WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.300 --> 00:00:03.900 We're pleased that all of you have joined us today 00:00:03.900 --> 00:00:07.960 for the National Marine Sanctuaries webinar series 00:00:07.960 --> 00:00:11.640 This is actually a monthly webinar series hosted 00:00:11.640 --> 00:00:15.840 by the NOAA office of National Marine Sanctuaries 00:00:16.120 --> 00:00:20.660 and we find that it's a great way for us to connect with formal and informal educators 00:00:20.660 --> 00:00:22.740 and other interested people 00:00:23.000 --> 00:00:27.960 to provide educational and scientific expertise, as well as 00:00:27.970 --> 00:00:32.529 resources and training and some interesting science topics that allows 00:00:32.529 --> 00:00:39.220 you to go back and support ocean and climate literacy in your classrooms or your facilities. 00:00:39.600 --> 00:00:43.979 So, we feel like this is also a great opportunity for us to 00:00:43.980 --> 00:00:50.400 connect you to our country's National Marine Sanctuary system. 00:00:50.840 --> 00:00:57.660 So, NOAA manages a network of 13 National Marine Sanctuaries 00:00:57.960 --> 00:01:04.080 and the Papahanaumokuakea and Rose Atoll National Marine Monuments 00:01:04.360 --> 00:01:06.080 Marine National Monuments, sorry, 00:01:06.080 --> 00:01:12.320 So, this is actually over six hundred thousand square nautical miles of protected ocean areas. 00:01:12.460 --> 00:01:19.220 And we like to think of them as underwater parks and living classrooms. 00:01:19.220 --> 00:01:23.500 And these areas were actually set aside, many by Congress, 00:01:23.500 --> 00:01:29.189 and they're put aside because of they have special conservation value or 00:01:29.189 --> 00:01:33.920 archeological, aesthetic, ecological, historical, or cultural value. 00:01:34.040 --> 00:01:39.700 So it really is kind of like a National Park or a National Forest but found underwater. 00:01:40.520 --> 00:01:44.679 And we also like to think of these places as living classrooms and 00:01:44.679 --> 00:01:51.340 this is where yourselves as teachers or informal educators or other folks 00:01:51.340 --> 00:01:57.009 you can see and learn and better understand these National Marine Sanctuaries by 00:01:57.009 --> 00:01:59.140 using them as a living classroom. 00:02:00.060 --> 00:02:04.340 So with that brief introduction to the National Marine Sanctuary system, 00:02:04.500 --> 00:02:08.640 I wanted to introduce myself. My name is Claire Fackler, 00:02:08.640 --> 00:02:14.380 and I'm the national education liaison for the NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. 00:02:14.420 --> 00:02:18.960 I am facilitating today's webinar from Santa Barbara California 00:02:18.960 --> 00:02:21.280 I will also be helping to answer any 00:02:21.280 --> 00:02:26.000 questions from attendees and running our poll questions. 00:02:26.320 --> 00:02:30.160 We greatly appreciate any feedback you have on this webinar series 00:02:30.280 --> 00:02:32.200 to help us improve the experience for you 00:02:32.200 --> 00:02:36.160 and the some in some cases there's groups of you in rooms together. 00:02:36.280 --> 00:02:41.740 So, there's a very short five question evaluation that we would love for all of 00:02:41.740 --> 00:02:45.120 you participants to complete following today's webinar. 00:02:45.800 --> 00:02:51.160 We currently have 241 direct registrants for today's webinar 00:02:51.160 --> 00:02:53.420 and during the presentation all of you 00:02:53.420 --> 00:02:58.940 as attendees are in listen-only mode. You're welcome to type any questions or 00:02:58.940 --> 00:03:03.880 comments into the question box in your control panel. 00:03:03.880 --> 00:03:08.160 and this is the same area that you can let us know if you have any technical issues 00:03:08.160 --> 00:03:10.160 such as audio and such. 00:03:10.520 --> 00:03:14.920 So, I will throughout the webinar be monitoring incoming questions and 00:03:14.930 --> 00:03:19.670 addressing any of these technical issues. And I will know also that we are 00:03:19.670 --> 00:03:26.300 recording today's session and the webinar recording will be archived on our webpage. 00:03:26.300 --> 00:03:28.850 you don't have to stress that about writing any of these long 00:03:28.850 --> 00:03:33.910 government URLs down because you will be getting an email as an attendee 00:03:33.910 --> 00:03:38.340 following up with where the webinar archive will live. 00:03:39.220 --> 00:03:42.880 and so with that, I would like to introduce today's speaker. 00:03:42.880 --> 00:03:48.060 We are so pleased to have Dr. Michael Fox with us 00:03:48.060 --> 00:03:53.400 he's giving a presentation titled, "Estimating Coral Feeding Habits from Space". 00:03:53.400 --> 00:03:57.460 let me tell you a little bit about Mike. He is a marine scientist that 00:03:57.470 --> 00:04:01.680 studies coral reef and kelp forest ecosystems. 00:04:01.680 --> 00:04:09.100 He earned his Bachelor Science in Marine Science at the University of San Diego, back in 2008. 00:04:09.100 --> 00:04:14.020 He has a Masters from the Moss Landing Marine Labs in 2013 00:04:14.140 --> 00:04:18.680 His master's research focused on the physiology of Giant Kelp in the Monterey Bay National 00:04:18.680 --> 00:04:20.560 Marine Sanctuary. 00:04:20.560 --> 00:04:24.500 Mike then turned his focus back to coral reef ecosystems, 00:04:24.500 --> 00:04:28.760 which first inspired him to pursue a career in marine science. 00:04:28.760 --> 00:04:34.259 So during his PhD Mike studied the nutritional ecology of reef building 00:04:34.260 --> 00:04:38.040 corals in Hawaii and the Northern Line Islands. 00:04:38.640 --> 00:04:42.300 He is one of our former Dr. Nancy Foster scholars 00:04:42.300 --> 00:04:46.800 and recently completed his PhD at Scripps Institution 00:04:46.800 --> 00:04:49.700 of Oceanography in the fall of 2018. 00:04:49.700 --> 00:04:52.259 and he's currently a postdoctoral scholar at 00:04:52.259 --> 00:04:55.060 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 00:04:55.060 --> 00:04:59.220 so with that I'm gonna go ahead and welcome Mike 00:04:59.220 --> 00:05:02.760 and give him the presenter tools coming your way. 00:05:08.380 --> 00:05:11.840 All right Mike, let's make sure you're unmuted. There we go. 00:05:12.300 --> 00:05:15.700 And if you want to pop on your web camera ,as well, that'd be wonderful. 00:05:17.180 --> 00:05:19.280 Okay. Lets see if that worked. 00:05:20.620 --> 00:05:21.820 Excellent. 00:05:23.660 --> 00:05:26.900 We're just waiting to see your screen and then we should be all set. 00:05:40.540 --> 00:05:42.400 You know what I'll toggle it back to me 00:05:42.400 --> 00:05:48.860 and then I'll throw it back to you to see if that... 00:05:59.120 --> 00:06:01.960 Thanks everyone for your patience while we work through. 00:06:02.100 --> 00:06:05.780 Of course everything works fine during our tests! Okay. 00:06:05.780 --> 00:06:08.600 Worst case, I have your presentation for you 00:06:09.120 --> 00:06:11.380 go ahead and give it a try. 00:06:30.100 --> 00:06:32.080 We're getting close. 00:06:32.080 --> 00:06:38.560 - Okay know what? I'm just gonna go straight from the main screen 00:06:40.540 --> 00:06:43.280 I think it crashed my powerpoint like it did yours. 00:06:43.280 --> 00:06:48.400 - Oh, yeah. Too bad that didn't do it during the test run but 00:06:49.160 --> 00:06:50.620 We got another minute here. 00:06:50.620 --> 00:06:53.980 Thanks again for your patience. 00:06:53.980 --> 00:06:56.520 - Says I'm sharing but I still see your screen 00:06:57.680 --> 00:06:58.960 okay let me 00:07:07.520 --> 00:07:10.040 Alright I passed it back to you. Wanna try again? 00:07:11.580 --> 00:07:13.420 okay I see your screen, now. 00:07:14.200 --> 00:07:17.700 okay looks great. I'm gonna pop off and good luck 00:07:17.700 --> 00:07:20.054 with your presentation thanks for being here. 00:07:20.060 --> 00:07:22.600 - Great, thanks Claire. and thank you all for..; 00:07:25.280 --> 00:07:26.500 Thank you all for coming. 00:07:27.200 --> 00:07:29.180 Today, I want to talk to you about some 00:07:29.280 --> 00:07:33.900 of the work I did during my PhD and I'm continuing here at Woods Hole. 00:07:34.500 --> 00:07:39.940 So I've structured the talk into sort of three basic sections where we'll discuss 00:07:39.940 --> 00:07:43.460 what coral nutrition is and why we shouldn't think about it 00:07:43.740 --> 00:07:49.950 then the core focus of my talk is discussing ways in which we can eat it satellites and other 00:07:49.950 --> 00:07:55.200 emerging technologies to get a better handle on how coral nutrition changes 00:07:55.200 --> 00:07:59.190 globally and what that might mean for coral reefs. And I want to wrap that up 00:07:59.190 --> 00:08:04.380 with where we're taking this sort of thinking and what I think it can offer 00:08:04.380 --> 00:08:09.540 us in terms of trying to understand how coral reefs are going to change, in the future, 00:08:09.540 --> 00:08:13.060 as the oceans continue warm and reefs face challenges. 00:08:14.200 --> 00:08:18.740 But, the overall goal of my talk is to just get you thinking about corals in a slightly 00:08:18.740 --> 00:08:22.850 different way that maybe you haven't in the past, by explaining the importance of 00:08:22.850 --> 00:08:26.120 coral nutrition and why I think it's something that we should think about 00:08:26.120 --> 00:08:30.830 more closely and spend the effort to come up with new ways to study it at 00:08:30.830 --> 00:08:33.180 scales we haven't been able to do it before. 