WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:42.780 --> 00:00:44.740 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Today's webinar will begin in 00:00:44.740 --> 00:00:46.020 two minutes. 00:02:09.900 --> 00:02:13.420 Hi everyone, welcome today to our 00:02:13.780 --> 00:02:15.700 National Marine Sanctuary 00:02:15.700 --> 00:02:18.820 Webinar series. We're pleased that you've joined us. 00:02:18.940 --> 00:02:21.960 This series is hosted by the NOAA 00:02:21.960 --> 00:02:23.480 office of National Marine 00:02:23.480 --> 00:02:25.600 Sanctuaries and it is a way for us 00:02:25.600 --> 00:02:27.560 to connect with educators and other 00:02:27.560 --> 00:02:29.140 interested parties to provide you with 00:02:29.140 --> 00:02:32.980 educational and scientific expertise, 00:02:32.980 --> 00:02:36.300 as well as resources and training to support ocean 00:02:36.300 --> 00:02:40.060 and climate literacy in your classrooms or your 00:02:40.060 --> 00:02:42.100 informal learning centers. 00:02:42.100 --> 00:02:44.160 So, thanks for joining us. We have 00:02:44.160 --> 00:02:47.060 284 people that are currently registered for 00:02:47.060 --> 00:02:50.580 today's webinar, and I wanted to let you know 00:02:50.580 --> 00:02:53.940 that all attendees will be in listen-only mode. 00:02:53.940 --> 00:02:55.600 So, you are muted. 00:02:55.600 --> 00:02:58.420 You are welcome to type in any questions 00:02:58.420 --> 00:03:01.280 for the presenter into the question box. 00:03:01.420 --> 00:03:03.360 Also, if you have any technical issues 00:03:03.460 --> 00:03:05.400 with audio or other elements, 00:03:05.400 --> 00:03:07.880 please also feel free to type them in there 00:03:07.880 --> 00:03:11.440 in the control panel on the right hand side of your screen. 00:03:11.440 --> 00:03:14.320 And Myself and Hannah will be monitoring 00:03:14.320 --> 00:03:16.480 some of these technical issues and any 00:03:16.480 --> 00:03:19.240 questions that come in as soon as we can. 00:03:19.680 --> 00:03:22.840 Also, letting you know that we are recording today's 00:03:22.840 --> 00:03:27.360 webinar and will be sharing it on our archive page. 00:03:27.360 --> 00:03:31.420 And we look forward to having that up in 00:03:31.420 --> 00:03:33.960 the next week or so, once today's live presentation 00:03:33.960 --> 00:03:35.880 has been concluded. 00:03:35.920 --> 00:03:38.220 And with that, I would like to 00:03:38.260 --> 00:03:42.140 introduce you to our National Marine Sanctuary System. 00:03:42.400 --> 00:03:44.740 This webinar series is a great way for us 00:03:44.740 --> 00:03:46.920 within the National Marine Sanctuary System 00:03:46.980 --> 00:03:49.380 to connect to one of our target audiences, 00:03:49.380 --> 00:03:51.240 formal and informal educators, 00:03:51.240 --> 00:03:54.220 and to connect you to America's underwater treasures. 00:03:54.560 --> 00:03:56.720 So, the map you're looking at here 00:03:56.720 --> 00:04:00.120 shows little blue dots for all of our National Marine 00:04:00.120 --> 00:04:01.940 Sanctuaries, that are basically like 00:04:01.940 --> 00:04:04.740 underwater parks or underwater treasures 00:04:04.740 --> 00:04:07.080 that are found around the country. 00:04:07.200 --> 00:04:09.040 We are the trustees of over 00:04:09.040 --> 00:04:13.260 600,000 square miles of these protected ocean areas. 00:04:14.700 --> 00:04:18.400 And we also have a couple of 00:04:18.400 --> 00:04:21.460 marine national monuments that we manage, 00:04:21.460 --> 00:04:23.900 the Rose Atoll in American Samoa and the 00:04:23.900 --> 00:04:26.840 Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. 00:04:27.740 --> 00:04:33.380 So these areas, we like to tell you that they're 00:04:33.380 --> 00:04:35.740 put together, they're nominated as 00:04:35.740 --> 00:04:37.480 National Marine Sanctuaries for a 00:04:37.480 --> 00:04:43.600 wide variety of reasons, oftentimes by Congress and 00:04:43.600 --> 00:04:47.260 for different conservation or ecological, 00:04:47.340 --> 00:04:50.740 historical, cultural, recreational reasons. 00:04:50.740 --> 00:04:54.240 And we like to think of our National Marine Sanctuaries 00:04:54.240 --> 00:04:55.800 as living classrooms. 00:04:55.800 --> 00:04:58.460 This is where people, students, teachers, 00:04:58.460 --> 00:05:01.120 other educators can see, touch, and 00:05:01.120 --> 00:05:04.160 learn about these underwater treasures. 00:05:04.700 --> 00:05:07.560 With that, I wanted to introduce 00:05:07.660 --> 00:05:11.340 myself and my coworker, who will be providing 00:05:11.480 --> 00:05:13.940 webinar support today for the presentation. 00:05:14.200 --> 00:05:17.160 My name is Claire Fackler and I am the 00:05:17.160 --> 00:05:19.400 national education liaison for the 00:05:19.400 --> 00:05:21.360 Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. 00:05:22.020 --> 00:05:24.400 And we have our new education specialist, 00:05:24.400 --> 00:05:27.620 Hannah MacDonald, who will be supporting it. 00:05:27.620 --> 00:05:29.760 I'm sitting in Santa Barbara, California. 00:05:29.760 --> 00:05:33.300 Hannah is on the East Coast in Silver Spring, Maryland 00:05:33.300 --> 00:05:36.080 and will be providing the backend webinar support 00:05:36.080 --> 00:05:38.460 today and running the poll questions. 00:05:38.960 --> 00:05:41.200 And now I would like to introduce you to 00:05:41.320 --> 00:05:44.620 today's special guest who's presenting. 00:05:44.720 --> 00:05:48.440 We have Dr. Nancy Foster Scholar 00:05:48.440 --> 00:05:53.820 and PhD candidate Alexa M. Avila. So "Alex" we call her, 00:05:53.820 --> 00:05:54.920 she's always loved anything and everything 00:05:54.920 --> 00:05:57.080 having to do with the water, 00:05:57.180 --> 00:06:00.040 whether it's the ocean, rivers, or lakes, 00:06:00.060 --> 00:06:03.380 and this has led her to work in many coastal areas in 00:06:03.380 --> 00:06:05.620 the United States and Ecuador. 00:06:05.700 --> 00:06:07.780 She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 00:06:07.800 --> 00:06:12.020 Biology from Hood College in Maryland with two minors, 00:06:12.160 --> 00:06:15.760 Coastal Studies and Environmental Science and Policy. 00:06:15.760 --> 00:06:19.420 She obtained her Master's in Science in Ecology at the 00:06:19.440 --> 00:06:23.300 Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. 00:06:23.300 --> 00:06:25.760 Oh, I might have butchered that. Sorry, Alex. 00:06:26.300 --> 00:06:29.580 And she is currently a fisheries PhD student 00:06:29.840 --> 00:06:32.420 and as I mentioned a Dr. Nancy Foster Scholar 00:06:32.420 --> 00:06:35.320 at Oregon State University at the Department 00:06:35.460 --> 00:06:38.240 of Fisheries and Wildlife at that university. 00:06:38.240 --> 00:06:40.860 And the research she's focusing on right now is 00:06:41.020 --> 00:06:43.760 examining the effects of near shore currents 00:06:43.760 --> 00:06:45.500 and downwelling patterns on the 00:06:45.500 --> 00:06:48.820 dispersal of China rockfish 00:06:48.820 --> 00:06:51.720 from marine protected areas in Washington and Oregon, 00:06:51.880 --> 00:06:55.380 including the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. 00:06:55.900 --> 00:06:58.580 So with that, Alex, welcome. 00:06:58.580 --> 00:07:01.640 I'm going to go ahead and give you the controls 00:07:01.640 --> 00:07:04.100 to start your presentation. 00:07:09.780 --> 00:07:11.100 (Claire Fackler speaking) And you'll have to 00:07:11.100 --> 00:07:14.340 unmute yourself, Alex. Sorry about that. 00:07:20.600 --> 00:07:22.080 (Claire Fackler speaking) Alright, let me help you 00:07:22.080 --> 00:07:24.580 with your audio. Hold on a second. 00:07:26.560 --> 00:07:28.260 Alright, give that a try. 00:07:28.460 --> 00:07:29.720 - Great, awesome now, ok. 00:07:29.720 --> 00:07:32.120 I hope everyone can hear me now. 00:07:32.600 --> 00:07:35.360 Thank you for being here. And as Claire mentioned, 00:07:35.360 --> 00:07:37.600 I am a PhD student in fisheries at 00:07:37.600 --> 00:07:39.840 Oregon State University, and I'm here to talk to you 00:07:39.900 --> 00:07:41.900 about sustainable fisheries, and 00:07:41.900 --> 00:07:43.240 what is a sustainable fishery and 00:07:43.240 --> 00:07:45.020 what makes it sustainable. 00:07:45.380 --> 00:07:47.420 So, basically I want to start out before I even begin, 00:07:47.560 --> 00:07:50.120 so way back when, like the first fishery managers, 00:07:50.220 --> 00:07:52.220 there's this famous quote that they always throw out 00:07:52.640 --> 00:07:58.320 by T.H. Huxley in 1883 that says, 00:07:58.320 --> 00:08:01.840 "I believe then that the cod fishery and probably 00:08:01.840 --> 00:08:04.860 all the great sea fisheries are inexhaustible. 00:08:04.920 --> 00:08:07.140 That is to say nothing we do seriously affect 00:08:07.140 --> 00:08:08.900 their numbers, and the attempt 00:08:08.900 --> 00:08:11.520 to regulate these fishery seems to be useless." 00:08:12.200 --> 00:08:15.520 So way back when, people thought of the ocean 00:08:15.520 --> 00:08:17.280 to be an inexhaustible resource. 00:08:17.280 --> 00:08:18.680 We can do whatever we want to it, 00:08:18.740 --> 00:08:20.480 nothing's gonna happen because it's so big. 00:08:21.000 --> 00:08:23.000 There's so many fish in the sea, what can 00:08:23.000 --> 00:08:25.240 mere humans possibly do to the ocean, right? 00:08:25.460 --> 00:08:29.820 Well, it turns out we have a big impact on the ocean, and 00:08:29.960 --> 00:08:32.480 we have overfished a few fisheries here and there. 00:08:33.720 --> 00:08:34.820 But we're learning. 00:08:35.560 --> 00:08:37.260 So I just want to bring our attention 00:08:37.260 --> 00:08:39.700 into what makes an industrial commercial fishery. 00:08:40.080 --> 00:08:42.620 So, most people think about these huge boats out in 00:08:42.620 --> 00:08:44.180 the middle of the ocean is dragging 00:08:44.180 --> 00:08:48.180 net fulls and net fulls of fish, tons of fish, 00:08:48.180 --> 00:08:49.900 maybe some other stuff in there that's not fish, 00:08:49.920 --> 00:08:51.360 like a marine mammal occasionally. 00:08:51.680 --> 00:08:53.100 That's what most people think of when they 00:08:53.120 --> 00:08:54.300 think about commercial fisheries. 00:08:54.780 --> 00:08:56.600 However, commercial fisheries can 00:08:56.600 --> 00:08:58.160 come in all shapes and sizes. 00:08:58.340 --> 00:09:00.140 They can be huge boats, they can be much smaller 00:09:00.140 --> 00:09:03.880 mom-and-pop owned fish boats, even smaller, 00:09:03.920 --> 00:09:06.800 like what you have, like a little oar fish as well. 00:09:06.940 --> 00:09:10.220 And what makes the commercial and artisanal fisheries 00:09:10.220 --> 00:09:12.320 or small-scale fisheries different? 00:09:12.320 --> 00:09:17.500 So some of you may have heard of dependence fishing, 00:09:17.500 --> 00:09:19.500 where people only fish to feed themselves, 00:09:19.500 --> 00:09:21.220 they're not selling it to make a profit, 00:09:21.220 --> 00:09:22.540 they're just feeding their families. 00:09:22.540 --> 00:09:24.020 And this is what makes a 00:09:24.020 --> 00:09:27.940 subsistence fishing different from a commercial fishing. 