:40:53.550 --> 00:40:58.350 climate change. So please, if you feel that there's something that you can do 00:40:58.350 --> 00:41:02.970 to contribute to our management actions or if you feel that we can do something 00:41:02.970 --> 00:41:07.410 to help you out, please contact us we are always interested in partnerships in 00:41:07.410 --> 00:41:12.840 relation to climate change and anything else. Now finally, one thing that didn't 00:41:12.840 --> 00:41:17.010 really fit into that cycle but I wanted to talk about is climate mitigation. So 00:41:17.010 --> 00:41:20.040 it's all fine and good to talk about the ways that we're adapting to climate 00:41:20.040 --> 00:41:23.670 change, but what are we doing about the problem? There is a growing 00:41:23.670 --> 00:41:27.840 level of interest within sanctuaries in, doing this, and we have been doing it for 00:41:27.840 --> 00:41:32.610 a long time. Many sanctuaries have green facilities and LEED-certified buildings, 00:41:32.610 --> 00:41:37.800 using renewable resources, reducing their waste, all of the kind of things that we 00:41:37.800 --> 00:41:42.870 often talk about that individuals can do to reduce their impact on climate change. 00:41:42.870 --> 00:41:47.940 But in addition some sanctuaries such as greater Farallones have conducted 00:41:47.940 --> 00:41:53.130 emissions inventories, so actually taken a look at what their emissions are, what 00:41:53.130 --> 00:41:57.570 their greenhouse gas emissions are, and their contributions to climate change, in 00:41:57.570 --> 00:42:01.680 order to analyze ways to reduce their emissions. So we're not just talking the 00:42:01.680 --> 00:42:06.050 talk, we are walking the walk in climate mitigation. 00:42:06.070 --> 00:42:12.260 Okay, so how does this all fit in? Some of you may be very intimately aware of the 00:42:12.260 --> 00:42:16.340 process of how we manage sanctuaries traditionally, but some of you may not, so 00:42:16.340 --> 00:42:22.520 I just want to go over these really basic ways that we manage ourselves in 00:42:22.520 --> 00:42:27.530 managing sanctuaries. So the current system, the system that has worked very 00:42:27.530 --> 00:42:31.070 well for a long time and will continue to work very well, is to produce 00:42:31.070 --> 00:42:34.730 condition reports that assess the current conditions at the sanctuary and 00:42:34.730 --> 00:42:38.960 use those to inform our management plans which set our management strategies. 00:42:38.960 --> 00:42:43.280 These management plans are really the documents that guide how sanctuaries 00:42:43.280 --> 00:42:49.610 manage the resources that we are tasked with protecting. And this is a fantastic 00:42:49.610 --> 00:42:53.780 system; climate change is incorporated and considered into many many conditions 00:42:53.780 --> 00:42:58.130 reports and management plans it works really well. Something that we are 00:42:58.130 --> 00:43:03.110 starting to do is to also incorporate climate vulnerability assessments into 00:43:03.110 --> 00:43:08.000 this process. So many sanctuaries are working there towards incorporating 00:43:08.000 --> 00:43:11.150 climate change into this process by integrating these vulnerability 00:43:11.150 --> 00:43:15.230 assessments between condition reports and management plans, and also working in 00:43:15.230 --> 00:43:19.940 during condition reports. We're really starting to pilot this at Olympic Coast 00:43:19.940 --> 00:43:24.950 National Marine Sanctuary right now. The reason why we're doing this is because 00:43:24.950 --> 00:43:28.550 condition reports pull together experts and dig into the scientific literature 00:43:28.550 --> 00:43:33.290 to determine the current status and condition of sanctuary resources, while 00:43:33.290 --> 00:43:37.220 these climate vulnerability assessments give an idea of the future conditions of 00:43:37.220 --> 00:43:41.270 the sanctuary. So these two things together should inform the management 00:43:41.270 --> 00:43:46.910 plan, and they do inform the management plan. So if we can do these, we can then 00:43:46.910 --> 00:43:50.480 take the information that we have from our condition reports and our climate 00:43:50.480 --> 00:43:54.800 vulnerability assessments to really