00:08:33.180 --> 00:08:35.780 and lastly I do just want to 00:08:35.780 --> 00:08:39.890 provide you with a slightly more positive outlook on the fate of reefs 00:08:39.890 --> 00:08:42.515 corals are rather resourceful little organisms. 00:08:42.520 --> 00:08:45.600 and they're facing unprecedented challenges today 00:08:45.720 --> 00:08:48.720 but we're still learning more about them every day. 00:08:49.340 --> 00:08:54.400 And what they eat I think is something that is quite important to their future. 00:08:55.420 --> 00:09:00.020 So, as Claire mentioned, the National Marine Sanctuary system spans much of 00:09:00.020 --> 00:09:06.440 the U.S. aquatic territory, if you will, and coral reef ecosystems occur in five of them. 00:09:06.440 --> 00:09:10.480 We have two in the Hawaiian Islands, one down in the South Pacific in 00:09:10.490 --> 00:09:13.377 American Samoa and two in the Gulf of Mexico, 00:09:13.377 --> 00:09:16.520 both the flower Garden Banks and the Florida Keys. 00:09:16.520 --> 00:09:20.060 And today I'm going to be talking to about reefs that occur 00:09:20.060 --> 00:09:25.660 near the sanctuaries but in another form of U.S. managed waters. 00:09:25.660 --> 00:09:29.340 And that is the Pacific remote islands Marine National Monument 00:09:29.340 --> 00:09:31.220 which includes seven additional 00:09:31.220 --> 00:09:36.200 coral reef islands that are protected from extractive resource use and 00:09:36.200 --> 00:09:38.600 actually are all uninhabited islands. 00:09:38.600 --> 00:09:43.160 So, the Pacific remote islands are seen in the center of this map, 00:09:43.600 --> 00:09:49.120 situated between Hawaii and American Samoa National Marine monuments 00:09:49.320 --> 00:09:52.940 And the ones I'm going to talk about most directly are here in 00:09:52.940 --> 00:09:57.230 the Northern Line Islands which are between Palmyra Atoll and Jarvis island. 00:09:57.230 --> 00:10:00.260 Right in the heart of the Pacific, near the equator . 00:10:01.120 --> 00:10:04.880 - [Claire] All right, let me pause you there, right, so we've got a poll question... 00:10:05.200 --> 00:10:08.260 give you a little assessment of the audience here. 00:10:08.260 --> 00:10:10.480 So, you should see a quick poll on your screen. 00:10:10.480 --> 00:10:13.340 A mixotrough is an organism that... 00:10:13.800 --> 00:10:16.340 can make its own food, which is A. 00:10:16.340 --> 00:10:20.000 B, captures and consumes external food sources 00:10:20.400 --> 00:10:22.820 C, does not need to eat. 00:10:23.140 --> 00:10:25.780 or D, both A and B. 00:10:26.200 --> 00:10:28.940 so go ahead and click on what your vote is. 00:10:32.140 --> 00:10:33.660 What is a mixotroph? 00:10:37.260 --> 00:10:43.460 All right looks like two-thirds if you have voted. 00:10:43.960 --> 00:10:47.640 We're well over 80%. We'll go ahead and close the poll. 00:10:49.820 --> 00:10:55.680 And it looks like your audience, without you having talked about this topic yet, is pretty on top of it. 00:10:55.680 --> 00:10:58.069 75% of them have the correct answer with 00:10:58.069 --> 00:11:01.260 D, both A and B. so these mixotrophs 00:11:01.700 --> 00:11:04.000 Is an organism that can make its own food and 00:11:04.100 --> 00:11:07.060 captures and consumes external food sources. 00:11:07.740 --> 00:11:10.400 So, anything you want to say on that, Mike? 00:11:10.880 --> 00:11:14.539 - Nope, I think that's gonna make this talk really easy. I'm glad to see that 00:11:14.539 --> 00:11:18.589 the title might have given it away a little bit but corals are really great because 00:11:18.589 --> 00:11:22.200 they can eat in several ways. And that's what we'll focus on, today. 00:11:25.880 --> 00:11:29.502 Does this go back to my screen? Seems like it broke, again 00:11:29.502 --> 00:11:31.800 - [Claire] Yeah, somehow it popped out of the presentation 00:11:34.780 --> 00:11:39.280 - So mixotrophy is a really cool strategy if you're an organism because 00:11:39.280 --> 00:11:42.499 it means you're much less likely to grow hungry. 00:11:42.499 --> 00:11:46.910 The classic example many of us probably learned about and maybe we even had, 00:11:46.910 --> 00:11:51.829 these are Venus Flytraps where they're photosynthetic plants but they actually 00:11:51.829 --> 00:11:55.580 can get a lot of their nutrients from consuming bugs. 00:11:56.040 --> 00:12:01.800 And, recently, we've sort of been re-examining the presence of this trophic strategy 00:12:01.800 --> 00:12:05.140 and all of Earth's systems and it turns out it's much more common than we thought. 00:12:05.140 --> 00:12:08.580 and a lot of it is controlled by symbiosis with microbes. 00:12:08.700 --> 00:12:11.760 so this is a title of a recent paper in Ecology Letters 00:12:12.000 --> 00:12:14.620 "Mixotrophies Everywhere; on Land and in the Water" 00:12:14.629 --> 00:12:19.009 and just last week the cover of Nature was an article about the global distribution 00:12:19.009 --> 00:12:22.700 of microbial symbionts that are really important for trees. 00:12:22.880 --> 00:12:25.340 So, think about that next time you're walking through the woods 00:12:25.500 --> 00:12:29.540 trees are relying on a lot more than just the photosynthesis from their leaves 00:12:30.500 --> 00:12:38.110 And corals, similarly, are very good friends with microbial symbiotic algae that live inside of 00:12:38.110 --> 00:12:42.519 tissues and it's this symbiosis that allows them to build these huge 00:12:42.519 --> 00:12:45.525 structures that create Islands and can be seen from space. 00:12:45.525 --> 00:12:51.660 and so this picture shows you the scale at which corals are living and working 00:12:51.840 --> 00:12:57.070 So on the Left we have to dive boats for scale then most of what you've seen in that picture is 00:12:57.070 --> 00:13:03.700 there because of active accreting living coral reef which is a composition of 00:13:03.700 --> 00:13:10.000 many individual coral colonies which are in turn a colonial organism of thousands 00:13:10.000 --> 00:13:13.720 of individual little polyps which are down on the bottom right of the slide. 00:13:13.720 --> 00:13:21.680 And inside each polyp are thousands of, and sometimes millions, microscopic algal cells 00:13:21.680 --> 00:13:26.140 that share nutrients with the coral and contribute a large part of its diet 00:13:27.600 --> 00:13:32.440 And that symbiosis allows corals to grow in many shapes and sizes and create 00:13:32.440 --> 00:13:36.780 these fantastic three-dimensional habitats across most of the tropical oceans. 00:13:36.780 --> 00:13:41.340 And these these ecosystems are incredibly diverse and very important for people. 00:13:41.720 --> 00:13:47.540 And they're also threatened, as you may be aware, by rising ocean temperatures, because 00:13:47.540 --> 00:13:51.260 of that symbiosis specifically. Because when the waters get hot, 00:13:51.500 --> 00:13:55.560 the relationship between the coral and their algal partner breaks down. 00:13:55.560 --> 00:14:01.160 Corals actually kick those algal cells out of their bodies in a process known as "bleaching" 00:14:01.280 --> 00:14:04.540 which is why corals turn bright white. If you've been paying 00:14:04.540 --> 00:14:08.350 attention to media over the last several years I'm sure you've heard about this 00:14:08.350 --> 00:14:10.040 and seen many photos. 00:14:10.400 --> 00:14:12.420 But, one thing I want to remind you is that in the 00:14:12.430 --> 00:14:16.480 beginning of this process while the coral looks incredibly sick, 00:14:16.480 --> 00:14:18.920 the animal itself is not dead. 00:14:18.920 --> 00:14:22.300 It's lost its algal symbionts which is why you can see through 00:14:22.300 --> 00:14:26.160 its tissue and look right to its white skeleton, but the animal is still there. 00:14:26.380 --> 00:14:27.960 And that's important to remember 00:14:28.600 --> 00:14:31.200 So if we look at this more closely 00:14:31.500 --> 00:14:36.360 this is a fluorescence microscopy image from the Jules Chaffee lab at Scripps 00:14:36.370 --> 00:14:38.000 Institution of Oceanography 00:14:38.000 --> 00:14:41.420 And what you're looking at here are the closeup of two coral polyps. 00:14:41.420 --> 00:14:46.270 Each of those little red dots is an algal cell so chlorophyll A 00:14:46.270 --> 00:14:50.900 is fluorescing in red here and the Green is the proteins within a coral animal. 00:14:51.140 --> 00:14:54.700 So you can immediately notice that there are tons 00:14:54.700 --> 00:14:58.030 of these algal cells in the corals so these are very important for its 00:14:58.030 --> 00:15:00.660 day-to-day life and its nutritional status. 00:15:00.660 --> 00:15:02.920 And what happens when the coral bleaches 00:15:03.060 --> 00:15:06.040 is it kicks most of those little cells out of its tissue 00:15:06.280 --> 00:15:08.260 and you look right through to the skeleton. 00:15:08.900 --> 00:15:12.180 So if you look at a bleached coral close-up 00:15:12.840 --> 00:15:16.360 this is a photo I took somewhat recently, it's pretty blurry, but if you look to 00:15:16.360 --> 00:15:20.470 where those arrows are pointing, you'll see those white little balls. 00:15:20.470 --> 00:15:23.600 Those are the tips of the individual tentacles. 00:15:23.600 --> 00:15:25.840 You can see the green balls in the other image. 