00:09:28.560 --> 00:09:32.760 And overall, we tend to see more smaller catches, 00:09:32.760 --> 00:09:36.260 less bycatch used in these traditional methods. 00:09:37.280 --> 00:09:39.980 And coming back to industrial fishing and 00:09:40.220 --> 00:09:42.420 commercial fisheries and making it sustainable, 00:09:42.420 --> 00:09:44.200 well, how are the fisheries doing? 00:09:44.380 --> 00:09:46.380 Are we really overfishing everything 00:09:46.380 --> 00:09:47.680 or is everything hunky-dory? 00:09:47.680 --> 00:09:48.800 Are we doing a good job? 00:09:49.300 --> 00:09:50.700 This all depends on who you ask, 00:09:50.700 --> 00:09:52.700 and here we have two of the 00:09:53.020 --> 00:09:55.180 foremost experts on this. 00:09:55.180 --> 00:09:57.940 On one end of the spectrum we have Boris Worm 00:09:57.940 --> 00:10:00.660 And on the other hand, we have Ray Hilborn. 00:10:00.660 --> 00:10:04.460 So Boris Worm is famous for saying 00:10:04.460 --> 00:10:07.120 we're overfishing everything, versus Ray Hilborn 00:10:07.120 --> 00:10:09.660 says no, we are fishing to the limit, 00:10:09.660 --> 00:10:11.280 we're fishing to the max, but that's not overfishing, 00:10:11.280 --> 00:10:13.280 we want to fish as much as possible without 00:10:13.280 --> 00:10:14.660 overfishing, we can continue to fish 00:10:14.660 --> 00:10:15.800 more in some cases. 00:10:15.940 --> 00:10:18.140 So I'm going to talk to you a little about both of them to 00:10:18.140 --> 00:10:19.820 help you become a more informed 00:10:19.820 --> 00:10:21.600 consumer of seafood. 00:10:22.900 --> 00:10:26.380 So this is according to Worm. 00:10:26.380 --> 00:10:28.820 He has published a series of articles 00:10:28.820 --> 00:10:33.080 that have led big, big flashy headlines that say that 00:10:33.080 --> 00:10:35.600 90% of the fisheries have been overfished, 00:10:35.600 --> 00:10:39.540 they have been decreased, and this is really sad, 00:10:39.540 --> 00:10:41.600 and we need to do something about it. 00:10:41.600 --> 00:10:43.960 And wow when you hear that, it's oh my gosh amazing. 00:10:43.960 --> 00:10:45.700 Yes, we need to stop eating seafood 00:10:45.700 --> 00:10:46.800 because eating seafood is bad, 00:10:46.860 --> 00:10:49.140 we're destroying the ocean. 00:10:49.140 --> 00:10:50.960 However, when you actually look at how they 00:10:50.960 --> 00:10:54.080 collect the data, it's done so in a very biased manner. 00:10:54.620 --> 00:10:57.080 Their sample size is very small, they only look 00:10:57.240 --> 00:10:59.500 at a certain type of fishing. 00:10:59.500 --> 00:11:02.800 And so basically you see that maybe 00:11:02.960 --> 00:11:05.500 the fisheries aren't doing so bad. 00:11:06.440 --> 00:11:08.760 He later published another paper. 00:11:09.340 --> 00:11:11.360 They did a better job and they're talking 00:11:11.360 --> 00:11:12.720 about the whole ecosystem as a health. 00:11:12.720 --> 00:11:15.200 So, the whole ecosystem needs to be healthy 00:11:15.200 --> 00:11:16.660 in order to produce a lot of fish. 00:11:16.720 --> 00:11:18.980 If the ecosystem is not healthy, then you cannot 00:11:18.980 --> 00:11:20.900 have a sustainable healthy fishery that's 00:11:20.900 --> 00:11:23.120 supporting it. And he talks about the 00:11:23.120 --> 00:11:26.840 importance of biodiversity and basically the point 00:11:26.840 --> 00:11:29.980 out that pollution, habitat destruction, climate change, 00:11:30.100 --> 00:11:32.100 and over-exploitation of marine resources are 00:11:32.100 --> 00:11:33.920 responsible for major changes and 00:11:33.920 --> 00:11:35.440 loss of marine biodiversity. 00:11:35.840 --> 00:11:38.880 And of course, we need a hugely diverse population 00:11:38.960 --> 00:11:40.960 in order to sustain these fisheries. 00:11:42.140 --> 00:11:45.500 So he did a way better job coming forward. 00:11:45.980 --> 00:11:47.360 And these are some of the headlines that you 00:11:47.360 --> 00:11:50.040 may have seen from his work, that 00:11:50.040 --> 00:11:52.880 we're gonna have no fish by, whatever, 00:11:53.330 --> 00:11:55.960 2050 or 2020, the dates keep on moving. 00:11:56.080 --> 00:11:59.580 So, you need to really be able to look at 00:11:59.580 --> 00:12:01.100 where the information comes from, 00:12:01.100 --> 00:12:02.960 was it biasly collected or not? 00:12:02.960 --> 00:12:05.040 Again, this is just one of the authors 00:12:05.040 --> 00:12:07.120 that has published this. 00:12:07.380 --> 00:12:09.880 Here, moving on to Ray Hilborn, 00:12:10.460 --> 00:12:12.780 he takes the approach of well, 00:12:13.000 --> 00:12:16.060 hold on, he criticizes Worm's work a lot again because 00:12:16.060 --> 00:12:19.080 the way they presented their data was very biased. 00:12:19.280 --> 00:12:22.840 So he's saying actually we can do better. Yes, we can 00:12:22.880 --> 00:12:25.240 do better, but we can continue to fish. 00:12:25.760 --> 00:12:28.980 And here's a graph showing what happens when we 00:12:28.980 --> 00:12:31.380 implement sustainable fishing practices that I will 00:12:31.380 --> 00:12:33.180 be talking about later what that means, 00:12:33.520 --> 00:12:36.780 versus just continue to fish just unstoppably. 00:12:37.540 --> 00:12:41.080 So, basically we do need to have certain fishery 00:12:41.080 --> 00:12:42.740 management techniques to put in place; 00:12:42.760 --> 00:12:44.940 however, not everything is over-exploited, 00:12:44.940 --> 00:12:47.500 not everything is gonna be gone in twenty years. 00:12:47.500 --> 00:12:49.500 We just need to manage it properly. 00:12:50.100 --> 00:12:54.240 And so Ray Hilborn points out some few myths. 00:12:55.580 --> 00:12:57.380 He points out that the objective of fisheries 00:12:57.380 --> 00:12:59.540 management in the world is to get to full 00:12:59.540 --> 00:13:01.440 exploitation and full exploitation does 00:13:01.520 --> 00:13:04.700 not mean over-exploitation, it means fish 00:13:04.700 --> 00:13:07.240 to that maximal sustainable yield level 00:13:07.240 --> 00:13:08.920 where you're not overfishing. 00:13:08.920 --> 00:13:10.820 So, basically as much as you can without 00:13:10.820 --> 00:13:13.480 collapsing the population, which is not a bad thing. 00:13:13.520 --> 00:13:16.560 So, this is very deceptive to say that ninety percent 00:13:16.560 --> 00:13:18.840 of the fish stocks, which was what Worm was saying, 00:13:18.840 --> 00:13:20.960 are over-exploited or fully exploited. 00:13:20.960 --> 00:13:23.900 And according to the FAO, which is in the United Nations 00:13:23.900 --> 00:13:27.200 organization that studies a lot of these fisheries 00:13:27.200 --> 00:13:29.820 around the world, they cite that less than one-third 00:13:29.820 --> 00:13:31.820 of fish stocks are over-exploited. 00:13:31.820 --> 00:13:33.860 And this means that two-thirds of the fish stocks 00:13:33.860 --> 00:13:36.920 in the world are above the abundance level 00:13:36.920 --> 00:13:39.500 set as targets, meaning that they're doing a good job. 00:13:39.500 --> 00:13:42.860 And he gives some examples, saying the Atlantic cod, 00:13:43.060 --> 00:13:45.260 most of the Atlantic cod in the world comes from the 00:13:45.260 --> 00:13:49.260 Bering sea's stock that is nowhere near being 00:13:49.260 --> 00:13:52.460 overfished. We mostly think of cod is being overfished, 00:13:52.480 --> 00:13:54.640 but most of the call that we eat comes from this place, 00:13:54.640 --> 00:13:56.220 which is not overfished. 00:13:56.220 --> 00:13:58.620 And he also points out that the fishery of 00:13:58.740 --> 00:14:01.500 pollock fish in Alaska, which has one of the lowest 00:14:01.500 --> 00:14:05.019 bycatch rates in the world, and this is really impressive. 00:14:05.020 --> 00:14:06.740 Again, you always have to keep in mind, 00:14:06.740 --> 00:14:08.100 where is this information coming from? 00:14:08.100 --> 00:14:09.120 What fishery are they looking at? 00:14:09.120 --> 00:14:11.300 We're doing a good job in some fisheries, 00:14:11.300 --> 00:14:15.260 not such a good job in other fisheries. 00:14:15.720 --> 00:14:17.100 So after much dispute both of 00:14:17.100 --> 00:14:19.100 these guys come together, 00:14:20.060 --> 00:14:21.380 and they work on a paper together, 00:14:21.380 --> 00:14:23.920 and it says oh, yeah actually depends. 00:14:24.060 --> 00:14:26.760 Yeah, some fisheries are being over-exploited 00:14:26.760 --> 00:14:28.440 and we should avoid supporting those, 00:14:28.440 --> 00:14:30.240 while some we could actually fish more 00:14:30.240 --> 00:14:32.020 without over-exploiting them. 00:14:32.040 --> 00:14:34.780 So, it just depends on where you are looking at. 00:14:34.780 --> 00:14:37.400 We want to get to the maximal sustainable yield 00:14:37.400 --> 00:14:40.320 level without over-exploiting. 00:14:41.180 --> 00:14:42.780 So again going back to - 00:14:42.780 --> 00:14:44.460 - (Claire Fackler speaking) I have to pause 00:14:44.460 --> 00:14:46.600 so we can ask that one poll question, is that okay, Alex? 00:14:46.600 --> 00:14:47.680 - Yeah, sure. 00:14:47.680 --> 00:14:48.820 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Okay, so I'm 00:14:48.820 --> 00:14:50.760 going to go ahead and launch the poll. 00:14:50.960 --> 00:14:53.160 So the question is, a true or false question, I can 00:14:53.160 --> 00:14:55.900 eat any fish whenever I want and how much of it I want. 00:14:55.900 --> 00:14:58.620 What do you believe, is that true or is that false? 00:14:59.180 --> 00:15:01.620 Alright, looks like people are scrambling 00:15:01.620 --> 00:15:05.200 to get their votes in. We're about 60% there. 00:15:06.080 --> 00:15:08.640 This helps keep you engaged as a webinar audience. 00:15:11.180 --> 00:15:14.740 Alright, 83%, let's see if we can catch the last few people. 00:15:18.760 --> 00:15:22.100 Alright, I'll go ahead and close the poll and 00:15:22.100 --> 00:15:26.260 share the results. So, it looks like 93% of our attendees 00:15:26.260 --> 00:15:29.240 say false, you cannot just eat any fish 00:15:29.240 --> 00:15:31.360 whenever and however you want. 00:15:31.360 --> 00:15:34.760 - Good job, awesome. You guys are paying attention. 00:15:37.820 --> 00:15:40.540 Awesome, so as we were talking about, yes 00:15:40.540 --> 00:15:42.000 it does matter where the fish come from 00:15:42.000 --> 00:15:44.740 and we know that you can't fish as much as you want. 00:15:45.520 --> 00:15:47.500 You have to fish to a certain level to make 00:15:47.500 --> 00:15:50.060 sure that you're eating enough, yes, you're feeding your 00:15:50.060 --> 00:15:52.580 families, but there's also enough fish left 00:15:52.580 --> 00:15:55.140 over to make babies for future generations, right? 00:15:55.140 --> 00:15:56.680 That's what it means to fish sustainably. 00:15:56.680 --> 00:15:59.200 It also depends where in the world you're looking 00:15:59.200 --> 00:16:03.280 at to see if these practices are being implemented. 