drive climate-informed management 00:43:54.800 --> 00:43:59.150 actions in our management plants. So that sounds simple, of course it's quite 00:43:59.150 --> 00:44:03.020 complex, that step from knowing what the vulnerabilities are to implementing 00:44:03.020 --> 00:44:06.830 management plans can be a difficult step in the planning process and that's 00:44:06.830 --> 00:44:11.030 really where the bulk of that climate cycle that we spent the majority of this 00:44:11.030 --> 00:44:16.700 time talking about fits in. So ultimately climate change is a huge challenge 00:44:16.700 --> 00:44:21.369 to National Marine Sanctuaries. But we can and are managing our marine 00:44:21.369 --> 00:44:25.630 treasures in the face of climate change. And I just want to highlight again that 00:44:25.630 --> 00:44:31.600 sanctuaries, even though I've given a really system level review of how marine 00:44:31.600 --> 00:44:36.580 sanctuaries are managing for climate change, each individual sanctuary is 00:44:36.580 --> 00:44:41.380 doing their part. And I have not had the time or the ability to really dig into 00:44:41.380 --> 00:44:45.820 how each one of these sanctuaries are adapting for adapting to and managing 00:44:45.820 --> 00:44:48.820 for climate change, but please, just because I didn't talk about 00:44:48.820 --> 00:44:53.800 particular sanctuary today doesn't mean they're not taking action: they 00:44:53.800 --> 00:44:57.880 are, and we are-- they are concerned about climate change and aware of the ways 00:44:57.880 --> 00:45:01.060 that it's affecting their sanctuary, I just only had a certain amount of time 00:45:01.060 --> 00:45:05.980 to talk today. But the take-home message is, we can and are adapting to climate 00:45:05.980 --> 00:45:10.450 change within our national marine sanctuaries. So with that, I want to thank 00:45:10.450 --> 00:45:14.710 you for your attention and turn it over-- turn it back to Clare and ask if you 00:45:14.710 --> 00:45:16.700 have any questions I'd be happy to talk with all of you. 00:45:16.700 --> 00:45:19.840 Great, so Hannah and I 00:45:19.840 --> 00:45:24.808 will run questions. Hannah, I'll let you kick it off here. 00:45:24.808 --> 00:45:26.350 Yeah, we've gotten 00:45:26.350 --> 00:45:30.670 some great questions submitted throughout the presentation, and one that 00:45:30.670 --> 00:45:36.190 I want to start with is from Jessica, and she would like to know how 00:45:36.190 --> 00:45:40.380 scientists might encourage more intertidal algal growth to prevent 00:45:40.380 --> 00:45:45.840 overheating, and then in general, how do managers gauge the feasibility of 00:45:45.840 --> 00:45:49.431 prospective restoration and eco engineering concepts. 00:45:49.431 --> 00:45:50.650 Yeah those are two 00:45:50.650 --> 00:45:54.609 really good questions. So I do just want to make sure that I'm very clear 00:45:54.609 --> 00:45:58.840 that the increasing the algal growth was something that was suggested in the 00:45:58.840 --> 00:46:03.280 climate adaptation plan, it is not something that we have pursued doing as 00:46:03.280 --> 00:46:07.630 of yet partially because it is a little bit difficult. But some of the ways that 00:46:07.630 --> 00:46:13.540 it could be done is, really, the most direct way would be to 00:46:13.540 --> 00:46:18.520 plant algae. You can plant algae just like any other plant to encourage the 00:46:18.520 --> 00:46:22.540 growth there. I know personally that there have also been some studies 00:46:22.540 --> 00:46:27.490 looking at increasing nutrients in particular areas very targetedly to 00:46:27.490 --> 00:46:30.220 encourage algal growth, but there are some risks 00:46:30.220 --> 00:46:34.840 seeing it with that. So that does kind of-- I personally think that if we were to 00:46:34.840 --> 00:46:38.590 pursue such an action, the most direct way to do it would simply be to plant 00:46:38.590 --> 00:46:43.630 algae, which has been shown to work in certain areas. But that idea of potential 00:46:43.630 --> 00:46:46.960 risks does lead into that second question which is about the feasibility 00:46:46.960 --> 00:46:51.400 of some of these actions and geoengineering. Geoengineering is a whole 00:46:51.400 --> 00:46:56.470 'nother topic, and