00:15:25.840 --> 00:15:29.280 And so the animal is still there it's lost most of its color because it's 00:15:29.290 --> 00:15:33.730 symbionts are gone. But corals are related to jellyfish and each of those 00:15:33.730 --> 00:15:38.950 little tentacles is packed with really powerful and very efficient stinging 00:15:38.950 --> 00:15:43.780 cells that can help the coral capture and grab on to a wide variety of prey 00:15:43.780 --> 00:15:47.180 items which it can then digest and get nutrition from. 00:15:47.720 --> 00:15:49.120 This is something that a 00:15:49.120 --> 00:15:52.240 lot of people forget about when you look at a coral because it's sort of stuck to 00:15:52.240 --> 00:15:56.680 the bottom, the polyps are small, maybe they don't move that much, but I'd like 00:15:56.680 --> 00:16:01.340 to convince you that corals are actually quite efficient predators. 00:16:01.540 --> 00:16:08.220 And really like to eat, actually. So this is a video of a coral polyp in the lab 00:16:08.300 --> 00:16:13.620 It's time lapse, so it's sped up, but basically the Aquarius is going to drop a shrimp right 00:16:13.620 --> 00:16:17.000 next to the mouth of this coral, which is that bit in the middle there, 00:16:17.600 --> 00:16:20.880 and then the coral will respond quite quickly. 00:16:21.660 --> 00:16:24.900 And might bring back memories of Star Wars here in a second. 00:16:25.560 --> 00:16:30.240 and that prey item is rapidly consumed and the coral didn't 00:16:30.250 --> 00:16:32.880 even bother using its tentacles. 00:16:32.880 --> 00:16:35.000 Okay, so they're very capable predators. 00:16:35.000 --> 00:16:37.800 They have a variety of different feeding strategies 00:16:37.800 --> 00:16:42.940 this next video shows two different types of corals that feed in another way. 00:16:43.680 --> 00:16:46.740 So Galaxia is a common coral across the Indo-Pacific. 00:16:46.940 --> 00:16:51.120 The Aquarist here is dropping in tiny little brine shrimp to the tank 00:16:51.560 --> 00:16:54.340 and instead of grabbing each shrimp, what Galexia 00:16:54.340 --> 00:16:58.740 does is it sticks out these digestive filaments that are really sticky 00:16:59.200 --> 00:17:04.840 and all those shrimp kind of get stuck and the coral actually digest its food just like that. 00:17:05.500 --> 00:17:09.800 And another way corals can eat this is Stylophora 00:17:09.940 --> 00:17:14.300 it looks and acts very similarly to the coral i'll be talking about for much of this talk. 00:17:15.000 --> 00:17:18.680 Stylophora is much more of your classical coral polyp 00:17:18.740 --> 00:17:23.120 grabbing prey item individually. And they can do about two an hour 00:17:23.120 --> 00:17:27.390 so you can see that they're more than capable of snatching that swimming shrimp and 00:17:27.390 --> 00:17:32.080 sending it straight to the mouth. So corals are predators next time you're on 00:17:32.080 --> 00:17:37.150 a reef take a look at that. Sometimes you have to get up real close to take a look 00:17:37.150 --> 00:17:43.840 at their polyps. But contrary to popular opinion, corals don't just feed at night 00:17:43.840 --> 00:17:48.610 so here's a suite of photos I took from a recent trip showing you that during 00:17:48.610 --> 00:17:52.300 the middle of the day a bunch of different species of corals are actively 00:17:52.300 --> 00:17:57.500 feeding in water. Okay, so this is a non-trivial part of a corals day-to-day life 00:17:57.500 --> 00:18:01.860 but surprisingly it's one of the pieces that we still don't know a whole lot about. 00:18:01.860 --> 00:18:04.380 And that's a really important thing to kind of unlock 00:18:04.390 --> 00:18:08.890 if we're gonna fully understand the response of corals to all these changes 00:18:08.890 --> 00:18:10.260 in the global environment. 00:18:11.100 --> 00:18:15.420 -[Claire] All right, perfect. Pause for our second poll question. 00:18:16.040 --> 00:18:21.160 So feeding can benefit corals by: A. helping them grow faster 00:18:21.440 --> 00:18:24.060 B. building energy reserves 00:18:24.060 --> 00:18:26.860 C. increasing their number of symbionts 00:18:26.860 --> 00:18:29.060 or D. all of the above 00:18:30.380 --> 00:18:33.020 Go ahead and vote on the quick poll. 00:18:40.340 --> 00:18:41.880 All right, the majority of you voted. 00:18:42.040 --> 00:18:45.140 I'll give you just a few more seconds here to lock in your vote. 00:18:52.540 --> 00:18:59.300 Okay, well, again we have a very well-educated audience about coral reef ecosystems 00:18:59.300 --> 00:19:04.710 93% of them said all of the above, which is the correct answer. 00:19:05.500 --> 00:19:09.840 - Well, I don't have to convince any of you about this. 00:19:09.840 --> 00:19:14.380 so in the most basic sense, feeding for corals is kind of like a multivitamin. 00:19:14.380 --> 00:19:16.260 It can do no harm. 00:19:16.260 --> 00:19:21.240 The graph on the left shows you a variety of the different things corals can consume 00:19:21.240 --> 00:19:26.070 from different types of dissolved molecules and nutrients and small 00:19:26.070 --> 00:19:31.980 suspended particles to a wide range of size in living swimming organisms. 00:19:32.300 --> 00:19:37.680 and the laundry list of what benefits can be derived from feeding is sort of listed 00:19:37.680 --> 00:19:41.250 there for you on the right. But it enhances the growth of the animal, the 00:19:41.250 --> 00:19:45.000 growth the skeleton, the ability to create fat reserves, which are very 00:19:45.000 --> 00:19:51.090 important for times of stress because feeding also provides limiting nutrients 00:19:51.090 --> 00:19:55.050 to the corals such as nitrogen and phosphorus it can actually help share 00:19:55.050 --> 00:19:59.190 those with the similans and the symbionts will grow faster which is also made 00:19:59.190 --> 00:20:01.788 possible by the growing animal tissue. 00:20:01.788 --> 00:20:04.250 Well fed corals make more babies and 00:20:04.250 --> 00:20:08.550 we've done a lot of manipulative experiments in the lab where we've 00:20:08.550 --> 00:20:13.830 turned up the temperature or drop the pH to simulate ocean acidification and and 00:20:13.830 --> 00:20:17.700 bothered corals in other ways that they commonly experience in the environment. 00:20:17.700 --> 00:20:22.410 And, in most instances, if you feed the corals while you're stressing them out, 00:20:22.410 --> 00:20:24.740 they generally do better. 00:20:24.740 --> 00:20:28.560 So in addition to the basic physiological benefits of eating, 00:20:28.560 --> 00:20:35.520 If this heterotrophic nutrition also helps corals cope with stress more effectively. 00:20:36.500 --> 00:20:40.320 And what's funny is that if you talk to an Aquarist or 00:20:40.320 --> 00:20:44.160 people who grow coral for restoration purposes, this is a no-brainer. 00:20:44.160 --> 00:20:46.840 They always feed their corals as much as possible. 00:20:46.840 --> 00:20:50.620 so these two photos show four months of growth 00:20:50.940 --> 00:20:55.340 in an restorations experiment with an improper especies' 00:20:55.340 --> 00:20:59.780 and on the Left I've indicated the coral colony with that blue arrow because it's 00:20:59.780 --> 00:21:04.480 a little bit hard to see, versus a high fed coral over here on the right 00:21:04.640 --> 00:21:07.720 And this graph just shows those data through time. 00:21:07.900 --> 00:21:10.300 So from a growth perspective, 00:21:10.300 --> 00:21:13.107 feeding the coral has nonlinear benefits, 00:21:13.107 --> 00:21:17.940 and you can really see the well fed corals grow much faster. 00:21:18.000 --> 00:21:22.000 So feeding, while not necessary for survival, 00:21:22.000 --> 00:21:25.470 has a whole host of benefits to corals that I think are very important 00:21:25.470 --> 00:21:29.320 for the outcome of corals in the face of global change. 00:21:29.320 --> 00:21:33.360 and their ability to cope with other disturbances that might arise. 00:21:34.500 --> 00:21:37.040 and we've also done this in the lab. 00:21:37.050 --> 00:21:41.910 So, much of the literature on early bleaching experiments was focusing on if 00:21:41.910 --> 00:21:45.462 a coral can feed before, during, or after a bleaching event, 00:21:45.462 --> 00:21:48.857 is it better at surviving? can it come back more quickly? 00:21:48.860 --> 00:21:52.660 Because if you remember that green and red slide a few slides ago, 00:21:52.720 --> 00:21:55.560 those millions of red little algal cells, 00:21:55.560 --> 00:21:59.280 when a coral kicks all those out, it's going to be quite hungry when it's used to 00:21:59.280 --> 00:22:02.487 getting that much food throughout the period of the day. 00:22:02.487 --> 00:22:05.100 And so if you want to think about it very basically, 00:22:05.100 --> 00:22:07.590 a bleached coral is really in a state of starvation. 00:22:07.590 --> 00:22:12.660 and if temperatures stayed too hot for too long that coral might just run out of energy and die. 00:22:12.660 --> 00:22:17.130 So, the ability to either be fat before you bleach or to 00:22:17.130 --> 00:22:21.900 feed while you are bleached, and then as soon as you start to recover, can really 00:22:21.900 --> 00:22:26.460 help corals sort of last a little bit longer and really get back and going on 00:22:26.460 --> 00:22:29.340 the other side of the disturbance event. And we've done a lot of this in the lab 00:22:29.340 --> 00:22:34.380 but as you can imagine due to the small size of coral polyps and the small size 00:22:34.380 --> 00:22:37.200 of the food that they're eating it's actually quite difficult to do this 00:22:37.200 --> 00:22:41.140 underwater at large scales across many corals. 