00:16:03.860 --> 00:16:08.960 So again, going to, this is actually data from the FAO 00:16:08.960 --> 00:16:11.300 and the presentation that the WWF did and 00:16:11.680 --> 00:16:16.740 Oceana as well. So, basically according to 00:16:16.740 --> 00:16:19.280 the FAO, we see somewhere like in the 00:16:19.280 --> 00:16:24.060 Mediterranean there is about, let's see, one-third of the 00:16:24.060 --> 00:16:27.060 pie has said some of those fisheries have no room for 00:16:27.070 --> 00:16:29.530 expansion, while a lot of them we don't know, and about 00:16:30.080 --> 00:16:33.460 one quarter has maybe some room for expansion. 00:16:33.460 --> 00:16:37.480 We go over to the northeastern Atlantic, we say wow, 00:16:37.480 --> 00:16:40.080 that fishery is not doing so well. You can look at that pie, 00:16:40.080 --> 00:16:43.720 it's mostly, all of its red, not all of it, but 00:16:43.720 --> 00:16:45.720 most of it's red, saying no room for expansion. 00:16:45.720 --> 00:16:47.680 That means we're pretty much at the limit of 00:16:47.680 --> 00:16:49.820 exploiting those fisheries to the fullest. 00:16:49.820 --> 00:16:54.000 And now if we go over to the western central Pacific, 00:16:54.000 --> 00:16:56.680 we see, well look, that pie looks more blue than red. 00:16:56.680 --> 00:16:58.520 So it looks like, oh they're doing a good job, 00:16:58.560 --> 00:17:00.620 there's still room for expansion there. 00:17:00.720 --> 00:17:03.600 Not too many of the fisheries are in that red zone, 00:17:03.600 --> 00:17:06.080 which is good. I know some of them we still don't know. 00:17:06.520 --> 00:17:09.700 So again, we need to see what we're looking at and see 00:17:09.700 --> 00:17:12.000 how the fisheries are managed in order to determine 00:17:12.000 --> 00:17:14.680 how much of the fisheries are being exploited. 00:17:14.680 --> 00:17:17.340 Here, I'll throw out some numbers to show you 00:17:17.340 --> 00:17:20.440 the importance of fisheries to the world economy, 00:17:20.440 --> 00:17:23.500 to food security. This is a very important resource 00:17:23.500 --> 00:17:26.640 for many people, their livelihood is their source of food. 00:17:26.640 --> 00:17:29.080 It's not something fancy that maybe some people 00:17:29.080 --> 00:17:30.900 every once in a while going to a fancy restaurant. 00:17:30.920 --> 00:17:33.580 Some people eat fish every day and it's very important 00:17:33.580 --> 00:17:36.200 that we maintain sustainable fisheries for them, 00:17:36.580 --> 00:17:39.960 for their kids, as a job, as an income source, 00:17:39.960 --> 00:17:42.140 so we do really need to do a good job 00:17:42.140 --> 00:17:44.140 when managing these fisheries. 00:17:44.660 --> 00:17:48.160 Here's an example of some fisheries that 00:17:48.160 --> 00:17:50.000 have recovered. So as I mentioned earlier, 00:17:50.000 --> 00:17:52.320 we made some mistakes along the way. 00:17:52.660 --> 00:17:56.140 Some of the fisheries got exploited, over-exploited, 00:17:56.140 --> 00:18:01.060 in fact. We took way too much fish out and then the 00:18:01.060 --> 00:18:03.840 population crashed, some of which we thought well, 00:18:03.840 --> 00:18:06.020 they're never going to recover, that's that. 00:18:06.800 --> 00:18:09.200 But they started implementing some 00:18:09.200 --> 00:18:12.720 fisheries management techniques to help them recover 00:18:12.720 --> 00:18:15.740 the stock and so here's some examples of 00:18:15.740 --> 00:18:18.440 some fishery management practices that they 00:18:18.440 --> 00:18:19.860 implemented in different areas. 00:18:19.860 --> 00:18:22.080 So, like setting quotas, saying if we have a hundred fish, 00:18:22.080 --> 00:18:24.320 we can't fish a hundred fish obviously because 00:18:24.320 --> 00:18:25.980 or else there are going to be no more fish left. 00:18:25.980 --> 00:18:28.740 So let's fish maybe like 50 of those fish. 00:18:29.300 --> 00:18:31.780 That's what it means to set quotas. 00:18:31.780 --> 00:18:34.360 Reducing bycatch means eliminating waste so 00:18:34.360 --> 00:18:36.140 we want to fish the fish that is red. 00:18:36.140 --> 00:18:38.070 We're not going to fish the fish that is blue. 00:18:38.070 --> 00:18:41.100 So we're only going to focus on catching the red fish 00:18:41.100 --> 00:18:43.640 and catch the least of blue fish as possible. 00:18:43.649 --> 00:18:46.069 Protecting essential fish habitat, what does that mean? 00:18:46.100 --> 00:18:49.320 So, fish like to live in certain areas, just like you like to 00:18:49.320 --> 00:18:51.700 live in your house or your neighborhood or a 00:18:51.700 --> 00:18:54.400 certain room in your house. 00:18:54.400 --> 00:18:56.560 So, we want to make sure that this essential fish habitat 00:18:56.560 --> 00:18:58.440 where the fish like to hang out are protected and 00:18:58.440 --> 00:19:00.920 marine protected areas is a way to do that. 00:19:00.920 --> 00:19:04.440 And this can either be where they live, where they spawn, 00:19:04.440 --> 00:19:08.330 or a certain part of their life history that's important to them. 00:19:08.330 --> 00:19:13.080 And so here we can see in Norway, after they imposed 00:19:13.080 --> 00:19:16.660 a ban that prevented them from throwing away 00:19:16.660 --> 00:19:19.100 anything that they caught as bycatch, 00:19:19.100 --> 00:19:23.880 the fishery actually recovered around 1989 00:19:23.880 --> 00:19:25.600 if you can see that. I don't know if you can actually 00:19:25.600 --> 00:19:27.540 see my mouse right here. 00:19:27.540 --> 00:19:31.020 Then going to the EU, the same thing happened 00:19:31.220 --> 00:19:33.640 for the anchovy fishery where they reduced the fleet. 00:19:34.240 --> 00:19:36.640 So they said we're gonna reduce the amount of boats 00:19:36.640 --> 00:19:37.760 that are going out to row and you're gonna 00:19:37.760 --> 00:19:38.840 catch a certain amount of fish. 00:19:38.840 --> 00:19:40.540 So that's setting up quota. 00:19:40.600 --> 00:19:44.039 You can see the fishery bounce back. 00:19:44.040 --> 00:19:47.540 Same thing here, so fishing limits imposes 00:19:47.540 --> 00:19:48.980 also setting a quota saying, okay we're not gonna 00:19:48.980 --> 00:19:50.840 catch all the 100 fish that's out there, we're 00:19:50.840 --> 00:19:52.860 gonna leave some for future generations 00:19:52.860 --> 00:19:55.500 and for them to make more babies. 00:19:55.500 --> 00:19:58.460 After that, right here, which might be like 1990, 00:19:58.460 --> 00:20:00.960 you can see an increase again of the population. 00:20:01.280 --> 00:20:03.020 It's crazy how this happens when you don't 00:20:03.020 --> 00:20:06.880 fish everything. Here we see in Japan for the snow crab, 00:20:06.880 --> 00:20:10.160 they created some level of marine protected area, and 00:20:10.160 --> 00:20:12.140 they protected the habitat for these snow crabs, 00:20:12.140 --> 00:20:14.340 and you can see the population began to increase. 00:20:14.600 --> 00:20:17.240 It's amazing what happens when you start managing 00:20:17.240 --> 00:20:19.500 a fishery properly. They can actually recover. So, as you 00:20:19.500 --> 00:20:21.920 can see, the solution is not to stop fishing everything 00:20:21.920 --> 00:20:25.040 because we still need to eat, people need food, 00:20:25.040 --> 00:20:27.820 people need jobs. So that's not the solution; however it 00:20:27.900 --> 00:20:30.680 is to set some limits and some different techniques 00:20:30.680 --> 00:20:34.180 to catch these different fish or fisheries. 00:20:34.740 --> 00:20:38.140 So these are some of the suggestions made by the FAO. 00:20:39.440 --> 00:20:42.440 I'm just gonna briefly go over them, making sure, 00:20:42.440 --> 00:20:44.820 basically, rights means that the fishermen owned 00:20:44.820 --> 00:20:47.600 the rights they're saying, okay we have a part of this. 00:20:47.600 --> 00:20:49.480 This piece of this pie is ours, 00:20:49.480 --> 00:20:50.800 and we're going to take care of it. 00:20:50.800 --> 00:20:52.960 We want to make sure that it's there for 00:20:52.960 --> 00:20:56.080 future generations for us. Making sure it's transparent 00:20:56.080 --> 00:20:58.340 and participatory, meaning that it's not just a 00:20:58.340 --> 00:21:00.640 government agency far far away making decisions, 00:21:00.640 --> 00:21:03.700 it's the people in the community also being part of that, 00:21:03.700 --> 00:21:07.640 helping make the decisions, using science to base 00:21:07.640 --> 00:21:09.840 these decisions off. You can't just make a decision 00:21:09.840 --> 00:21:11.820 willy-nilly, making things up. 00:21:11.820 --> 00:21:14.800 You need to have data to support what you're doing. 00:21:14.809 --> 00:21:16.928 Enforcement is very very important, as well. 00:21:16.990 --> 00:21:20.020 It doesn't necessarily have to be like an ocean police, 00:21:20.200 --> 00:21:22.740 but self-enforcement has also been helpful in smaller 00:21:22.740 --> 00:21:24.740 communities that do not have money for 00:21:24.740 --> 00:21:29.040 outside enforcement. Benefit distribution means like 00:21:29.040 --> 00:21:31.340 everyone gets an equal piece of the pie 00:21:31.340 --> 00:21:35.340 or has equal access to the pie. Policy again is very 00:21:35.340 --> 00:21:38.540 important, making sure that not one one person 00:21:38.640 --> 00:21:42.100 or industry gets all the fish. Precautionary approach 00:21:42.100 --> 00:21:45.320 means when we don't know how many fish are out there 00:21:45.320 --> 00:21:48.260 because we're still working on the science. It means 00:21:48.260 --> 00:21:52.440 okay, what can we know, what can we best guess, 00:21:52.440 --> 00:21:55.840 and make an estimate based on what little we know 00:21:55.840 --> 00:21:58.140 that's probably below what we think that's actually out 00:21:58.140 --> 00:22:01.900 there to avoid overfishing? So we guess maybe there's 00:22:01.900 --> 00:22:04.680 a hundred fish, but let's pretend there's only 80 and we'll 00:22:04.680 --> 00:22:08.560 only fish 40, just in case. So that's what a precautionary 00:22:08.560 --> 00:22:12.120 approach means. Capacity building and public 00:22:12.120 --> 00:22:15.480 awareness. This is training the people who are 00:22:15.480 --> 00:22:17.300 dependent on these resources to make the best 00:22:17.300 --> 00:22:20.660 decisions possible to be part of the sustainable fishery 00:22:20.660 --> 00:22:23.200 and of course giving market incentives, as we'll be 00:22:23.200 --> 00:22:29.080 talking about later, to make the public aware of what's 00:22:29.080 --> 00:22:32.120 going on to ensure them they're buying sustainable fish 00:22:32.120 --> 00:22:35.900 and not promoting a bad fishing method. 00:22:35.900 --> 00:22:39.680 So, going back. Is there a future for fisheries? 00:22:39.680 --> 00:22:42.600 Well again, it depends, it all depends on 00:22:42.600 --> 00:22:44.540 where you're getting your fish. 00:22:44.540 --> 00:22:46.820 And so we've talked about a little bit what makes it 00:22:46.820 --> 00:22:50.600 unsustainable and sustainable. So here on the left hand 00:22:50.600 --> 00:22:53.720 side, we see all these methods that are considered 00:22:53.720 --> 00:22:56.420 unsustainable fishing methods. 