geoengineering definitely has a huge amount of 00:46:56.470 --> 00:47:02.470 potential, but also a huge amount of risk to it. So I'm gonna kind of punt down the 00:47:02.470 --> 00:47:06.369 question of geoengineering so as to not go down a hole on that, but I will say 00:47:06.369 --> 00:47:10.930 that it is something that is starting to get some attention in the climate 00:47:10.930 --> 00:47:15.190 adaptation world and we are trying to pay attention to the fact that there are 00:47:15.190 --> 00:47:20.940 some potential unknowns with it. But as far as assessing the feasibility of of 00:47:20.940 --> 00:47:25.900 climate adaptation actions, often it comes down to finding out if someone 00:47:25.900 --> 00:47:29.320 else has done it before. And if someone else has done it before or something 00:47:29.320 --> 00:47:32.260 similar, seeing how they've done it. We also do 00:47:32.260 --> 00:47:36.760 rely very heavily on science; the scientists tend to be ahead of us in the 00:47:36.760 --> 00:47:41.890 adaptation world, they are thinking about this. so often these ideas of adaptation 00:47:41.890 --> 00:47:44.800 actions come from scientific studies that have already shown their 00:47:44.800 --> 00:47:48.790 feasibility. However, sometimes, they're completely novel ideas and we just have 00:47:48.790 --> 00:47:53.088 to go out and try them and see whether or not they work. 00:47:53.088 --> 00:47:54.700 Great explanation Zac 00:47:54.700 --> 00:47:59.589 we have another question coming from Carol, and she is wondering if each 00:47:59.589 --> 00:48:04.680 sanctuary makes their own management plan without oversight from Congress. 00:48:04.680 --> 00:48:09.310 Without oversight from Congress? Ok yes, these sanctuaries do make their own 00:48:09.310 --> 00:48:13.450 management plan. Congress, as far as I'm aware, Congress has no role in this 00:48:13.450 --> 00:48:19.450 whatsoever. They do have help and guidance from headquarters so they 00:48:19.450 --> 00:48:25.300 aren't completely on their own, but it is a sanctuary site-driven effect. It is a 00:48:25.300 --> 00:48:30.800 sanctuary insight-driven document. 00:48:30.800 --> 00:48:32.710 Great thank you 00:48:32.710 --> 00:48:37.810 we have another question coming from Karen, who has noted that a change from 00:48:37.810 --> 00:48:43.150 kelp forests to urchin barren is noted for the California coast and 00:48:43.150 --> 00:48:47.530 she is asking if it's expected to be a permanent change if no active 00:48:47.530 --> 00:48:49.512 restoration is contested. 00:48:49.512 --> 00:48:53.080 Yeah that's a great question. So, we don't know 00:48:53.080 --> 00:49:00.570 unfortunately. This is an unprecedented shift, and this falls into this idea of: 00:49:00.570 --> 00:49:07.140 sometimes, we might not want to take a management action. There is a really good 00:49:07.140 --> 00:49:12.250 management idea-- sorry, management framework, that has been 00:49:12.250 --> 00:49:18.370 proposed by a group of government scientists. There was a webinar on it 00:49:18.370 --> 00:49:21.940 through the marine protected areas marine protected area center a little 00:49:21.940 --> 00:49:25.420 while ago that I would encourage anyone interested to go look at it. 00:49:25.420 --> 00:49:28.840 You can find it on the marine protected areas Center's website under 00:49:28.840 --> 00:49:32.980 webinars, and in the archives and it's called "resist, accept, and direct" and it's 00:49:32.980 --> 00:49:37.300 this idea that we need to make decisions sometimes when we have these shifts. 00:49:37.300 --> 00:49:41.410 Whether or not we're going to resist them every way we can to try and keep 00:49:41.410 --> 00:49:45.340 what we had, accept that they're going to happen and just let them happen and see 00:49:45.340 --> 00:49:49.900 what what happens or direct that change. And those are some of the hard 00:49:49.900 --> 00:49:54.220 management decisions we're going to have to make. And this, this shift 00:49:54.220 --> 00:49:57.910 from kelp forest to urchin barren is exactly the kind of system where we're 00:49:57.910 --> 00:50:01.000 going to have to make that decision because we simply don't know what it 00:50:01.000 --> 00:50:03.092 will do if we leave it alone. 