00:22:42.900 --> 00:22:45.020 And we really need to do that 00:22:45.030 --> 00:22:49.800 because the sort of news media and the general story many people are hearing is 00:22:49.800 --> 00:22:53.840 that all reefs around the world are cooking and dying bleaching. 00:22:54.080 --> 00:23:00.380 and while coral mortality was unprecedented in many cases in 2015, 00:23:00.380 --> 00:23:03.000 not every reef, everywhere, died. 00:23:03.000 --> 00:23:07.280 and that's something I really focus on to inspire myself to keep doing this. 00:23:07.540 --> 00:23:10.720 But we also know that there's a lot of variability in this story 00:23:10.720 --> 00:23:15.960 and one of the things that might play a role is: which corals have access to food? 00:23:16.100 --> 00:23:19.760 are they capable of capturing it? Do they notice? Can they respond? 00:23:19.760 --> 00:23:25.220 and if so, what does that have to do with how many corals might suffer mortality 00:23:25.230 --> 00:23:29.070 during the winter? So we need to think about the drivers of spatial variability 00:23:29.070 --> 00:23:32.000 in this before we write off all reefs globally. 00:23:33.700 --> 00:23:35.340 -[Claire] Okay, before you continue Mike, 00:23:35.340 --> 00:23:40.040 our last poll for increased engagement here today is... 00:23:40.860 --> 00:23:46.320 tTrue or false? corals need clean, clear, low nutrient water to survive? 00:23:46.720 --> 00:23:48.640 You have a 50/50 chance. True or false? 00:23:54.500 --> 00:24:03.460 do-do-do-do-do (singing) 00:24:03.940 --> 00:24:04.560 all right 00:24:05.560 --> 00:24:10.840 we're just at a little over 80% so we're gonna go ahead and share the results. 00:24:11.900 --> 00:24:18.100 So, 67% of the attendees got it correct. False. 00:24:19.120 --> 00:24:23.100 I think if you read quickly you were like oh,of course, they need clean, clear water, but 00:24:23.100 --> 00:24:28.860 the low nutrient part, right? is the catch there. 00:24:28.860 --> 00:24:30.160 Mike. 00:24:30.160 --> 00:24:32.360 - Trying to make sure not everyone sleep out there 00:24:32.560 --> 00:24:37.280 a little bit of a trick question. Do corals like clean and clear water? absolutely! 00:24:37.280 --> 00:24:40.780 Generally they do occur in more low nutrient places, 00:24:40.920 --> 00:24:44.000 but that's not always the case and it's something that I would 00:24:44.010 --> 00:24:48.690 like to have you leaving in this talk remembering that corals can actually 00:24:48.690 --> 00:24:52.873 do quite well in some areas that are productive because they have high nutrients 00:24:52.873 --> 00:24:56.429 from natural causes not from things like sewage. although corals are 00:24:56.429 --> 00:25:00.900 more than capable of living in places like Hong Kong where water quality is 00:25:00.900 --> 00:25:03.380 actually, something that is quite challenging. 00:25:03.380 --> 00:25:09.180 So, this map shows global chlorophyll A concentrations which I'll describe in a second 00:25:09.180 --> 00:25:13.470 but, really, what I want you to see is if you plot it in certain ways the coral reefs around the 00:25:13.470 --> 00:25:17.400 world which are plotted as these red dots seem to occur in this very 00:25:17.400 --> 00:25:23.180 homogeneous blue region of the ocean that is considered to be sort of oceanic deserts. 00:25:23.880 --> 00:25:26.480 and that's how they've done thought about for a really long time. 00:25:26.480 --> 00:25:30.820 Low nutrients, very clear, no food. That's why they have to be symbiotic. 00:25:31.440 --> 00:25:36.020 But there's a lot more nuance to that map if you look at the full spread of the data. 00:25:36.030 --> 00:25:40.530 so this is a composite image of one of the larger missions and ocean color 00:25:40.530 --> 00:25:44.850 remote sensing and what these satellites are measuring is the amount of 00:25:44.850 --> 00:25:47.520 chlorophyll A and the surface waters of the ocean 00:25:47.520 --> 00:25:52.060 which is a proxy for the concentration of microscopic phytoplankton 00:25:52.060 --> 00:25:57.260 Okay, so the more red or green the water is, the more productive it is. 00:25:57.260 --> 00:25:58.890 So, the more phytoplankton means 00:25:58.890 --> 00:26:01.962 there's more little shrimp and zooplankton and more fish 00:26:01.962 --> 00:26:04.720 and it kind of scales across the system that way. 00:26:05.480 --> 00:26:07.560 and I work in this really interesting place 00:26:07.740 --> 00:26:10.700 I don't know if you can see my mouse but it's right here below Hawaii 00:26:10.700 --> 00:26:13.280 and I'll show you another map of it a second 00:26:13.280 --> 00:26:17.880 but those reefs span a really nice gradient in ocean color 00:26:17.880 --> 00:26:20.340 and in primary production and I started thinking about 00:26:20.340 --> 00:26:24.720 well what does this mean for the corals? Do they see this change in production? 00:26:24.720 --> 00:26:27.540 Do they respond to patterns of food availability? 00:26:27.540 --> 00:26:31.380 And if you look across, you follow that line in the Pacific 00:26:31.380 --> 00:26:33.460 just kind of across the globe, right around the equator, 00:26:33.580 --> 00:26:38.900 you'll see that there's a fair bit of variability in the Blues and the Greens across the tropics. 00:26:38.900 --> 00:26:41.520 So indeed not all reefs are the same. 00:26:42.560 --> 00:26:47.060 So the Line Islands as I mentioned straddle this really cool feature called the 00:26:47.060 --> 00:26:51.120 Equatorial Cold Tongue which is a region of high productivity across 00:26:51.220 --> 00:26:56.160 the eastern and central tropical Pacific which is driven by currents and wind driven upwelling 00:26:56.380 --> 00:27:00.300 the map on the right shows what the sort of climatological mean of 00:27:00.300 --> 00:27:04.770 how much phytoplankton is in the water there. So you can see Jarvis Island right 00:27:04.770 --> 00:27:09.703 on the equator. Very productive, lots of fish, lots of food. 00:27:09.703 --> 00:27:14.740 Palmyra is up here in the top in the Pacific Islands National Marine Sanctuary and 00:27:14.740 --> 00:27:17.600 then we also have the Southern Line Islands in the south. 00:27:17.680 --> 00:27:20.700 And all of these span a very nice gradient 00:27:20.800 --> 00:27:23.960 which means that the corals and the fish that live on these islands are 00:27:23.960 --> 00:27:26.720 actually exposed to different oceanographic conditions 00:27:26.720 --> 00:27:29.660 and it's more than likely that they respond. 00:27:31.280 --> 00:27:35.720 So, we can use satellites to estimate how much phytoplankton is in the water 00:27:35.720 --> 00:27:37.740 and that's what those chlorophyll A numbers are 00:27:37.740 --> 00:27:43.220 and as I mentioned this is due to a complex association of processes like upwelling 00:27:43.220 --> 00:27:48.460 and internal waves. And some recent work by people at NOAA has shown that, actually, 00:27:48.460 --> 00:27:52.060 around a lot of these tropical islands the waters are more productive than we think. 00:27:53.680 --> 00:27:57.560 And some work with people in fisheries have shown that actually these 00:27:57.560 --> 00:28:00.580 measurements of chlorophyll and surface waters from 00:28:00.580 --> 00:28:05.340 satellites correspond really nicely to the amount of food available for 00:28:05.340 --> 00:28:10.900 planktivores fish or things like manta rays and fish that track patterns of food. 00:28:11.400 --> 00:28:14.600 And that has implications all the way up to things, like tuna. 00:28:14.600 --> 00:28:18.900 so we know satellites can do a pretty good job of telling us where food might be 00:28:18.910 --> 00:28:21.260 distributed in tropical ocean. 00:28:21.260 --> 00:28:24.320 and the real question is: Are corals paying attention to that? 00:28:24.460 --> 00:28:27.640 And in order to answer that question we have to be able to 00:28:27.640 --> 00:28:33.370 measure what corals are eating without having to go diving every day and check 00:28:33.370 --> 00:28:37.220 each little polyp and see what it's ingested most recently. 00:28:37.220 --> 00:28:38.320 and to do that 00:28:38.320 --> 00:28:43.360 I've turned to a really commonly applied tool in ecology called "stable isotopes" 00:28:43.360 --> 00:28:47.040 I'm not going to get into the details of this but I want to tell you briefly 00:28:47.050 --> 00:28:51.010 about it so that you understand a little bit more what the data I'm about to show 00:28:51.010 --> 00:28:52.600 you are based on. 00:28:53.100 --> 00:28:57.620 But, in effect, isotopes are atoms of one element that differ in how much they weigh 00:28:57.620 --> 00:29:00.360 due to a neutral particle in the nucleus 00:29:00.360 --> 00:29:02.340 and that small difference in weight 00:29:02.500 --> 00:29:05.880 has a lot of really important but predictable consequences 00:29:05.890 --> 00:29:10.400 for biochemical reactions that happen as your cells are doing things. 00:29:10.400 --> 00:29:10.930 and so by 00:29:10.930 --> 00:29:15.800 thinking about the relationship of how much heavier light isotopes organisms have 00:29:15.800 --> 00:29:17.900 we can get an understanding for what they eat. 00:29:17.900 --> 00:29:21.676 And a fun way to think about that, courtesy of some colleagues of mine 00:29:21.680 --> 00:29:25.220 at the Center for stable isotopes at the University of New Mexico 00:29:25.540 --> 00:29:29.480 is to try and figure out where people fall in isotopic space. 