00:22:56.420 --> 00:23:00.020 So, we have purse seine now, which is famously used to 00:23:00.020 --> 00:23:06.200 catch tuna back in the day, and the public was so 00:23:06.200 --> 00:23:08.700 outraged by the dolphins that were getting caught in 00:23:08.700 --> 00:23:12.000 this that they demanded to have dolphin-safe tuna, 00:23:12.000 --> 00:23:14.120 and this is why we now have dolphin-safe tuna. 00:23:14.120 --> 00:23:16.880 They no longer fish a lot of tuna like this. 00:23:18.860 --> 00:23:22.600 Another method that is not a great method is 00:23:22.600 --> 00:23:25.740 bottom trawling. So you can see in the diagram there 00:23:25.740 --> 00:23:27.900 they drag it out on the bottom and catch everything 00:23:27.900 --> 00:23:30.180 in their wake, and they destroy a lot of habitat while 00:23:30.180 --> 00:23:33.280 doing this, and then there's a lot of bycatch, as well. 00:23:33.280 --> 00:23:35.960 This is definitely a big not-so-great method for catching 00:23:35.960 --> 00:23:39.860 fish. Drift nets, unfortunately, they have lost so many 00:23:39.860 --> 00:23:43.740 drift nets in the ocean that people just set out and 00:23:43.740 --> 00:23:45.840 then they came back to check on it and it was gone, 00:23:45.880 --> 00:23:48.240 currents took it away and it just keeps on catching 00:23:48.240 --> 00:23:50.560 and catching, they call that ghost-fishing. 00:23:50.560 --> 00:23:53.440 And you see these horrible pictures of whales being 00:23:53.440 --> 00:23:55.760 entangled in these nets and sharks and sea lions and 00:23:55.820 --> 00:23:58.240 dolphins, and it's absolutely horrible. 00:23:58.240 --> 00:24:01.600 And then we have long lines, which, 00:24:01.700 --> 00:24:06.120 they've improved how they fish long lines; however, 00:24:06.120 --> 00:24:09.520 there's still a lot of bycatch associated with that. 00:24:09.940 --> 00:24:11.940 They catch some turtles, they catch some birds. They 00:24:11.940 --> 00:24:13.880 catch sharks when they're trying to catch some fish. 00:24:13.880 --> 00:24:15.360 So, it's not so great. 00:24:15.700 --> 00:24:18.980 Moving over to the right-hand side of the slide, you can 00:24:18.980 --> 00:24:22.200 see here are some more sustainable fishing practices. 00:24:22.200 --> 00:24:25.040 So, if you like to fish on your own, you can go on your 00:24:25.060 --> 00:24:27.440 own, and you can do some harpoon scuba fishing or 00:24:27.440 --> 00:24:31.040 from the surface. If you're buying from a fisherman, you 00:24:31.040 --> 00:24:33.020 can always ask them how they caught it. Here in Oregon 00:24:33.020 --> 00:24:35.540 they have a hook and line fishery for tuna. And you 00:24:35.540 --> 00:24:38.380 know it's sustainable by the way they catch it. 00:24:38.380 --> 00:24:41.380 Mid-water trawls do not damage the bottom of the ocean. 00:24:41.380 --> 00:24:45.040 So you're not degrading habitat. It's also less likely to 00:24:45.040 --> 00:24:48.840 have as much bycatch, as well. If you're still not sure, 00:24:48.880 --> 00:24:53.320 there's a lot of different people, or organizations I mean, 00:24:53.320 --> 00:24:56.240 that help you make sustainable seafood choices. 00:24:56.580 --> 00:24:58.240 One of the most famous ones that comes to mind for 00:24:58.240 --> 00:25:00.840 me is the Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch. 00:25:00.840 --> 00:25:03.140 And I don't know if you can see me, but on my phone you 00:25:03.140 --> 00:25:06.320 can download this fancy app, as well, and there's a few 00:25:06.320 --> 00:25:08.040 seafood apps that can help you make sustainable 00:25:08.040 --> 00:25:11.480 seafood choices. There's the MSC, which is the Marine 00:25:11.480 --> 00:25:14.260 Stewardship Council that they label the food, kind of like 00:25:14.260 --> 00:25:17.480 an organic seal on seafood, but it's like, hey we are 00:25:17.480 --> 00:25:19.980 marking this as sustainably caught. 00:25:21.120 --> 00:25:23.580 You can look for them as well, but I'm sure if you want to 00:25:23.580 --> 00:25:26.360 just double check online, just like, hey is this considered 00:25:26.360 --> 00:25:28.920 a sustainable seafood? That would be the best way 00:25:28.920 --> 00:25:31.420 to do it as well, remember you can Google the app 00:25:31.420 --> 00:25:33.200 on your phone, then you can always have it with you. 00:25:34.060 --> 00:25:35.700 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Awesome. Let's let's launch 00:25:35.700 --> 00:25:38.380 one more poll question here. This is kind of a pop quiz 00:25:38.380 --> 00:25:40.600 to make sure everyone's been paying attention. 00:25:41.380 --> 00:25:45.100 The question here is: What makes a fishery sustainable? 00:25:45.100 --> 00:25:52.560 Oh gosh, are..somehow, this one is already...okay 00:25:54.080 --> 00:25:56.560 You're not gonna see there was a third response here. 00:25:56.560 --> 00:26:00.280 So, how I eat the fish, where I eat the fish, and the third 00:26:00.280 --> 00:26:03.960 one was how the fish was caught. 00:26:05.200 --> 00:26:08.180 Well, actually people are seeing it, but on my end I'm not 00:26:08.180 --> 00:26:11.720 so thank you for voting. We've got 75 percent that have 00:26:11.720 --> 00:26:16.460 voted. A few more seconds here for the rest of you to 00:26:16.460 --> 00:26:20.720 click over, and register your vote. 00:26:23.020 --> 00:26:27.320 As we all know, it's important to vote in modern society. 00:26:27.320 --> 00:26:30.300 Alright, with that we're pretty close to reaching our 00:26:30.300 --> 00:26:34.180 target, so we'll close the poll and share the results. 00:26:34.180 --> 00:26:37.240 Well, fortunately it seems like the majority of people 00:26:37.240 --> 00:26:39.140 were paying attention to what you were saying on that 00:26:39.140 --> 00:26:43.220 last slide, so yes, how the fish was caught is what 00:26:43.220 --> 00:26:45.640 makes a fishery sustainable based on those choices. 00:26:45.920 --> 00:26:48.850 So, well done and I'll pass it over to you again. 00:26:49.360 --> 00:26:51.900 - Awesome. Well, thank you so much. I'm so glad you 00:26:51.940 --> 00:26:54.240 guys are paying attention. Good job. 00:26:56.020 --> 00:27:01.080 Here are again a few more examples of recovery. 00:27:01.080 --> 00:27:03.700 We have done a good job with fisheries management, 00:27:03.700 --> 00:27:07.100 so the solution is not to stop eating seafood; many 00:27:07.100 --> 00:27:10.360 people depend on it. We just need to implement 00:27:10.360 --> 00:27:12.620 sustainable fishing practices. As you can see in the red, 00:27:12.620 --> 00:27:15.480 we were not doing a good job, but then we implemented 00:27:15.480 --> 00:27:18.800 one of the sustainable fishing practices I mentioned 00:27:18.800 --> 00:27:22.180 earlier, and then the fishery started to recover. 00:27:22.320 --> 00:27:26.260 Of course, there is a long way to go; however, we're still 00:27:26.260 --> 00:27:28.820 doing a good job, I think, in terms of recovery. 00:27:30.740 --> 00:27:33.600 Yeah, we can always do better, of course we can always 00:27:33.600 --> 00:27:36.940 do better, but we always have to start somewhere. 00:27:37.440 --> 00:27:40.640 So just as I mentioned earlier, we need to ensure that 00:27:40.640 --> 00:27:43.340 there's a sustainable fishing practices to ensure 00:27:43.340 --> 00:27:45.960 food security. It has been considered one of the most 00:27:45.960 --> 00:27:47.960 effective ways to feed people in the world. 00:27:48.100 --> 00:27:51.060 If you're worried about your carbon footprint, for those 00:27:51.060 --> 00:27:53.000 of you who know what that means, 00:27:53.000 --> 00:27:56.440 basically how much carbon your food produces, 00:27:56.480 --> 00:28:00.840 for you to eat it, wild fish has the smallest 00:28:00.840 --> 00:28:04.620 carbon footprint out there. So if you want to support 00:28:04.620 --> 00:28:06.600 that, I believe it's one of the best ways for you to reduce 00:28:06.600 --> 00:28:10.120 your carbon footprint. I was a vegetarian once upon 00:28:10.120 --> 00:28:12.760 a time. One of the reasons why I was a vegetarian was 00:28:12.760 --> 00:28:15.120 to help reduce my carbon footprint. 00:28:15.120 --> 00:28:17.480 As you can see it also requires less amount of water 00:28:17.480 --> 00:28:20.140 because they're already in the water so you don't need to 00:28:20.140 --> 00:28:22.120 be irrigating them, which is great. 00:28:22.940 --> 00:28:30.580 It doesn't require land and it's also a really great way to 00:28:30.640 --> 00:28:33.740 go outside and enjoy your sanctuaries, if you want to go 00:28:33.740 --> 00:28:36.720 do that as well, I highly recommend it. 00:28:36.740 --> 00:28:41.340 So definitely again, support your local fishery, make sure 00:28:41.340 --> 00:28:43.160 it's sustainable and ask, hey, are you guys using 00:28:43.160 --> 00:28:46.060 sustainable methods? If not, why not and maybe you 00:28:46.060 --> 00:28:48.960 can actually make a difference in your local fishing port 00:28:48.960 --> 00:28:51.720 by asking them to implement sustainable fishing 00:28:51.720 --> 00:28:54.340 practices or sustainable fishing methods and say, hey 00:28:54.340 --> 00:28:57.160 maybe not use a dragnet in the bottom, but use it in 00:28:57.160 --> 00:29:01.060 the middle of the water. Again, talking to people I think 00:29:01.060 --> 00:29:03.580 is one of the best ways to do this. 00:29:04.100 --> 00:29:07.880 So, I think it is a doable goal. Most of the countries here, 00:29:07.880 --> 00:29:11.240 you can see, we, the US is one of them, but Peru, China, 00:29:11.240 --> 00:29:16.020 EU, Russia, Indonesia, India, Chile, Japan and Norway 00:29:16.020 --> 00:29:19.460 consume most of the world's fish, and the rest of the 00:29:19.460 --> 00:29:23.120 world consumes a little bit over a quarter of the world's 00:29:23.120 --> 00:29:25.960 fish, so I find that to be very interesting. 00:29:27.280 --> 00:29:31.280 So again, just throwing a few of the statistics out there, 00:29:31.400 --> 00:29:34.480 we can make a difference. It's up to us and making 00:29:34.480 --> 00:29:38.000 sustainable seafood choices and demanding from our 00:29:38.000 --> 00:29:40.900 market, from our fishermen, from our local community, 00:29:40.900 --> 00:29:43.740 saying, we want you to fish it sustainably and we want 00:29:43.740 --> 00:29:45.660 to support people that fish sustainably. 00:29:45.660 --> 00:29:48.000 So, we definitely can make a difference. 00:29:48.580 --> 00:29:51.940 If you're interested in learning more we have... 00:29:51.940 --> 00:29:53.600 - (Hannah MacDonald speaking) I have one more poll 00:29:53.600 --> 00:29:54.540 question. 00:29:54.540 --> 00:29:56.220 - Oh, yeah go for it, yes. 00:29:56.220 --> 00:29:58.940 - ( Hannah MacDonald speaking) I'm going to launch the 00:29:58.940 --> 00:30:03.740 last poll question and that is: Where can you check to 00:30:03.740 --> 00:30:06.960 make sure the fish you buy are sustainably caught? 00:30:07.060 --> 00:30:10.460 You can select one or more of the following: 00:30:10.460 --> 00:30:13.820 There's the Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch, 00:30:13.820 --> 00:30:17.160 Ask my mom, NOAA Fish Watch, and 00:30:17.200 --> 00:30:19.200 Sustainable Seafood Guide (Oceania). 00:30:21.520 --> 00:30:25.460 We have about 50% of you voted so far. 00:30:28.940 --> 00:30:32.040 I'll give you about 10 to 15 more seconds. 