00:50:03.092 --> 00:50:06.700 Good here and thanks Zac. I do see a good question 00:50:06.700 --> 00:50:11.560 from sir a, I'm asking about whether or not ocean acidification is uniform 00:50:11.560 --> 00:50:16.420 throughout the world's ocean. Yeah, ocean acidification is not uniform throughout 00:50:16.420 --> 00:50:21.850 the world's ocean. This is common with a lot of climate impacts, we tend to talk 00:50:21.850 --> 00:50:26.710 about things on the global scale, but there's a lot of variation in 00:50:26.710 --> 00:50:30.550 different areas. Some of the local things that can affect weather how intense 00:50:30.550 --> 00:50:35.680 ocean acidification is are things like local oceanographic processes. So areas 00:50:35.680 --> 00:50:39.160 like on the Olympic Coast where there's a lot of upwelling tend to have higher 00:50:39.160 --> 00:50:43.030 ocean acidification because that water that's being upwelled, not only is it more 00:50:43.030 --> 00:50:47.470 acidic, but it doesn't have the buffering capacity, the ability to prevent those 00:50:47.470 --> 00:50:52.420 shifts in in acidity, as much as normal ocean water. But then there's other areas 00:50:52.420 --> 00:50:55.900 of the ocean, because of the local geography, that have really good 00:50:55.900 --> 00:50:59.810 buffering capacity. This is a chemical property 00:50:59.810 --> 00:51:04.550 whereby it's difficult, more or less difficult, to change the acidity of the 00:51:04.550 --> 00:51:08.720 water. So that's one way that ocean acidification could differ from location 00:51:08.720 --> 00:51:12.020 to location. There's also effects of currents and 00:51:12.020 --> 00:51:17.650 salinity, temperature, all of these things do have effects on ocean acidification. 00:51:17.650 --> 00:51:21.340 I guess there's a quick follow-up to that and then I'll let Hannah take over again, 00:51:21.340 --> 00:51:26.930 someone asked what we can do about ocean acidification and I just gave a response 00:51:26.930 --> 00:51:30.740 like most things related to climate change, you know we can all play a role 00:51:30.740 --> 00:51:36.200 by reducing our carbon emissions as an individual, as a local community so being 00:51:36.200 --> 00:51:41.690 involved to get community choice programs that will help reduce carbon 00:51:41.690 --> 00:51:45.920 emissions, and then at a state level, a national level with the United States, 00:51:45.920 --> 00:51:50.510 and of course globally. So we can all play our role in trying to reduce our 00:51:50.510 --> 00:51:55.280 carbon emissions as one way to do something about ocean acidification and 00:51:55.280 --> 00:52:01.520 other climate issues. Absolutely, that is the key one is reducing emissions. I will 00:52:01.520 --> 00:52:05.690 say, that ocean acidification in itself is an interesting case because there are 00:52:05.690 --> 00:52:12.350 some ideas on how to reduce or mitigate ocean acidification locally. So plants 00:52:12.350 --> 00:52:17.450 suck up carbon dioxide and they release oxygen, so there's an idea that's 00:52:17.450 --> 00:52:21.260 floating around in the scientific literature that's just starting to be 00:52:21.260 --> 00:52:26.240 tested that maybe we could do things like farm algae and kelp to lower 00:52:26.240 --> 00:52:30.440 acidification locally. There's some evidence that this may work, at 00:52:30.440 --> 00:52:34.370 least on local scales, but it's really too early to tell whether or not it's 00:52:34.370 --> 00:52:39.582 going to be a viable management strategy. 00:52:39.582 --> 00:52:44.540 Oh great, we have a question coming from 00:52:44.540 --> 00:52:49.850 Maria. Well, it's actually more of information-sharing, she said that they 00:52:49.850 --> 00:52:54.740 are actively restoring it kelp forests in the Northeast Pacific and also 00:52:54.740 --> 00:52:58.250 studying warmer tolerant species. Do you know if this is something that's 00:52:58.250 --> 00:53:02.120 happening with the restoration projects that could be underway for the West 00:53:02.120 --> 00:53:09.660 Coast region with kelp forests? So, I know it is something that they are aware of 00:53:09.660 --> 00:53:14.760 considering, so this kind of goes back to that adaptation option of reducing the 00:53:14.760 --> 00:53:21.960 sensitivity by planting heat-resistant kelp. So as far as I'm aware, we haven't 00:53:21.960 --> 00:53:25.740 they haven't started any restoration in this way, but it is something that's laid 00:53:25.740 --> 00:53:33.059 out in the in the climate reports that greater Farallones has put out as a 00:53:33.059 --> 00:53:36.498 potential management option. 