00:29:29.640 --> 00:29:31.940 So, I've simplified this to show you 00:29:32.060 --> 00:29:36.540 carbon isotope values on the x axis and nitrogen isotope values on the Y. 00:29:36.900 --> 00:29:41.580 And really what this translates to is the type of grain or plant you're eating 00:29:41.590 --> 00:29:45.070 what type of photosynthesis it does. So we actually get a nice separation 00:29:45.070 --> 00:29:48.600 between wheat based diets and corn based diets. 00:29:48.600 --> 00:29:53.200 Similarly, we can think about nitrogen as separating the land from the ocean. 00:29:54.340 --> 00:29:59.280 So, if you look at the historical diets of Native Americans in the American Southwest, 00:29:59.280 --> 00:30:03.500 you might imagine that they ate a lot of corn and they probably didn't eat much fish 00:30:03.500 --> 00:30:05.620 because they're landlocked in the desert. 00:30:05.660 --> 00:30:11.460 And if you plot their isotope values you see indeed they generally plot out in the bottom right 00:30:11.460 --> 00:30:18.600 In contrast, if you're a Inuit living up in Alaska, you eat a lot of fish, seal, whale, 00:30:18.680 --> 00:30:21.820 higher trophic level organisms from ocean 00:30:21.820 --> 00:30:26.100 and so you might expect their values to be higher, which they tend to be. 00:30:26.940 --> 00:30:30.680 In recent years, the amount of wheat in the diet of sort of 00:30:30.680 --> 00:30:35.600 modern Americans has increased markedly. So when we look at ourselves and 00:30:35.600 --> 00:30:40.040 colleagues of ours we see that if you live in New Mexico you still tend to eat 00:30:40.040 --> 00:30:43.970 less from the ocean than people in Alaska. But you need a lot more wheat 00:30:43.970 --> 00:30:46.860 then people did many years ago. 00:30:46.860 --> 00:30:49.130 And so isotopes are really informative at 00:30:49.130 --> 00:30:52.995 figuring out who's eating what, where you're from, where you visited, 00:30:52.995 --> 00:30:54.900 what your favorite type of food is. 00:30:55.000 --> 00:31:00.560 And what I was trying to do during my PhD is try and ask these same questions to corals. 00:31:01.400 --> 00:31:04.680 So to do that I compiled some data that I had 00:31:05.100 --> 00:31:08.660 from six islands in the central Pacific, here in this box B. 00:31:09.380 --> 00:31:13.080 I used some data from a friend of mine in Australia who was working in the Maldives 00:31:13.080 --> 00:31:17.450 and then I looked at other studies in the literature to come up with a data set 00:31:17.450 --> 00:31:23.100 that included isotopic data from 15 corals at 16 different islands around the world. 00:31:23.100 --> 00:31:27.050 And at each Island I wanted to know what was the relative difference in 00:31:27.050 --> 00:31:31.180 the food available the food available to the corals on those reefs 00:31:31.180 --> 00:31:36.020 and I use satellites to do that. And what you can see is that, actually, even just for these 00:31:36.020 --> 00:31:42.260 16 islands of a really nice gradient and the amount of food availability for corals 00:31:42.560 --> 00:31:46.640 showing you that, indeed, not each of these reefs is actually the same 00:31:46.640 --> 00:31:49.942 In terms of oceanography and resource abundance. 00:31:49.942 --> 00:31:51.800 I just want to clarify here 00:31:51.800 --> 00:31:55.440 that these reefs over here in the Maldives at the very high chlorophyll values, 00:31:55.640 --> 00:31:57.040 they're not murky. 00:31:57.220 --> 00:32:00.200 Ok, so the gradient of chlorophyll A in this study 00:32:00.200 --> 00:32:03.452 is about .1 too about .3 .5 00:32:03.452 --> 00:32:08.460 and these are all beautiful, clear, tropical reefs. 00:32:08.460 --> 00:32:11.480 There's not light stress. These corals aren't living dark. 00:32:11.480 --> 00:32:15.650 to give you another example when work in the kelp forests of California and 00:32:15.650 --> 00:32:20.270 you can barely see in between kelp plants. Those values are often much 00:32:20.270 --> 00:32:24.260 greater than three. So these are very different systems. 00:32:24.260 --> 00:32:29.510 What we're looking at here is still on a global scale, low productivity but across reef Islands 00:32:29.510 --> 00:32:31.520 there's important differences there. 00:32:31.520 --> 00:32:34.880 So, when we look at the isotope values of 00:32:34.880 --> 00:32:39.050 corals across all those different islands, what we find is there's actually 00:32:39.050 --> 00:32:43.900 a really tight relationship between how much food we think is in the water, 00:32:44.080 --> 00:32:48.040 based on the satellite measurements and what the carbon values in the coral tissue 00:32:48.050 --> 00:32:54.320 are telling us. So, in this graph as your blue point you're in a low food 00:32:54.320 --> 00:32:58.280 available environment primarily relying on autotrophy and as you follow those 00:32:58.280 --> 00:33:01.700 points down and to the right, as food goes up, 00:33:01.700 --> 00:33:05.660 so does the amount of carbon corals are getting from prey. 00:33:05.660 --> 00:33:12.100 And this means that ,globally, corals are probably paying attention to differences in food availability. 00:33:12.440 --> 00:33:15.540 And what we've we figured out from this study is that 00:33:15.700 --> 00:33:20.100 we can kind of think of reefs around the world in two ways, 00:33:20.100 --> 00:33:21.400 and probably more than that, 00:33:21.400 --> 00:33:25.620 but if you have, on the left here, a low surface chlorophyll island 00:33:25.840 --> 00:33:28.540 a lot of that food and the nutrients associated with upwelling 00:33:28.550 --> 00:33:30.784 are restricted to deeper gaps on the reef. 00:33:30.784 --> 00:33:34.900 And so the corals on the surface are really relying on the Sun 00:33:34.900 --> 00:33:37.098 and their symbionts for most of their food. 00:33:37.098 --> 00:33:40.900 whereas, on the right, if you have a reef in a more productive region 00:33:40.900 --> 00:33:42.170 there's a lot more upwelling 00:33:42.170 --> 00:33:45.770 there's more mixing and nutrient delivery the surface of corals kind of 00:33:45.770 --> 00:33:50.660 throughout the water column have access to this food, and can therefore exploit 00:33:50.660 --> 00:33:55.030 the abilities that come with being a mixotroph and get the benefits of both 00:33:55.030 --> 00:33:59.100 food from their symbionts, but also food from the water. 00:33:59.100 --> 00:34:01.700 What this means is that if we look at 00:34:01.700 --> 00:34:05.600 that map again of surface chlorophyll A patterns around the global ocean, 00:34:05.600 --> 00:34:09.920 it starts to make you wonder; if you're a coral on a reef that has more food, 00:34:10.520 --> 00:34:12.920 will you do better during the next bleaching event? 00:34:12.920 --> 00:34:17.300 or will you be better suited to recover if something was to happen to you? 00:34:17.300 --> 00:34:19.100 and these are important questions 00:34:19.100 --> 00:34:23.040 that we need to start thinking about to understand how coral reefs are going to change 00:34:23.620 --> 00:34:27.500 and while this sounds awesome and it's really excited 00:34:27.500 --> 00:34:30.440 and that's what I'm working towards, I don't think we're there quite yet 00:34:30.700 --> 00:34:34.700 because the data I just showed you suggest that corals eat more, 00:34:34.700 --> 00:34:39.589 but we can't really say who's eating more than who, or how much an individual is eating. 00:34:39.589 --> 00:34:43.880 So we're working to develop better tools to get at that question, 00:34:43.880 --> 00:34:48.260 and so one of the things that I've been working on with colleagues from New Mexico is going 00:34:48.260 --> 00:34:53.000 one step further and rather than just looking at the isotope value of the 00:34:53.000 --> 00:34:57.740 whole coral and it's symbionts, we can start picking out molecules that are 00:34:57.740 --> 00:35:02.690 really important for coral physiology and nutrition, such as amino acids and 00:35:02.690 --> 00:35:06.890 look at the isotope value of each of those molecules to sort of get an even 00:35:06.890 --> 00:35:10.060 more detailed understanding of what a corals eating. 00:35:10.680 --> 00:35:12.019 What this allows us to do 00:35:12.019 --> 00:35:16.182 is start separating the different parts of the corals diet. 00:35:16.182 --> 00:35:22.069 And we can use statistics to sort of group samples of corals by how much are they eating 00:35:22.069 --> 00:35:25.000 versus how much are they relying on their symbionts. 00:35:25.700 --> 00:35:29.599 And we've done this with a small subset of corals, and it really seems to be 00:35:29.600 --> 00:35:33.160 separating the food from the symbionts quite nicely. 00:35:33.580 --> 00:35:35.820 and when we plot the coral data 00:35:35.820 --> 00:35:39.003 what you can see is that if all the corals were autotrophic, 00:35:39.003 --> 00:35:43.040 they would plot right next to these green dots here. If you can see my mouse. 00:35:43.040 --> 00:35:47.160 And if they were only eating, they would look just like the brown dots. 00:35:47.160 --> 00:35:48.980 And instead what we see 00:35:48.980 --> 00:35:53.420 is that some corals are doing a whole bunch of different things. 00:35:53.640 --> 00:35:58.260 and they were truly mixotrophic because they're straddling the two sides of what you can eat 00:35:58.260 --> 00:36:00.840 or you can rely on what you can make. 00:36:00.840 --> 00:36:04.820 And this tells us that about 1/3 of the corals on Palmyra 00:36:05.400 --> 00:36:08.660 are relying on one type of coral specifically 00:36:08.740 --> 00:36:09.259 sorry 00:36:09.260 --> 00:36:13.940 is relying on more on food than it is on it's symbionts. 