00:30:38.160 --> 00:30:42.580 Alright, I am going to close the poll. 00:30:44.540 --> 00:30:48.980 So, we have the results being shared here, with 00:30:49.100 --> 00:30:52.740 84% of you voted for Monterey Bay Aquarium, 00:30:52.840 --> 00:30:56.980 another 72 for NOAA Fish Watch, and 74 for Sustainable 00:30:56.980 --> 00:30:59.920 Seafood Guide, and then an additional eight said ask my 00:30:59.920 --> 00:31:03.760 mom. Maybe your mom uses these apps, as well. 00:31:03.760 --> 00:31:05.760 - (Claire Fackler speaking) I was thinking maybe their 00:31:05.860 --> 00:31:08.920 mom might work for Seafood Watch or something. 00:31:11.200 --> 00:31:13.200 - (Hannah MacDonald speaking) Alright, I will send it 00:31:13.200 --> 00:31:14.660 back over to you, Alex. 00:31:14.660 --> 00:31:19.820 - Great. Again, so if you want to learn more about this, 00:31:19.820 --> 00:31:22.740 NOAA is a great resource, and you have within that the 00:31:22.740 --> 00:31:24.240 National Marine Fishery Service. 00:31:24.260 --> 00:31:27.100 National Marine Sanctuaries also has great resources. 00:31:27.340 --> 00:31:30.660 The FAO is a very technical guide book, if you want to 00:31:30.660 --> 00:31:33.720 look at them. The World Wildlife Foundation also has a 00:31:33.720 --> 00:31:36.960 more easily digestible version of sustainable seafood. 00:31:37.060 --> 00:31:40.400 The Monterey Bay Aquarium, Oceania, these are all great 00:31:40.400 --> 00:31:44.260 resources. If you want to read the scientific papers that I 00:31:44.260 --> 00:31:47.160 cited, they're also there. So feel free to read those. 00:31:48.380 --> 00:31:51.080 Before I ask any questions, so overall who do you think 00:31:51.080 --> 00:31:55.140 was right? Basically, looking back overall, 00:31:55.140 --> 00:31:57.700 Hilborn and Worm were right. So yes many fisheries 00:31:57.700 --> 00:32:00.120 have been overfished if not properly managed. 00:32:00.120 --> 00:32:02.340 And the future can seem bleak at times, yet many 00:32:02.340 --> 00:32:04.460 countries have done an excellent job at managing the 00:32:04.460 --> 00:32:06.580 fishery and have demonstrated that it is possible to 00:32:06.580 --> 00:32:09.580 have both a healthy ecosystem and a prosperous 00:32:09.580 --> 00:32:12.180 economy with a well-managed fishery. 00:32:12.440 --> 00:32:15.400 Thank you. With that, does anyone have any questions? 00:32:16.600 --> 00:32:19.060 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Alright, Alex, thank you very 00:32:19.060 --> 00:32:21.720 much. We do have a couple questions coming in here. 00:32:21.900 --> 00:32:25.060 So, I want to encourage folks if you want to have more of 00:32:25.060 --> 00:32:29.440 a discussion and a dialogue, you can raise your hand in 00:32:29.440 --> 00:32:32.520 your control panel and that alerts me that you would like 00:32:32.520 --> 00:32:36.420 to ask your question through audio, and I will unmute 00:32:36.420 --> 00:32:39.220 you, and you can ask your question, and there can be 00:32:39.220 --> 00:32:41.780 sort of an exchange in dialogue that we can all listen in 00:32:41.780 --> 00:32:45.180 on. If you're not comfortable with that, then most 00:32:45.180 --> 00:32:47.680 certainly type your question into the question box 00:32:47.680 --> 00:32:51.080 and we'll go from there. So, while we're waiting for any 00:32:51.080 --> 00:32:54.980 possible hands being raised, we'll start with a question 00:32:54.980 --> 00:32:59.780 from Kirsten: "Any idea what percentage of fisheries still 00:32:59.780 --> 00:33:03.580 use drift nets?" 00:33:03.580 --> 00:33:08.340 - That's a good question. I am not sure, I am not up to 00:33:08.340 --> 00:33:11.460 date on that statistic, but I'm sure the FAO would be a 00:33:11.460 --> 00:33:14.060 good place to look for that answer. 00:33:15.580 --> 00:33:18.120 A lot of places have stopped using drift nets because of 00:33:18.120 --> 00:33:21.380 the damage it causes, but I'm sure a bunch of smaller 00:33:21.380 --> 00:33:23.660 fisheries still use them. It's a really effective way to catch 00:33:23.660 --> 00:33:26.280 fish, unfortunately, and a bunch of other things that you 00:33:26.280 --> 00:33:29.380 don't want. So, I would definitely check with 00:33:29.380 --> 00:33:31.540 FAO as a percentage. 00:33:32.120 --> 00:33:33.500 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Thank you on that. 00:33:33.500 --> 00:33:36.080 Okay, Judith Weiss, I'm going to go ahead and unmute 00:33:36.080 --> 00:33:38.420 you, so hopefully you're in a setting that 00:33:38.420 --> 00:33:40.620 doesn't have a whole lot of background noise, 00:33:40.620 --> 00:33:43.260 and you can ask your question. 00:33:43.480 --> 00:33:45.480 Alright, Judith. Are you there? 00:33:48.800 --> 00:33:53.660 Want to try...okay, we'll come back to Judith perhaps. 00:33:53.820 --> 00:33:58.440 Ruth Morales, I'll go ahead and unmute you, and you can 00:33:58.440 --> 00:34:00.420 engage with your question. 00:34:01.140 --> 00:34:02.800 - (Ruth Morales speaking) Yes, hello, it's really nice to 00:34:02.800 --> 00:34:07.419 meet you. I actually have like a question on like, 00:34:07.420 --> 00:34:11.060 yearly, how many fishes are usually harmed 00:34:11.160 --> 00:34:14.720 by, practices, fishing methods? 00:34:16.900 --> 00:34:18.820 - How many fish are harmed by what? 00:34:18.940 --> 00:34:21.600 - (Ruth Morales speaking) Like bad practices of like 00:34:21.740 --> 00:34:24.360 fishnets and things like that? 00:34:24.360 --> 00:34:27.980 - So, the best way to look at that would be by looking at 00:34:27.980 --> 00:34:30.160 discard, I believe is what you're asking, and 00:34:30.160 --> 00:34:32.340 by bycatch, as well? 00:34:32.340 --> 00:34:33.360 - (Ruth Morales speaking) Yes. 00:34:33.660 --> 00:34:35.820 - So, I do not have those numbers in front of me; 00:34:35.820 --> 00:34:39.280 however, there has been a great move in the US and into 00:34:39.280 --> 00:34:41.960 some developing nations as well to reduce the number 00:34:41.960 --> 00:34:45.720 of bycatch. So the number has been going down. 00:34:45.720 --> 00:34:48.680 I cannot say for sure how much that is, but it used to be 00:34:48.680 --> 00:34:52.280 a whole lot more and we've been declining and declining 00:34:52.280 --> 00:34:54.860 I know here in Oregon, there's actually a little bit of a 00:34:54.860 --> 00:34:57.160 competition between some of the fishermen as to who 00:34:57.160 --> 00:34:59.160 has the best net, the best year, to have 00:34:59.180 --> 00:35:00.820 the least amount of bycatch. 00:35:01.140 --> 00:35:03.700 So, while the number was not great before, 00:35:03.700 --> 00:35:05.800 we're definitely doing a better job, and it's declining, 00:35:05.800 --> 00:35:08.520 so you can feel better that we're doing a better job at 00:35:08.520 --> 00:35:11.980 having less fish that are being wasted, basically. 00:35:12.760 --> 00:35:14.760 - (Ruth Morales speaking) Thank you so much. 00:35:15.609 --> 00:35:17.609 - (Clare Fackler speaking) Alright, thank you, Ruth. 00:35:19.930 --> 00:35:21.930 - (Ruth Morales speaking) Thank you. 00:35:31.580 --> 00:35:33.000 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Sorry. What, Alex, do you 00:35:33.000 --> 00:35:34.980 think about catch share programs? 00:35:34.980 --> 00:35:37.160 So, this is a question from Judith Weiss. 00:35:37.680 --> 00:35:40.380 - Catch shares, actually, those have been considered 00:35:40.380 --> 00:35:45.900 one of the more successful methods for sustainable 00:35:45.900 --> 00:35:50.300 fisheries. They're also similar to ITQ's, which is 00:35:50.300 --> 00:35:52.160 individual transferable quotas. 00:35:52.160 --> 00:35:54.780 So, the pieces of the pie basically get divided 00:35:54.780 --> 00:35:57.820 evenly among the people that are there requesting the 00:35:57.820 --> 00:36:00.540 fish, and so they seem to be some of the more 00:36:00.540 --> 00:36:02.880 efficient methods of preventing overfishing. 00:36:03.200 --> 00:36:06.340 In Oregon, we had the rockfish fishery, which is part 00:36:06.340 --> 00:36:08.620 actually of what I'm studying. It collapsed in the early 00:36:08.620 --> 00:36:12.040 2000's, and they implemented a quota system similar to 00:36:12.040 --> 00:36:15.460 catch shares, and that seemed to really help, and right 00:36:15.460 --> 00:36:17.780 now most of the fish in the rockfish fishery are 00:36:17.780 --> 00:36:20.160 considered recovered, so as far as I know, it's 00:36:20.160 --> 00:36:22.140 considered a very successful method. 00:36:22.140 --> 00:36:24.880 There are some critiques, of course, of it; if someone 00:36:24.880 --> 00:36:26.760 new wants to come in, it's much harder. 00:36:26.880 --> 00:36:29.100 However, in terms of managing the fishery sustainably, 00:36:29.100 --> 00:36:32.580 I think it's done a splendid job. 00:36:32.640 --> 00:36:34.200 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Great, thank you for that 00:36:34.200 --> 00:36:37.940 insight. We have another question about are there any 00:36:37.940 --> 00:36:40.620 particular species that are currently fished 00:36:40.620 --> 00:36:43.700 unsustainably and should be avoided? 00:36:43.700 --> 00:36:48.180 I was trying to look up... 00:36:48.960 --> 00:36:53.660 - So the ones that I tend to avoid, like so it's a 00:36:53.660 --> 00:36:57.920 catch-22. So a lot of people support tilapia; I personally 00:36:57.920 --> 00:37:01.440 have avoided it mostly because in Ecuador they've done 00:37:01.440 --> 00:37:03.820 damage to the environment to create pools to harvest 00:37:03.820 --> 00:37:08.560 tilapia, and they've done, they've also destroyed a lot of 00:37:08.560 --> 00:37:11.460 mangroves for shrimp in Ecuador. I grew up in Ecuador, 00:37:11.460 --> 00:37:14.540 by the way, so I tend to avoid those; however, they're 00:37:14.540 --> 00:37:17.220 doing a much better job, and tilapia has now been 00:37:17.220 --> 00:37:19.900 considered, tilapia from Ecuador, has been considered 00:37:19.900 --> 00:37:24.660 one of the better fish. Overall, shrimp in general tends to 00:37:24.660 --> 00:37:27.460 be some of the fish you want to avoid in terms of 00:37:27.460 --> 00:37:30.280 sustainability. Oregon seems to have, again Oregon, I 00:37:30.280 --> 00:37:31.920 keep on coming back to Oregon, they're doing a stellar 00:37:31.920 --> 00:37:36.140 job there; they have the only sustainable seafood 00:37:36.140 --> 00:37:38.600 certification from the entire country, or actually I'm 00:37:38.600 --> 00:37:42.380 going to say the entire world, on sustainable shrimp. 00:37:42.380 --> 00:37:44.960 So you can definitely eat that but most mostly other 00:37:44.960 --> 00:37:47.000 types of shrimp, there tends to be a lot of bycatch in 00:37:47.000 --> 00:37:50.980 those nets. So if I open up my handy-dandy 00:37:50.980 --> 00:37:53.720 app, I don't know if you guys can see my phone, 00:37:53.720 --> 00:37:57.060 I'm opening up the Sustainable Seafood Watch, and 00:37:57.780 --> 00:38:01.380 basically, I have a list of seafood from A to Z here, 00:38:01.380 --> 00:38:03.560 and you can see like the little red fish. 00:38:04.080 --> 00:38:07.100 So, here we have a butter fish, which is considered a, 00:38:07.400 --> 00:38:10.460 it's okay, it seems to be okay, where here we have 00:38:10.460 --> 00:38:13.860 "avoid." So, if you can see, hopefully you guys can see 00:38:13.860 --> 00:38:18.640 this, where it says a butterfish from the Antarctic and 00:38:18.640 --> 00:38:21.080 from New Zealand and southwestern Pacific from 00:38:21.080 --> 00:38:23.260 bottom trawls, you should avoid these. 