00:53:36.498 --> 00:53:42.270 Excellent, yeah, it doesn't look like we have any 00:53:42.270 --> 00:53:46.410 more questions coming in. I guess we can do a last call if someone's brave and 00:53:46.410 --> 00:53:50.819 would like to raise their hand in the GoToWebinar control panel, we can unmute 00:53:50.819 --> 00:53:54.720 you and you can actually ask your question verbally, but for many people 00:53:54.720 --> 00:53:59.730 that seems a little daunting. So in the meantime, we'll wait to see if there's 00:53:59.730 --> 00:54:04.470 a last question I'll pull up our closing slides and we'll start to to 00:54:04.470 --> 00:54:10.349 wrap up here. We do have a raised hand from Carol, and I will go and unmute you 00:54:10.349 --> 00:54:22.080 if you would like to ask your question, you are now unmuted 00:54:22.080 --> 00:54:27.660 Ah, we always try and experiment with this, and it rarely works with big groups, but it was worth a try. 00:54:27.660 --> 00:54:34.630 Alright, well with that and not having any more questions right now, we would 00:54:34.630 --> 00:54:38.439 like to thank you for attending the National marine sanctuaries webinar 00:54:38.439 --> 00:54:43.359 series. As mentioned earlier, we welcome any feedback any further questions or 00:54:43.359 --> 00:54:48.400 suggestions for topics of areas of interest for this series. You can submit 00:54:48.400 --> 00:54:52.359 your input by replying to the email you'll receive after this webinar 00:54:52.359 --> 00:54:57.059 concludes or by emailing us at the emails listed on this slide. As a 00:54:57.059 --> 00:55:01.900 reminder, we also share a recording of this webinar and all of the associated 00:55:01.900 --> 00:55:06.339 education materials on the webinar archive page listed on the slide will 00:55:06.339 --> 00:55:10.239 also include many of the resources that Zac had mentioned including that 00:55:10.239 --> 00:55:17.529 archived webinar from previous previous weeks in that slide as well. You will 00:55:17.529 --> 00:55:22.749 also receive a PDF copy of a certificate of attendance this provides 00:55:22.749 --> 00:55:26.469 documentation for one hour of professional development for today's 00:55:26.469 --> 00:55:32.979 presentation. And we also ask that you fill out a short evaluation about 00:55:32.979 --> 00:55:37.660 today's presentation. This survey could be completed immediately after signing 00:55:37.660 --> 00:55:41.920 off the webinar it'll pop up right away and take you just about three minutes to 00:55:41.920 --> 00:55:49.150 complete. We greatly appreciate any feedback you're willing to share. As for 00:55:49.150 --> 00:55:54.160 our next webinar, it's called passive acoustic monitoring in California's 00:55:54.160 --> 00:55:59.469 national marine sanctuaries. It will take place on February 19th, and if you note 00:55:59.469 --> 00:56:04.630 the time change, it's going to be an hour earlier than normal. You can register for 00:56:04.630 --> 00:56:10.059 this upcoming webinar by using the link on the bottom of this slide. We will also 00:56:10.059 --> 00:56:15.189 have two webinars in March. One is about empowering youth through EarthEcho's 00:56:15.189 --> 00:56:21.519 water challenge and the second is to learn about ocean Guardian schools. So 00:56:21.519 --> 00:56:26.949 that's both March 4th and March 26th, thank you again Zac for a great 00:56:26.949 --> 00:56:31.449 presentation about how climate change affects our national marine sanctuaries, 00:56:31.449 --> 00:56:36.459 and thanks to all of you for taking the time to join us. Don't forget to take the 00:56:36.459 --> 00:56:39.580 brief sir that will pop up after today's webinar, 00:56:39.580 --> 00:56:45.490 and it's very important to our team so thank you so much. This concludes today's 00:56:45.490 --> 00:56:51.240 webinar. Great, thanks everyone. Bye everyone, thank you.