00:36:14.060 --> 00:36:16.340 And we can take this one step further, 00:36:16.560 --> 00:36:20.700 as I mentioned, the need to start thinking about the diet of individuals, 00:36:20.700 --> 00:36:24.759 and we see that because those data spread so widely between 00:36:24.759 --> 00:36:29.990 symbiotic food and heterotrophic food, being green and brown here, you can see 00:36:29.990 --> 00:36:34.860 that across almost 20 different colonies, corals are pretty picky! 00:36:34.860 --> 00:36:38.080 Some like to eat and some prefer to be vegetarians. 00:36:38.080 --> 00:36:43.460 And this means that there's a whole nother level of complexity that we sort of haven't cracked into 00:36:43.460 --> 00:36:46.480 about which corals are eating and why. 00:36:46.480 --> 00:36:52.150 and that has really important implications for trying to understand patterns of growth and death 00:36:52.150 --> 00:36:56.380 between corals right next to each other, but also on reefs that might have more 00:36:56.380 --> 00:37:00.940 or less food. And so as we develop these techniques more and we refine our 00:37:00.940 --> 00:37:04.029 ability to make these types of measurements I think we'll be able to 00:37:04.029 --> 00:37:08.320 understand the role of food and coral survival more accurately. 00:37:08.820 --> 00:37:13.060 so to kind of wrap that up, and drive home a couple key points, 00:37:13.620 --> 00:37:15.140 remember that corals like food 00:37:15.140 --> 00:37:18.480 and if they have access to it they're probably going to eat it. 00:37:18.480 --> 00:37:19.029 okay 00:37:19.029 --> 00:37:22.779 not all reefs have the same amount of foods but something we need to think 00:37:22.780 --> 00:37:24.240 about moving forward. 00:37:25.880 --> 00:37:28.820 As I said, food availability varies widely. 00:37:28.820 --> 00:37:30.020 okay 00:37:30.020 --> 00:37:34.880 and using new techniques as improved remote sensing is coming online 00:37:34.980 --> 00:37:38.460 and we're able to measure these things at finer scale resolutions 00:37:38.460 --> 00:37:44.640 and new technologies are allowing us to assess coral nutrition from individual to individual 00:37:44.800 --> 00:37:48.680 or even from month-to-month. We'll start learning a lot more about this. 00:37:48.680 --> 00:37:53.920 And, finally, I think that understanding how coral feeding varies is going to provide us 00:37:53.920 --> 00:37:58.329 with some very important information on how reefs are likely to survive in a 00:37:58.329 --> 00:38:03.160 changing ocean and where corals have a little bit better of a chance 00:38:03.160 --> 00:38:10.600 and where we need to study more about how oceanography is interacting with both the corals. 00:38:10.600 --> 00:38:14.020 But also the rest of the ecosystem and get a better understanding 00:38:14.020 --> 00:38:18.320 of how where you are in relation to currents and upwelling and other things, 00:38:18.329 --> 00:38:22.320 influences how you respond to global disturbances. 00:38:22.320 --> 00:38:30.460 So, with that, I just want to say thanks to the Nancy Foster scholarship for helping me do a lot of 00:38:30.460 --> 00:38:32.380 this work during my PhD. 00:38:32.380 --> 00:38:33.749 It was an awesome experience. 00:38:33.749 --> 00:38:37.220 The National Marine Sanctuaries program has a wonderful resource 00:38:37.220 --> 00:38:38.960 so please check out the website 00:38:39.140 --> 00:38:41.620 and explore the sanctuaries in your area. 00:38:41.620 --> 00:38:44.980 and to the Palmyra Atoll Research Consortium and 00:38:44.980 --> 00:38:49.480 the US Fish and Wildlife Service for access to the Pacific Islands National 00:38:49.480 --> 00:38:53.120 Marine monument which is another great resource in the US. 00:38:53.420 --> 00:38:55.860 Thank you and if you have any questions 00:38:55.860 --> 00:38:57.240 I love to answer them. 00:38:57.240 --> 00:39:00.600 - Excellent. Thank you so much, Mike, for that really informative talk. 00:39:00.780 --> 00:39:03.100 We have lots of questions that have already come in. 00:39:03.100 --> 00:39:06.940 So I'm just gonna start from the top and work my way down. 00:39:06.940 --> 00:39:10.040 We have one about 00:39:10.040 --> 00:39:15.720 Have microplastics been found in the digestive systems of corals in nature? 00:39:16.320 --> 00:39:18.660 Is there anything you can shed light on that? 00:39:18.660 --> 00:39:20.120 - That's a good question. 00:39:20.120 --> 00:39:26.040 I saw a paper, not that long ago, that was suggesting they did 00:39:26.040 --> 00:39:29.120 find micro plastics in coral guts. 00:39:29.120 --> 00:39:32.760 I can't remember if that was from a coral sample, kind of randomly 00:39:32.760 --> 00:39:34.480 or if it was part of an experiment. 00:39:34.840 --> 00:39:40.410 and there's a paper, even an older one, where they suggested that if you fed corals 00:39:40.410 --> 00:39:45.880 something that wasn't food, it had enough chemosensory ability to spit it out. 00:39:46.960 --> 00:39:51.286 so I don't actually know where the end answer to that is. 00:39:51.286 --> 00:39:57.540 If corals are able to taste because they do feed a little bit more selectively than something that's 00:39:57.540 --> 00:40:02.380 just filter feeding or consuming something that looks like food, 00:40:02.560 --> 00:40:07.240 they might be less likely to have microplastics, but in an area where micro plastics 00:40:07.340 --> 00:40:11.700 might be stuck to particles in the water that the corals are pulling in 00:40:11.700 --> 00:40:14.340 in aggregate, it's certainly possible. 00:40:14.340 --> 00:40:16.260 But, I don't know if it's been found yet. 00:40:16.260 --> 00:40:19.700 - Okay, so thanks for that. 00:40:19.700 --> 00:40:23.780 another question: Is the rising temperatures of the ocean 00:40:23.790 --> 00:40:29.430 causing a shortage of food for the corals or why are the corals starving? 00:40:29.430 --> 00:40:33.640 That's an excellent question. So the corals are starving when it gets hot 00:40:33.640 --> 00:40:38.100 because if they bleach they kick out their endosymbionts, which provide them with 00:40:38.100 --> 00:40:39.360 a lot of their food. 00:40:39.660 --> 00:40:42.400 Most corals don't like to only eat. 00:40:42.400 --> 00:40:45.120 Think about it as a well-balanced diet. 00:40:45.120 --> 00:40:49.680 And it costs them more energy to just rely on themselves for food. 00:40:49.680 --> 00:40:54.660 So corals are much happier when they have both their symbionts and they're capturing food. 00:40:54.660 --> 00:40:58.440 But actually what you touched on is a very important topic. 00:40:58.440 --> 00:41:02.120 That's another line of inquiry that we're working on right now is 00:41:02.120 --> 00:41:07.860 Do patterns of food availability in the ocean change as temperatures change 00:41:07.860 --> 00:41:14.100 and the preliminary work on that not specific to coral reefs suggests that it does. 00:41:14.100 --> 00:41:19.460 but that the pattern of less food in a warmer ocean is not the same everywhere 00:41:19.460 --> 00:41:21.007 and in some there will be more. 00:41:21.007 --> 00:41:26.720 so again that's important evidence for remembering that each query is unique 00:41:26.720 --> 00:41:29.040 and you need to think about it in its own context. 00:41:29.040 --> 00:41:33.599 But warming water has the potential to change food available 00:41:33.600 --> 00:41:37.020 to corals and that is really important to think about. 00:41:39.280 --> 00:41:40.080 - Great! 00:41:40.080 --> 00:41:41.400 We do have an attendee that 00:41:41.400 --> 00:41:45.690 said she's always carried around the information that corals get 90 percent 00:41:45.690 --> 00:41:49.700 of their nutrition or food from their symbiotic algae photosynthesis. 00:41:49.700 --> 00:41:53.849 Now, she's starting to think this might be an over estimate based on some of the examples 00:41:53.849 --> 00:41:54.520 that you gave 00:41:54.520 --> 00:42:01.460 - The percentage attribution of different food sources to corals is kind of a tricky one 00:42:01.620 --> 00:42:04.259 which is why I didn't give you percentages. 00:42:04.259 --> 00:42:08.980 Because it depends on conditions you're talking about and what species of coral 00:42:08.980 --> 00:42:09.860 you're talking about. 00:42:09.860 --> 00:42:14.400 some of those classic papers where that number came from, that's accurate. 00:42:14.400 --> 00:42:17.489 I mean and in some instances the symbionts can provide a 00:42:17.489 --> 00:42:22.100 coral with more than a hundred percent of what it needs If they're very photosynthetic. 00:42:22.380 --> 00:42:27.059 What we found is that a lot of that energy is either excreted as 00:42:27.059 --> 00:42:29.380 mucus because the coral just doesn't need it 00:42:29.380 --> 00:42:34.120 or it's used to just keep the lights on and do basic metabolism around the corals. 00:42:34.120 --> 00:42:39.020 So while the coral is getting 90 percent or more percent of its food from its simbionts 00:42:39.200 --> 00:42:44.300 it can also get upwards of 40 to 60 percent of its needs through feeding. 00:42:44.300 --> 00:42:50.600 and that's generally thought to be the nutrition that the coral chooses to build cells with 00:42:50.800 --> 00:42:52.920 and make reproductive bodies with. 00:42:52.920 --> 00:42:55.380 And so there's really a balance between the two 00:42:55.380 --> 00:42:58.540 and the corals energy budget is generally more than it needs. 