00:38:23.260 --> 00:38:26.180 So, again if your curious for the most up-to-date 00:38:26.180 --> 00:38:27.620 fish list, I would go here. 00:38:28.220 --> 00:38:31.600 Certain species of tuna are still, I would not eat them, 00:38:31.600 --> 00:38:33.640 because they're not caught sustainably. 00:38:33.640 --> 00:38:36.060 But again, if you ask, the fishermen are right there, 00:38:36.060 --> 00:38:37.620 and you can ask them, hey, how did you catch this? 00:38:37.620 --> 00:38:40.260 They say hook and line, that's a good job. 00:38:40.260 --> 00:38:41.660 So awesome, I would support that. 00:38:41.660 --> 00:38:43.840 But again, it depends on, you can ask the fishermen 00:38:43.840 --> 00:38:45.380 themselves how they caught it. 00:38:45.380 --> 00:38:47.380 But I would also probably not eat certain species of 00:38:47.380 --> 00:38:49.940 swordfish mostly because of the mercury level 00:38:49.940 --> 00:38:51.380 more than anything else. 00:38:51.380 --> 00:38:53.120 But that's a whole other talk. 00:38:54.180 --> 00:38:58.080 So again, it depends on what's local again. I would 00:38:58.080 --> 00:39:00.700 always encourage people to support local fishery. 00:39:00.700 --> 00:39:02.400 That way, you can talk to the fishermen and ask them 00:39:02.400 --> 00:39:05.900 how they caught it. If that's not possible, always just 00:39:05.900 --> 00:39:08.900 check your seafood app. You can check online as well 00:39:08.900 --> 00:39:10.500 for the most up-to-date, it changes all the time. 00:39:10.520 --> 00:39:14.260 So, just because a seafood, a fish was considered 00:39:14.260 --> 00:39:16.320 sustainable at one point does not mean it's still 00:39:16.320 --> 00:39:19.240 considered sustainable, so I would always double check. 00:39:19.240 --> 00:39:21.180 Salmon for the most part tend to be pretty good. 00:39:21.180 --> 00:39:25.220 Rockfish, support rockfish, I've only actually ever seen 00:39:25.220 --> 00:39:28.100 that being sold here in Oregon. So I'm sure they sell it 00:39:28.100 --> 00:39:29.660 also in the Pacific Northwest, 00:39:29.660 --> 00:39:31.360 but if you can get rockfish, 00:39:31.360 --> 00:39:33.960 they have rock fish tacos. They're awesome. 00:39:33.960 --> 00:39:35.200 So yeah. 00:39:35.220 --> 00:39:37.660 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Okay, I'll add to, like a fish 00:39:37.660 --> 00:39:39.860 that for a long time has been on the avoid list and you 00:39:39.860 --> 00:39:42.400 should just probably never ever eat it is orange roughy. 00:39:42.480 --> 00:39:44.760 And I just reconfirmed by looking at the Seafood Watch 00:39:44.760 --> 00:39:48.080 app and every, no matter where in the world it's caught, 00:39:48.080 --> 00:39:50.080 you don't want to be eating orange roughy. 00:39:50.100 --> 00:39:54.420 But like Alex, just to reiterate that this app that gets 00:39:54.420 --> 00:39:57.000 updated, because the fisheries are always changing and 00:39:57.000 --> 00:40:01.700 maybe a bad fishery in Southeast Asia has changed how 00:40:01.700 --> 00:40:04.200 they manage and regulate the fishery and now it's 00:40:04.200 --> 00:40:07.680 actually a better one. So it's good to just be 00:40:07.780 --> 00:40:11.080 aware of those changes and updates by using the 00:40:11.080 --> 00:40:13.840 helpful apps that are available. And then I also want to 00:40:13.840 --> 00:40:18.060 encourage folks to ask at restaurants. The more we can 00:40:18.180 --> 00:40:22.160 let owners of restaurants, managers, chefs of 00:40:22.160 --> 00:40:24.340 restaurants know that we want to know where our 00:40:24.340 --> 00:40:26.340 seafood is coming from when we're dining out, 00:40:26.400 --> 00:40:29.000 the more likely they're gonna start paying attention if 00:40:29.000 --> 00:40:31.000 they don't already on where they're getting their seafood 00:40:31.000 --> 00:40:32.400 and if it's sustainable. 00:40:32.400 --> 00:40:35.220 So, it's a good sort of good practice to like, 00:40:35.220 --> 00:40:37.240 "Oh, where's my salmon coming from if I were to order 00:40:37.240 --> 00:40:38.180 that today?" 00:40:38.220 --> 00:40:40.840 And if they don't know, you could say. "Can you check 00:40:40.840 --> 00:40:42.840 with the chef," and if the chef doesn't know, then 00:40:43.000 --> 00:40:45.360 the more people that are doing this the, 00:40:46.140 --> 00:40:50.080 hopefully, more they're likely to get more information 00:40:50.080 --> 00:40:51.800 and become more sustainable. 00:40:52.120 --> 00:40:55.940 - Yeah, I mean when, it might be the same species, but 00:40:55.940 --> 00:40:57.960 when one was caught on the west coast and one was 00:40:57.960 --> 00:40:59.760 caught in the East Coast, and one was caught in a 00:40:59.760 --> 00:41:01.540 sustainable manner, and one was not, so it's 00:41:01.540 --> 00:41:04.560 not just the species of the fish, but where it was caught. 00:41:05.260 --> 00:41:07.300 So yeah, make sure to consider that. Now we're 00:41:07.300 --> 00:41:09.020 just looking at rockfish here, and again certain species 00:41:09.020 --> 00:41:11.380 of rockfish are still in the recovery zone. 00:41:11.380 --> 00:41:15.180 So they are still considered non-sustainable fisheries, 00:41:15.200 --> 00:41:16.900 but you usually don't see them, and I've never actually 00:41:16.900 --> 00:41:19.780 seen them being sold. 00:41:19.780 --> 00:41:22.640 You usually see black rockfish or blue rockfish, 00:41:22.740 --> 00:41:24.740 something along those lines. So yeah. 00:41:24.980 --> 00:41:26.800 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Alright, Tiffany has a great 00:41:26.800 --> 00:41:30.200 question here: "What can we do as students to help 00:41:30.200 --> 00:41:32.420 more fisheries become sustainable?" 00:41:32.820 --> 00:41:35.720 - Oh, that's awesome. Well, you should tell them about 00:41:35.720 --> 00:41:38.520 sustainable fishing practices. Tell them, hey, 00:41:38.520 --> 00:41:41.080 what type of gear you're using and hey, would you 00:41:41.080 --> 00:41:42.900 consider using a gear that's more sustainable, less 00:41:42.900 --> 00:41:45.480 bycatch, and that actually helps that most, I can 00:41:45.480 --> 00:41:48.400 understand that not everyone can afford new gear, that 00:41:48.400 --> 00:41:51.220 is completely understandable, but just changing the 00:41:51.220 --> 00:41:54.600 way you use the existing gear can help make the fishery 00:41:54.600 --> 00:41:58.820 sustainable. And there's many ways that ingenious 00:41:58.820 --> 00:42:00.560 fishermen, they are the ones on the frontier of this, 00:42:00.560 --> 00:42:02.560 they're the ones coming up with these new methods, 00:42:03.320 --> 00:42:06.180 making it more sustainable. WWF even has a 00:42:06.180 --> 00:42:09.360 competition every, well they had it every year, I'm sure 00:42:09.360 --> 00:42:11.940 they might still have it, they might not, but that 00:42:11.940 --> 00:42:14.120 encouraged fishermen to develop new methods to make 00:42:14.120 --> 00:42:17.940 their gear more sustainable. And so that way, 00:42:17.940 --> 00:42:20.040 they have less bycatch and do less harm. 00:42:20.460 --> 00:42:22.300 So one of the ways is just talk to them and ask them, 00:42:22.300 --> 00:42:23.730 how are they catching? It is a sustainable? 00:42:23.730 --> 00:42:26.740 Do they know of sustainable methods that they can be 00:42:26.740 --> 00:42:30.980 using. And it also helps their fishing because sometimes 00:42:30.980 --> 00:42:33.000 the sector gets closed down because they catch too 00:42:33.000 --> 00:42:34.860 much of an unwanted fish. 00:42:34.860 --> 00:42:37.440 Again, coming back to Oregon, that's happened several 00:42:37.440 --> 00:42:39.200 times. If they catch too much of this one rockfish that is 00:42:39.200 --> 00:42:42.140 still protected, that is still endangered, the whole 00:42:42.140 --> 00:42:44.620 fishery closes down, so it's in everyone's best interest for 00:42:44.620 --> 00:42:47.440 them not to catch that. So they will do every trick in the 00:42:47.480 --> 00:42:50.500 book, every strategy they possibly can to avoid catching 00:42:50.500 --> 00:42:52.920 this one fish so they don't close down their fishery. 00:42:54.000 --> 00:42:56.600 So yeah, the best way is just talking to them and sharing 00:42:56.600 --> 00:42:59.160 with them and learning, just spending time with them. 00:42:59.240 --> 00:43:02.920 Of course, they probably know a lot about it already as 00:43:02.920 --> 00:43:07.320 well, but, just go and talk to them and make new friends. 00:43:08.640 --> 00:43:11.120 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Excellent. Paulo Alvarez, it 00:43:11.120 --> 00:43:14.280 appears you've raised your hand. So I'll unmute you and 00:43:14.280 --> 00:43:16.480 allow you to ask your question directly to Alex. 00:43:19.800 --> 00:43:21.800 Go ahead, Paulo. 00:43:28.760 --> 00:43:30.760 You want to give it a try, Paulo? 00:43:31.880 --> 00:43:35.280 Oh, you know you're coming in a little faint but I see 00:43:35.280 --> 00:43:37.300 you also typed in your question, so I'll go ahead and 00:43:37.300 --> 00:43:40.020 ask it on your behalf since your audio is not coming 00:43:40.020 --> 00:43:42.400 through very clear. Sorry about that. So, Paulo's question 00:43:42.400 --> 00:43:46.960 is: "What about eels? Can you tell us anything about 00:43:47.000 --> 00:43:49.760 whether or not eels are sustainably fished or not?" 00:43:51.120 --> 00:43:56.040 - It depends again. I cannot say broad-spectrum eels in 00:43:56.040 --> 00:43:58.580 general. I used to work with eels actually at one 00:43:58.580 --> 00:44:02.000 point with US Fish and Wildlife, and the 00:44:02.000 --> 00:44:06.140 American eel is caught a lot and shipped to aquaculture 00:44:06.140 --> 00:44:10.060 facilities. So, if it comes from an aquaculture facility, I'm 00:44:10.060 --> 00:44:13.320 gonna say probably it's probably okay, 00:44:13.320 --> 00:44:16.760 but let me check my little handy app to see, to 00:44:16.940 --> 00:44:21.040 double check. I am not a big eel eater. So we have a 00:44:21.040 --> 00:44:25.800 yellow and a red, so it says American eel is okay when 00:44:25.800 --> 00:44:28.500 it's caught in the northwest Atlantic Ocean in North 00:44:28.500 --> 00:44:36.140 America inland waters, to avoid the Japanese eel, 00:44:36.140 --> 00:44:39.000 American eel in China, so that's the one I just said that 00:44:39.000 --> 00:44:45.580 got shipped. So northeastern Atlantic, Japanese, 00:44:45.580 --> 00:44:49.800 Taiwan, European eel, Japanese eel. There's a lot of eel 00:44:49.800 --> 00:44:52.220 you can't eat. So most of the eels you cannot eat. 00:44:52.220 --> 00:44:54.820 There's only two of them, or sorry one of them that is 00:44:54.820 --> 00:45:01.040 okay and they use bisking nets, so yeah, double 00:45:01.040 --> 00:45:03.740 check how they're catching it. And if you're in the 00:45:03.740 --> 00:45:05.840 northwestern Atlantic, that's probably the place to get it. 00:45:05.840 --> 00:45:08.540 So yeah, I personally don't need a lot of eels. Good 00:45:08.540 --> 00:45:10.860 question. Thank you for asking 00:45:10.860 --> 00:45:13.240 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Alright, so this question, like I 00:45:13.240 --> 00:45:16.100 think most of the research that you were covering is 00:45:16.100 --> 00:45:18.740 only specific to marine research, but this person wants 00:45:18.740 --> 00:45:22.040 to know: Is there also data available that's comparable 00:45:22.040 --> 00:45:25.460 to what you presented for freshwater fisheries, as well? 00:45:25.760 --> 00:45:28.480 - Yeah, so like I was talking little bit about tilapia, tilapia 00:45:28.480 --> 00:45:31.860 is considered a freshwater fishery, definitely. 00:45:31.860 --> 00:45:35.000 So, within lakes, within the Great Lakes, there's a lot of 00:45:35.000 --> 00:45:39.400 fisheries for trout and pike. So, again going to this handy 00:45:39.400 --> 00:45:44.380 dandy app, if I look at pike, pike does not, it looks red 00:45:44.380 --> 00:45:48.120 across the board. So, pike is not such a great thing. 00:45:48.120 --> 00:45:53.640 But let's look at trout. So, let's see, trout seems to be green 00:45:53.640 --> 00:45:58.200 in most locations. Rainbow trout, lake trout 00:45:58.200 --> 00:46:00.800 seems to be good. So, I mean it depends again on the 00:46:00.800 --> 00:46:05.080 species. I do believe the US Fish and Wildlife would be 00:46:05.080 --> 00:46:08.880 in charge of freshwater species. NOAA is in charge 00:46:08.880 --> 00:46:11.120 mostly of saltwater species. So, again just 00:46:11.120 --> 00:46:12.880 depending on the source, the location of where 00:46:12.880 --> 00:46:13.960 you're looking at. 00:46:13.960 --> 00:46:15.480 So, if you want to look and learn more about the 00:46:15.480 --> 00:46:16.760 saltwater species go to NOAA, if you want to know 00:46:16.760 --> 00:46:18.320 about freshwater species, go 00:46:18.320 --> 00:46:22.240 to US Fish and Wildlife. And they do have different 00:46:22.240 --> 00:46:25.080 regulations as well, but they also have quotas on 00:46:25.080 --> 00:46:27.640 where you can fish them. If it's an invasive species, 00:46:27.640 --> 00:46:30.940 however, I must say this: You can have at it. 00:46:30.940 --> 00:46:34.520 For example, in Maryland, where I used to live they had 00:46:34.520 --> 00:46:37.060 the snakehead, and you could catch as much of that as 00:46:37.060 --> 00:46:40.760 you want. If it's an invasive species, they always want 00:46:40.760 --> 00:46:43.280 help, and they encourage people to catch as much as 00:46:43.280 --> 00:46:46.560 possible to help mitigate the population that's usually 00:46:46.560 --> 00:46:49.840 having some damage on the natural or native 00:46:49.840 --> 00:46:54.140 populations in the ocean. Basically in the Gulf and all 00:46:54.140 --> 00:46:56.440 over the Caribbean there's a lionfish problem, 00:46:56.440 --> 00:46:58.600 so they always have competitions and people bagging 00:46:58.600 --> 00:47:01.220 the most amounts of lionfish. 00:47:01.220 --> 00:47:04.940 So yeah, just if there's an invasive, have at it. If you're 00:47:04.940 --> 00:47:07.500 not sure if it's native and you want to check it, 00:47:07.580 --> 00:47:11.120 again go to your seafood app and double check or go to 00:47:11.120 --> 00:47:13.040 your state authorities and ask them, hey, is it okay to 00:47:13.040 --> 00:47:16.080 fish these fish, or I'm sure they'll tell you what fish you 00:47:16.080 --> 00:47:18.500 can and cannot fish. 00:47:18.500 --> 00:47:19.960 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Now, this is on a more 00:47:19.960 --> 00:47:23.320 personal level, but this gal Katya wants to know how you 00:47:23.320 --> 00:47:27.700 first became interested in this specific field. 00:47:28.520 --> 00:47:32.280 - Okay, well I grew up in Ecuador, and I remember when 00:47:32.280 --> 00:47:34.100 we'd go to the beach, I would always see the fishermen 00:47:34.100 --> 00:47:37.040 roll up. There's a much smaller-scale fishery over there. 00:47:37.800 --> 00:47:39.590 Well, they have big industrials, as well, 00:47:39.590 --> 00:47:40.910 but the ones where I was hanging out, 00:47:40.910 --> 00:47:44.780 they had these little (indecipherable) that would roll up 00:47:44.780 --> 00:47:46.640 on the beach, and they would have all these cool things 00:47:46.640 --> 00:47:48.220 and they would let me poke around and what's this, 00:47:48.280 --> 00:47:52.140 and what's this, and can I touch it? And I thought it was 00:47:52.140 --> 00:47:54.420 super cool that they would let me touch it, like there was 00:47:54.420 --> 00:47:56.300 a couple times there was like a baby shark, and they 00:47:56.300 --> 00:47:58.440 would let me throw it back in the ocean and things like 00:47:58.440 --> 00:48:00.480 bycatch they didn't want that were still alive. 00:48:00.480 --> 00:48:02.980 I was able to throw back in the ocean and I loved doing 00:48:02.980 --> 00:48:06.360 that, and I thought it was so much fun, and 00:48:06.360 --> 00:48:08.620 I just love talking to fishermen and learning about the 00:48:08.620 --> 00:48:10.620 ocean, and I just loved spending time in the ocean. 00:48:10.820 --> 00:48:14.240 And so as I grew older, I didn't know fisheries was a 00:48:14.240 --> 00:48:17.840 thing until, I always thought marine biology was 00:48:17.840 --> 00:48:20.500 awesome, but I wasn't able to specialize and so I 00:48:20.500 --> 00:48:22.660 studied biology and just kept on taking classes on the 00:48:22.660 --> 00:48:24.200 ocean and then I learned 00:48:24.200 --> 00:48:27.540 you can work with fishermen and learn, and oh my gosh, 00:48:27.560 --> 00:48:29.740 and it was so great and just I got the opportunity with 00:48:29.740 --> 00:48:32.660 the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center out in 00:48:32.780 --> 00:48:35.620 Edgewater, Maryland to work with fishermen in the 00:48:35.620 --> 00:48:37.700 Chesapeake Bay, and they were working with crabs and 00:48:37.700 --> 00:48:39.600 oysters, and just getting to talk them, they know so 00:48:39.600 --> 00:48:41.060 much they really know so much. 00:48:41.060 --> 00:48:42.720 You know, you learn a way more from talking to a 00:48:42.740 --> 00:48:45.380 fisherman. They know where all the fish hang out, their 00:48:45.380 --> 00:48:47.380 behavior, their ecology, their seasons. 00:48:47.420 --> 00:48:49.660 It's amazing how much they know, and I just love 00:48:49.660 --> 00:48:52.800 hanging out with them and learning from them. 00:48:52.800 --> 00:48:54.680 - (Claire Flackler speaking) Excellent, thank you for that 00:48:54.680 --> 00:48:58.320 good, animated response. We have lots of questions, 00:48:58.320 --> 00:49:01.660 which is exciting. I'm going to ask two more good ones, 00:49:01.660 --> 00:49:04.920 and then there were some other additional ones that 00:49:04.920 --> 00:49:08.580 we'll email Alex to get a follow-up response. 00:49:08.720 --> 00:49:12.060 So, this one is how do we really know that the fisheries 00:49:12.060 --> 00:49:15.260 are following the laws and guidelines, like is there any 00:49:15.260 --> 00:49:17.640 enforcement, Keith want to know. 00:49:17.720 --> 00:49:19.960 - Well, I believe in the US we do have enforcement. 00:49:20.180 --> 00:49:24.520 So it's up to local state agencies to have enforcement 00:49:24.520 --> 00:49:26.900 and as I recall I have met a few like here. 00:49:27.080 --> 00:49:29.600 Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, that's ODFW, 00:49:29.600 --> 00:49:31.600 they have some of their own enforcement branches. 00:49:31.940 --> 00:49:34.380 NOAA also has their own enforcement branches as well. 00:49:34.380 --> 00:49:36.280 They go out and patrol as well, make sure. There's the 00:49:36.280 --> 00:49:38.920 Coast Guard, it also will do this. 00:49:39.120 --> 00:49:40.880 So there's several different agencies. US Fish and 00:49:40.880 --> 00:49:43.580 Wildlife also has another agent that also patrols the 00:49:43.580 --> 00:49:46.700 waters to make sure you're doing things correctly. 00:49:47.280 --> 00:49:49.400 So there's a lot of different agencies out there. 00:49:49.400 --> 00:49:52.900 Actually, I was helping ODFW do a survey of the marine 00:49:52.900 --> 00:49:55.200 reserves here in Oregon and we saw a crab pot within a 00:49:55.200 --> 00:49:56.960 marine reserve, which is a big no-no. 00:49:56.960 --> 00:49:59.460 So, it was like, oh, we have to take this out and we have 00:49:59.460 --> 00:50:02.000 to report it. So there's definitely a lot of agencies out 00:50:02.060 --> 00:50:05.720 there. They have done studies on this that have shown 00:50:05.720 --> 00:50:08.480 that areas that do not have enforcement either by 00:50:08.540 --> 00:50:10.740 government or self-enforcement by the local community 00:50:10.740 --> 00:50:13.520 and fishermen themselves calling themselves out on 00:50:13.520 --> 00:50:17.360 this, that the success of sustainable fishing practices 00:50:17.360 --> 00:50:20.160 over a marine protected area is not great. So 00:50:20.160 --> 00:50:22.440 enforcement is definitely a very big 00:50:22.620 --> 00:50:25.540 important key aspect of sustainable fisheries, whether 00:50:25.540 --> 00:50:27.640 it be from within the community that's enforcing 00:50:27.640 --> 00:50:31.460 themselves or a more external state agency that's 00:50:31.460 --> 00:50:33.340 helping to do the enforcement. 00:50:34.100 --> 00:50:35.840 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Excellent, thank you, Alex. 00:50:35.840 --> 00:50:37.700 I'm probably gonna ask two more questions because we 00:50:37.700 --> 00:50:40.740 have 12 minutes, and I only have a few minutes for 00:50:40.740 --> 00:50:44.100 wrap-up and closing slides. So, this one I find 00:50:44.100 --> 00:50:47.160 extremely intriguing, this question, because this seems 00:50:47.160 --> 00:50:51.380 to occur a lot in my opinion: So are there any regulations 00:50:51.380 --> 00:50:54.020 regarding renaming overfished species 00:50:54.040 --> 00:50:57.320 from sea to plate? Like, you'll find a species that now 00:50:57.320 --> 00:51:00.740 has a bad reputation and people know not to eat it, 00:51:00.740 --> 00:51:05.020 so in order to keep the productivity going they will 00:51:05.020 --> 00:51:07.380 market it a different way, and it'll have a different name. 00:51:07.380 --> 00:51:10.140 So, are there any regulations on that these days? 00:51:10.200 --> 00:51:14.480 - Yeah, that is illegal. You cannot say that one fish 00:51:14.480 --> 00:51:16.820 is something else, and they do have regulations on 00:51:16.820 --> 00:51:19.640 that, and they have, actually I took a conservation 00:51:19.640 --> 00:51:22.000 genetics class and they have this whole section 00:51:22.000 --> 00:51:24.900 basically on how they use genetics to stop poaching, 00:51:24.900 --> 00:51:28.700 and they take samples of the meat that they say is, let's 00:51:28.700 --> 00:51:31.140 say it's tuna when it's actually an endangered something 00:51:31.140 --> 00:51:34.920 else, and if they get caught they're in a lot of trouble for 00:51:34.920 --> 00:51:37.900 doing that, but again, it requires a lot of people doing a 00:51:37.900 --> 00:51:40.620 lot of genetic testing and I've heard some people, 00:51:40.620 --> 00:51:43.420 actually this one professor at OSU did that with whale 00:51:43.420 --> 00:51:46.740 meat; he went to Japan and started sampling meat 00:51:46.740 --> 00:51:50.700 samples and they were selling whale meat illegally. 