00:42:58.540 --> 00:43:01.600 And in an instance where a coral is bleached, 00:43:01.600 --> 00:43:04.020 if a particular species is very good at eating, 00:43:04.180 --> 00:43:10.040 they can fulfill over a hundred percent of their requirements just by 00:43:10.040 --> 00:43:15.020 So it's kind of complicated, but the better way to think about it is that a 00:43:15.029 --> 00:43:19.980 healthy coral can survive without food because it's symbionts are very efficient. 00:43:19.980 --> 00:43:24.269 but a lot of the nutrients that it gets on top of that from 00:43:24.269 --> 00:43:27.880 actively feeding are very beneficial to the coral. 00:43:28.960 --> 00:43:29.460 - Okay. 00:43:29.460 --> 00:43:30.860 Good reframing there. 00:43:30.860 --> 00:43:33.800 we have a gentleman that wants to see if you can comment on 00:43:33.809 --> 00:43:39.231 the effect of acidification on coral CA two Plus physiology 00:43:39.231 --> 00:43:42.980 and if this has been studied in the wild. 00:43:42.980 --> 00:43:47.180 and follow-up, Are coral structures becoming more weakened? 00:43:48.640 --> 00:43:53.120 So, if I'm understanding the question correctly, 00:43:53.240 --> 00:43:58.980 What are the effects of decreased pH on the calcification of corals? 00:43:58.980 --> 00:44:02.840 the calcium carbonate physiology I believe is what you're asking 00:44:03.600 --> 00:44:06.288 Yes, again I'm gonna say 00:44:06.288 --> 00:44:11.939 there's big spatial differences in that. There are there are some thoughts that it's not 00:44:11.939 --> 00:44:15.680 happening in some places and it is happening in others. 00:44:15.680 --> 00:44:23.249 there was a recent paper from the Chagos archipelago in Indian Ocean documenting a net loss of 00:44:23.249 --> 00:44:26.100 calcium carbonate on those reefs. 00:44:26.100 --> 00:44:29.580 I don't know if they're able to attribute it specifically to pH. 00:44:29.980 --> 00:44:34.100 But in a lab setting and tightly controlled conditions 00:44:34.100 --> 00:44:38.540 generally coral skeleton can be weakend 00:44:38.540 --> 00:44:43.220 it's also a lot more energetically costly for the coral to build. 00:44:43.220 --> 00:44:48.680 But on a global scale and from place to place I think the effects of 00:44:48.689 --> 00:44:53.489 ocean acidification have not been actively realized in the biology yet. 00:44:53.489 --> 00:44:58.349 Such that you could go to a place, and pick up the coral, measure its skeleton 00:44:58.349 --> 00:45:02.760 and say, "yep pH has been going down this corals weaker". 00:45:02.980 --> 00:45:05.960 It's not quite that black and white. 00:45:07.580 --> 00:45:11.200 - This is actually intriguing question. I have the same question. 00:45:11.400 --> 00:45:16.680 Is there a visual difference between coral that has died and corals that are just bleached 00:45:17.580 --> 00:45:24.460 - Yes and that's one that takes a little while to tune your eyes to it 00:45:24.620 --> 00:45:30.120 and it's it can be difficult to tell from far away especially if the coral has just died 00:45:30.120 --> 00:45:33.260 but the easiest thing is that, when a coral dies 00:45:34.840 --> 00:45:39.440 it's very, very quickly covered in microscopic algae and 00:45:39.450 --> 00:45:42.420 small algal turfs, like diatom filaments. 00:45:42.420 --> 00:45:46.680 So you'll start to see brown fuzz on the skeleton 00:45:46.680 --> 00:45:50.600 and if you see that the coral tissue is basically gone 00:45:51.720 --> 00:45:54.820 if it's not completely gone, it probably will be pretty soon. 00:45:54.820 --> 00:45:59.040 there's a really cool study using the microscope 00:45:59.040 --> 00:46:03.960 that took that red and green photo I showed you earlier in the talk. 00:46:03.960 --> 00:46:07.400 In the field, underwater, it's the first underwater microscope and they actually 00:46:07.400 --> 00:46:13.590 took very close-up images of a coral and the process of dying and watched those 00:46:13.590 --> 00:46:16.960 diatoms come in and start colonizing the skeleton. 00:46:16.960 --> 00:46:21.540 so if the coral is bleached and healthy it's able to keep that stuff off. 00:46:21.540 --> 00:46:23.460 so it'll always look nice and white and 00:46:23.460 --> 00:46:27.860 if you get up really closely and you look, you'll be able to see the little polyps. 00:46:27.860 --> 00:46:32.680 But if you start seeing any brown fuzz, its a sign that the coral is dead or dying. 00:46:33.480 --> 00:46:34.860 - Okay 00:46:34.860 --> 00:46:39.500 So high nutrients also create prime conditions for algae algae growth 00:46:39.820 --> 00:46:43.880 Where's the sweet spot for core recovery after disturbance? 00:46:44.420 --> 00:46:47.360 yeah that's an excellent question and, yet again, that's 00:46:47.370 --> 00:46:50.260 something we're also trying to to work on. 00:46:50.260 --> 00:46:53.380 I've been referring it to recently as "the Goldilocks zone" 00:46:53.380 --> 00:46:58.050 Where is that that perfect place? And another another shout 00:46:58.050 --> 00:47:02.760 out to the spatial variability in core race is that that sweet spot is going to 00:47:02.760 --> 00:47:06.650 change a lot depending on where you are and what your fish community looks like. 00:47:07.500 --> 00:47:10.820 So in the Central Pacific on some of these islands that are very remote and 00:47:10.820 --> 00:47:17.560 not actively fished there are nutrient concentrations that are surprisingly high 00:47:17.560 --> 00:47:20.820 and yet those reefs are dominated by corals and there's not a bunch of 00:47:20.820 --> 00:47:25.320 algae growing everywhere because the rivers fish aren't chowing down and so 00:47:25.320 --> 00:47:28.060 the algae is growing really fast but it's not taking over. 00:47:28.060 --> 00:47:29.460 So if you took that 00:47:29.460 --> 00:47:33.030 if you took all the fish off that reef the nutrient concentrations there might 00:47:33.030 --> 00:47:34.840 actually turn stressful. 00:47:34.840 --> 00:47:40.640 And so I think that nutrient sweet spots will be dictated by 00:47:40.640 --> 00:47:44.940 what the other factors of your ecosystem look like. 00:47:44.940 --> 00:47:50.560 And certainly in areas where nutrients are coming in from non natural sources. 00:47:50.660 --> 00:47:56.180 You have a tendency to traffic things like algal blooms which can block out 00:47:56.190 --> 00:48:00.340 light and some other corals and then those circumstances nutrients are 00:48:00.359 --> 00:48:01.940 certainly stressful. 00:48:01.940 --> 00:48:04.740 and that's, we're finding that there's a lot more 00:48:04.740 --> 00:48:08.980 variability in these natural mechanisms that can drive higher nutrient 00:48:08.980 --> 00:48:13.100 concentrations on reefs and those are generally positive. 00:48:13.100 --> 00:48:14.490 But in an area where 00:48:14.490 --> 00:48:19.579 pollution is coming from the land you also have fish biomass often and 00:48:19.579 --> 00:48:24.329 sedimentation and then those instances nutrients can actually be quite negative. 00:48:24.329 --> 00:48:29.640 So teasing out exactly how that works from place to place is an ongoing and 00:48:29.640 --> 00:48:32.440 very active avenue of research at the moment. 00:48:34.340 --> 00:48:38.400 - Okay, we'll get to another couple questions and then we'll wrap up the webinar. 00:48:38.400 --> 00:48:40.710 So this year observing some 00:48:40.710 --> 00:48:45.030 bleached corals while diving in Florida I noted that bleaching tends to happen 00:48:45.030 --> 00:48:52.440 most on the tips. Does that reflect feeding reflect feeding patterns in any way? 00:48:53.300 --> 00:48:56.560 That's good Natural History. 00:48:56.780 --> 00:49:02.460 Those observations are really important. I a lot of times bleaching starts or is 00:49:02.460 --> 00:49:08.160 worse on the tips because that's where the light stress is strongest on the 00:49:08.160 --> 00:49:14.160 coral colony. So when the waters get warm and the coral starts to bleach, it's less 00:49:14.160 --> 00:49:18.180 able to handle the irradiance coming from the sunlight. 00:49:18.180 --> 00:49:19.680 And, so, bleaching tends 00:49:19.680 --> 00:49:24.030 to be exacerbated on areas of the colonies that are brightest, if you will. 00:49:24.030 --> 00:49:29.099 and so you see less bleaching on the sides or on parts of the colony that are 00:49:29.099 --> 00:49:33.480 more protected from the sunlight because they're still able to kind of handle 00:49:33.480 --> 00:49:34.700 that light stress. 00:49:34.700 --> 00:49:38.460 So when waters get warm it's it's more than just temperature 00:49:38.460 --> 00:49:41.780 for when you're thinking about fine scale patterns like that. 00:49:41.780 --> 00:49:47.190 There have been a few studies showing that some species that polyps at the tip 00:49:47.190 --> 00:49:52.770 be less than the bulbs at the side because they had access to so much sun 00:49:52.770 --> 00:49:57.420 and whatnot but also there are studies showing that where a coral branch is 00:49:57.420 --> 00:50:00.430 positioned in relation to oncoming water currents 00:50:00.430 --> 00:50:01.740 is more important. 00:50:01.740 --> 00:50:05.800 So I think it's more light than food. But that's a really good observation. 00:50:06.480 --> 00:50:11.980 - Okay so we have a few that are interested in knowing if you have any 00:50:11.980 --> 00:50:16.120 idea where the healthiest coral reef ecosystems are on planet Earth. 