00:51:51.180 --> 00:51:53.960 So yes, that is not an okay thing to do. 00:51:53.960 --> 00:51:56.260 If they are doing that and they get caught they can get in 00:51:56.260 --> 00:51:58.780 some very serious consequences, and there's a lot to 00:51:58.780 --> 00:52:02.480 lose so. Not encouraged. 00:52:02.480 --> 00:52:05.840 - (Claire Fackler speaking) I feel like it seems to be 00:52:05.840 --> 00:52:07.840 ramping where there's more regulation on that, 00:52:07.840 --> 00:52:11.440 which is great. Now, speaking of, some of you may have 00:52:11.440 --> 00:52:14.360 seen that movie several years ago called "The Cove," 00:52:14.360 --> 00:52:19.080 where there was the exciting element 00:52:19.200 --> 00:52:21.920 related to the Japan dolphin slaughter, 00:52:21.920 --> 00:52:25.800 which is a terrible topic, but the same group, and I don't 00:52:25.800 --> 00:52:27.640 know if the movie actually had come out but the same 00:52:27.640 --> 00:52:30.800 group had, I was working on another film and they 00:52:30.800 --> 00:52:33.700 were in Los Angeles at some prominent sushi 00:52:33.700 --> 00:52:36.140 restaurants, and they were doing DNA sampling and 00:52:36.140 --> 00:52:38.860 they were finding some illegal whale meat, 00:52:38.860 --> 00:52:42.820 and kind of interesting, I'm sorry, that's a segway at the 00:52:42.820 --> 00:52:46.960 end there. But that was such an engaging movie on the 00:52:46.960 --> 00:52:50.320 way that they told the story about that terrible topic 00:52:50.320 --> 00:52:52.560 that I'm curious what this, I think it's already out, 00:52:52.560 --> 00:52:54.300 and I just don't remember what the name of that movie 00:52:54.300 --> 00:52:56.099 is but something to look into. 00:52:56.100 --> 00:52:59.000 - Yeah, as far as I understand it, they don't just 00:52:59.000 --> 00:53:01.740 randomly sample. I think there has to be something 00:53:01.740 --> 00:53:03.840 happened that brings the attention of 00:53:03.840 --> 00:53:07.080 agencies or scientists and go and sample these specific 00:53:07.080 --> 00:53:09.360 markets or restaurants, so yeah. 00:53:11.560 --> 00:53:13.180 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Alright, so my last question, 00:53:13.180 --> 00:53:15.700 there's a whole series of questions that people have 00:53:15.700 --> 00:53:18.720 asked about wild fish versus farm fish. 00:53:19.580 --> 00:53:22.360 What's your opinion between those two? And then with 00:53:22.360 --> 00:53:25.940 regard to salmon specifically, wild salmon versus 00:53:25.980 --> 00:53:27.980 hatchery or farm salmon? 00:53:27.980 --> 00:53:31.220 - So again, it depends like everything I've said in this 00:53:31.220 --> 00:53:32.900 presentation, it depends. 00:53:32.900 --> 00:53:37.660 Some farmed thing from some farm fisheries are great, 00:53:37.720 --> 00:53:41.260 others are not so great. They're doing a better job at 00:53:41.260 --> 00:53:43.260 farming fish alongside with 00:53:43.540 --> 00:53:47.460 like oysters that filter the water and seaweed that also 00:53:47.460 --> 00:53:50.220 pick up all the nutrients so that way you don't have a big 00:53:50.240 --> 00:53:54.240 nutrient dump in one specific area. So if the fish are 00:53:54.240 --> 00:53:56.180 farmed together with a bunch of other organisms, then 00:53:56.180 --> 00:53:58.260 it's much more sustainable. 00:53:58.700 --> 00:54:02.260 Salmon hatcheries here in Oregon are very important to 00:54:02.260 --> 00:54:04.480 support recreational fishing. 00:54:04.920 --> 00:54:07.320 So, you're only allowed a certain amount of salmon and 00:54:07.320 --> 00:54:08.700 they have to have a 00:54:08.700 --> 00:54:11.420 part of their fin cut off, which indicates that they're part 00:54:11.420 --> 00:54:12.900 of the hatchery fish. 00:54:13.740 --> 00:54:15.800 And so that way they help 00:54:15.900 --> 00:54:18.700 still keep the fisheries alive without 00:54:18.900 --> 00:54:21.900 damaging wild stock populations because they have 00:54:21.900 --> 00:54:23.900 been in trouble, certain areas are running into trouble, 00:54:23.900 --> 00:54:25.300 others are not. 00:54:25.300 --> 00:54:27.700 The fisheries in Alaska seem to be doing very well, 00:54:28.500 --> 00:54:31.420 but again, it depends on each specific 00:54:31.580 --> 00:54:35.420 example I can give you. If they're selling it in the market 00:54:35.420 --> 00:54:37.320 again, you want to check your seafood app. 00:54:37.440 --> 00:54:39.240 If we look at our seafood app and look for salmon, 00:54:39.240 --> 00:54:43.140 I'm sure it'll be a huge mess, depending on where it was 00:54:43.140 --> 00:54:48.300 caught, and it'll tell us, let's see, salmon, we have a 00:54:48.300 --> 00:54:51.920 bunch. So again, pink salmon is fine, chinook, 00:54:51.920 --> 00:54:53.920 (indeciperable) is fine. It depends on where it's caught. 00:54:53.920 --> 00:54:55.920 Atlantic salmon seems to be fine. 00:54:57.040 --> 00:54:59.200 A lot of the farming methods that they're using, 00:54:59.200 --> 00:55:01.760 they're getting better. So, I've heard of some outbreaks 00:55:01.760 --> 00:55:04.300 that have happened in some hatcheries that destroyed 00:55:04.300 --> 00:55:06.300 the entire stock, and that was horrible. 00:55:06.320 --> 00:55:09.380 Because of one bacteria got in and it just 00:55:09.380 --> 00:55:12.960 decimated everything. It depends again very much 00:55:12.960 --> 00:55:15.340 where it is, what the practices are. If you were 00:55:15.520 --> 00:55:17.580 interested in buying from that particular hatchery, maybe 00:55:17.580 --> 00:55:21.380 you can find some questions on how they manage it. 00:55:21.380 --> 00:55:25.120 I, unfortunately, cannot speak that much to aquaculture 00:55:25.120 --> 00:55:28.800 practices. I'm actually hoping to learn a little bit more on 00:55:28.800 --> 00:55:32.040 that, but from what I understand a lot of them are doing 00:55:32.040 --> 00:55:34.620 a good job. There's still room for improvement on many 00:55:34.620 --> 00:55:37.320 of them, but again, if they're doing it out in the wild, 00:55:37.320 --> 00:55:39.600 versus on land, like in the actual land where you have 00:55:39.600 --> 00:55:41.740 a tank with fish, versus out in the ocean with the fish 00:55:41.740 --> 00:55:43.820 pens, is what they call it. If they're doing it out in the 00:55:43.820 --> 00:55:46.940 ocean, if they're doing it alongside like oysters and 00:55:46.940 --> 00:55:49.440 seaweed, that's a way better choice than what is just a 00:55:49.440 --> 00:55:51.260 pen of fish in the ocean. 00:55:53.960 --> 00:55:55.620 - (Claire Fackler speaking) Okay, Alex, thank you for 00:55:55.620 --> 00:55:57.520 answering so many of those great questions. 00:55:57.520 --> 00:56:00.580 If there's a few topics that we haven't covered 00:56:00.580 --> 00:56:03.180 or addressed in those questions, I will, like I mentioned, 00:56:03.180 --> 00:56:05.440 send them over email to Alex, and within a week or so, 00:56:05.440 --> 00:56:08.700 she'll send them back, and I'll push them out to all the 00:56:08.700 --> 00:56:13.160 attendees. So, now I just wanted to do a quick wrap-up 00:56:13.160 --> 00:56:17.660 before we end today's webinar presentation. All of our 00:56:17.660 --> 00:56:20.460 previous webinars, which we host about eight to nine a 00:56:20.460 --> 00:56:24.120 year, they're free and readily available on our webinar 00:56:24.120 --> 00:56:27.280 archive page that looks like a super long URL, which 00:56:27.280 --> 00:56:30.160 it is, don't worry, you'll get it in a follow-up email. 00:56:30.160 --> 00:56:34.220 If you have any specific questions, you can send a direct 00:56:34.220 --> 00:56:37.740 email to sanctuary.education@NOAA.gov. 00:56:37.740 --> 00:56:40.700 But again, in your follow-up email you'll get all that great 00:56:40.700 --> 00:56:44.260 contact information. For those of you that participated 00:56:44.260 --> 00:56:47.660 in today's live real-time webinar, you'll get a certificate of 00:56:47.660 --> 00:56:50.420 attendance that looks similar to this. 00:56:50.420 --> 00:56:53.440 This gives you one contact hour of professional 00:56:53.440 --> 00:56:56.720 development, which for many formal educators, is 00:56:56.720 --> 00:56:58.660 something to help with continuing education. 00:57:00.640 --> 00:57:03.860 And I do also want to promote our next webinar in this 00:57:03.860 --> 00:57:07.600 series, which will be held on January 15th. 00:57:07.600 --> 00:57:10.000 This is "Protecting Blue Whales and Blue Skies." 00:57:10.000 --> 00:57:13.300 It's talking about a vessel speed reduction program in 00:57:13.300 --> 00:57:18.080 California. So there's been a big issue in the last decade 00:57:18.080 --> 00:57:21.780 of container ships and large vessels striking or 00:57:21.780 --> 00:57:26.120 hitting large endangered whales and so they're 00:57:26.120 --> 00:57:28.240 generally accidental strikes, but it's becoming a global 00:57:28.240 --> 00:57:32.120 issue with these endangered species. And so this is a 00:57:32.120 --> 00:57:35.700 California-wide project that you can learn more about on 00:57:35.700 --> 00:57:40.120 reducing those whale ship strike incidents, as well as 00:57:40.220 --> 00:57:44.120 helping with air pollution. So, please plan to join us if 00:57:44.120 --> 00:57:49.000 that's a topic of interest. And today, at the end of the 00:57:49.000 --> 00:57:53.880 webinar, when you log out and we close down, there is a 00:57:53.880 --> 00:57:57.520 very brief evaluation. It would take you somewhere 00:57:57.520 --> 00:58:00.080 between two and four minutes to respond to these 00:58:00.080 --> 00:58:02.980 evaluation questions. It is really important information 00:58:02.980 --> 00:58:06.700 that we within NOAA use to better inform how we 00:58:06.700 --> 00:58:09.040 provide distance learning opportunities, such as this 00:58:09.040 --> 00:58:13.020 webinar series to our target audiences, so please, 00:58:13.060 --> 00:58:16.020 take a few minutes to respond to those evaluation 00:58:16.020 --> 00:58:21.280 questions. And with that this concludes today's webinar. 00:58:21.320 --> 00:58:24.160 Thanks, Alex, for being our guest presenter. Thank you, 00:58:24.160 --> 00:58:27.200 Hannah, for being back in webinar support with me and 00:58:27.200 --> 00:58:30.640 to all of you for attending. So, thanks and 00:58:30.640 --> 00:58:33.840 we'll be wrapping up right now. Thank you. 00:58:33.840 --> 00:58:34.640 - Thank you.