00:50:17.240 --> 00:50:22.720 That's an excellent question. I have been lucky enough to work in what 00:50:22.720 --> 00:50:26.585 I believe are among the healthiest coral reefs on the planet. 00:50:26.585 --> 00:50:30.600 those are the reefs in the middle of the ocean where 00:50:30.600 --> 00:50:33.279 they're too far away for people to get out there 00:50:33.279 --> 00:50:35.260 and go fishing for the most part. 00:50:35.260 --> 00:50:37.809 and most people there most islands have 00:50:37.809 --> 00:50:39.440 never had any people living on them. 00:50:39.440 --> 00:50:45.000 So I visited the southern Line Islands in 2013 and they were spectacular. 00:50:45.000 --> 00:50:49.720 We have yet to be back after 2015. So we don't know what the 00:50:49.720 --> 00:50:53.529 coral community looks like following that bleaching and Jarvis Island which I 00:50:53.529 --> 00:50:58.119 mentioned before, right on the equator, is a spectacular Island but the heat stress 00:50:58.119 --> 00:51:03.970 it saw in 2015 was warmer than anything it's ever seen before in coral mortality 00:51:03.970 --> 00:51:09.730 there was very high and so the key question on some of these healthy reefs 00:51:09.730 --> 00:51:15.609 is even when they're hit by these really strong bleaching events and they come 00:51:15.609 --> 00:51:21.160 back and that leads me to this Thank You image on my slide here. I just came back 00:51:21.160 --> 00:51:25.299 from the Chagos archipelago which is in the middle of the Indian Ocean another 00:51:25.299 --> 00:51:30.849 series of very healthy and productive reefs but the corals they're bleached 00:51:30.849 --> 00:51:36.620 twice in 2015 in 2016 and almost a hundred percent of them died. 00:51:37.260 --> 00:51:43.539 But we were there in 2018 and as you might imagine the reefs did not look all that great. 00:51:43.539 --> 00:51:49.900 There was a lot of still dead corals and a lot of spots not covered but in many 00:51:49.900 --> 00:51:55.109 cases you can see an old coral skeleton which is a flat piece of this picture 00:51:55.109 --> 00:51:59.890 completely covered by many juvenile corals of many different species that 00:51:59.890 --> 00:52:03.369 were all very happy and all actively growing. So it was a really actually 00:52:03.369 --> 00:52:08.559 encouraging thing to see that assuming the temperatures are in the Chagos don't 00:52:08.559 --> 00:52:14.000 become stressful in the next few years, the corals currently are bouncing 00:52:14.000 --> 00:52:16.500 back very nicely and very encouraging. 00:52:16.500 --> 00:52:19.190 But, in general, the healthy reefs tend to 00:52:19.190 --> 00:52:23.260 be those farthest from people but there are exceptions to that. 00:52:25.640 --> 00:52:27.220 - Okay, let's see 00:52:27.230 --> 00:52:31.750 We've got a last question here. Considering that the symbionts are 00:52:31.750 --> 00:52:36.980 photosynthesizing and releasing oxygen do you believe that corals will be more 00:52:36.980 --> 00:52:40.580 resilient to decreasing oxygen levels in the ocean. 00:52:40.980 --> 00:52:46.180 That is a very relevant and interesting question. 00:52:46.520 --> 00:52:49.700 The short answer is we don't know yet. 00:52:50.260 --> 00:52:53.600 So there are two papers from Panama 00:52:54.040 --> 00:52:59.080 documenting hypoxia events and the mortality of basically everything on 00:52:59.089 --> 00:53:05.240 the reef that could. But the experimental work to try and figure out what corals 00:53:05.240 --> 00:53:10.360 are more or less susceptible to that is kind of just starting to get underway, now. 00:53:10.540 --> 00:53:16.099 So we don't know, off hand, we don't know yet if the fact of photosynthesis 00:53:16.100 --> 00:53:22.420 gives the corals a little bit more benefit to hypoxia. My guess is that probably not. 00:53:22.420 --> 00:53:29.630 But it might differ by species and we should know and tune on 00:53:29.630 --> 00:53:31.320 that one that's gonna be interesting. 00:53:32.200 --> 00:53:33.619 - Excellent, I'm gonna sneak in one more 00:53:33.619 --> 00:53:36.300 question this one came in it looks like a good one. 00:53:36.300 --> 00:53:40.120 How quickly do coral reefs typically bounce back after bleaching 00:53:40.120 --> 00:53:42.080 and what factors matter most. 00:53:42.080 --> 00:53:43.760 Another great question. 00:53:43.760 --> 00:53:49.940 We have seen recovery from so the Chagos Islands again from this image 00:53:49.940 --> 00:53:53.840 here bleached severely in 1998. 00:53:53.840 --> 00:53:59.840 And they had recovered basically completely by around 2015. 00:53:59.840 --> 00:54:06.800 So we're looking at like 10 to 15 years to recover and we've seen 00:54:06.800 --> 00:54:11.359 similar numbers in the Central Pacific in a place called the Phoenix Islands, 00:54:11.359 --> 00:54:16.640 which also has very magnificent reefs. And the factors that are probably most 00:54:16.640 --> 00:54:22.670 important are how many corals are still alive when the recovery process starts. 00:54:22.670 --> 00:54:26.640 It's obviously going to take a lot longer if you have almost no corals. 00:54:26.640 --> 00:54:31.760 And then it will depend on where other corals are coming from 00:54:31.760 --> 00:54:37.600 so is that as the reef that bleached is it close to another healthy reef or another healthy island 00:54:37.600 --> 00:54:42.740 where the planktonic larvae of other corals can float to and settle and then start 00:54:42.740 --> 00:54:49.780 growing so can it gain corals more quickly that's something to think about. 00:54:53.950 --> 00:55:00.770 And then the last bit is what types of corals are left alive some of them grow 00:55:00.770 --> 00:55:04.730 faster than others and some of them can break and keep growing which will 00:55:04.730 --> 00:55:06.820 increase how much coral you have. 00:55:06.820 --> 00:55:09.480 But, in general, it's about a decade or so 00:55:09.480 --> 00:55:11.820 Slow, but not impossible. 00:55:13.480 --> 00:55:17.360 - All right, well, super informative and yes 00:55:17.360 --> 00:55:23.750 we always have hope that the coral reef ecosystems will remain healthy or 00:55:23.750 --> 00:55:26.620 recover from some of these coral bleaching events and such. 00:55:26.760 --> 00:55:31.000 But greatly appreciate your talk and how informative it was. 00:55:31.000 --> 00:55:35.360 There were several questions we did not get to, Mike. 00:55:35.360 --> 00:55:37.160 so I'm hoping to email them to you and get a response 00:55:37.160 --> 00:55:39.020 maybe within the next week. 00:55:39.020 --> 00:55:43.010 And someone even mentioned links to those videos of 00:55:43.010 --> 00:55:49.220 coral feeding are those in? They're in your coral resource. Okay so 00:55:49.220 --> 00:55:53.540 there will be an educational resource one-pager that will be included with the 00:55:53.540 --> 00:55:58.100 webinar archived materials and it will have links to those coral feeding videos 00:55:58.100 --> 00:56:03.420 and other relevant information and and some educational elements. 00:56:03.640 --> 00:56:06.960 So thanks for putting that together for us, Dr. Fox. 00:56:06.960 --> 00:56:09.710 So, as I've already mentioned this long 00:56:09.710 --> 00:56:14.420 URL you do not need to scribble it down it'll be coming to you in a follow-up email. 00:56:14.600 --> 00:56:17.780 It's usually takes us about a week to get all the materials available 00:56:17.780 --> 00:56:22.900 online for people that register that weren't able to attend live. 00:56:22.900 --> 00:56:27.980 If you have any feedback or further questions or suggestions for topics for this webinar 00:56:27.980 --> 00:56:33.890 series please do that survey at the end of today's presentation. It should take 00:56:33.890 --> 00:56:36.880 you probably 1 to 2 minutes. 00:56:36.880 --> 00:56:40.620 All attendees on today's live webinar 00:56:40.620 --> 00:56:44.970 will receive a certificate of attendance which is for one contact hour of 00:56:44.970 --> 00:56:48.520 professional development, similar to what you see here. 00:56:48.520 --> 00:56:52.540 And so keep an eye out for that coming over email probably tomorrow 00:56:52.540 --> 00:56:58.240 The short survey just reiterating how important it is for us to collect that information. 00:56:58.240 --> 00:57:02.560 The next webinar in our series is by Jessica Morton 00:57:02.720 --> 00:57:06.160 it'll be focusing on protecting blue whales and blue skies. 00:57:06.160 --> 00:57:09.695 So it's talking about the whale/ship strike issue. 00:57:09.695 --> 00:57:15.390 Kind of happens all over the place, but she'll be zooming in on California and the coast here and 00:57:15.390 --> 00:57:18.570 how to work with partners to better understand the issue of ships large 00:57:18.570 --> 00:57:23.000 container ships and other large vessels striking whales. 00:57:23.000 --> 00:57:25.440 So look forward to some 00:57:25.440 --> 00:57:28.520 of you may be present participating in this next webinar 00:57:28.520 --> 00:57:31.020 and thanks, again, Dr. Michael Fox 00:57:31.020 --> 00:57:34.280 for your time today and giving a great presentation about 00:57:34.280 --> 00:57:39.540 estimating coral feeding habitat habits from space. 00:57:39.540 --> 00:57:43.020 so thank you and last push 00:57:43.020 --> 00:57:47.000 right when you wrap up today's webinar take a couple minutes to do that 00:57:47.000 --> 00:57:49.470 evaluation for us we would greatly appreciate it. 00:57:49.470 --> 00:57:55.010 Alright, that concludes today's webinar. Thanks for joining us.